August 1969- The arrival of British Troops - Ballyclare ...
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August 1969- The arrival of
British Troops
• Nationalists at first
welcomed the troops.
• They were seen as
protectors from Loyalist
attacks.
• They were viewed as being
fairer than the RUC and
the B Specials.
• Many famously made tea,
sandwiches and attended
army discos.
Unionist Reactions • The army received a hostile welcome from many Protestants. • Many resented British interference in a Northern Irish problem. • Some criticised Chichester-Clarke for giving the army control of security in Northern Ireland.
Nationalist hopes shattered! • The army’s potential to act as a neutral, and therefore impartial, peacekeeping force was shattered when the Conservative government at Westminster gave the Northern Ireland government at Stormont powers to direct army operations. • The Catholic communities then perceived the army as a tool of the Unionist government.
Re-emergence of Paramilitary Organisations The O.I.R.A & P.I.R.A THE U.V.F & U.D.A
Key points: aims and methods of
the UVF, IRA split: Provisional and
Official, aims and methods of each.
Attitudes of unionists and
nationalists to these.Autumn 1969 –1970: Revival of the IRA Troops accused of being violent towards Catholics IRA was reforming in the background – Provisional and official wings were recruiting and gathering weapons. Army searches for weapons on the Falls Road – turned many Nationalists against the army and increased support for the IRA Paramilitary murders increase
The Falls Road Curfew • Between 3rd and 5th July 1970 the Falls Road residents were placed under an army curfew. • 3,000 British soldiers searched houses, ripped up floorboards and arrested men and women on suspicion of terrorism. • The soldiers were acting on out- dated information and orders from Stormont. • Tear gas was fired on angry residents. • During the curfew four people died, and there were seventy- five other casualties.
FACT FILE
THE EMERGENCE OF
PARAMILITARY GROUPS IN NI
Compile a fact file of key information on the following
using the following information slides..
The revival of the IRA.
• Split?
• What did they stand for?
• What did they do?
The Loyalist Paramilitaries.
• Groups?
• What did they stand for?
• What did they do?I.R.A
Irish Republican Army
Winter 1970
Provos trained
in guerrilla Roots date back to
warfare, the 1916 rising
ideology and
anti-
interrogation I.R.A 1956-62 IRA
warfare border
campaign had
failed, the
group had all
1970 IRA but died
splits
By late 1960’s IRA stood for ‘I ran
away’, after their failure to protect
Official IRA Provisional the nationalist community during the
IRA violence in BelfastSplit in the I.R.A
Official I.R.A Provisional I.R.A
• Aim: wanted a united
Ireland
• The Official IRA remained
active, however, albeit with • Aim: united Ireland and the
a more restricted level of end to British occupation
activity than the through the use of force
Provisionals. Unlike the
Provisionals, it did not
establish de facto control
over Catholic areas of
Belfast and Derry.Provisional I.R.A • Recruits Largely working class youths from Londonderry, Belfast, Tyrone, Armagh and Down. • Support Rapidly increased after Bloody Sunday, people needed an extreme solution. NORAID: Irish Northern Aid Committee is an Irish American fundraising organization founded after the start of the Troubles in 1969. Millions of dollars were donated by Irish- Americans to help the Provisional I.R.A.
Activities of the P.I.R.A • The Provisional IRA was very poorly armed, having available only a handful of old fashioned weapons left over from the IRA's Border campaign of the 1950’s. • In the first years of the conflict, the Provisionals' main activity was providing firepower to support nationalist rioters, often very young, defend nationalist areas against attacks from loyalists, the Royal Ulster Constabulary, and the B-Specials • The IRA looked on itself as the police force of nationalist areas of Northern Ireland during the Troubles instead of the RUC
Details of Activities • In their role as the unofficial police force of Catholic communities the PIRA made drug dealers, protection racketeers and thieves report to them • The PIRA also handed out punishments to those in the community who broke the rules….. This included punishment beatings, kneecapping, tarring and feathering, shaving women’s hair, forced exile and execution
Targets • The main targets were the RUC and the British Army • Shooting and bombing campaigns were used
Deaths • The PIRA was responsible for the following number of deaths….. • 1969- 2 • 1970- 18 • 1971- 86 • 1972- 235 The overall aim was to create so much chaos and destruction that NI would be ungovernable and that the British would pull out
Loyalist Paramilitaries
Aims of the groups and methods
usedEmergence of Protestant
Paramilitaries
• UVF formed to fight the
IRA in the mid 1960s
• The group was
concentrated around East
Antrim, County Armagh and
the Shankill district of
Belfast
Mural of 1st
• First deaths of the
‘troubles’ carried out by Battalion UVF West
Loyalists BelfastEmergence of Loyalist Paramilitaries • The UDA was formed in 1971 as an umbrella organisation for various loyalist groups (also know as the UFF) • It originally had the motto 'law before violence' and was in fact a legal organisation until it was banned in August 1991, as the authorities deemed it to large to ban • The group favoured Northern independence • The UDA was involved in some killings in the early 1970s • Vigilante style group aimed at protecting Protestant communities
What did Loyalist Paramilitary
groups want?
• End to the Stormont regime and a return to
Unionist domination
• Maintain links with Westminster and remain
part of the UK, ‘remember 1690’
• Stop the appeasement of Catholics
• Stop the development of civil rights for
Catholics
• To defend their religion and communities
• The right to use force against those who
attacked their communitiesTactics used…
• In March and April 1969 they bombed
water and electricity installations as part
of a broader political campaign to force
O'Neill to resign. The bombings were
blamed on the IRA.
• According to the book Lost Lives between
1966 and 1999 the UVF and an affiliate
group, the Red Hand Commando, killed
547 people.
• 1971-75 were the years in which the UVF
carried most killings.
• Tit-for-tat killings, Catholics killed in
retaliation, eg ‘Shankill Butchers’The Hunger Strikes
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zx49cj6/
videoTask Time
“A State Apart” - The Hunger
Strike
Watch the programme carefully, think about
the key questions and note your findings –
YouTube - A State Apart 4 The Hunger Strike Campaign 1981
www.youtube.com/watch?v=KNeBLX40eU8
1. Why did Republicans go on Hunger Strike?
2. What did they hope to achieve?
3. What were the key events of the Hunger Strikes?
4. Did the Republicans succeed in their aims?
5. How did the Hunger Strikes affect the relations between the communities in
NI?Summary Diagram – Changing
Republican Strategy
Background to 1981 Hunger
Aftermath of 1981
Hunger Strikes Strikes
Hunger Strikes
• Continuing violence • Different
• Concessions
• New Gouv. Policies strategy
granted
- Ulsterinsation • Bobby Sands
• Political reactions
- Criminalisation elected MP
• Changing
- End of Special • Deaths of
Republican
Category Status prisoners
Strategy
• IRA Response • Violence on the
- Armalite & Ballot
-Blanket protest streets
Box
Dirty Protest • End of Hunger
- Growth in support
• 1980 Hunger Strike Strikes
for Sinn FéinFOLLOWING THE CONTINUED LEVELS OF VIOLENCE IN
THE 1970S & 80S – THE BRIISH AND IRISH
GOVERNEMNTS DECIDED TO WORK MORE CLOSELY – THE
OUTCME WAS THE ANGLO-IRISH AGREEMENT
IRISH TEASOICH (GARRET FITZGERARLD) AND
BRITISH PRIME MINISTER (MARGARET THATCHER)
SIGNED THE AI AGREEMENT
15 TH NOV 1985Key Term1 Key Term 2
The establishment A permanent secretariat
of an inter- made up of northern and
governmental southern civil servants.
conference, headed This would provide
by the Secretary of administrative support
State & the Irish to the conference.
Foreign Minister
Terms of the A.I
Agreement Key Term 4
The Agreement recognised
Key Term 3 that they Republic had a
role to play in the running
Devolution would only of Northern Ireland.
occur of there was Dublin accepted that a
agreement on power- united Ireland would only
sharing happen with the agreement
of a majority within
Northern IrelandULSTER UNIONISTS AND PROTESTANTS OPPOSED THE AI AGREEMENT BETWEEN DUBLIN AND LONDON FOR SEVERAL REASONS
Reactions to Anglo Irish
Agreement
ROI BRITAIN NATIONALISTS/ UNIONISTS
REPUBLICANS
•Accepted by ROI •Cross party support •SDLP welcomed •Appalled – Ulster Says
government. Between Conservative & Agreement – had No!
Labour biggest role of all NI
•Rejected by Fianna Fail Parties •Felt abandoned by
– opposition party = •Some individual British Gouv
anger at recognition of opposition (Ian Gow) as •Framework to deal with
NI state and GB’s right they felt the agreement problems •Fearful of one step
to be in NI was won by violence and closer to a United
would not improve life in •Created an opportunity Ireland
•Senator Mary Robinson NI for a better future
resigned as she felt it •Felt left out of
would not secure peace •Sinn Fein condemned it negotiations especially
and stability due to as SDLP had been
Unionist opposition. •Felt it made partition consulted
permanent
•Only the Alliance Party
•Anger at ROI did not condemn it
recognising NI state outrightTask Time – The Anglo-Irish Agreement 1) Using the Terms of the Anglo-Irish Agreement, why would both the British & Irish governments be supportive of it? 2) How were Nationalists split in their reaction to the Anglo-Irish agreement? 3) Why were Unionists so angered at the Anglo-Irish Agreement? 4) Do you think the Anglo-Irish Agreement was a significant turning point for the Troubles? (Did it bring NI closer to Peace or further separate the two communities?)
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