X-ray Spectroscopy and Synchrotron radiation in material physics: past, present and future

X-ray Spectroscopy and Synchrotron radiation in
   material physics: past, present and future
A symposium celebrating the successful scientific career
    of Settimio Mobilio on occasion of his retirement.

    A symposium in between a scientific meeting and
                     “Amarcord”

   an occasion to remember what we did and realized
                   during these years

          with a perspective towards the future

X-ray Spectroscopy and Synchrotron radiation in
   material physics:past, present and future
                 Thanks to the organizers

                                            Carlo Meneghini
Federico Boscherini
                       Ilaria De Angelis
       who had the idea and organized everything
             my involvement was only …
               to be free and here today

X-ray Spectroscopy and Synchrotron radiation in
   material physics:past, present and future
            Thanks to the institutions

X-ray Spectroscopy and Synchrotron radiation in
   material physics:past, present and future

Thanks to the institutions and to the directors/President

 Prof. Marco Alberto Bologna         Prof. Andrea Di Cicco

                  Prof. Roberto Raimondi

X-ray Spectroscopy and Synchrotron radiation in
   material physics:past, present and future

                 Thanks to the speakers

   Antonella Balerna           Maria Luisa Fernandez Gubieda
   Maurizio Benfatto           Antonino Martorana
   Antonio Bianconi            Carlo Meneghini
   Federico Boscherini         Silvia Morante
   Stefano Colonna             Calogero Rino Natoli
   Francesco D’Acapito         Sakurà Pascarelli
   Andrea Di Cicco             Francesco Sette
   Adriano Filipponi           Giovanni Stefani
   Paolo Fornasini

X-ray Spectroscopy and Synchrotron radiation in
   material physics:past, present and future

 Thanks to:

 ➢ all participants, with many of them I had a long
   and fruitful collaboration

 ➢ those sending me messages, telling:
           “I can’t be present but I am there”:
 Lucio Braicovich, Alfonso Franciosi, Pino Dalba,
 Jaquin Garcia Ruiz, Giacomo Ghiringhelli, Lucilla
 Alagna, Francesca Monti, Domizia Orestano, Severino
 Bussino,….

X-ray Spectroscopy and Synchrotron radiation in
    material physics:past, present and future
Today we have celebrated the end of my scientific career
But more important, we have celebrated

     the birth and growth of the Synchrotron Radiation
                 Community in our country

In the pioneering first activities at PULS in Frascati we
developed everything needed to use S.R. for research:
design, construction and commissioning of:
                          • Beamlines
                         • Instruments
                        • data analysis
mainly for but not only

    X-ray absorption spectroscopy and photoemission

X-ray Spectroscopy and Synchrotron radiation in
    material physics:past, present and future

   On these activities and thanks to these activities our
                   community grew up

Now, fourty years after, we have:

➢ ELETTRA third generation S.R. facility with its 28 beamlines
  and its Free electron laser FERMI

ELETTRA third generation SR facility with its ring and Free
                 electron laser FERMI

X-ray Spectroscopy and Synchrotron radiation in
   material physics:past, present and future

       On these activities our community grew up

To day, fourty years after, we have

➢ ELETTRA third generation SR facility with its ring and
  Free electron laser FERMI

➢ A highly qualified participation to the European
  activities in SR, like the European Synchrotron
  Radiation Facility in Grenoble and the European X-FEL
  in Hamburg

A highly qualified participation to the European activities in
    SR, like the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility

A highly qualified participation to the European activities in
               SR, like …. the European X-FEL

I spent most of my scientific activity time on
     S.R., XAFS, Frascati and Grenoble

X-ray Spectroscopy and Synchrotron radiation in
   material physics: past, present and future

➢ what before S.R.?

➢ how I arrived to Frascati and to S.R.?

➢ what with S.R. (well known to most of you)

➢ and what after the long activity on S.R.?

X-ray Spectroscopy and Synchrotron radiation in
   material physics: past, present and future

 What before?
        I graduated at the University Roma La Sapienza
         RAMAN spectroscopy on ferroelectric materials
     Prof. Vittorio Mazzacurati and prof. Giovanni Signorelli

        Then I moved to the University Napoli Federico II
        Time of flight mass spectrometry on hydrocarbons
Prof. Nicola Spinelli, Vittoria Santoro, Franco Vanoli, Ettore Pancini
                 I was there for 4 years up to 1977

At Napoli I meet for the first time
   Mario Iannuzzi and Lucio Braicovich

   The question for me was: shall I go to

 Milano for doing photoemission with Lucio
                     or
Frascati for doing modulation spectroscopy ?

The question for me was:
   shall I go to Milano for doing photoemission with Lucio
                               or
to Frascati for doing modulation spectroscopy with Mario?

  As you see, whichever were my choice at that
  time, in any case in my future I shall cross
  S.R.

                  S.R. was my fate!

X-ray Spectroscopy and Synchrotron radiation in
   material physics: past, present and future

            In this way I arrived to Frascati

                         Companions on adventure were
                             ➢ Elisabetta Borsella
                             ➢ Rosario Bartiromo

So I arrived to Frascati in 1975 as guest for doing
experiments on the
 magnetic properties of semiconductors by using magnetic
                  modulation spectroscopy
in collaboration with the local group of Gerardo Gatti,
Mario Iannuzzi and Vinicio Montelatici

Synchrotron radiation: short history
                 Frascati: ElettroSynchrotron, ADA and ADONE

    Frascati - CNEN (Comitato Nazionale Energia Nucleare)
   Laboratory ElettroSincrotrone – (0.4-1.1) GeV, C= 28 m
                         (1959-1975)

                                            LNF ADA (Anello Di Accumulazione) – first electron-positron
                                             storage ring (proposed by B. Touschek) 0.25 GeV, C= 5 m
                                                                    (1961-1964)

LNF ADONE (big ADA) electron-positron storage ring 1.5
             GeV per beam, C = 105 m
                   (1969-1993)

1976-1993 LNF ADONE 1.5 GeV parasitic/dedicated use
 for SR experiments after its use for HE experiments.

Progetto Utilizzazione Luce di Sincrotrone
Convenzione (Agreement) between CNR and INFN for the use
of S.R. of ADONE (1976 – 1993)

The project was managed by a mixed Committee initially
chaired by:

                prof. Franco Bassani (CNR)
                            and
                prof. Mario Iannuzzi (INFN)

           Mixed group of reserchers CNR and INFN

My first time with S.R.
                               Course on Synchrotron Radiation Research
                                 Alghero (Sardegna) 12-24 settembre 1976

 Organized by the International College on Applied Physics – Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare

 Director: E. Winick

 Lecturers: D.E. Aspnes, E. Burattini, D. Eastman, P. Eisenberger, K. Hodgson, P. Lee, A. Liebsch, R. Lopez-
 Delgado, D.W. Lynch, I.H. Munro, G. Rosenbaum, T. Sagawa. H. Winick, G. Zimmerer

 Among Participants: F. Antonangeli, R. Bartiromo, E. Borsella, F. Cerrina, C. Coluzza, F. Comin, C. Furlani,
 M. Iannuzzi, L. Incoccia, A. La Monaca, S. Mobilio, P. Perfetti, A. Savoia, A. Vaciago, G. Vlaic

                     My first time with EXAFS
            I learn the method from Peter Eisenberger

It was also the only time I fighted with him and I won, but
                      … playing bridge
The players were: Franco Cerrina, Peter Eisenberger, Gilberto Vlaic and myself

P.U.L.S.(A.)
                      Programma di Utilizzazione della Luce di
                             Sincrotrone (di ADONE)

An agreement (Convenzione) between CNR and INFN 1975 – 1993

Franco Bassani
Mario Iannuzzi

Gianfranco Chiarotti
Antonangeli, Balzarotti, Bianconi, Burattini, Cerrina, Comin, Chiaradia, Davoli, De Crescenzi,
Fanfoni, Incoccia, Margaritondo, Patella, Perfetti, Piacentini, Quaresima, Rosato, Pedio, Betti

Benfatto, Boscherini, Cimino, La Monaca, Marcelli, Mobilio, Natoli, Savoia

Bolli, Brolatti, Campolungo, Capozzi, Moretto, Priori, Sangiorgio, Sciarra, Siracusano,Tullio

Maria Macrì

PULS beamlines at ADONE

Plastique:      2-10 eV      Time resolved luminescence

Hilger&Watts:   2-35 eV      UV spectroscopy
                             Two photon spectroscopy

Jobin - Yvon:   15-80 eV     Valence band photoemission
                             Core level photoemission

CALF:           10-400 eV    Angular resolved photoemission

Grasshopper:    40-800 eV    Core level photoemission

X-Ray:          1.8-14 KeV   X-ray absorption spectroscopy
                                (EXAFS and XANES)

Linea a Raggi X
A. Balzarotti, F. Comin, L. Incoccia and S. Mobilio:

            Luciano Moretto
            CNR technician

Progetto Utilizzazione Luce di Sincrotrone

               Excellent technicians

                                        INFN
     CNR                       Remo Bolli
 Mario Capozzi                 Luigi Siracusano
Massimo Brolatti               Franco Campolungo
Luciano Moretto                Vinicio Tullio
Sandro Priori                  ___________________
…………………..                      Vittorio Sciarra
                               Luciano Sangiorgio

               Secretary:
            Maria Macri
            Angela Mantella

Experimental activity at Adone started in 1978, first user
  experiments were performed in 1979, 40 years ago

Experimental activity at Adone started in 1978, first user
  experiments were performed in 1979, 40 years ago

Experimental activity at Adone started in 1978, first user
  experiments were performed in 1979, 40 years ago

Experimental activity at Adone started in 1978, first user
  experiments were performed in 1979, 40 years ago

Progetto Utilizzazione Luce di Sincrotrone

     Some students (that time)

          Francesco Sette
         Alfonso Franciosi
         …………………..
        Federico Boscherini
         …………………….
         Adriano Filipponi
          Andrea Di Cicco
       …………………………
          Carlo Meneghini
        Francesco D’Acapito
         ……………………
         Sakura Pascarelli

X-ray absorption spectroscopy apparatus
       F. Comin, L. Incoccia, S. Mobilio

My most cited paper, not present in data bank

To day data analysis procedures are much more evoluted and
powerfull, thanks also to the important contribution given
by:

✓   Rino Natoli
✓   Maurizio Benfatto
✓   Adriano Filipponi
✓   Andrea Di Cicco

First International Conference on EXAFS and Near Edge Structure
                      Chairman: A. Bianconi

M. Belli, A. Bianconi, E. Burattini, S. Mobilio, L. Palladino,
A. Reale and A. Scafati:

      "XANES in simple and complex Mn compounds“

Solid State Commun. 35,355 (1980)

 It is the paper in which we introduced the acronym XANES

Progetto Wiggler Adone (PWA)

E. Burattini,… E. Bernieri, A. Balerna

I have no time to remember with you

The long story (1983 - 1989) of the European Facility at Trieste

That time we lost a big opportunity to have the ERSF in Italy

Anyway we were able to build up:

                     ELETTRA project
                  Participation to the ESRF

                          Not bad!!!

1990 was an important year for me

➢ I become full professor at the University of L’Aquila

➢ The project GILDA was approved by Italian Institutions and
  by ESRF

➢ Gilberto Vlaic and I organized the first edition of the
  Synchrotron Radiation school in S. Margerita di Pula

General Purpose Italian Beamline for Diffraction and Absorption
Applicants:
S. Mobilio, F. Boscherini, A. Marcelli
Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell' INFN - Frascati
A.Balzarotti, M. De Crescenzi, A. Desideri, S. Morante, N.
Motta, F. Patella
University of Rome " Tor Vergata" – Rome
G. Dalba, P. Fornasini, F. Rocca
Dipartimento di Fisica Universita' di Trento – Trento
I. Davoli Dipartimento di Fisica Universita' di Camerino –
Camerino
G. Faraci, S. La Rosa, A.R. Pennisi
Dipartimento di Fisica Universita' di Catania – Catania
G. Licheri, A. Corrias, G. Navarra, G. Pinna, G. Vlaic
Dipartimento di Chimica Universita' di Cagliari – Cagliari
P. Lottici, G. Antonioli, C. Razzetti
Dipartimento di Fisica Universita' di Parma – Parma
A. Mottana Dipartimento di Scienza della Terra - Università di
Roma " La Sapienza" - Roma
A.Armigliato, A. Parisini
Lamel - CNR – Bologna
G.A. Tomlinson,L. Alagna, T. Prosperi
ITSE - CNR A. d. R. di Roma – Montelibretti

General Purpose Italian Beamline for Diffraction and Absorption
                           Applicants
S. Mobilio, F. Boscherini, A. Marcelli
Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell' INFN - Frascati
A.Balzarotti, M. De Crescenzi, A. Desideri, S. Morante, N.
Motta, F. Patella
University of Rome " Tor Vergata" – Rome
G. Dalba, P. Fornasini, F. Rocca
Dipartimento di Fisica Universita' di Trento – Trento
I. Davoli Dipartimento di Fisica Universita' di Camerino –
Camerino
G. Faraci, S. La Rosa, A.R. Pennisi
Dipartimento di Fisica Universita' di Catania – Catania
G. Licheri, A. Corrias, G. Navarra, G. Pinna, G. Vlaic
Dipartimento di Chimica Universita' di Cagliari – Cagliari
P. Lottici, G. Antonioli, C. Razzetti
Dipartimento di Fisica Universita' di Parma – Parma
A. Mottana Dipartimento di Scienza della Terra - Università di
Roma " La Sapienza" - Roma
A.Armigliato, A. Parisini
Lamel - CNR – Bologna
G.A. Tomlinson,L. Alagna, T. Prosperi
ITSE - CNR A. d. R. di Roma – Montelibretti

GILDA Milestones
•   1989: Presentation of the proposal to CNR and INFN
•   1990: Approval of CNR and INFN
•   1990: Approval of ESRF
•   September 1993: start of the installation
•   April 1994: first beam out from the monochomator
•   November 1994: first ESRF Users on XAS
•   Spring 1995: first Italian Users
•   October 1995: first users on diffraction experiments
•   1997: First Review Panel
    (J. Evans, J. Garcia-Ruiz, B. Lengeler, R. Pettifer, D. Raoux)
•   1999: Second review (SAC)
•   2004: Third Review Panel
    (P. Lagarde, G. Artioli, J. Evans, J.M. Barandarian, R. Abela, A.M. Korsunsky)
•   2009: Fourth Review Panel
    (W. Paulus, M. Sandstrom, I. Ascone, D. Bowron, E. Dooryhee, M.L. Fernandez-Gubieda, P.
    Lagarde)
•   2014: End of the agreement and start of the upgrade to LISA

ADONE last breath on 26th April 1993

GILDA Activity
                                        XAS versus XRD use

                                  18%

                                                                   XAS
                                                                   XRD

                                                     82%

•Chemistry (Catalysts)
•Biology (Metalloproteins)
•Earth Science (Impurities in rocks and natural glasses)
•Fundamental physics (Giant magnetoresistance, Superconductors)
•Material science (Semiconductors & glasses for optoelectronics)
•Environmental sciences (Pollutants in water, soils, plants)
•Archeometry (Ancient ceramics and glasses)

Investigation fields
                               Shift distribution per affiliation

                                  8%
                                                             36%    Physics
                                                                    Chemistry
                                                                    Phys. Chem.
                                                                    Mat.Science
                33%
                                                                    Earth Science
                                                                    Other
                             2%        8%             13%

•Chemistry (Catalysts)
•Biology (Metalloproteins)
•Earth Science (Impurities in rocks and natural glasses)
•Fundamental physics (Giant magnetoresistance, Superconductors)
•Material science (Semiconductors & glasses for optoelectronics)
•Environmental sciences (Pollutants in water, soils, plants)
•Archeometry (Ancient ceramics and glasses)

GILDA Milestones
•   1989: Presentation of the proposal to CNR and INFN
•   1990: Approval of CNR and INFN
•   1990: Approval of ESRF
•   September 1993: start of the installation
•   April 1994: first beam out from the monochomator
•   November 1994: first ESRF Users on XAS
•   Spring 1995: first Italian Users
•   October 1995: first users on diffraction experiments
•   1997: First Review Panel
    (J. Evans, J. Garcia-Ruiz, B. Lengeler, R. Pettifer, D. Raoux)
•   1999: Second review (SAC)
•   2004: Third Review Panel
    (P. Lagarde, G. Artioli, J. Evans, J.M. Barandarian, R. Abela, A.M. Korsunsky)
•   2009: Fourth Review Panel
    (W. Paulus, M. Sandstrom, I. Ascone, D. Bowron, E. Dooryhee, M.L. Fernandez-Gubieda, P.
    Lagarde)
•   2014: End of the agreement and start of the upgrade to LISA

I SNLS 19-28 settembre 1990
            Scuola Nazionale di Luce di Sincrotrone e Ricerca Chimica

The Italian group of chemistry interested in the use of S.R. leaded by C. Furlani asked
Gilberto Vlaic to organize the School

Gilberto asked me to cooperate with him in the organization

Scuola Nazionale di Luce di Sincrotrone e Ricerca Chimica

Gilberto and I organized 7 edition at Santa Margherita di Pula
                      from 1990 to 2003

Lamberti                 Antonioli
Marcelli      Artioli         Filipponi
                      Rocca                Dalba
                                                      Savoia

                              Vlaic
                   Alagna             Licheri
           Boscherini                                  Bianconi
           Santa Margherita di Pula 1995

Santa Margherita di Pula 2003

It was possible only thanks to the effort of Maurizio Benfatto, who convinced
the INFN to finance and to guest the school

Three editions (IX, X and XI) in Duino (near Trieste)

 Two editions (XII and XIII) in Grado (near Trieste)

I SNLS 19-28 settembre 1990
                      Scuola Nazionale di Luce di Sincrotrone e Ricerca Chimica

▪ The community felt unprepared to fully use the extreme
  brilliance of third generation synchrotron radiation
  facilities ELETTRA and ESRF, that time under
  construction

▪ It was a workshop rather than a school

▪ An excellent place where discuss, exchange ideas, focus
  critical aspects, organize collaborations…

Società Italiana di Luce di Sincrotrone

                ➢ The idea born during an user
                  conference at Trieste in 1992

                ➢ A committee chaired by Carlo
                  Calandra elaborated the charter
                  (Furlani, Camilloni, Cauletti, Mottana, Mobilio…)

                ➢ In December 1992 the Committee
                  deposited the charter to notary

                ➢ The first President Claudio
                  Furlani and the first Executive
                  Committee were elected during
                  the first assembly on July 1993

Società Italiana di Luce di Sincrotrone

              President up to now

     •   Claudio Furlani
     •   Carlo Maria Bertoni
     •   Settimio Mobilio
     •   Gianni Stefani
     •   Carlo Mariani
     •   Federico Boscherini
     •   Andrea Di Cicco

What after the long activity on S.R.?

October 2004 – October 2008:
Director of the Department of Physics
October 2008 - December 2012:
Dean of the Faculty of Science
Beginning of 2011:
Start of the reorganization of the University as stated by the low
31 december 2010 n. 240 called «Riforma Gelmini»

January of 2013 – December 2018:
Director of the Department of Science

October 2013 – today:
President of conScienze, the organization of all the director of
University Department in Science in Italy

What after the long activity on S.R.?

                      Time dedicated to research (%)
                  Normalized to time dedicated in the past
   1.20E+00

   1.00E+00
              Director department                 Director of a
   8.00E-01
                Dean of Faculty                  new Department
   6.00E-01

   4.00E-01

   2.00E-01

   0.00E+00
           2002   2004   2006   2008   2010   2012   2014   2016   2018   2020   2022

                                Gelmini law

What for the future?

     We have to preserve our community

➢   SILS
➢   School
➢   The Italian facility ELETTRA
➢   Our participation to the actual and
    future international activities

What else for the future?
For the next future we have still a lot of
 things to do with the actual sources, to
  fully make advantage of the ultimate
 storage ring and of free electron laser
characteristics in term of Briliance, High
     power,Time structure, Coherence

   This is a 15-20 years perspective

What else for the long future?
   The dreams is … re-invent XFEL and
storage rings to fit in campus laboratory.

        Scale from Km → m

If we succeed

                  Fifth Generation
                   Light Sources

what else for the future?
    Ongoing research on laser/plasma/wakefield accelerators, high
frequency, high repetition rate linacs and electron beam injectors can
  lead in the future to very compact, university scale, X-ray FELs.

    J. Rosenzweig, UCLA - Fifth Generation Light Sources X-ray FELs Based on New Accelerator and Undulators - 2014

EUPRAXIA IS A PROPOSED EU DESIGN STUDY ON A
                           "EUROPEAN PLASMA RESEARCH ACCELERATOR WITH
                           EXCELLENCE IN APPLICATIONS"

EUPRAXIA WILL PRODUCE A CONCEPTUAL DESIGN REPORT FOR THE WORLDWIDE FIRST 5
GEV PLASMA-BASED ACCELERATOR WITH INDUSTRIAL BEAM QUALITY AND USER AREAS

What else for the long future?

    Fifth Generation
     Light Sources
The time perspective is of
20-40 years from now

           One century
          after the first
          observation of
           S.R. in 1947

                             1947 General Electric Res. Lab. - 70 MeV Electron
                                         Synchrotron – N.Y. USA

THANKS TO

            and many
              others