CAREER GUIDE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY - CHOOSE CHEMICAL - CHIETA
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CAREER GUIDE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CHOOSE SMART CHOOSE RIGHT CHOOSE CHEMICAL
ARE YOU PREPARED FOR
THE 4TH INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION?
Page 4
ARTISANS ARE
IN DEMAND
Page 24
MEET A CHEMICAL
ENGINEER
Page 10
CAREER
GUIDE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
C AREERS IN THE CHEMIC AL INDUSTRY ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2
Careers Index ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 3
The 4th Industrial Revolution ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 4
C AREERS IN DEMAND IN THE CHEMIC AL INDUSTRY:
ENGINEERING C AREERS ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 6
Engineering Study Paths ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 7
Chemical Engineers of the Future ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9
Meet a Chemical Engineer - Role Model ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10
Engineers of the Future ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 16
TR ADES ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 24
Artisan Study Paths ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 25
Artisans of the Future ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 29
Artisans of the Future Using New Technology ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 39
SCIENCE & MEDICINE C AREERS ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 40
Science & Medicine Study Paths ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 41
Scientists of the Future ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 46
Medicine of the Future ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 50
BUSINESS C AREERS �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 58
Business Study Paths ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 59
Business Careers of the Future �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 73
ABBREVIATIONS ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 74
PROFESSIONAL BODIES ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 75
SETAS ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 76
CONTAC TS FOR TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 78
Universities������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 78
Universities of Technology������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 81
T VET Colleges��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 83
Acknowledgements � ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 89
1
CLOSING THE
HIGH-TECH SKILLS GAP
Requires a New Alliance for Skills Development
By Yershen Pillay, CEO, Chemical Industries Training Authority (CHIETA)
The widening high-tech skills gap remains government and business will have to
a challenge that needs to be confronted establish immediate and meaningful
by all stakeholders. This widening high- alliances for scaling critical high-tech
tech skills gap occurs within the context skills. Digital learning programmes will
of increased digitisation, disruption have to be developed and scaled and new
and artificial intelligence (AI). The teaching methodologies will need to be
data suggests that more than 70% of established.
businesses find the recruitment of high-
tech skills a major challenge. According Digital training and skilling programmes
to the Future of Jobs Report 2020, 84% must become mainstream and quality
of employers are set to rapidly digitise assured for maintaining a steady supply
their workplaces in the next few years, of quality high-tech skills. The workplace
and around 40% of existing employees itself will have to be transformed
CEO Yershen Pillay
will require significant reskilling. The into a centre for skills excellence with
report also suggests that skills shortages are more acute in simulated practical training becoming the order of the day. A
emerging high-tech professions such as data scientists, AI new alliance to facilitate partnerships and collaborations at
specialists and software developers. Python programming, scale is a viable approach to be considered. There is no need
for example, has been identified as one of the top ten skills to reinvent the wheel in this regard. The training partnership
for those who are unemployed. between the Chemical Industries Education and Training
Authority (CHIETA), the Coastal KZN TVET College, and
Based on the data, we must consider various approaches chemical companies such as SAPREF, is a prime example of
to close the high-tech skills gap and ensure a steady supply the type of partnerships and collaborations that need to be
of talent now and in the future. The need to close the scaled. The Coastal College Simulation Plant in KZN provides
high-tech skills gap is both an organisational and national a blueprint for collaborations on occupationally directed
imperative. The government needs to digitise its training training. The partnership proved a useful tool to skill learners
and skilling systems to stem the rising tide of job losses and for the chemical industries and prepare them for gainful and
ensure adequate, fair and sustainable labour absorption. immediate employment. Similar collaborations are needed
For organisations, high-tech skills such as data scientists for high-tech professions to close the high-tech skills gap.
and data analysts have become essential for short-term
competitiveness and long-term sustainability. A steady Due to the resource-scarce environment, a collaboration
supply of quality high-tech skills is a must if we are to between government and the private sector will be an
achieve transient competitive advantages and long-term essential success factor. A lack of collaboration may result
sustainability. in slower than expected progress including significant
inefficiencies in the skills development pipeline. To address
This has brought to the fore the need to rethink and the need for increased collaboration, the CHIETA will be
re-evaluate partnerships and collaborations between embarking on a nation-wide stakeholder engagement
government, civil society and business. For long-term programme with captains of industry to establish SETAs as
success, a new alliance for high-tech skills development partners in value creation. This is a call to action for captains
must be formed by all stakeholders. This alliance should be of industry to reimagine and re-evaluate their relationships
well structured and purpose-driven with the aim of creating with the CHIETA and other SETAs in a concerted effort to
new stakeholder value. To meet the rising demand for AI close the high-tech skills gap.
specialists, data analysts, data scientists and roboticists,
2
OFO Code CAREER Page #
ENGINEERING 6
214501 Chemical Engineer 8
214502 Chemical Engineering Technologist 8
214201 Civil Engineer 12
252301 Computer Network and Systems Engineer 14
132301 Construction Project Manager 13
215101 Electrical Engineer 14
215201 Electronics Engineer 17
214502 Electronics Engineering Technologist 17
214907 Materials Engineer 19
214401 Mechanical Engineer 19
214402 Mechanical Engineering Technologist 20
214603 Metallurgical Engineer 21
214602 Mining Engineer 22
216502 Surveyor 22
TRADES 24
651302 Boiler Maker 26
351301 Computer Network Technician 27
311801 Draughtsperson 27
671101 Electrician 30
652302 Fitter and Turner 31
653301 Industrial Machinery Mechanic 32
672105 Instrument Mechanician 32
671202 Millwright 33
242202 Occupational Instructor 35
651501 Rigger 36
733201 Truck Driver (General) 37
651202 Welder 38
SCIENCE 40
234102 Agricultural Scientist 42
221101 General Medical Practitioner 43
211401 Geologist 44
121206 Health and Safety Manager 45
226201 Hospital Pharmacist 47
226202 Industrial Pharmacist 48
213110 Medical Scientist 49
134201 Medical Superintendent 51
121908 Quality Systems Manager 52
226203 Retail Pharmacist 52
226302 Safety, Health, Environment and Quality (SHE&Q) Practitioner 54
225101 Veterinarian 54
213306 Water Quality Analyst 56
BUSINESS 58
121202 Business Training Manager 60
133101 Chief Information Officer 61
121901 Corporate General Manager 61
241104 External Auditor 62
121101 Finance Manager 63
241101 General Accountant 63
121201 Human Resource Manager 64
251102 ICT Programme or Project Manager 65
251101 ICT Systems Analyst 66
132402 Logistics Manager 68
134915 Operations Manager - Non-Manufacturing 69
122301 Research and Development Manager 70
332301 Retail Buyer 70
122101 Sales and Marketing Manager 71
132401 Supply and Distribution Manager 72
3
ARE YOU PREPARED FOR THE
4TH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?
THE 4TH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN FUTURE, MORE DRONE OPER ATORS, 3D PRINT
is the name given to a new wave of technologies OPER ATORS AND VR EQUIPMENT OPER ATORS
such as, artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, WILL BE NEEDED.
nanotechnology, the internet of things (IoT),
3D printing, cloud computing and virtual reality 3D printers are being used to create bone implants using
(VR). These technologies are transforming jobs compounds similar to natural bone which can be shaped
and creating new opportunities in the chemicals precisely to the patient’s bone (See pg 50).
industry. Some jobs will disappear altogether, new
opportuities will emerge.
NEW SKILLS REQUIRED
Workers will need new skills in order to take
advantage of the 4IR. Here are some examples of
skills we will need:
Mechatronic Engineering is a combination of precision
mechanical, electronic and computer systems Medical staff such as doctors, nurses and Pharmacists
which are essential skills in the development and will need to embrace new applications using AI in the
maintenance of robotics (See pg 16). diagnosis and treatement of patients; leaving more time to
see to the patient’s overall wellbeing. (See pg 50).
Skilled commercial staff involved in accounting,
Computer Aided Design (CAD) skills are needed in administration, HR and logistics will need to use cloud
order create 3D models for production using CNC based ERP systems in order to streamline and automate
machines and 3D printers business operations (See pg 73).
(See pg 29).
Technical marketing and sales as well as after sales
personelle will be required to support their clients in
implementing new technology (See pg 73).
4
GET
GREEN CHEMISTRY
Since the First Industrial Revolution the demand for energy
SKILLED UP
has led to much of the world’s current environmental
problems. The next great challenge will be to harness the
4IR in order to limit climate change, deforestation and
FOR THE
pollution of our water and air. In addition it will focus on
dramatically reducing our dependence on fossil fuels in
addressing climate change.
According to the World Economic Forum a key to achieving
this is to harness new technologies which are part of the 4th
Industrial Revolution. http://www3.weforum.org/.
FUTURE!
• Shifting away from oil to renewable sources (See pg 50)
• Developing products that require lower quantities of
pesticides, fertilisers, and water.
• Research into nanotechnology and biodegradable
plastics, and super-strong coatings and fibres (See pg 46).
• Prioritising safety, improving energy efficiency and, most
importantly, minimising (and ideally) eliminating toxic
waste (See pg 50). Read Water Quality Analyst (pg 56).
• Developing cheaper, more efficient solar cells and
energy storage methods such as batteries (See pg 50).
• Reducing the high levels of waste in pharmaceutical
drug manufacture. Read Industrial Pharmacist (pg 48).
In South Africa we have both a water crisis and an energy
crisis. We need to look for solutions in battery technology
using solar and wind energy or anything renewable. Read
Ntombifuthi Bingo’s story on page 11, “Industrialisation has
contributed greatly to the pollution of the environment,
therefore a great deal of effort and resources are being put
into trying to find solutions to the resultant environmental
problems”.
NEW OPPORTUNITIES
There is no denying that the 4IR innovations are replacing
jobs and / or changing the nature of jobs. The World
Economic Forum predicts that 41% of all work activities in
Africa are susceptible to automation and that 39% of core
skills required across occupations will be wholly different by
2020 ( https://www.weforum.org/)
Whilst there may be jobs lost in some sectors, the 4IR has
great potential benefits if the right strategies are used.
The 4th Industrial Revolution puts all manufacturers on an
equal playing field as it will no longer be cheaper to import
manufactured goods from China. South Africa, a country rich
in raw materials will be able to manufacture at home.
5
CAREERS IN
ENGINEERING
ENGINEERS are an essential part of our modern economy. This field involves the use of scientific methods and
There are increasing challenges in the demand for cheaper principles to design, develop and construct things. Careers
production methods, safer products and more sustainable in Engineering are critical to South Africa’s growth and
alternative solutions. development as part of the 4th Industrial Revolution.
Engineers of all sorts are in high in demand including: CHECK IF YOU FIT THE REQUIREMENTS:
Chemical; Civil; Mechanical; Electrical and Electronic A person who wants to become an engineer is unlikely to be
Engineers. Engineering specialists in materials, biochemicals, satisfied with merely knowing ‘HOW’ something works. You
nanotech and robotics are becoming critically important to will need to be someone needs to know ‘WHY’ something
the chemical Industry. works.
• Are you interested in designing things?
The word Engineer is derived from the Old Latin word,
• Are you creative?
genere meaning, “one who produces or generates new
• Are you a problem solver?
things” and is also the root from which we get the word
• Are you a logical thinker?
genius (Wiktionary). In other words, an Engineer is an
• Do you find yourself imagining things you would like to
inventor and a creator, a person who finds new ideas and
build?
comes up with solutions to everyday problems.
• Are you good at Mathematics and Physical Sciences?
6
ENGINEERING STUDY PATHS
Each education
NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: institution has its own unique
entry requirements for each
With Mathematics of its programmes. Check the
and Physical Science entry requirements before
you apply.
UNIVERSITY DEGREE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Degree National Diploma
Degree in Engineering: Diploma in Engineering:
Chemical Chemical
Computer Civil
Civil Electrical
Aeronautical Electronic
Electrical Industrial
Electronic Mechanical
Geodetic Mechatronics
Industrial Metallurgical
Mechanical Refractories
Mechatronic Other.
Metallurgical
Mining
Other.
In order to register as
a Professional Engineer with
the Engineering Council of
After completion
Internship / Workplace South Africa (ECSA), you
of the candidate phase ECSA
first have to register as a
conducts a professional Experience Candidate Engineer and gain
review of the work
three years of work
experience. You can
experience.
apply for registration as
a Professional Engineer
after the review has been
completed.
Professional Review
(Engineer)
Only Engineers
registered with the ECSA may
use the designation Professional
Engineer. A designation is a title Designation:
that a professional person may
use (write behind her/his name) Professional Engineer
to indicate that she/he is fully
qualified in a certain professional
field and is a member of a
professional body.
7
CHEMICAL ENGINEER (214501) How to Enter this Occupation:
Level of Schooling & School Subjects:
Chemical Engineers design, plan and manage plants
National Senior Certificate (Matric), or equivalent, with a
and factories where chemicals and raw materials are
Bachelor’s Degree pass, or a Diploma pass depending on
processed into products with enhanced value. Chemical
which course you will be applying for.
Engineers are responsible for producing a range of
Each institution has its own entry requirements.
materials, from plastics to pharmaceutical drugs from
fertilisers to food.
Compulsory Subjects:
Mathematics, Physical Sciences.
Chemical Engineers may work in crude oil refineries, the coal
Recommended Subjects:
and gas industry and renewable energy sector; they may
Information Technology, Engineering and Technology.
work in the mining and metallurgy industry and industries
involved in the production of food, textiles, plastics,
Note: The engineering faculties of some Universities offer
explosives and cement.
a support programme to help students complete the very
demanding engineering course. The programme is aimed
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIST at students from communities which lack proper education
facilities.
(214502)
Further Training:
Chemical Engineering Technologist work with
Chemical Engineers and Chemical Engineering
Degree: Bachelor’s Degree in Chemical Engineering.
Technicians, developing and using chemicals and
Diploma: National Diploma in Chemical Engineering
related equipment and products for research and
Postgraduate: Doctoral research degrees can be taken in
development, and also for manufacturing medical
the fields of bioprocess engineering, catalysis, minerals
and pharmaceutical preparations.
processing, hydrometallurgy, environmental engineering,
crystallisation and precipitation and chemical engineering
education. Courses in welding engineering, coal science
Tasks may Include: and technology, petroleum engineering and extractive
metallurgy are offered.
• Increasing the quantity and quality of available food
production through improvements to seed quality, Employment:
fertilisers and weed control.
• Improving the procedures for the production of fibres, • Chemical manufacturers and other industries such as:
yarns and textiles in the production of clothes and petroleum refining, synthetic fuel manufacture, food
household fabrics making materials and clothes more processing, brewing, minerals processing, paper and
pulp, pollution control, manufacture of synthetic fibres,
comfortable, durable and water resistant.
fertilisers and explosives
• Developing methods to mass-produce drugs, making
• Such organisations as: CSIR, AECI, Eskom, Sasol, NECSA,
them more affordable; creating safer, more efficient
Sentrachem
methods of refining petroleum products,
• Atomic Energy Board
• Making energy and chemical sources more productive
• Council for Mineral Technology (Mintek)
and cost effective;
• Government departments
• Improved efficiencies and processes in the management
of waste, effluent and pollutants into our air and water,
Further Information:
finding solutions to environmental problems.
Engineering Council of South Africa (ECSA)
Chemical Engineers may be found in a wide variety of work
Tel: (011) 607-9500
settings ranging from classrooms, as teachers and lecturers, www.ecsa.co.za
to research laboratories or construction sites. The actual
work setting depends on the type of work and on the size, South African Institute of Chemical Engineers (SAIChE)
location and financial resources of the employer. Tel: (011) 704-5915
8CHEMICAL ENGINEERS
OF THE FUTURE
ENERGY ENGINEER
An Energy Engineer is involved with the production of energy from natural resources,
such as the extraction of oil and gas, as well as from renewable or sustainable sources
of energy, including biofuels, hydro-, wind and solar power. Energy Engineers are
focused on finding efficient, clean and innovative ways to supply energy. They work
in a variety of roles, including designing and testing machinery, developing ways of
improving existing processes, and converting, transmitting and supplying useful
energy to meet our needs for electricity.
BIOFUELS ENGINEER
The South African government has proposed that biofuels should form an important part of the country’s energy supply. Biofuel
Engineers develop and find uses for fuels derived from plant sources in order to reduce our carbon footprint. South Africa
produces bioethanol from sugar and starch crops, to replace petrol.
Biodiesel is a Green Fuel for many other reasons too.
• Biofuels, are non-hazardous, non-toxic, non-flammable and
biodegradable
• Produce far less CO2 exhaust emissions
• Create new job opportunities in agriculture, industry, infrastructure
and science
• Reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve environmental
conditions for all people on our planet
• It is sustainable and reduces dependence on fossil fuels
• It can be made from used cooking oil (which is already a waste
product)
Source: http://www.green-diesel.co.za
ENERGY AUDITOR
Energy Auditors inspect homes and businesses to determine ways in which
energy could be used more efficiently and encourage homeowners to make
changes to that end. These auditors primarily work for energy companies.
The position tends to involve a lot of field work, since Auditors visit homes
and businesses, and some travel may be needed. Energy auditors will
need tact and people skills when dealing with consumers who might be
discouraged about high energy bills.
9Maggie Ntombifuthi Bingo
Cape Peninsula University of Technology
Laboratory Technician: Chemical Engineer
While studying Chemical Engineering at UCT, Ntombi
realised that she wanted to study in an environment which
provided more practical exposure and on-the-job training.
She moved Universities once again and eventually settled at
the Cape Peninsula Univesity of Technologu (CPUT) where
she completed her diploma in Chemical Engineering.
A year after completing her in-service training at Chevron she
graduated with her BTech degree in Chemical Engineering.
She is currently pursuing her MEng in Chemical Engineering
with CPUT.
Why Chemical Engineering?
“I really have my mother to thank for this as she always
encouraged me to become an engineer. I remember that
we once went out for lunch with her friend who tried to
give me career advice. He said that engineering is not for
women, and it was then that I decided I was going to prove
Ntombi grew up in the town of Mafikeng in the North
him wrong”.
West Province. She attended Mmabatho High where she
discovered she had an ability with mathematics and an
“I have had the good fortune of studying at both a university
interest in chemistry. Ntombi aspired to go to university but
and university of technology, quite honestly I preferred the
she was not sure exactly what career path to follow.
more practical course which is provided at CPUT”. “Doing
my in-service training at Chevron gave me a leg-up into
She decided to stay in Mafikeng and study a BSc degree
the corporate world … for example, one of my tasks was
with Chemistry at North West University. It was during this
to replace a broken pump on the plant. I had to apply the
period of study that she realised that she actually wanted to
theory learnt during my chemical plant course in order to
do engineering.
complete the task”.
“I learned about Chemical Engineering in school but I had
What are some of the challenges you faced?
no idea of what it was really about. I made the mistake of
Ntombi has faced many challenges in her career, one in
thinking that Chemical Engineering and chemistry were
particular happened while she was an intern. “During my
the same thing. I took the decision to leave North-West
internship I was assigned to a mentor who did not value me
University and enrolled to study Chemical Engineering at
because I had no experience. Fortunately, I made friends
the University of Cape Town (UCT). Then when I got to UCT,
with other people who could help me through this
I was surprised to learn that they were completely different
difficult time.”
courses. Wow! I didn’t realise how hard it would be. Chemical
Engineering is one of the most difficult courses you can do
at University”.
“I learned about Chemical Engineering in school but I had no idea of what it was really about.
I made the mistake of thinking that Chemical Engineering and chemistry were the same thing.
Then when I got to UCT, I was surprised to learn they were completely different courses.”
10ROLE MODEL
CHEMICAL ENGINEER
“At another stage in my career I found myself unemployed, “My goal is to become a lecturer and for that, I need to
which was very challenging considering all the expenses I complete my Master’s and Doctorate. I would also like to
had to pay. It was stressful going from interview to interview give back something to the environment. Industrialisation
with many companies, but I never gave up. It took me a year has contributed greatly to the pollution of the environment,
before I eventually landed a position as a volunteer with the therefore a great deal of effort and resources are being put
ArcelorMittal Science Centre.” into trying to find solutions to the environmental problems.
Global warming has created climate change and we need
Ntombi has settled down and is enjoying her role as solutions. In our country we have a water and electricity
a Laboratory Technician in the Chemical Engineering crisis which needs to be solved with renewable solutions
Department at CPUT. She enjoys working with students but (fuel cell technology, solar and wind energy).”
also realised that she loves research. Ntombi is currently
doing her Master’s and her research field is in poultry
slaughterhouse wastewater treatment.
“Firstly, you have to have a good foundation in mathematics,
So, what of the future?
“I am really excited about the future. After having physical sciences and chemistry at high school. Secondly,
successfully applied for conferences and research you need to take ownership of your career, don’t leave
exchange programme funding, I will be delivering my first
your career in the hands of your lecturer and practice time
conference paper at the 16th Johannesburg International
Conference on Science, Engineering, Technology and management skills!”
Waste Management (SETWM-19). This will be followed
by attending a Wastewater treatment modelling course
at Tongji University, Shanghai, China. Thereafter I will be
What advice would you give another young person who
delivering another conference paper this time in Shanghai.
wants to study in this field?
The conference is hosted by the International Water
“Firstly, you have to have a good foundation in mathematics,
Association Specialist Group on nutrient removal and
physical sciences and chemistry at high school. Secondly,
recovery from wastewaters, such as those I am currently
you need to take ownership of your career, don’t leave
researching. All these opportunities are available to Young
your career in the hands of your lecturer and practice time
Water Professionals in order to address the skills shortages
management skills!”
in South Africa. I have found my niche, and this is only the
beginning.”
11CIVIL ENGINEER (214201) How to Enter this Occupation:
Civil Engineers are responsible for the planning, designing, Level of Schooling & School Subjects:
maintenance and management of projects to do with the National Senior Certificate (Matric), or equivalent, with a
construction of roads, buildings, airports, tunnels, dams, Bachelor’s Degree pass, or a Diploma pass depending on
bridges, and water supply and sewage systems. which course you will be applying for.
Each institution has its own entry requirements.
Civil Engineering may be the oldest of the all the engineering
disciplines and today, Civil Engineering encompasses a Compulsory Subjects: Mathematics, Physical Sciences.
range of specialised fields which include structural design, Recommended Subjects: Information Technology,
marine, environmental, construction, hydraulic engineering, Engineering and Graphic Design, Mechanical Technology.
transportation, and geotechnical engineering.
Further Training:
Tasks may Include:
Degree: BSc in Mechanical Engineering at University.
• Designing structures such as buildings, bridges, roads, Diploma: National Diploma in Civil Engineering
dams, pipelines, waste-disposal units, etc. Postgraduate: Several Universities offer postgraduate
• Identifying the best construction methods, materials studies in Mechanical Engineering, and some Universities
and quality standards for the construction. of technology offer postgraduate studies in Mechanical
• Establishing control systems to ensure efficient Engineering.
functioning of structures as well as safety and
environmental protection. Engineering graduates usually begin work under the
• Organising and directing maintenance and repair of supervision of experienced Engineers and are gradually
existing Civil Engineering structures. given more responsibilities as they gain experience. Some
• Reading and interpreting blueprints, technical drawings Engineers with experience and additional education move
and schematic diagrams which represent the elements into administration or management. Many high-level
of a structure or area. executives in industry began their careers in engineering.
• Analysing the soil and rock and materials used for
structures and structural foundations. Further Information:
• Testing the structures and materials for use in
construction projects. South African Institution of Civil Engineering
• Project managing and supervising the work of Surveyors, Tel: (011) 805-5947/8/5953
draughtsmen, technicians and other workers. www.saice.org.za
• Consulting for engineering, construction or architectural
firms.
12CONSTRUC TION PROJEC T MANAGER • Ensuring adherence to building legislation and
(132301) standards of performance.
• Managing budgets and controlling expenditure and
Construction Project Manager use their knowledge of all ensuring the project is completed within proposed
aspects of building and construction to plan, execute and budget.
monitor building projects until project completion. • Interpreting architectural drawings and specifications.
• Negotiating with building owners, property developers
Project Managers ensure that time-frame targets and and subcontractors involved in the construction process
budgets are met. Additionally, it is critical that a good to ensure projects are completed on time and within
client relationship is maintained throughout the project. budget.
Construction Project Managers, serve as liaison between • Reviewing the project in depth to determine if
Architects, Quantity Surveyors and Building Contractors everything is done according to plan.
(in some cases the Architect may be the Project Manager).
The Project Manager does not carry out all of the tasks of How to Enter this Occupation:
managing the project but they do need to ensure that all
aspects of the building process run smoothly. Level of Schooling & School Subjects:
National Senior Certificate (Matric), or equivalent, with a
A Construction Project Manager may work in various positions Bachelor’s Degree pass, or a Diploma pass depending on
including: Project Managers of large building projects or which course you will be applying for.
building controllers for large municipalities or contract or Each institution has its own entry requirements.
Financial Managers. They may also act as Technical Advisers
when buildings are planned and constructed. Compulsory Subjects: Mathematics and Physical Sciences
Recommended Subjects: EGD, Visual Arts
Tasks may Include:
Further Training:
• Scoping the project with role players in determining the
work that needs to be done for the proposed project. Degree: A BSc Degree in Construction Management or
• Identifying the deliverable schedules as a roadmap for Building Science at University.
the construction team. Diploma: A National Diploma in Building or Construction or
• Estimating costs; ensuring cost, quality and safety in Quantity Surveying at University of Technology. This is
standards are met; preparing tenders and bids. not an entry level position. Construction Project Managers
• Submitting plans to the authorities and arranging in the building industry begin work under the supervision
inspections to ensure compliance. of experienced Engineers and are gradually given more
• Coordinating the procurement and logistics for the responsibilities as they gain experience.
required labour, materials, plant and equipment.
13COMPUTER NETWORK & SYSTEMS How to Enter this Occupation:
ENGINEER (25230)
Level of Schooling & School Subjects:
Systems Engineers are mainly responsible for coordinating National Senior Certificate (Matric), or equivalent, with a
all the computer-related systems available in a company. Bachelor’s Degree pass, or a Diploma pass depending on
They work closely with Database Administrators, and which course you will be applying for.
develop and change databases to ensure an environment Each institution has its own entry requirements.
that is streamlined and automated.
Compulsory Subjects: Mathematics, Physical Sciences.
Systems Engineers are responsible for the integration of Recommended Subjects: Information Technology
systems including all software applications, hardware and
configurations, databases, database tables and information Further Training:
into the technical hardware used by the company. Systems
Engineers work closely with the development team and Degree: BSc in Computer Science or Electronic
Network Administrators to ensure that the system and Engineering
backups are automated and run successfully. Some examples Diploma: National Diploma in Computer Engineering
of such systems are water and food distribution networks, Technology or Electronic Engineering
experimental manned space flights and military defence Postgraduate: Several Universities offer postgraduate
programmes. Systems Engineers also work on telephone studies in Mechanical Engineering, and some Universities
systems, electrical power systems, and sewage systems. of technology offer postgraduate studies in Mechanical
Engineering.
Tasks may Include:
This is not an entry level position. A Computer Network
• Maintaining computer networks including, the systems Engineer usually begins work under the supervision of
software, applications software, hardware, and experienced Engineers and will gradually be given more
configurations. responsibilities as they gain experience.
• Assessing and recommending improvements to
network operations and integrated hardware, software, ELECTRICAL ENGINEER (215101)
communications and operating systems.
• Installing, configuring, testing, maintaining and An electrical engineer researches, design, installs and
administering new and upgraded networks, software tests electrical and electronic equipment and supervises
database applications, servers and workstations. its manufacture. Their work involves the generation,
• Protecting data, software, and hardware by distribution and management of all appliances and
coordinating, planning and implementing network installations that generate or use electrical energy.
security measures.
• Performing disaster recovery operations and data Electrical Engineering is often associated with power
backups when required. generation and distribution of power. Power generation
• Monitoring network traffic, and activity, capacity involves the generation of electrical power from a variety of
and usage to ensure continued integrity and optimal sources: hydro-electrical, thermal coal power, nuclear, as well
network performance. as renewable sources of power such as solar and wind power.
• Preparing and maintaining procedures and Distribution involves transmission lines and substations, which
documentation, recording diagnosing and resolving are used to distribute electrical energy for power, heating,
network faults, enhancements and modifications to lighting and other uses.
networks, and maintenance instructions.
• Researching, analysing, evaluating and monitoring Tasks may Include:
network infrastructure to ensure networks are
configured to operate at optimal performance. • Preparing technical drawings, specifications of electrical
systems, or topographical maps to ensure that installation
and operations conform to standards and customer
requirements.
14• Operating computer-assisted engineering or designing MSc or PhD. Graduates can specialise in fields such as control
software or equipment to perform Engineering Tasks. systems (climate control systems in buildings to navigational
• Conferring with Engineers, customers, or others to control systems in vehicles); optical systems (fibre optics
discuss existing or potential engineering projects or etc); electromagnets; electronic design; remote sensing
products. and space systems; semiconductor devices; signal; and
• Directing or coordinating manufacturing, construction, image processing, communication (telecommunications,
installation, maintenance, support, documentation, broadband communication, wireless networks, optical
or testing activities to ensure compliance with communication networks, digital communications).
specifications, codes, or customer requirements.
• Designing, implementing, maintaining or improving To be legally appointed in terms of occupational health
electrical instruments, equipment, facilities, and safety legislation, junior Electrical Engineers (heavy
components, products, or systems for commercial, current) with a degree or a diploma and at least two years’
industrial, or domestic purposes. appropriate post-qualification practical experience, must
• Preparing specifications for purchases of materials or apply to the Chief Inspector (DOL or DME) for acceptance
equipment. as a candidate. Once accepted, they must pass the two
• Performing detailed calculations to compute and prescribed subjects - Plant/Mining Engineering and Legal
establish manufacturing, construction, or installation Knowledge (different papers for factories and mines).
standards or specifications. Persons registered as Professional Engineers with ECSA may
• Investigating customer or public complaints, and be exempted from the Plant Engineering paper.
determining the nature and extent of problem
• Overseeing project production efforts to assure Employment:
projects are completed on time and within budget.
• Planning or implementing research methodology or • Government departments
procedures to apply principles of electrical theory to • The mining industry
engineering projects. • Organisations such as Transnet, Eskom, Mittal Steel,
CSIR, Sasol, Kentron, SABS, SABC, Denel, Portnet, and
How to Enter this Occupation: Metrorail
• Municipalities
Level of Schooling & School Subjects: • Universities and Universities of technology
National Senior Certificate (Matric), or equivalent, with a • Manufacturers of electrical equipment
Bachelor’s Degree pass, or a Diploma pass depending on • Private engineering consultants
which course you will be applying for. • Self-employment, with enough experience and
Each institution has its own entry requirements. initiative, working as a consultant or starting one’s
own manufacturing or engineering company.
Compulsory Subjects: Mathematics, Physical Sciences.
Recommended Subjects: Information Technology, Electrical Further Information:
Technology.
Engineering Council of South Africa (ECSA)
Note: The engineering faculties of some Universities offer Tel: (011) 607-9500 Fax: (011) 622-9295
a support programme to help students to become self- E-mail: engineer@ecsa.co.za
sufficient and capable of completing the very demanding www.ecsa.co.za
engineering course. The programme is aimed at students
with good marks, from communities which lack proper Other Bodies:
education facilities.
South African Institute of Electrical Engineers
Further Training: Tel: (011) 487-3003/6 / (011) 487-3002
www.saiee.org.za
Degree: Bachelor’s Degree in electrical engineering
Diploma: National Diploma in Electrical Engineering Electrical Contractors Association of SA
Postgraduate: This involves research leading towards an Tel: (011) 392-0000
www.ecasa.co.za
15ENGINEERS OF
THE FUTURE
MECHATRONIC ENGINEER
Mechatronic Engineering is a combination of precision Mechanical
Engineering, electronics and computer systems; the work incorporates
computer, control and systems design engineering, and can be used to create
intelligent machines and advanced manufacturing and processing systems.
Mechatronic Engineers research, design, develop and maintain machinery
with electronic and computer control systems, such as aircraft, robots,
motor vehicles, cameras, power generators and mining and chemical plant
machinery. They also test automation, intelligent systems, smart devices or
industrial systems control.
Mechatronic Engineering is a new focus area in engineering that promises
to become even more important in the future, in South Africa as well as
internationally. With automation currently regarded as the key to improved productivity, the need for mechatronics (which makes it
possible to generate simpler, more economical, reliable and versatile systems) increases by the day.
WHAT TO STUDY
The BEng (Mechatronic) programme contains elements from the BEng (Mechanical) and the BEng (Electrical and Electronic)
programmes. Mechatronic Engineers need to have a degree in Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Computer Science,
Control Systems Engineering or in a similar field in order to be eligible for employment as a Mechatronics Engineer. For research
posts, a Masters or PhD is required with courses taken in the field of mechatronics.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MECHANICAL AND MECHATRONIC ENGINEERS
The most important difference between the Mechanical Engineering programme and the Mechatronic programme is that Mechanical
Engineers are equipped to develop mechatronic systems with existing controllers (computers, PLC’s, etc.), while Mechatronic
Engineers are also equipped to develop the necessary electronic controllers themselves (e.g. for built-in controllers) and the relevant
electronics. In the BEng (Mechatronic) programme, some of the more specialised elements of the BEng (Mechanical) programme are
replaced by Electronics and Computer Engineering from the BEng (Electrical and Electronic) programme.
A student doing a MSc Mechatronic Systems Engineering, a course designed for graduates &
experienced Engineers who wish to update their skills in emerging areas of smart factories &
smart cities, utilising Industry 4.0 technologies.
https://www.mdx.ac.uk/courses/postgraduate/mechatronic-systems-engineering-msc
16ELECTRONICS ENGINEER (215201) Areas of Specialisation:
Biomedical Engineers: Apply engineering methods to solve
Electronics Engineering is concerned with the generation,
medical and other life science problems.
transmission and processing of information and includes
computers, software, transmission networks, telephones,
Computer Engineers: Design computers and associated
radio, television, signal processing and optics. equipment, including microelectronics, which involves the
design, testing and manufacture of microchips.
Electronics Engineers design, develop, test and maintain
electronic parts and systems for application in the fields of Mechatronic Engineers: Design and maintain machinery with
automation, communication, data processing, navigation, electronic and computer control systems.
military arms and entertainment. Some manage manufacturing
processes, while others may be responsible for the marketing Telecommunication Engineers: Design and maintain
of products. telecommunications equipment such as optic cables,
microwave techniques, cellular radio, satellite
communications, etc.
ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIST
Computer Systems Engineers: Design and manufacture
(214502)
circuit boards used for interfacing computers to other
equipment and sometimes write software for controlling
Electronic Engineering Technologists work
computer operations, etc.
alongside Electronic Engineers in the design,
manufacture and maintenance of electronic parts in Electronics Engineers: Design, prepare and supervise
various fields of application including automation, designs, prepare specifications, estimates, tenders and
communication, navigation, armaments, data contracts. Some are involved in establishing and monitoring
processing and entertainment. performance, setting safety standards and specifying
methods for modification, maintenance and repair of
equipment and systems. Others may examine installations
to ensure that they meet contract conditions.
Some examples of applications of Electronics Engineering
are as follows:
They are likely to liaise with clients, other Engineers, technical
officers, technicians, trades people and other workers.
• Infrared cameras to “see” in the dark, an example Modern management abilities are important. Electronics
of obtaining information: phenomena that cannot Engineers need to be able to participate in planning,
be observed by human beings are transformed by organisation and the control of proceedings.
electronics technology to observable phenomena.
• Computers to solve complicated problems and to How to Enter this Occupation:
assimilate signals, an example of the assimilation of
information. Level of Schooling & School Subjects:
• Electronic systems involving the control of mechanical National Senior Certificate (Matric), or equivalent, with a
and chemical processes, an example of the control of Bachelor’s Degree pass, or a Diploma pass depending on
information. which course you will be applying for.
• Communications, such as international telephone Each institution has its own entry requirements.
conversations and videophones, an example of the
Compulsory Subjects: Mathematics, Physical Sciences.
transference of information.
Recommended Subjects: Information Technology,
• Mass media, such as radio and television, an example of
Engineering and Technology.
the distribution of information.
• Power electronics for the control of power generation
Note: The engineering faculties of some Universities offer
equipment. a support programme to help students to become self-
• Control of processes and production lines using remote sufficient and capable of completing the very demanding
control and data acquisition systems (SCADA, etc.). engineering course. The programme is aimed at students
from communities which lack proper education facilities.
Only students with good grades would be considered.
17Further Training: • Private Electronic Engineering consultation firms and
development laboratories
Degree: BEng Degree in Electronic Engineering Theoretical • Large and small private companies involved with the
lectures are supplemented by tutorial classes and practical design, development, production and marketing of
sessions that mostly take place in the laboratory. electronic systems, subsystems and components of
Diploma: National Diploma in Electronic Engineering for products
Electronic Engineering Technicians and Technologists. • Self-employment, with enough experience and
Postgraduate: Research leads to an MSc or PhD. initiative, working as a consultant or starting one’s own
Electronic Engineers can specialise in signal processing,
manufacturing or engineering company.
Telecommunications Engineering, Control Engineering,
Instrumentation Engineering, Computer Engineering or
Further Information:
Design Engineering.
Engineering Council of South Africa (ECSA)
Employment:
Tel: (011) 607-9500 Fax: (011) 622-9295
E-mail: engineer@ecsa.co.za
• Organisations such as Eskom, Sabs, Csir, Telkom, www.ecsa.co.za
Transnet, Denel, Kentron, Portnet, Metrorail, Sabc and
Sasol South African Institute of Electrical Engineers
• Manufacturers Tel: (011) 487-3003 Fax: (011) 487-3002
• Mining industry www.saiee.org.za
• Electronics companies
• Government departments Electrical Contractors Association of SA
• Universities and Universities of Technology Tel: (011) 392-0000 Fax: (011) 974-9402
www.ecasa.co.za
Alon Gorodetsky, University of California - Materials Engineer professor wins Presidential Early Career Award of $1 000 000 for his
development of novel bio-inspired materials, including infrared stealth camouflage coatings for military applications and a new type of
fabric that lets wearers regulate their own body temperature, as well as bioelectronic devices for interfacing with living systems.
(Photo by Debbie Morales) < https://news.uci.edu/2016/02/22/uci-materials-engineer-wins-presidential-early-career-award/ >
18MATERIALS ENGINEER (214907) Engineering graduates usually begin work under the
supervision of experienced Engineers and are gradually
Materials Engineers study the structures and properties given more responsibilities as they gain experience.
of various materials such as metals, alloys, ceramics,
semiconductors and polymers. The purpose of these studies Employment:
is to understand and characterize materials and to develop
new materials for commercial and scientific benefit. Companies and statutory organisations that employ
Materials Scientists include:
Materials Engineers make sure that the right material is used • Employers include the manufacturers of micro-
for the right job and may be involved in developing, selecting processors and computers, electronic equipment and
or evaluating materials for specialist uses. Materials products, and producers of plastics, ceramic, steel,
Engineers find and develop creative and economical ways of glass etc.
converting natural resources into final products. This covers • Mining companies such as Anglo American and De Beers
a very broad spectrum of materials and products. • Steel manufacturers Arcelor Mittal Steel,
• Research organisations such as CSIR, Council for Mineral
Tasks may Include: Technology - MINTEK
• Sasol
• Researching new and existing materials and assessing
• Rand Mines
their suitability for use.
• Self-employment is also an option, with enough
• Conducting or supervising tests on raw materials or
experience, can start their own business and work
finished products to ensure their quality.
as consultants, particularly in the fields of welding,
• Consulting with regulatory officials and keeping up to
casting, corrosion and failure analysis.
date with technological and legal developments.
• Experimenting on the production of materials, to
Further Information:
confirm the feasibility of processes and techniques for
potential users.
Mintek
• Analysing product failure data and laboratory test
Tel: (011) 709-4111
results in order to determine causes of problems and to
http://www.mintek.co.za/
develop solutions.
• Monitoring material performance and evaluate material
The Minerals Council South Africa
deterioration.
Tel: (011) 834-1273/7
www.saimm.co.za
How to Enter this Occupation:
Level of Schooling & School Subjects: Mechanical Engineer (214401)
National Senior Certificate (Matric), or equivalent, with a
Bachelor’s Degree pass, or a Diploma pass depending on Mechanical Engineers research, develop, design,
which course you will be applying for. manufacture and maintain machines, machine components
Each institution has its own entry requirements. and systems in various fields of application.
Compulsory Subjects: Mathematics and Physical Sciences They work on power-producing machines such as
Recommended Subjects: EGD, Geography generators, engines and steam and gas turbines. They also
Each institution has its own entry requirements. work on power-using machines such as refrigeration and
air-conditioners, robots used in manufacturing, elevators
Further Training: and escalators, and industrial production equipment.
Mechanical Engineering can be considered to be the
Degree: A BSc in Metallurgical Engineering / Extraction cornerstone of modern technology because it applies
Metallurgy the principles of natural science in a way that leads to the
Diploma: A National Diploma in Metallurgical Engineering greater convenience, progress and safety of mankind.
Postgraduate: Several Universities offer postgraduate
studies materials science.
19How to Enter this Occupation:
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIST
(214402) Level of Schooling & School Subjects:
National Senior Certificate (Matric), or equivalent, with a
Mechanical Engineering Technologists work Bachelor’s Degree pass, or a Diploma pass depending on
alongside Mechanical Engineers in the design, which course you will be applying for.
manufacture and maintain machines, machine Each institution has its own entry requirements.
components and systems in various fields of
application. Compulsory Subjects: Mathematics, Physical Sciences.
Recommended Subjects: Information Technology, Technical
Drawing, Mechanical Technology.
Tasks may Include:
Further Training:
• Researching, designing, evaluating, installing,
operating and maintaining mechanical products, Degree: A BSc in Mechanical Engineering
equipment, systems and processes to meet Afterwards, a period of two years practical training is required
requirements, applying knowledge of engineering before a person may register as a professional Engineer with
principles. the Engineering Council of South Africa
• Conferring with Engineers or other personnel to Diploma: Universities of technology now offer a degree in
implement operating procedures, resolve system Mechanical Engineering in collaboration with universities.
malfunctions or provide technical information. Some TVET colleges offer courses for Engineering Technicians
• Reading and interpreting blueprints, technical and Technologists.
drawings, schematics or computer-generated reports. Postgraduate: Several Universities offer postgraduate
• Assisting drafters in developing the structural design studies in Mechanical Engineering, and some Universities
of products using drafting tools or computer-assisted Of Technology offer postgraduate studies in Mechanical
design (CAD) or drafting equipment and software. Engineering.
• Recommending design modifications to eliminate
machine or system malfunctions. Note: The engineering faculties of some Universities offer
• Conducting research that tests or analysing the a support programme to help students to become self-
feasibility, design, operation or performance of sufficient and capable of completing the very demanding
equipment, components or systems. engineering course. The programme is aimed at students
• Investigating equipment failures and difficulties from communities which lack proper education facilities.
to diagnose faulty operation, and to make Only students with good grades would be considered.
recommendations to maintenance crew.
• Developing and testing models of alternate designs Employment:
and processing methods to assess feasibility,
operating condition effects, possible new applications • Manufacturing industries
and necessity of modification. • Government departments and organisations such as:
• Developing, coordinating or monitoring all aspects CSIR, Eskom, Necsa, Aeci, Sasol, Genmin, Jci, Mintek, SABS
of production, including selection of manufacturing • Mining companies
methods, fabrication, or operation of product designs. • Consulting engineering firms
• Specifying system components or direct modification • Universities and Universities Of Technology
of products to ensure conformance with engineering • Self-employment, a registered Mechanical Engineer with
design and performance specifications. the necessary experience and initiative can work as a
• Ensuring that equipment, operation and maintenance consultant in any of the above-mentioned organisations
comply with design specifications and safety or can also start own manufacturing engineering
standards. company.
Bursaries are also available from many of these institutions.
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