COMBATING TRANSNATIONAL CRIME CONFESSIONS OF A RECENT RETIREE - JESSICA'S JOURNEYS - American Foreign ...
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P U B L I S H E D BY T H E A M E R I CA N F O R E I G N S E R V I C E A S S O C I AT I O N OCTOBER 2018
COMBATING
TRANSNATIONAL CRIME
CONFESSIONS OF
A RECENT RETIREE
JESSICA’S JOURNEYS
FOREIGN
SERVICE October 2018 Volume 95, No. 8
Focus on
Combating Transnational Crime
FS Know-How
22 33
Illicit Trade and Khetha:
Our Global Response Bringing “Choices”
Illegal trade is a growing threat
to the community of nations, the
to Help Address 39
Wildlife Trafficking 10 Things I Wish
world’s population and earth’s
environment. Recognition that
An innovative USAID-supported I Had Known:
program invites communities Confessions of a
criminals don’t stovepipe is the key around protected areas
to an effective response. to play a critical role. Recent Retiree
By Louise Shelley By Dolores Brown
By Lara Rall
26 35
The “Place-Based Wildlife Trafficking Is a
Strategy” in Honduras National Security Issue
Transnational crime syndicates have
By Re p. Ed Royce ( R - C a l i f. )
exacerbated illegal immigration
problems at our southern border. A
State initiative aims at undercutting
the migration push at the source.
By Jim Nealon
29
The FRONT-Line
Initiative: Combating
Transnational Criminal
Organizations
Transnational street gangs are a
growing problem for communities
and law enforcement across
the United States.
State’s Bureau of Diplomatic
Security is part of the solution.
B y C h r i s t o p h e r “ K a i ” Fo r n e s
Feature
41
Jessica’s Journeys
Not just tales of many travels
during a too-short life, they are
the story of an FS community
ISTOCKPHOTO.COM/BYRDYAK
that supported Jessica—
and supports us all.
By Leslie Bassett
THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL | OCTOBER 2018 5
FOREIGN
SERVICE
Perspectives 76
Reflections Departments
7 Playing Squash with Arlen Specter
President’s Views By Alexis Ludwig 10 Letters
Taking Stock
By Barbara Stephenson 12 Letters-Plus
14 Talking Points
9
Letter from the Editor 59 In Memory
Borderless Crime
68 Books
By Shawn Dorman
46
Family Member Matters 78 Marketplace
Making It in Mongolia Local Lens
By Nicole Schaefer-McDaniel Say, Niger 70 Classifieds
By Gemma Dvorak
72 Real Estate
75 Index to Advertisers
AFSA NEWS THE OFFICIAL RECORD OF THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION
47
USDC and AFSA Join Forces for
Remembrance of 1998 East Africa
47
Embassy Bombings
48 Diplomacy Through Music
49
AFSA Welcomes Newest
Foreign Service Members
49 Announcing the 2018 AFSA Award Winners
50
State VP Voice—We Work Hard for the
Money
51
USAID VP Voice—FSOs Need to Support
Diversity and Inclusion
51 AFSA Governing Board Meeting, August 16 55
Summer and Fall Outreach:
52 FAS VP Voice—Mission (Almost) Impossible Baseball and California Visit
52 Appreciation: Willard Ames “Bill” De Pree 57 Inside the World of Diplomacy
53 Where We Stand—Rebuilding Our Economic Strength 58
AFSA Honors National High School
Essay Contest Winner
54
Retiree Corner—Life After the Foreign Service:
Jim Bullington 58 Coordination of FEHB and Medicare
54 AFSA President in Williamsburg
On the Cover—Today crime knows no borders. Photo: iStockphoto.com/scyther5. Below: The sundial dedicated to Jessica El Bechir in
Embassy Rangoon’s garden. Photo: Hannah Dufford.
6 OCTOBER 2018 | THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL
PRESIDENT’S VIEWS
Taking Stock
BY BA R BA R A ST E P H E N S O N
A
t this time of year—summer
I thank AFSA’s members for taking
transfer cycle wrapping up,
new school year beginning,
us to a recent critical milestone:
Jewish New Year approach- an all-time record high for membership.
ing—I spend time reflecting and taking
stock, looking back at the previous year to than it was in April 2017, when AFSA set its How did we generate the support that
prepare to make the most of the next one. previous membership record. made renewal and rebuilding possible? In
The next one will be a big year for me— Former Secretary of State Rex Tillerson our ongoing effort to help fellow Ameri-
my last year as AFSA president. When my told the Senate Foreign Relations Com- cans understand what we do and why it
second term ends July 15, 2019, I will pass mittee in June 2017 that he planned to cut matters, we have made real progress.
the baton to a new president and Govern- the Foreign Service at State by 4 percent. A Please take a moment to read the
ing Board elected in the spring by you, the year later, that stated goal had largely been AFSA News section, including the report
members of AFSA. reached—with the number of Foreign Ser- on AFSA at the Chautauqua Institution.
What do I hope to pass on to that new vice officers and specialists at State down When the Foreign Service is invited to
president and Governing Board? For start- by well over 3 percent. occupy such a prime speaking slot—
ers, a strong American Foreign Service In taking stock, the loss of Foreign which has welcomed Supreme Court
Association—one with good governance, Service talent is hardest to accept. But we Justices and former U.S. presidents—that
sound finances and an unprecedented now see signs of rebuilding, of restoring is a watershed moment.
base of support from members. While it the strength of the Foreign Service. Con- At that one event, we were able to share
is too early to declare victory and rest on gress not only fully restored funding but with more than 3,500 fellow Americans
our laurels, I thank AFSA’s members for gave clear direction to resume hiring, and what diplomats do and why it matters.
taking us to a recent critical milestone: an that is cause for celebration. Thousands more viewed the event online.
all-time record high for membership. We celebrate every time we can wel- We are reaching more people in more
The one metric I present at each AFSA come a new class for lunch at AFSA head- ways than ever before.
Governing Board is a membership snap- quarters, as we did three times in August: This year we can take pride in AFSA’s
shot. I do that because nothing indicates the “Resurgent 194th” A-100 class; an FS success making the connection between
the health of our organization as clearly as specialist class; and a Consular Fellows our work—the enduring platforms we
that single metric. And I do that because it class. And we look forward to welcoming build and operate around the globe—and
helps remind all of us at AFSA that we are additional classes—including another U.S. global leadership, which is, I remind
ultimately—and directly—accountable to large A-100 class and a USAID class—in you, supported by well over 90 percent of
you, the members. the weeks ahead. Americans.
This mile- Many of us remember what a disaster It is easy to be distracted by what
stone—record-high it was to slash new-entry hiring during divides us as Americans. I encourage all
AFSA member- the 1990s. We can now register relief and of us, as we prepare to make the most of
ship—is all the gratitude that the recent hiring freeze has the year ahead, to build on what unites
more remarkable been lifted and we are bringing in the new us. And maintaining America’s global
given that the members of the Foreign Service who will leadership—for which we in the Foreign
Foreign Service as sustain our country’s global leadership in Service bear such central responsibil-
a whole is smaller the decades to come. ity—unites us. n
Ambassador Barbara Stephenson is the president of the American Foreign Service Association.
THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL | OCTOBER 2018 7
FOREIGN
CONTACTS
SERVICE
www.afsa.org
Editor in Chief, Director of Publications
Shawn Dorman: dorman@afsa.org
Managing Editor
Susan Brady Maitra: maitra@afsa.org
Associate Editor
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Publications Coordinator (202) 338-4045; Fax (202) 338-6820 Director of Advocacy
Dmitry Filipoff: filipoff@afsa.org State Department AFSA Office: Kim Greenplate: greenplate@afsa.org
(202) 647-8160; Fax (202) 647-0265 Legislative Fellow
Advertising Manager
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Art Director FCS AFSA Office: BUSINESS DEPARTMENT
Caryn Suko Smith (202) 482-9088; Fax (202) 482-9087 Director of Finance and Facilities
Femi Oshobukola: oshobukola@afsa.org
Editorial Board GOVERNING BOARD Controller
Alexis Ludwig, Chair President Kalpna Srimal: srimal@afsa.org
James “Jim” Bever Hon. Barbara Stephenson: Controller, Accounts Payable and
Fred Boll
stephenson@afsa.org Administration
Angela Bond
Secretary Cory Nishi: cnishi@afsa.org
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Shawn Kobb Treasurer Ana Lopez: lopez@afsa.org
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THE MAGAZINE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS
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published monthly, with combined January-February Kimberly Svec Sawatzki: kim.sawatzki@usda.gov Allan Saunders: saunders@afsa.org
and July-August issues, by the American Foreign Service
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Association (AFSA), a private, nonprofit organization.
Material appearing herein represents the opinions of the John K. Naland: nalandfamily@yahoo.com Perri Green: green@afsa.org
writers and does not necessarily represent the views of State Representatives Manager, Retiree Outreach and Engagement
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8 OCTOBER 2018 | THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL
LETTER FROM THE EDITOR
Borderless Crime
B Y S H AW N D O R M A N
I
llicit trade, human trafficking, wildlife DS Special Agent Kai Fornes
trafficking, drugs and arms trade, describes how an enhanced criminal
cyber crime, piracy, counterfeiting, gang vetting program helps block legal
money laundering—these illegal travel to the United States by gang
transnational activities do not stop at members from the Northern Triangle of
borders. El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras.
They grow in scope and impact as the Turning to wildlife trafficking, Lara
world gets smaller, as globalization cre- Rall of World Wide Fund for Nature–
ates a world where crime can no longer South Africa offers a look at this
be stopped by border posts, ports and complex problem and how the USAID-
checkpoints. Transnational crime today supported Khetha program is tackling
is more sophisticated and more danger- it. We also hear from Representative Ed
ous and so much of it is virtual, hidden in Royce (R-Calif.), sponsor of the END
dark ungovernable corners of the web. Wildlife Trafficking Act, on the national
Wherever it originates, the impact security implications of this problem.
of transnational crime is felt at home In FS Know-How, Dolores Brown
in the United States. The U.S. Foreign shares “10 Things I Wish I’d Known:
Service is and must be at work doing Confessions of a Recent Retiree.” This is
battle against transnational crime, from news you can use.
Washington and from U.S. missions Elsewhere, Ambassador (ret.) Leslie
around the world. Bassett tells the story of the tragic death
This is our focus for October. Profes- of beloved FSO Jessica el Bechir, and
sor Louise Shelley offers the 30,000-foot how in the aftermath, in grief and trib-
view in “Illicit Trade and Our Global ute, the FS community came together
Response,” arguing that U.S. efforts must as family.
be broad and cross-cutting, requiring FS family member Nicole Schaefer-
cooperation across borders, expertise McDaniel reflects on “Making It in
and specializations. Mongolia” for the Family Member Mat-
Jim Nealon describes his work on ters column.
the “Place-Based Strategy” in Hondu- And FSO Alexis Ludwig takes on
ras, where he served as ambassador Arlen Specter on the squash court at
from 2014 to 2017. This initiative, which Embassy Guatemala City circa 1996.
helped to reduce the homicide rate in Our parting shot this month is from
three pilot communi- Niger.
ties, shows how going Please be in touch. Send your letters,
to the local source of Speaking Outs, articles and story ideas
a problem can help over to journal@afsa.org. n
mitigate the pull of
illegal migration.
Shawn Dorman is the editor of The Foreign Service Journal.
THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL | OCTOBER 2018 9
LETTERS
Civil Society The full report can be The second intervention option
Credibility Gap viewed at: www.gao.gov/ could come through AFSA’s Consulta-
How ironic that the authors assets/700/692560.pdf. tion Rights and Request for Information
of “Supporting Civil Society While AFSA’s push for Privileges. In both these instances, “As
in the Face of Closing Space” added State funding may the exclusive employee representative,
(May FSJ) referenced a be commendable, experi- AFSA may request information from
CIVICUS report that identi- ence has shown that the agencies which is necessary for full and
fies 13 countries as having case must first demonstrate proper understanding of subjects within
fully open civic space—but that the existing funding is the scope of collective bargaining.”
did not identify those countries or being both effectively and effi- The time is past for AFSA to be sitting
note that the United States is not one ciently utilized. The long-outstanding on the sidelines. It should promptly
of them. While they prescribed ways GAO findings and recommendations fulfill its fiduciary responsibilities by
to open civic space, their own country suggest otherwise. actively raising these DS shortcomings
shamefully is closing it. Since the department accepted with the department and demonstrate
Why would we be surprised that the findings and recommendations to all, including Congress, that the
other countries look askance when poli- for implementation, an earlier AFSA requests for added department funding
cies the United States promotes abroad delegation that met with senior DS staff are truly justified.
are not being exercised at home? I’m was surprised to hear them deny that James (Jim) Meenan
disappointed that the FSJ’s editors did the GAO findings existed and show no FSO, retired
not challenge such blatant hypocrisy. interest in acting on the recommenda- Ashburn, Virginia
Rex Moser tions.
FSO, retired In December 2014, an AFSA update The Passing of
Santa Barbara, California cable reported: “Most strikingly, six Donna Hartman
out of seven survey respondents noted I read with regret of the passing of
Shortcomings in that it is important for AFSA to be at Donna Hartman, widow of Ambassador
DS Remain the table when the department makes Arthur Hartman, who served with her
On June 15, the Government decisions that impact employee security husband at Embassy Moscow from 1981
Accountability Office reported thus: “At or exposure to risk.” Unfortunately, that to 1987 (In Memory, July-August FSJ).
the request of Congress, GAO reviewed has not taken place. Ambassador Hartman passed away in
the status of all open recommendations AFSA has among its “Labor Manage- 2015.
we made to the Department of State … ment Responsibilities” (for details visit While Ambassador Hartman’s
in 2015 and 2016. During that period, www.afsa.org/afsa_labor_management_ brilliant service in Moscow has been
we made 132 recommendations to State responsibilities.aspx) at least two well-documented, Donna Hartman’s
and USAID. As of June 7, 2018, of the significant options to follow in formally contributions were also remarkable. The
82 recommendations made to State, 37 raising the matter of diplomatic security Hartmans’ long tenure in Moscow was
(about 45 percent) were still open, and as it pertains to GAO findings and rec- notable in many respects, including an
10 of those were priority recommenda- ommendations. intense focus on human rights.
tions. The first and most important option For many years the Hartmans hosted
“Of particular concern are: GAO-15- is to raise the GAO recommendations an open house on Saturday afternoons.
700, Diplomatic Security: State Depart- as a “Mandatory Bargaining Subject,” The program often included the show-
ment Should Better Manage Risks to which covers such items as “policies ing of an American film in the ambas-
Residences and Other Soft Targets related to the work environment.” Under sador’s residence, the spacious Spaso
Overseas; and GAO-17-124, Diplomatic this category, respective agencies must House. The event drew dissidents,
Security: State Should Enhance Its negotiate with AFSA, thus enabling the artists and others.
Management of Transportation-Related employee representative to fulfill its Soviet personnel were often posi-
Risks to Overseas U.S. Personnel.” fiduciary responsibilities. tioned outside Spaso House to intimi-
10 OCTOBER 2018 | THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNALdate those Soviet citizens attempting I suspect I’m not the only reader
to enter. Several FSOs who worked on to find that interpretation of events
human rights issues, often joined by strange, on several levels.
other FSOs, would attempt to run inter- Let’s start with the inconvenient
ference for Soviet friends trying to get fact that Ambassador Huntsman is a
past the official harassment at the gate. political appointee, not a career Foreign
On one Saturday afternoon when Service officer. Why Mr. Lawson finds
Ambassador Hartman was out of town it courageous for a political appointee
the Soviet thug force was particularly to defend the man who gave him his
aggressive. When Donna learned of the job is baffling. (If I were going to praise
situation, she raced out of Spaso House Mr. Huntsman for anything, it would be
and confronted the Soviet harassers bipartisanship: He previously
shouting “scandalous, served as President Barack
scandalous!” in Russian. Obama’s ambassador to
Her vociferous efforts Beijing.)
caused the harassers to We all support Amb.
back off in short order, Huntsman’s desire to “focus
allowing the guests to enter. on the work that needs to
On another occasion, be done to stabilize the
shortly after the Hartmans most dangerous relation-
arrived in Moscow, Donna ship in the world, one that
brought an enormous bouquet encompasses nuclear
of roses into the street, greeting weapons, fighting terrorism, stopping
each passer-by and introducing herself bloodshed in Ukraine and seeking a
as the wife of the new American ambas- settlement of the seemingly intractable
sador. As she did so, she handed each Syrian crisis.” But how did the Helsinki
a rose. summit advance any of those objec-
Donna was a class act, a friend to the tives? If anything, it set them back.
common people and a special friend to Nothing in Amb. Huntsman’s state-
artists and victims of the Soviet system. ment indicates he has ever heard of our
Her human outreach touched many institution’s long and honorable tradi-
hearts. tion of dissent (which AFSA rightfully
Edmund McWilliams continues to celebrate). In contrast, I’d
FSO, retired be willing to bet Mr. Lawson is quite
White Oaks, New Mexico familiar with it, but has no use for it
when someone he likes occupies the
Defining “Foreign Service White House. n
Leadership” Downward Steven Alan Honley
Writing in the September FSJ, Timo- Former FSO
thy C. Lawson hails Jon M. Huntsman, Washington, D.C.
President Donald Trump’s ambassador
to Russia, for boosting Foreign Service Share your thoughts about
morale. And just how did Huntsman this month’s issue.
accomplish that remarkable feat? By stay- Submit letters to the editor:
ing on the job after the July 16 Helsinki journal@afsa.org
fiasco sparked calls for him to resign.
THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL | OCTOBER 2018 11LETTERS-PLUS
Response—
East Africa Embassy Bombings 20 Years Later
About Compensation I am struck by the common themes and
T
hank you for the July-August FSJ
highlights on remembering the
emotions expressed by many survivors,
1998 embassy bombings in East and how they relate to my own.
Africa, 20 years after.
I just want to express my personal view
as one of the many survivors who were Many times over the years I have the small subsequent delay for the correct
not affected physically (bodily harm), searched for first-person accounts by breakfast probably saved our lives.
but went through a very trying moment other people who were there on that We set off , heading to the ExTel
and later suffered emotional trauma. Our dreadful day, in attempt to make sense of Comms office, which was next door to
colleagues were affected differently—the what happened and move on. I am struck Cooperative House. We were planning on
healing process was very long, and some by the common themes and emotions phoning home to the U.K. and were late.
haven’t fully recovered yet, though the expressed by many survivors, and how I wanted to catch my mother who left for
majority have moved on through very they relate to my own. work at about 8:45 a.m. (10:45 Kenyan
painful experience. Reading these accounts has helped to time), and it was already 10:30.
I want to raise the compensation issue. somehow legitimize my own emotions. It We hurried along Moi Avenue, and
I know it’s a very hot and difficult topic happened so long ago, so far away from were about to turn down a side road just
to discuss here, but I want to make a pas- home and for many years felt unreal, before the U.S. embassy that led past
sionate appeal to the private attorneys almost made up. Thank you for asking me Ufundi House to Cooperative House. We
to finalize all matters of compensation, to submit my own story. then heard an almighty crack and stopped
so that this chapter can be closed (some In the summer of 1998, I was 21 and in our tracks, as did everyone else. There
people are still waiting for compensation). had just finished pre-clinical medicine was a banker’s strike on, and my immedi-
I am aware that no amount of money at the University of Cambridge. I was ate thought was that it was a gunshot, and
can replace the loss of loved ones from volunteering with the charity Link Africa, there was a hold-up at the nearby bank.
America, Kenya, Tanzania and all in a school in Mokomoni, a rural village We later found out that this was a hand
locations in between. of the Kisii district in Western Kenya. My grenade thrown at the embassy guard.
From the heart, these are my personal fellow project worker and friend, Alice, Suddenly a man sprinted out of that side
thoughts and opinions. Thank you. had a few days in Nairobi to purchase road and ran toward us. He was run-
Francis Ywaya some essential science equipment for the ning for his life. I instinctively took cover
FSN secondary school in Mokomoni. behind a taller Kenyan who was wearing a
USAID/Kenya & East Africa We were staying at a hotel in the River black leather jacket.
Nairobi, Kenya Road area. We were still students, and it The fleeing man got to within a few
was cheap. On the morning of Aug. 7, I metres of us, and then the bomb was
The First Healing Step ordered poached eggs on toast for break- detonated. Bizarrely, both Alice and I
I was very grateful to stumble upon the fast. Scrambled eggs arrived. I sent them forgot about the existence of this man;
article “Reflections on the U.S. Embassy back—I am usually fairly laid back about only when he (terrorist Mohammed
Bombings in Kenya and Tanzania” (July- these things, but after existing on a diet of Al-Owhali) was captured and his face
August FSJ) for the recent 20th anniver- mostly Ugali for months I really was very was plastered over the Daily Nation did
sary of the tragedy. keen on those eggs. That decision, and we remember those moments before the
12 OCTOBER 2018 | THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNALblast. I now understand that the erasure and bandaged it up. They had seen it all vigilant and have an astonishing startle
of key memories in trauma is common, as before, they told us; they had lived in a reaction.
some sort of protective mechanism. war zone. Upstairs, we showered to get rid As a doctor, I recognise that these
The sound was so loud that it could of the debris and dust. I paced the room are symptoms of post-traumatic stress
be heard up to 10 kilometers away. But for hours in a panic, not knowing quite disorder (PTSD), but have so far failed to
despite being within 10 to 15 meters of the what to do. get help. I was working in London on the
truck bomb, I don’t remember the sound I felt guilty for years that I didn’t go day of the 7/7 Tube bombs and helped to
at all. I do remember a feeling of pres- back to help, but in a medical sense I was treat several victims, compounding the
sure and being knocked off my feet. The too junior to be of any use. We were young feeling that these events are more com-
air filled with thick smoke and dust. The and terrified and all alone. Luckily we had mon and that nowhere is safe.
pavement was covered in shattered glass just enough money hidden in another bag Despite this, I have been able to carve
and debris from the nearby buildings. to escape on the night bus back to Kisii. out a life full of meaning, with a happy
I don’t know what happened to the I didn’t sleep at all for several nights; the family and many wonderful friends,
man in the leather jacket. I looked around adrenaline was too overwhelming. and have developed a strong sense of
and saw Alice lying on the ground. Her leg We went back to our village for another altruism. I strongly feel the only way to
was bleeding. I pulled overcome such sense-
her up by the hand, and less evil is to try and
we ran away from the live your best life, and
blast area as fast as we build communities
could. We bumped into with your actions.
a police officer, whom I feel strong ties to
we quizzed about what Kenya and my Kenyan
on earth had just hap- friends. I have visited
pened. Of course, he many times in the
was just as confused years following the
as we, and was looking bombings and hope to
back in the direction of take my children one
the embassy. day soon.
By this point there was a vast mush- six weeks to finish the project. We moni- Going forward, I am learning that hav-
room cloud of smoke reaching up to the tored the news daily, and The Nation was ing a mental illness is not a weakness that
sky. Matatus were being loaded up with full of stories of people trapped for days, needs to be hidden away. In fact, I believe
severely injured and maimed people to be the ramifications of the blast and the sub- it to be a sign of strength to acknowledge,
driven to the hospital. sequent allied attack on al-Qaida bases in talk about and seek help for these feel-
We ran all the way back to our hotel. Sudan and Afghanistan. ings.
I was mugged on River Road by a petty Nightmares started soon after—some- More than 60 percent of people
thief—he stole my wallet with almost all times replaying the events of Aug. 7, exposed to mass violence develop
the schillings we had. We saw several sometimes more generic threats to life. I PTSD, and professional help is needed
other muggings happen in those short always woke up in a panic, often leaping to recover. It has been easier for me to
minutes. It was chaos on the streets sud- out of bed or hitting out at my long-suf- pretend that I am fine than to admit to
denly, and it felt strangely post-apocalyp- fering husband. my own doctor that I am struggling, but
tic, like the world was about to end. Even now, I suffer with nightmares that is about to change.
For some, it had of course. We were and insomnia. I still avoid central Lon- Writing this down has been the first
very lucky, considering where we were don, crowded events, and have had panic part of that process. n
standing, to only have minor, flying glass- attacks in places where I feel unsafe (e.g., Sarah McKelvie
related injuries. At the hotel, some friendly the Underground, at a concert or visiting Oxford, U.K.
Bosnians cleaned Alice’s leg with alcohol overtly touristy venues). I am hyper-
THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL | OCTOBER 2018 13TALKING POINTS
Cuba Illnesses Smith, said in a recent interview that where none exist. His discovery led the
Back in the News microwaves are now considered a “main Soviets, Americans and others to begin
D octors continue to search for an
explanation for the mysterious ill-
ness that has stricken diplomats in Cuba
suspect.”
A scientific paper published in Janu-
ary 2018 by James Lin of the University
experimenting with using microwaves as
weapons.
When asked about the microwave
and China since late 2016. On Sept. 1 of Illinois first suggested that targeted theory, a State Department official
The New York Times reported that the microwave beams could have caused the told ABC News: “The situation has not
cause may have been an unconventional illnesses. changed: There is no known source or
weapon using microwaves. The Times also interviewed retired cause.”
In a report published in The Journal biologist Douglas Frey, who in 1960 On Sept. 6, The Washington Post
of the American Medical Association last identified a neural phenomenon wrote that microwaves likely weren’t the
March, the medical team did not men- now called the “Frey effect,” in which cause, quoting skeptics such as Kenneth
tion microwaves as a possible culprit. microwaves can be used to trick the Forster, a bioengineering professor at the
But the study’s lead author, Douglas brain into perceiving ordinary sounds University of Pennsylvania, who called
State Needs a Heard on the Hill Intrepid Professionals
Full Team on the Since the founding of our country, our diplomats have
Field served America in some of the most difficult and dangerous
During his May 24 appear- places on earth. Our embassies and consulates are plat-
ance before this Committee, forms of U.S. influence and vigilance and our diplomats are
Sec. Pompeo said: ‘With so often the first to spot threats to our national security before
many challenges before us, they arrive on our shores. These intrepid professionals
the State Department needs defend our national security, enforce our laws, and protect
a full team on the field from our fellow citizens overseas.
JOSH
locally employed staff around —Chairman Ed Royce (R-Calif.), newsletter to constituents
the world to senior leaders in from House Committee on Foreign Affairs, honoring the vic-
Washington.’ Sec. Pompeo expressed concern about vacancies tims of the 1998 East Africa embassy attacks, Aug. 6.
in key positions and said: ‘We need our men and women on
the ground executing American diplomacy with great vigor and Coming Up from Within
energy and representing our great nation.’ I completely agree, I want to thank you, again, for your willingness to serve, and
and that’s why I’m excited to have five nominees before the just on a personal note, to have someone who is coming
Committee today. up from within the department to be in this position, for
—Sen. Todd Young (R-Ind.), Senate Foreign Relations someone who cares about institutions and building institu-
Committee Nominations Hearing, Aug. 23. tions that will last, it’s heartening to me that someone from
within is coming in this position. My guess is with some of
The Good Work That FS Members Do the turmoil that we have had within the State Department,
I just want to say that it makes me so proud, and one of the best it also is something that, really, the many members of the
things we get to do as members of the Senate is to travel around Foreign Service who have committed their lives to Foreign
and see the good work that Foreign Service officers are doing Service, I’m sure are cheering you on today.
around the world. —Chairman Bob Corker (R-Tenn.), Senate Foreign Relations
—Sen. Jeff Flake (R-Ariz.), Senate Foreign Relations Committee Committee, nomination for David Hale to be under secretary
Hearing, in reference to the nomination for the Honorable Earl for political affairs (now confirmed), on Aug. 16.
Robert Miller to be ambassador to Bangladesh, on Aug. 23.
14 OCTOBER 2018 | THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNALthe microwave theory “crazy” and said
that while he can’t explain what hap- Contemporary Quote:
pened to the diplomats and their fami-
lies, “it’s sure as heck not microwaves.”
On Aug. 30, the State Department
released the results of an Accountability
Review Board convened in January 2018
to review the circumstances surrounding I want to tell you a story about the art of the deal—the Iran deal,
the medical problems in Havana. The for which I was the lead negotiator. 1/14
ARB found that “the department’s secu-
We negotiated the deal at the Palais Coburg Hotel in Vienna. I thought
rity systems and procedures were overall
I’d be home in short order. 2/14
adequate and properly implemented,
By day 25 I had barely left the hotel and had eaten only 1 meal outside the
though there were significant vacancies
Coburg. Every rod and rack in my bathroom had hand-washed laundry. 3/14
in security staffing and some challenges
with information sharing and communi- We called our side the P5+1: US, England, France, Germany, Russia,
cation.” China and the EU. 4/14
The ARB issued 30 recommendations Diplomacy can test your patience. There were so many interlocking issues
in the areas of accountability, inter- to cover: how to verify Iran’s compliance, how to limit its centrifuges, how to
agency coordination, medical issues, ‘snapback’ sanctions if needed, etc. 5/14
communication and information shar- Every time one element of the deal changed, we had to renegotiate within
ing, risk/benefit analysis and diplomatic the P5+1 and EU, then go back to the Iranians again. It was like a Rubik’s Cube.
security. All 30 recommendations were Solve one side and you’ve jumbled the others. 6/14
accepted by the department. After dinner on the 25th day, I met with Abbas Araghchi, Iran’s lead
Brian Mazanec, acting director of negotiator, with his partner, Majid Takata-Ravanchi, to go over one final
international affairs and trade at the UN resolution. 7/14
Government Accountability Office,
Araghchi agreed to key points, but then leaned forward and began
explained the delay in convening an ARB to dispute a previously agreed upon point. 8/14
thus, according to Federal Times: “The
This was familiar Iranian negotiation style: just as consensus seemed
offices in State weren’t communicating
imminent, there would be one more point of contention. We’ve given
the way they should have. When these
you what you want; now give us something of ours you’ve taken. 9/14
incidents were occurring, several State
offices were responding, but the office I lost it. I began to tell, and to my frustration and fury, my eyes began to well
up with tears. I told them how their tactics jeopardized the entire deal. 10/14
responsible for initiating the process
to consider whether or not to convene Women are told early in life that it’s not socially acceptable to get angry.
an accountability review board was not And it’s a sign of weakness to let people see you cry. 11/14
aware of the incidents.” Aragchi and Ravanchi were stunned. For a first time in a month,
they were silent. 12/14
The Return of the Something in the sincerity of my frustration broke through. After a long
Special Envoy silent moment, Aragchi dismissed his objection. That tearful reckoning
O n Sept. 4 Secretary of State Mike
Pompeo confirmed the appoint-
ment of Zalmay Khalilzad as special
became the final substantive turn of the Rubik’s cube. 13/14
That’s when it clicked into place for me. When you bring values like authen-
ticity, persistence, and commitment to the negotiating table, both in work and
adviser for Afghanistan. personal life, you are enormously powerful. 14/14
Khalilzad, who served as U.S. ambas-
sador to Afghanistan, Iraq and the United —Tweet by Wendy R. Sherman, Sept. 5, www.bit-ly/WShermanAStory.
Nations during the George W. Bush
THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL | OCTOBER 2018 15administration, accompanied the Secre- vice president of international govern- pendently of the State Department’s
tary on his recent visit to Pakistan and mental affairs, was named special rep- geographic bureaus.
India. He has been tasked with bringing resentative for North Korea on Aug. 23. “Special envoys can offer much more
about a political solution in Afghanistan. Biegun served in a number of national consistent focus on an issue,” Steven
It was the fourth special envoy security and foreign policy roles prior Heydemann, a professor of govern-
appointment in a month by an admin- to joining Ford in 2004, including as ment at Smith College and fellow at
istration that has so far avoided naming an adviser to former Senate Majority the Brookings Institution, told AP. But
high-level diplomats to focus on special Leader Bill Frist (R-Tenn.). he said that without a clear division of
problem areas, AP observed on Sept. 5, And on Aug. 17, Career Ambassador labor between a special envoy and other
and part of Pompeo’s effort to restore James Jeffrey was appointed Special diplomats at State, the positions “can be
“swagger” to the State Department, Representative for Syria Engagement. a source of confusion and mixed mes-
which suffered significant losses to its The career diplomat is a three-time saging.”
senior ranks under his predecessor, Rex U.S. ambassador, to Albania (2002- Department spokeswoman Heather
Tillerson. 2004), Turkey (2008-2010) and Iraq Nauert said special envoys bring a “sin-
On Aug. 16, Secretary Pompeo named (2010-2012), and also served as deputy gular focus” to complex foreign policy
Brian Hook, senior policy adviser to the national security advisor (2007-2008). challenges and “the authority to cut
Secretary of State and head of the Policy Many in the foreign policy com- across agencies and regions in order to
Planning Staff at State, special represen- munity are skeptical of the value of advise the secretary on the overarching
tative for Iran. Hook will lead the newly special envoys. With their own staffs, strategy.” They ensure that all expertise
established Iran Action Group. they tend to create a separate foreign within the department is brought to
Stephen Biegun, former Ford Motor policy bureaucracy that operates inde- bear, she said.
SITE OF THE MONTH: MAPPING MILITANTS PROJECT: WEB.STANFORD.EDU/GROUP/MAPPINGMILITANTS/CGI-BIN
A cross the map, from the Middle East to
Southeast Asia, new militant organiza-
tions continue to appear on the radar, and
basic descriptions of the vari-
ous groups, broken down by
geographic area. The break-
Stanford University’s Mapping Militants down includes international,
Project helps track them. While the Middle East and North Africa,
website does not offer actual interactive Asia, Central Asia, Europe and
maps, it contains “interactive diagrams” Latin America. Also on the
that map out relationships between the “Map” page, each group listing
groups and show how they evolve over has a link to that group’s inter-
time. active diagram, which opens in
The Mapping Militants Project seeks a new page.
to “find patterns in the evolution of militant organizations The project was developed by
in specified conflict theatres and to discover the causes Stanford University’s Center for International Security and
and consequences of their evolution.” Cooperation, which is housed within the Freeman Spogli
Users can select “Map Options” to display features such Institute for International Studies. A National Science
as group leadership, size and ideology. One can view active Foundation–Department of Defense partnership provided
and/or inactive organizations, organization events, as well start-up funding.
as the rise and decline of different groups over time. Profiles are updated regularly to keep information
Select the “Maps” tab at the top of any page to find current.
16 OCTOBER 2018 | THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL50 Years Ago
W e note with deep sadness the death by assassina-
tion of John Gordon Mein, Ambassador to Guate-
mala, long a distinguished Foreign Service officer, for years
as a private scholar and commenta-
tor on world events, to take a critical
attitude towards one or another of
a reader of these pages, and ever a stout champion of the policies of my government. Our
those who have elected to follow the often dangerous and tradition, as you know, permits this.
troubled career of serving their country in foreign lands. But I have never lost my faith in
His example and his advice will be sorely missed in the try- the basic goodwill and generos-
ing months to come. And we cannot escape the conclusion ity of my people in their approach
that the coming months and years will surely be trying for to the other people of this world, or in the
members of the Foreign Service. … decency of the motives and purposes by which American
But all this, difficult as it is, nevertheless is no cause statesmanship has been inspired. And I can give it to you
for despair. Anyone who joined the Foreign Service for as my conviction, at this sad and anxious moment, that my
a life of ease and quiet chose the wrong profession. The people will always be ready, however great the intervening
overwhelming majority of our Foreign Service people discouragements and disappointments to take up anew
are people of good will and competence, persons with the search for hopeful and constructive solutions to world
affection and loyalty to their own country who are at the problems.’ …
same time interested in learning of the ways of others, So our task remains; the challenge beckons. In
professionals who go about their different tasks with skill, responding with energy, intelligence and good faith, we
common sense and perspective. Quality is demanded of will honor the memory of Ambassador Mein and will show
these persons who are charged with nothing less than car- ourselves to be deserving inheritors of a worthy tradition.
rying out the intentions and purposes of the United States —From an editorial with the same title remembering
beyond its borders. … Ambassador John Gordon Mein (assassinated in Guate-
In a recent speech in Finland, George Kennan said it mala on Aug. 28, 1968, the first U.S. ambassador to be
all simply and succinctly: ‘It has sometimes fallen to me, assassinated while serving in office), FSJ, October 1968.
BBG: New Name— connect people around the world in cated weekly audience of 278 million people
Same Mission support of freedom and democracy.” in 100 countries and in 59 languages.”
O n Aug. 23, the Broadcasting Board
of Governors announced that,
effective immediately, it would be
The name change followed
research and consultation with
agency staff and leadership, Congress
Congressional Research
Service Releases Report
rebranded as the U.S. Agency for Global and the Trump administration. on Human Trafficking
Media.
The chief executive officer and direc-
tor of the new
The newly named USAGM encom-
passes the Voice of America, Radio Free
Europe/Radio
O n July 19 the Congressional Research
Service published a report, “Trans-
national Crime Issue: Human Trafficking,”
entity, John Liberty, the covering both legislative work on the issue
Lansing, stated: Office of Cuba and the State Department’s role in ending
“The term Broadcasting trafficking.
‘broadcast- (Television As part of the Library of Congress, the
ing’ does not and Radio Congressional Research Service provides
accurately describe what we do. The new Martí), Radio Free Asia, and the Middle nonpartisan policy and legal analysis to
name reflects our modernization and East Broadcasting Networks. members of both the House and the Senate.
forward momentum while honoring our According to USAGM, these net- As the report notes, the State Depart-
enduring mission to inform, engage and works “collectively reach an undupli- ment leads federal efforts to combat
THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL | OCTOBER 2018 17human trafficking, and the tection Act of 2000].” family should only be considered as a
Secretary of State chairs the When the State temporary last resort. Studies have found
President’s Interagency Task Department released the that both private and government-run
Force on trafficking in per- 2018 Trafficking in Persons residential institutions for children, or
sons. The report also covers Report on June 28, it got places such as orphanages and psychiat-
the department’s annual a bit more attention than ric wards that do not offer a family-based
Trafficking in Persons usual in the U.S. press. At setting, cannot replicate the emotional
(TIP) Report. the time, the Trump admin- companionship and attention found in
According to the CRS istration was struggling to family environments that are prerequi-
report, issues of concern defend its decision to arrest sites to healthy cognitive development.”
to Congress “may include refugee families trying to The government failed to meet
monitoring the use of enter the United States at our a court-ordered July 12 deadline to
anti-trafficking funds by the executive southern borders, forcibly reunite all children under age 5 with
branch, examining links between human separating children from their parents. their parents. n
trafficking with other transnational Media outlets such as The New York
issues, including labor and procurement Times, CNN and Foreign Policy all picked This edition of Talking Points was com-
practices, and considering legislation to up on a section of the report that read, piled by Donna Gorman, Shawn Dorman
reauthorize the [Trafficking Victims Pro- in part: “Removal of a child from the and Susan Maitra.
18 OCTOBER 2018 | THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNALSPEAKING OUT
What Is It We’re Doing Again? Time to Rethink
How the State Department Communicates
BY P E T E R LO H M A N
I
magine your typical brown bag Imagine if that visiting senior official had
lunch. Yes, that one. The one where
outlined his office, bureau or agency’s goals,
no one actually brings a lunch. The
speaker is a visiting senior official
and then began a conversation about how the
from Washington. Staff from across the embassy in the host country fits in.
embassy come to hear Washington’s
priorities, a senior leader’s view of the
world or ways we can all better execute hand. Very little was focused on looking Integrated Country Strategies, Joint
our mission. beyond the most immediate project to Regional Strategies and the like, we only
Unfortunately, all too often, the the overriding principles that help us compound that error by subsequently
speaker’s remarks are limited to: “You are achieve our goals. putting those strategies on a shelf, where
all doing an excellent job. The relationship I’m not the only one to notice this. they sit, never to be spoken of again.
with host country X is extremely impor- The 2017 Listening Tour Report noted In my prior service in the U.S. Army,
tant for Washington. It’s really an honor to the following: nearly every commander at the company
be here with you. Now what questions do • “People say that unclear priori- level (FS-4 equivalent in rank) and above
you have?” Awkward silence. ties leave them seeking guidance that had what are called “Flat A** Rules.”
No, this is not an article about how to for too many does not come from their (Nothing is official in the Army until it
improve brown bag lunches. The vignette managers or their chain of command.” has an acronym, so we called them FARs
I offer above is symptomatic of a larger • “People report that the frequency for short.) FARs were the principles by
State Department problem—ineffective, and coherency of communication— which each organization operated. They
unclear and infrequent communication. both top-to-bottom and across the transcended the next crisis and the one
One of the aspects of State Depart- web—needed to inform, coordinate after that. They applied to all members
ment culture that struck me most and inspire action is wildly deficient for and all tasks. Consider them the core
when I first entered the Foreign Service what is required.” principles of an organization.
was the lack of communication both • “People talk about unwritten and Back to the brown bag example.
between leadership and subordinates unstated rules about who is allowed to Imagine if that visiting senior offi-
and among units, offices, embassies, talk to who[m] in the chain of command cial had outlined his office, bureau
bureaus and agencies. Most commu- … [and] people question their level of or agency’s goals, and then began a
nication was restricted to the task at seniority or experience in being able to conversation about how the embassy
contribute ideas or concerns.” in the host country fits in. Or imagine if
Peter Lohman joined the So we clearly have a communication she had thought about what values her
Foreign Service in 2009. He is problem. What do we do about it? office, bureau or agency needed to be
currently an economic officer successful, and then discussed those
in Jakarta. His previous post- The Big Picture values with the group. Imagine how the
ings include Jerusalem, Chen- First, we need to better communicate participants would leave feeling like
nai and Washington, D.C. He was a cavalry our priorities and values. While many they were part of a bigger team, contrib-
officer in the U.S. Army from 2001 to 2005. of us bemoan the ritual of producing uting to a bigger mission.
THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL | OCTOBER 2018 19To improve the frequency and clarity of our however, the nuance and tone of the
communication, we also need to reward information are often lost.
Unfortunately, this phenomenon
staff for putting as much work into building works in the other direction, too, as the
contacts within the U.S. government as within most creative, unconventional ideas
host countries. often lose their nuance or are stripped
out entirely on their way up the chain.
Leaders can remedy this by following
Breaking Down Stovepipes in real time, such as by sharing and the famously simple “Leadership by
Second, we need to improve the editing documents without having to Walking Around” principle: seek out
frequency and coherence of our com- email files to each other; create a team conversations with junior employees;
munication. The department’s tendency drive for file sharing and storage; or take the long way back to your office
to work in stovepipes and communicate design a Google site for posting articles one afternoon; find an outlet from the
only in our own verticals—rather than and other up-to-date information—all isolation of command.
horizontally—is a common weakness of tools that can facilitate information
large organizations. Because we mostly sharing and collaboration without the Breaking Down Walls
transmit and receive information need for more meetings. Low-tech Finally, communicating better as a
through our chains of command, we solutions also work: copying others on department means removing obstacles
miss out on how our work affects and is emails, picking up the phone or walking to communication, both physical and
affected by others. down the hall to talk to a colleague. cultural. The federal government is
The economic section misses the already moving to open workspaces,
anecdote from the political section’s Leveling Hierarchies with the explicit goal of increasing col-
labor officer about illegal foreign work- To improve the frequency and clarity laboration and communication.
ers, for example. Or the public diplo- of our communication, we also need to As we do so, we should consider
macy section doesn’t get introduced to reward staff for putting as much work research from Stanford and University
the promising young businesswoman into building contacts within the U.S. of California Berkeley professors who
(and economic section contact) who government as within host countries. found that the results of moves to open
would make a great candidate for an We should emulate the best practices of office spaces are mixed. Success or
exchange program. desk officers who spend their first few failure, they found, depends on leaders
More interagency and interoffice weeks in Washington cultivating the communicating the vision behind the
communication can help remedy this. network they need to advance policy new space and having positive attitudes
Interagency working groups on topics priorities. Find the staff whose portfolio about the move, and allowing teams the
such as trade and investment or coun- overlaps or complements yours, build latitude to adapt work spaces to their
terterrorism are an excellent start, but relationships with them and seek them needs.
working group members need to find out when making decisions, or when With this research in mind, I believe
ways to keep up the information sharing you come across new information that the department’s move to open work-
between meetings. One way to do this you know would benefit them. spaces can be a net positive. Simply put,
is through better use of technology like An occasional leveling of our hierar- you are more likely to talk to people
the Foreign Affairs Network, a Google- chies would also help promote com- you see. Why does interagency com-
and cloud-based platform available to munication. Take the typical senior staff munication work better in the field than
State Department and all foreign affairs meeting, for example. These meetings in Washington? Because in the field we
agency employees that enables sharing serve to relay information among the see our interagency colleagues in the
of up-to-SBU (sensitive but unclassi- unit’s senior leaders. In a well-func- cafeteria, in the halls and after work.
fied)information, regardless of whether tioning organization, this information We develop relationships, which then
the user is on OpenNet. and guidance will make its way to those smooth the flow of information.
Through FAN, users can collaborate below the most-senior levels. Even then, Having more State Department
20 OCTOBER 2018 | THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNALYou can also read
