Varietal introductions and growth control in poinsettia production
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Poinsettia Discussion Group Meeting
Varietal introductions and growth control in
poinsettia production
21 November 2019
Neame Lea Nursery, Horseshoe Road, Spalding,
Lincolnshire PE11 3JB
Staplehurst Nurseries, 8 October 2019 – water deficit and PGR grown crops
Event programme
Time Presentation Speaker
9.30 Registration, coffee/tea refreshments
10.00 Event welcome by the BPOA Poinsettia Group Graeme Edwards,
Chairperson Woodlark Nurseries
10.05 Growing with water deficit irrigation, the pros and Vasile Agache, Neame Lea
cons Nurseries
10.30 Water deficit trial 2019 Mark Else, NIAB EMR
11.00 Coffee/tea refreshments
11.15 Results from the poinsettia monitoring scheme Neil Bragg, Substrate
and residue testing work Associates
11.30 IPM update for pest and disease control in David Hide, Fargro
poinsettia
12.00 Plant growth regulator programmes for Jill England, ADAS
poinsettia trial
12.15 Poinsettia variety trial 2019 Harry Kitchener, Consultant
12.30 Lunch
13.00 Visits to on-site demonstrations (30 mins each):
PGR programme assessment trial Jill England, ADAS
Water deficit trial Mark Else, NIAB, EMR
Poinsettia production at Neame Lea Vasile Agache, Neame Lea
Poinsettia variety trial scoring Harry Kitchener, Consultant
15.00 Any other business including further discussion Graeme Edwards, BPOA
on research needs and study tour ideas for 2020 Poinsettia Group
Chairperson
15.30 Coffee/tea refreshments and depart
Contents Presentation Page Growing poinsettia crops using water deficit irrigation 1 Vasile Agache PO22: Developing precision and deficit irrigation techniques to reduce 6 reliance on PGRs and to optimise plant quality, uniformity and shelf-life potential in commercial protected pot and bedding plant production Mark Else Poinsettia monitoring scheme and active ingredient residue testing 18 Neil Bragg Poinsettia: an IPM update 20 David Hide Evaluation of PGRs on poinsettia 29 Jill England Poinsettia variety scoring sheet 34
Growing poinsettia crops using water deficit irrigation
Vasile Agache
Growing poinsettia crops using
water deficit irrigation
Vasile Agache
Substrate HK
associates Consultancy
Ltd.
21 November 2019
Water Deficit trial - the beginning
2015 - 15,000 poinsettia grown on benches, with capillary matting
2016 - first 25,000 poinsettia grown without any PGR, but no data captured
2017 - 100 plants: data was captured for the first time as part of AHDB WD trial
Water Deficit trial continued…
2018 - 4,000 plants were grown with WD method
2019 - 40,000 plants were grown with the same method
2020 - we will aim to grow as many poinsettia as we can with this
innovative technology
Page 1
Growing poinsettia crops using water deficit irrigation
Vasile Agache
Advantages
• NO PGR use – environmental friendly
• Better plant shelf life
• Better quality plants for end customer
• Better root system
Further advantages
• Less risk of disease
• Better foliage colour
• Stronger, sturdier plants
• Significantly smaller water bills for those using mains water or not
recycling
Further advantages
• Electricity and other bills related to crop irrigation
• Chemical cost saving
• No risk of phytotoxicity after PGR application
• Reduces the risk of nutrient locking or flushing
Page 2
Growing poinsettia crops using water deficit irrigation
Vasile Agache
More advantages
• WD uses latest technologies which can maintain the optimum moisture
content for crop
• Data updated every 15 min to smartphone, tablet, PC or Mac
• Mild and temporary wilting will not damage the crop prior to flower
initiation
And even more advantages …
• Use the available technology to be able to irrigate the crop
• Use precise irrigation events based on data provided by sensors
Disadvantages
• Poor root structure when drying regime is applied may cause crop
failure
• Drying the crop too much might cause crop failure
• Pot moisture content may vary on the same bench or within the
glasshouse
Page 3
Growing poinsettia crops using water deficit irrigation
Vasile Agache
Disadvantages
• Uneven growing surface will cause uneven growth/dry spots
• Watering benches at different pressure, hence more or less water
quantity
• Growing media with quick drainage
• Confusion between water deficit trial being used as a grower tool and
not a system which grows poinsettia without growers input
Disadvantages
• Wrong sensor calibration will cause inaccurate readings
• Always must have clean bench drainage holes and filters in place
• It is unlikely to happen but sensors, dataloggers and telemetry may be
unreliable
Other things to consider when using WD
method
• Weather probability forecasting to help irrigation scheduling
• Outdoor weather and indoor phytoclimate
• Light transmission (PAR) across the growing area
• Need appropriate controls
Page 4
Growing poinsettia crops using water deficit irrigation
Vasile Agache
Other things to consider when using WD
method
• Choose carefully when to dry down – avoid hot, sunny days with high
VPD
• The bench with sensors must be representative for the whole crop to
reduce variability
• The water quality needs to be high, with very low salinity, to avoid the
accumulation of salts within the root zone
Page 5
PO22: Developing precision and deficit irrigation techniques
Mark Else
PO22: Developing precision and deficit irrigation techniques to
reduce reliance on PGRs and to optimise plant quality, uniformity
and shelf-life potential in commercial protected pot and bedding
plant production
HK
Consultancy
Substrate
Associates Ltd
AHDB PO 22, 21 November 2019 mark.else@emr.ac.uk
WPs 2 & 3: Using precision irrigation and
regulated deficit irrigation to control stem
height without reliance on PGRs
mark.else@emr.ac.uk
Contents
Objectives for 2019 PI RDI trials
Remote monitoring of substrate water contents – DeltaLINK Cloud and
Dashboard
RDI - height control with reduced reliance on PGRs
Staplehurst – one spray
Neame Lea – no sprays
Mapping variability across the growing area
Vapour Pressure Deficit (VPD) and crop co-efficients
Summary of progress
Next steps:
Does stress pre-conditioning improve shelf-life potential?
Scaling-up using crop-coefficients and VPD forecasts
Page 6
PO22: Developing precision and deficit irrigation techniques
Mark Else
Objectives for the 2019 PI RDI trials
Use PI & RDI to deliver height control in four varieties
‘Freya Red’, ‘Astro Red’, ‘Infinity Red’, Week 30 – Neame Lea
‘Hera Red’, Week 29 – Staplehurst Nurseries
Use PI technology to schedule irrigation to separate blocks
Identify SVMC (substrate volumetric moisture content) values at which
visible wilting first occurred in each variety under a range of VPDs
Determine the timing and frequency of water deficits needed to control stem
height effectively - regulated deficit irrigation (RDI)
Quantify the impact of RDI on plant quality and shelf-life potential
Derive crop co-efficients for the four varieties to facilitate scaling-up
Monitoring of substrate water contents
SM150T sensors installed in nine pots of each variety
Sensors being calibrated for each substrate
Temperature-corrected moisture content measured every 15 min
Data from nine sensors averaged, and displayed in DeltaLINK Cloud
Air temperature, RH, VPD and PAR measured every 15 min
Remote access to real-time data
DeltaLINK Cloud Reports
Data updated every 15 min to smartphone, tablet, PC or Mac
Alarm sent to user if values move below or above pre-determined thresholds
Page 7PO22: Developing precision and deficit irrigation techniques
Mark Else
Grower Dashboard
Dashboard not shared with Staplehurst team…
Irrigation to Commercial crop
Commercial crop - a ‘growy’ season
35 12
Rate of stem extendion (mm / day)
30 10
25 8
Plant heigh t (cm)
20 6
15 4
10 2
5
0
23/08/19
30/08/19
06/09/19
13/09/19
20/09/19
27/09/19
04/10/19
11/10/19
18/10/19
25/10/19
01/11/19
0
29.5
30.5
31.5
32.5
33.5
34.5
35.5
36.5
37.5
38.5
39.5
40.5
41.5
42.5
43.5
44.5
45.5
Crop sprayed with CCC after pinching (14 August 2019, Week 33)
Subsequently sprayed 5 times with Bonzi, once with CCC
Onset of bract colouration advanced in commercial crop
Page 8PO22: Developing precision and deficit irrigation techniques
Mark Else
Remote detection of RDI stress
Change in slope indicates that plants are experiencing water deficit stress
Rate of change in SVMC is slowed by stomatal closure
RDI stress imposed on three occasions
Stress…
RDI - height control with reduced reliance on PGRs
35
12
Rate of stem extendion (mm / day)
30
10
25
Plant heigh t (cm)
8
20
6
15
4
10
2
5
0 0
Crop sprayed with CCC after pinching (14 August 2019, Week 33)
Three RDI events applied
Height control also achieved during RDI pre-conditioning phase (Weeks 36-37)
Any adverse or positive effects on plant quality….?
Page 9PO22: Developing precision and deficit irrigation techniques
Mark Else
Minimising on-bench and between-bench variability
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
29 30
Drips!
Laser-levelled / water-levelled benches
Pressure-regulated irrigation inputs to benches
Clean bench trays and channels
Clean drainage holes, with mesh grids, similar drainage rates
CCC and PI RDI plants from Staplehurst at dispatch
Which plants are the PI RDI ones?
Beneficial stress…
Page 10PO22: Developing precision and deficit irrigation techniques
Mark Else
Growth-controlling water deficits – ‘Astro Red’
Pre‐conditioning RDI
Pre RDI conditioning treatment applied from 12 – 30 September 2019
RDI applied from 21 September 2019 and continuing…
Target SVMC in 2018 was 24% (applied with caution in Week 46)
Changing height specs mid season is challenging….
Mapping on bench variability Plant-and-pot wt (g)
6 6
540.3
460.3
5 440.3 5 480.3500.3520.3
460.3
480.3
Sampling position along bench
480.3
Sampling position along bench
4 4
500.3
520.3
3 500.3 3 500.3
440.3
480.3 500.3
460.3 520.3 480.3
2 2 540.3
Plant-and-pot weight (g) 540.3
Substrate VMC (m3 m-3) 1 1
Pore E.C. (mS m-1) PI/RDI Bl5, #2 14/09/19 CC Bl4, #2 14/09/19
0 0
Substrate temperature (oC) W S E W S E
Orientation
Page 11PO22: Developing precision and deficit irrigation techniques
Mark Else
Mapping on bench variability
3 -3
Plant-and-pot wt (g) SVMC (m m ) Substrate temp. (oC)
6 6 6 6 6 6
0.20 19.0
0.20 18.9 19.3
0.20 18.8 18.7
18.7
18.8
0.20 18.6 18.9
5 300.3 5 300.3 5 5 5 5 19.3
19.1
18.7 19.2
18.6
250.3 0.25
18.8 19.3
250.3
Sampling position along bench
Sampling position along bench
Sampling position along bench
4 4 4 4 0.20 4 19.0 19.3 4 19.4
0.20 19.2
19.1
18.9 19.5
0.25 19.0
300.3
19.5
19.6
3 300.3 3 3 3 3
3 19.0
19.0
0.30 19.6
0.20
18.9 19.5
0.25 18.8
18.7 18.6 19.4
19.3 19.3
18.5
2 2 2 2 2 19.0 18.4 2 19.2 19.2
300.3 0.20 19.3
0.25 19.3
19.1 18.7
250.3 19.2
19.3
19.4 19.4
0.25 19.5
1 1 1 1 1 1
PI/RDI Bl 5, #2 04/10/19 PI RDI Bl5, #3 04/10/19 PI/RDI BL 5, #2 04/10/19 PI/RDI BL 5, #3 04/10/19 PI/RDI Bl 5, #2 04/10/19 PI/RDI Bl 5, #3 04/10/19
0 0 0 0 0 0
W S E W S E W S E W S E W S E W S E
Orientation Orientation Orientation
Mapping variability between benches
3 -3
Plant-and-pot wt (g) Substrate VMC (m m )
6 6 6 6 6 6
350.3
300.3 0.55 0.35
400.3 0.25 0.55
0.50 0.50 0.40
500.3
5 5 5 5 5 5 0.45
0.45 0.40
500.3 400.3 0.25
300.3
0.35
Sampling position along bench
0.25
Sampling position along bench
4 4 4 4 4 4 0.30
300.3 0.30
0.55
0.30
350.3
3 350.3 3 3 3 0.30 3 3
500.3 0.25 0.50
300.3
0.35
0.45
0.35
450.3
2 2 2 2 2 2
0.40
450.3
300.3 0.35
500.3 0.25 0.45 0.50
350.3 0.30
1 0.50
1 1 1 1 1
PI/RDI Bl3, #2 26/09/19 CC Bl4, #2 26/09/19 PI RDI Bl5, #2 26/09/19
PI RDI Bl3, #2 26/09/19 CC Bl4, #2 26/09/19 PI RDI Bl5, #2 26/09/19
0 0 0
0 0 0
W S E W S E W S E
W S E W S E W S E
Orientation Orientation
Mapping variability between benches
Before irrigation After irrigation
3 -3
Plant-and-pot weight (g) Substrate VMC (m m )
3 -3 Plant-and-pot weight (g) Substrate VMC (m m )
6 6
280.3 0.40
0.20
270.3 0.23
0.45 0.45
280.3 0.20
290.3 0.21
0.22 450.3 450.3 0.40 0.40
5 0.45
5 0.35
290.3 0.23 450.3
0.40 0.50
260.3
270.3
0.23 0.35
Sampling position along bench
Sampling position along bench
290.3 0.35
4 4
0.24 0.20 0.35
280.3 280.3 0.22 450.3
0.21
0.21
0.20 0.22
0.22
270.3 0.23
3 3 0.45 0.450.40
290.3 0.24 450.3
0.40
270.3 0.23 450.3
0.22
0.21
0.20
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
2 2 0.35
0.35
0.30
280.3 280.3
0.35
290.3 0.20 450.3
300.3 270.3
310.3
320.3 0.21 450.3
330.3 270.3 270.3
1 1
PI RDI Bl3, #2 PI RDI Bl3, #3 PI RDI Bl3, #2 PI RDI Bl3, #3 PI RDI Bl3, #2 PI RDI Bl3, #3 PI RDI Bl3, #2 PI RDI Bl3, #3
02/10/19 02/10/19 02/10/19 02/10/19 02/10/19 02/10/19 02/10/19 02/10/19
0 0
W S E W S E W S E W S E W S E W S E W S E W S E
Orientation Orientation
Page 12PO22: Developing precision and deficit irrigation techniques
Mark Else
Mapping variability on benches
Before irrigation After irrigation
3 -3
Plant-and-pot weight (g) Substrate VMC (m m ) Plant-and-pot weight (g) Substrate VMC (m3 m-3)
6 6
280.3 0.40
0.18 0.20
270.3
280.3 0.20 0.45 0.45
290.3
0.22 450.3 450.3 0.40
0.40 0.45
5 5 0.35
290.3 450.3
0.40 0.50
260.3
270.3
0.35
Sampling position along bench
Sampling position along bench
290.3 0.35
4 4
0.24 0.20
280.3 280.3 0.22 450.3 0.35
0.22
0.20
270.3
3 0.18
3 0.45 0.450.40
290.3 0.24 450.3
0.40
270.3 450.3
0.22
0.20
0.24
0.18 0.26 2 0.35 0.35
2
280.3 280.3 0.18
0.35
290.3 0.20 450.3
300.3 270.3 450.3
310.3
320.3
330.3 270.3 270.3 0.18 0.18
1
1
PI RDI Bl3, #2 PI RDI Bl3, #3 PI RDI Bl3, #2 PI RDI Bl3, #3
PI RDI Bl3, #2 PI RDI Bl3, #3 PI RDI Bl3, #2 PI RDI Bl3, #3 02/10/19 02/10/19 02/10/19 02/10/19
02/10/19 02/10/19 02/10/19 02/10/19 0
0
W S E W S E W S E W S E
W S E W S E W S E W S E
Orientation
Orientation
Mapping variability between benches
Plant-and-pot weight (g)
3.0
330.3
318 400.3 440.3 340.3
310.3 310.3 370.3
340.3 410.3 360.3
322 380.3 360.3
350.3 350.3
340.3
350.3 420.3 430.3 320.3 370.3
320.3 360.3
430.3 350.3 370.3
420.3 330.3
2.5 330.3
320.3 380.3
370.3
400.3
390.3 350.3
340.3
360.3
314 410.3 330.3
340 330
340 440.3 390.3
330 340.3
340.3310.3 350.3
Sampling position along bench
318 350.3 360.3
350 350 370.3
360.3
322 340.3
2.0 350.3 360.3
320 318 322 300.3
440.3 370.3
360
326 360.3
320 380.3
430.3
350.3 370.3
420.3 330.3
1.5 330.3
320.3 380.3
400.3370.3
390.3 340.3
350.3
360.3
322 350.3 410.3 350.3
340 340330 340.3
330 340.3 310.3
322 330.3
350
350 360.3
340.3
326 360.3
400.3
1.0
PI RDI Astro Red #16
#6, 24/09/19 #11 Sensor bench #21 #26 #31 #36
0.5
NE NW SW NE NW SW NE NW SW NE NW SW NE NW SW NE NW SW NE NW SW
Orientation
Using VPDs to schedule PI and RDI
High VPDs result in higher rates of transpiration… until stomata close
Plants recover from wilting quickly once VPD begins to fall
Mild and temporary wilting will not damage the crop (growth stage…)
Page 13PO22: Developing precision and deficit irrigation techniques
Mark Else
Linking VPD with plant water loss
Daily water loss vs VPD VPD vs Daily water loss
40 16
Accumlated day time hourly VPD
35 14
Daily RoC VSMC (%)
30 12
25 10
20 8
(kPa)
10.4%
15 6
10 4
5 2
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Daily water loss (% decrease in VMC) Accumulated day time hourly VPD kPa)
Daytime rate of change (RoC) of substrate drying correlates with plant water loss
Relationship changes with plant development stage
Mature bracts don’t have stomata and so water loss is slowed at maturity
Should be able to estimate plant water loss and degree of plant stress…
Forecasting VPD to help to schedule irrigation
Frittenden
3
Outside vs inside VPD
VPD (kPa)
3
2
2.5
1 2
1.5
0
05/08/19 19/08/19 02/09/19 16/09/19 30/09/19
1
Trial area 0.5
3
0
Internal VPD (kPa)
Series1 Series2
2
1
0
05/08/19 19/08/19 02/09/19 16/09/19 30/09/19
Date
Summary of Staplehurst PI RDI work…
‘Hera Red’, potted Week 29, into short days on 12 September 2019
Market date 11 November 2019, height spec. 23-32, target 27-28 cm
One CCC spray applied following pinching
All plants spaced and graded twice to date
Commercial crop sprayed x7 times to date
PI RDI crop sprayed once
Sensors, dataloggers and telemetry reliable and working well
Remote access to real-time data informs decision-making
Repeated exposure to water deficits over a 3-week period (Week 38-41)
should optimise growth control
Page 14PO22: Developing precision and deficit irrigation techniques
Mark Else
Summary of Neame Lea PI RDI work so far…
‘Freya Red’, ‘Astro Red’, ‘Infinity Red’, Week 30 – Neame Lea
No PGR sprays
Changing height specs mid-season is a challenge…
Sensors, dataloggers and telemetry reliable and working well
Remote access to real-time data informs decision-making
Grower Dashboard helpful to check on SVMCs and VPDs
Repeated exposure to water deficits over a 4-week period (week 39-42)
will optimise growth control
Choose carefully when to dry down – avoid hot, sunny days with high
VPD
WP 5: Capillary matting and drip irrigation
Substrate
Associates Ltd
hilary.papworth@niab.com
Measurements at Volmary
• Took a number (>700) of moisture readings in several areas representing, dry, wet,
or just watered pots on capillary matting
• Weighed pots in some areas to double check moisture variation
• Data sets being analysed
Page 15PO22: Developing precision and deficit irrigation techniques
Mark Else
WP 6: Plant quality and shelf-life potential
HK
Consultancy
Objective assessment of plant quality
Quality Criteria
Characteristic Description/method Description of range Standard specification
Plant height Assessment is made from pot top to tallest part of plant n/a Dependant on customer
specification
Shoot loss Only plants with 4 shoots enter assessment. Counts of the loss n/a 4 should be maintained
of primary shoots from removal of sleeves onwards through entire process
Leaf drop Observed as sleeve removed and then weekly count of drop Final score 1= all fallen off, to 5= all present 3 and above
with a final assessment of overall loss as a proportion of the
total number of leaves using a 1-5 scale
Bract drop Observed as sleeve removed and then weekly count of drop Final score 1= all fallen off, to 5= all present 3 and above
with a final assessment of overall loss as a proportion of the
total number of bract leaves using a 1-5 scale
Bract head Measure the distance between the highest and lowest of the 4 Pass/fail Customer dependant
difference in main bract heads specification
height
Bract head Measure with of width at broadest part of the bract head n/a More important to compare
diameter difference between CC and
RDI
Bract edge Observed once sleeve removed and home-life testing n/a Absent
blackening underway
Cyathia quality Single overall score which takes size, pollen production and 1= closed bud; 2=closed bud with colour showing; 3 and above
abscission into consideration 3=pollen visible, stigma closed; 4=no pollen, stigma
open; 5=pollen visible, stigma open; 6=presence of
scars from abscission of cyathia
Plant quality Single overall score which takes into consideration all scored 1= of unacceptable standard in one or more aspects, 3 and above
aspects as well as plant habit/shape, bract position, bract 2= 2nd quality does not achieve retail standards,
colour (how it is maintained over time), cyathia colour, leaf 3= acceptable in all aspects,
colour. 4= less than excellent in one aspect,
5 =excellent quality in all areas
Quality assessment and shelf / home life testing
• First scoring of quality ‘at dispatch’ by nursery staff
• Sleeved plants placed 6 in a box
• Transportation with data recording
• Arrival at testing facility
• Removal of sleeves after 1 +6 days
• Second quality scoring 24 h after sleeve removal
• Plants placed in shelf life room, randomised, spaced and on saucers
• Wireless temperature and RH sensors located around shelf-life room
• Installation of SM150T moisture sensors to track changes in SVMC
• Weekly scoring for 6-8 weeks completing in early January 2020
Page 16PO22: Developing precision and deficit irrigation techniques
Mark Else
Thanks to:
Marcel, Martyn, Simon, John, Geoff and Steve
Vasile and Viktorija
Hilary, Ben and Harry
Mike, Fernando, Lucia, Matteo, Victor, Pablo
HK
Consultancy
Substrate
Associates Ltd
AHDB PO 22, 21 November 2019 mark.else@emr.ac.uk
Page 17Poinsettia monitoring scheme and active ingredient residue testing
Neil Bragg
Poinsettia monitoring scheme
and active ingredient residue
testing
Neil Bragg
Summary of the issues raised: Poinsettia
Monitoring Scheme ‐ 2019
• Far fewer growers have opted for ‘Infinity’, therefore
generally less lower leaf visible marking
• Most growers switched to high phosphate feeds at the
end of August, this avoided the usual drop in phosphate
levels
• Some growers failed to check their injector systems or
fertiliser stock tanks
• This led in some cases to dangerously low overall fertiliser
levels
• Compared to plants seen in Germany, crops were
generally paler!
Examples of poinsettia ‐ UK Vs Germany
Page 18Poinsettia monitoring scheme and active ingredient residue testing
Neil Bragg
Examples of poinsettia ‐ UK Vs Germany
Leaf active ingredient residue levels at
rooted cutting stage (mg/kg)
Azoxystrobin 0.02
Buprofezin 0.83
Chlorothalonil 39.0
Deltamethrin 0.25
Fluopyram 2.80
Mepanipyrim 1.30
Metalaxyl‐M 0.02
Pyrimethanil 0.04
Azadirachtin 0.57
Carbendazim 0.02
Cryomazine 3.80
Flonicamid 0.25
Spiromesifen 0.08
Spirotetramat 0.24
Thiophanate‐methyl 0.01
Possible side effects of active ingredient
residues on bio‐control agents
Page 19Poinsettia: an IPM update
David Hide
Poinsettia: an IPM update
Main culprits
Aphids: several species including Peach‐potato aphid
(Myzus persicae), Glasshouse potato aphid (Aulacorthum
solani) and Potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae).
Thrips: Japanese or Eastern Flower Thrips (Thrips
setosus).
Whitefly: Glasshouse, Honeysuckle, Bemisia tabaci.
Spider mite: Lewis mite (Eotetranychus lewisi).
Bacterial leaf spot: Xanthomonas arboricola.
Aphid control on poinsettia
Biological: Aphidius colemani + A. ervi mix per 1 to 2 m2 per
fortnight on 4 to 6 occasions as soon as aphids found.
IPM compatible sprays: Sequoia 200g/ha.
Mainman: EAMU 0045 of 2013 at 0.14 kg/ha in 200 to 1,500 lt
water (14 g per 100 lt at 1,000 lt/ha rate).
Page 20Poinsettia: an IPM update
David Hide
New product Sequoia
Controls aphid and whitefly.
Unique mode of action.
No cross resistance to other chemical classes.
Active ingredient is new ‐ sufloxaflor.
Approved for use on ‐
Permanent protection with full enclosure crops of:
ornamental plant production,
tomato, aubergine pepper,
cucumber, melon, courgette.
4
New product Sequoia ‐ mode of action
5
New product Sequoia ‐ properties
Lack of cross‐resistance to all other insecticide MOAs.
Control of pyrethroid, carbamate, flonicamid and OP resistance aphid biotypes.
Controls neonicotinioid resistance aphids in S. Europe (not found in UK to date).
Systemic and translaminar activity.
Active by contact and ingestion.
Safe on a wide range of ornamental plants.
Labelled for control of whitefly and aphid.
Activity likely on: psyllids, scale insects, leafhoppers, capsids, mealybugs.
6
Page 21Poinsettia: an IPM update
David Hide
New product Sequoia
• Sequoia – speed of activity
7
Sequoia ‐ Compatibility with Beneficial insects & mites
State of play at
April 2019.
For more
information
See Fargro
Technical Notes
8
Sequoia ‐ key points
Rapid acting.
Systemic and translaminar.
Controls aphids and whitefly.
Contact and ingestion .
New chemical class: sulfoximines ‐ IRAC 4C.
Usable in biological programmes.
9
Page 22Poinsettia: an IPM update
David Hide
Sequoia ‐ the label
Whitefly rate 1 application per year at 400 ml/ha.
Aphid rate 2 applications per year at 200 ml/ha.
(minimum of 14 days apart if needed)
10
Sequoia ‐ further information
Further information see the leaflet, label or Technical Notes available from
Fargro or your distributor. For more information on the active see
http://isoclast.eu
11
Thrips setosus ‐ Eastern Flower Thrips
Polyphagous, very similar host range to WFT.
Dark brown to black, similar to cereal thrips.
Virus transmission, TSWV (same as WFT).
Similar life cycle to WFT, eggs laid in leaves, first and second
instar larvae feed in patches on the underside of leaves causing
characteristic silvering with minute black faecal pellets.
Page 23Poinsettia: an IPM update
David Hide
Thrips setosus ‐ Eastern Flower Thrips
Limothrips cerealium: Cereal
thrips.
Photo of adult Limothrips cerealium courtesy Nigel
Cattlin
Photo adult T. setosus leaf damage and excrement. Courtesy :
Wietse den Hartog (NPPO of NL)
Photo of adult T. setosus courtesy Rens van den
Biggelaar, NVWA
Whitefly ‐ Glasshouse vs Bemisia tabaci
Glasshouse whitefly Trialeurodes
Cotton whitefly: Bemisia tabaci
vaporariorum
Photo’s courtesy Nigel Cattlin
Trialeurodes Bemisia tabaci
‘Pork pie’ or Cornish pasty
Page 24Poinsettia: an IPM update
David Hide
Glasshouse whitefly control by parasitoids
Encarsia formosa
1 : 1 up to 60 eggs per female wasp.
Min temp 12oC.
Eretmocerus eremicus
1 : 1 up to 50 eggs per female wasp,
host feeding is high.
Min temp 17oC but good up to 40oC.
Photo’s courtesy Nigel Cattlin
Whitefly control
Macrolophus pygmaeus
• 1 : 500 +, 70 eggs per female.
• Mediterranean origin.
• Min temp 15oC.
• Licensed for use on protected crops in
production.
• Supplementary food to improve
establishment.
Photo’s courtesy Nigel Cattlin
Whitefly control by pathogen
Beauveria bassiana
Lecanicillium lecanii
Min 60% Rh, (B. bassiana) 95% at leaf
surface (L. lecanii).
Slow curative.
Ideal for severe ‘hot spots’ and mixing
with selective pesticides.
Page 25Poinsettia: an IPM update
David Hide
Batavia ‐ 18449 EAMU 20192597
Control for whitefly, aphid, and thrips.
Approved for use in protected and permanent protection with full
enclosure ornamental plant production.
Maximum individual dose 0.75l/ha.
2 applications, min 14 days apart.
Latest application 14 days before or following flowering.
Worker PPE 39 days, thermal comfort checks.
Additional controls
FLiPPER
SB Plant Invigorator
Applaud
Gazelle SG
Azatin?
Lewis mite: Eotetranychus lewisi
Page 26Poinsettia: an IPM update
David Hide
Spider mites ‐ Eotetranychus lewisi
Smaller than common two‐spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae.
Yellowish with 2 small dark spots.
Leaf damage and life cycle similar to TSSM.
Amblyseius andersoni far better than Phytoseiulus.
A. montdorensis and A. swirskii limited activity on spider mites.
Dynamec (abamectin), good but will disrupt Encarsia and
Eretmocerus for whitefly control.
Lewis mite: Eotetranychus lewisii
Major host plants (all protected
crops)
Capsicum
Carica papaya
Cucumis sativus
Euphorbia pulcherrima
Solanum
Citrus
Photo of adult E. lewis mite courtesy Tetsuo goto
Xanthamonas arboricola pv. poinsettiicola
Photo courtesy: Y.‐A. Lee 1*, P.‐C. Wu 1 and H.‐L. Liu New Disease Reports (2006) 13, 24
Page 27Poinsettia: an IPM update
David Hide
Xanthamonas arboricola pv. poinsettiicola
Found recently in West Sussex on Poinsettia from Ethiopia,
rooted in Germany.
Similar symptoms found in UK since 2006.
Classified under various Xanthamonas species and sub‐species.
Common name bacterial leaf spot.
Xanthamonas arboricola pv. poinsettiicola
Initially as small spots on leaves, quickly turn brown and surrounded
by pale yellow haloes. Spots and haloes enlarge rapidly and coalesce
into irregular, yellow to brown lesions.
6 interceptions in the UK since July 2006, all on poinsettia, incidence
of infected plants ranged from 0.5% to 30%. All interceptions traced to
one supplier via the Netherlands, plants originally from Brazil,
Zimbabwe and other unknown locations.
Thank you!
david.hide@fargro.co.uk
Page 28Evaluation of PGRs on poinsettia
Jill England
Evaluation of PGRs on poinsettia
The Bedding and Pot Plant Centre (PO 019a)
New product opportunities for bedding and pot plant growers
Dr Jill England, Chloe Whiteside, David Talbot, Chris Need
and Harry Kitchener
@ahdbbppc
@ADAS_hortic
w w w .adas.uk
Overview
1. Evaluation of PGRs and fungicides on
poinsettia.
2. Further information.
Evaluation of PGRs, fungicides and
nutrients on poinsettia 2019
Aim: To evaluate the
efficacy and phytotoxicity
of a range of plant
growth regulators (PGRs),
fungicides and nutrients
for use on poinsettia.
Page 29Evaluation of PGRs on poinsettia
Jill England
Product approvals
Product Active ingredient / formulation Approval status
Ethephon (155 g/L) + EAMU 0151/18
1 Terpal (PGR)
mepiquat chloride (305 g/L)
Stabilan 750 EAMU 0910/17
2 Chlormequat (750 g/L)
(reference, PGR)
3 Bonzi (PGR) Paclobutrazol (4.0 g/L) Label approval
4 HDC P006 (adjuvant) ‐ EAMU application
5 Topas (fungicide) Penconazole (100 g/L) EAMU 0169/19
6 Control Seaweed based nutrients n/a
Non‐approved uses applied under experimental permit.
Applied in 300 L/ha water except for *Bonzi (T10) applied in 600 L/ha water.
Modes of action
Gibberellin biosynthesis pathway
Glyceraldehyde phosphate
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QAC)
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate e.g. chlormequat chloride, mepiquat chloride
(Stabilan 750, HDC P005, Terpal)
ent‐Kaurene Triazoles e.g. paclobutrazol, propiconazole
(Bonzi, Bumper)
GA12 ‐ aldehyde
GA19 Prohexadione calcium, trinexapac‐ethyl,
daminozide (Regalis Plus, HDC P005, Primo
Maxx II, B‐nine, Moddus)
GA20
Exception: ethephon (Terpal, Cerone), breaks down to
GA8 ethylene
Evaluation of PGRs ‐ 2018
• Terpal: Good efficacy. No phytotoxicity.
Recommend rate 1.67 ml/L (0.5 L/ha) or
lower (300 L/ha water).
• Bonzi: Good efficacy at higher rates, no
phytotoxicity. Useful during late stages.
• Regalis Plus: Limited efficacy and
restricted use; most expensive.
• HDC P006: Once approved, use with
Terpal and Stabilan 750 at reduced dose
rates.
• HDC P005 and Primo Maxx II:
Phytotoxicity. Use not recommended.
Page 30Evaluation of PGRs on poinsettia
Jill England
Evaluation of PGRs and fungicides
Culture
• Variety: ‘Infinity’ (Dummen).
• 13 cm pots.
• Potted: week 30.
• Pinched: week 33.
Treatments
• Weekly applications, week 39‐43
(5 applications).
• Holding spray of Bonzi if necessary.
Standard dose rates ‐ 2019
Treatment Product Dose rates (L/ha) Dose rate (ml/L)
1 Terpal 0.5 L/ha 1.67 ml/L
2 Stabilan 750 0.15 L/ha 0.5 ml/L
Bonzi 0.105 L/ha 0.35 ml/L
3
4 HDC P006 0.75 L/ha 2.5 ml/L
5 Topas 0.5 L/ha 1.67 ml/L
6 Control 1.5 L/ha 5.0 ml/L
Non‐approved uses applied under experimental permit. Applied in 300 L/ha water.
Treatments ‐ 2019
Treatme Spray 2 Spray 3 Spray 4 Spray 5
Spray 1
nt
1 Water Water Water Water Water Water
2 Stabilan 750 Stabilan 750 Bonzi Bonzi Bonzi
Stabilan 750 Stabilan 750 Bonzi Bonzi Bonzi
3
+ HDC P006 + HDC P006
Bonzi holding treatment
4 Terpal Terpal Terpal Terpal Terpal
Terpal + HDC Terpal + HDC Terpal + Terpal + HDC Terpal + HDC
5
P006 P006 HDC P006 P006 P006
6 Stabilan 750 Stabilan 750 Terpal Terpal Terpal
Stabilan 750 Stabilan 750 Terpal + Terpal + HDC Terpal + HDC
7
+ HDC P006 + HDC P006 HDC P006 P006 P006
8 Bonzi 0.35 Bonzi 0.35 Bonzi 0.35 Bonzi 0.35 Bonzi 0.35
Non‐approved uses applied under experimental permit. Applied in 300 L/ha water.
Page 31Evaluation of PGRs on poinsettia
Jill England
Treatments ‐ 2019
Treatme Spray 2 Spray 3 Spray 4 Spray 5
Spray 1
nt
Bonzi holding treatment
9 Bonzi 0.5 Bonzi 0.5 Bonzi 0.5 Bonzi 0.5 Bonzi 0.5
10* Bonzi 0.35 Bonzi 0.35 Bonzi 0.35 Bonzi 0.35 Bonzi 0.35
11 Terpal Terpal Terpal Stabilan 750 Stabilan 750
12 Topas x1 Topas x1 Topas x1 Topas x1 Topas x1
13 Topas x0.5 Topas x0.5 Topas x0.5 Topas x0.5 Topas x0.5
Topas x2 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Obs 1
Obs 2 Control Control Control Control Control Control
Obs 3 Control x2 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
* Applied in 600 L/ha water.
PGR costs
Cost of active* Cost /L of spray
Product
(p) (p)
Terpal (1.67 ml/L) 1.7 /ml 2.8
Bonzi (0.35 ml/L) 9.5 /ml 3.3
Stabilan 750 (0.5 ml/L) 0.3 /ml 0.2
HDC P006** (2.5 ml/L) tbc tbc
Control (5.0 ml/L) 2.7 /ml 13.4
*Non‐discounted, excluding VAT
**Awaiting approval, not currently marketed in the UK.
Further information
Twitter: @ahdbbppc
Report: March 2020
AHDB Horticulture News articles
Poinsettia Discussion Group meeting, 15th January 2020
Page 32Evaluation of PGRs on poinsettia
Jill England
Thank you
• Stuart Whiteman, Nick Nolan and the team at Newey.
• Peter Seymour and Megan‐Rose Beard, ADAS.
• BASF.
• Syngenta.
• Nufarm.
• GrowDesign.
• AHDB.
Page 33PO 023 'Commercial evaluation of new poinsettia varieties'
Poinsettia variety trials 2019
Grower poinsettia variety assessment at harvest, prior to shelf life
21 November 2019, Neame Lea Nurseries Spalding
There are 20 varieties from five suppliers, 12 will go into shelf life.
Please score the varieties below out of 10, with 0 being unmarketable and 10 representing best
quality.
Variety Score Comments
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Please tick which market you supply with poinsettias and indicate numbers produced:
Market supplied
Garden centres Local retailers Multiple retailers
Number of 13cm poinsettias grown
Further comments, ideas and suggestions
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