Traduzione per laComunicazione Internazionale - inglese - mod. B

UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI MACERATA
Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici – Lingue, Mediazione, Storia, Lettere, Filosofia
                     Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Lingue Moderne
          per la Comunicazione e la Cooperazione Internazionale (Classe LM-38)

  Traduzione per laComunicazione
  Internazionale – inglese - mod. B
  • STRUMENTI E TECNOLOGIEPER LA TRADUZIONE
                              SPECIALISTICA

                                                                                    1

PRE-EDITING

PRE-EDITING

INPUT        POST-EDITING
                  OUTPUT

Limit input domain / topic                      4

•There are two possibilities to limit the texts / language in / for MT:

Limit input domain / topic                     5

•There are two possibilities to limit the texts / language in / for MT:
   • adopt a controlled language (restricted input)
   • use the sublanguage approach

• Common aims with both options (to the advantage of MT):
   • limited vocabulary
   • more certainty on interpretation
   • reduce syntactic variation

Limit input domain / topic                     6

•There are two possibilities to limit the texts / language in / for MT:
   • adopt a controlled language (restricted input)
   • use the sublanguage approach

• Common aims with both options (to the advantage of MT):
   • limited vocabulary
   • more certainty on interpretation
   • reduce syntactic variation

Controlled language (1/2)                      7

• Prescriptive rules aimed at normalising the style of the input (ST), e.g.

   Use of controlled language is restricted input

Machine translation (MT):                  8
        forms of human intervention in MT (the case of pre-editing)

                                            
1) The chimp eats the banana because it is greedy.
1a) The chimp eats the banana. The chimp is greedy.
1b) The greedy chimp eats the banana.

                                             
2) The chimp eats the banana because it is ripe.
2a) The chimp eats the banana. The banana is ripe.
2b) The chimp eats the ripe banana.

                                           
3) The chimp eats the banana because it is lunchtime.
3a) It is lunchtime and the chimp eats the banana.
• Example of pre-editing: simplifying the input (eliminating anaphoras)

Controlled language                             9

• Prescriptive rules aimed at normalising the style of the input (ST), e.g.

   • do not write sentences with more than 20 words

   • avoid passive constructions, use only active verb forms

   • avoid anaphoras, make all subjects and pronominal references explicit

   • in EN: do not omit “that” in relative clauses (language-specific)

   • in IT: do not use “solo” as an adverb, but use “soltanto/solamente”

   • in IT: use the word “minuto” only as a noun (i.e. to mean 60 seconds);

            for the adjectival meaning, use only “piccolo”
   Etc……
               The result of controlled language is restricted input

Controlled language                             10

• Prescriptive rules aimed at normalising the style of the input (ST), e.g.

   • do not write sentences with more than 20 words (general, language-neutral)

   • avoid passive constructions, use only active verb forms

   • avoid anaphoras, make all subjects and pronominal references explicit

   • in EN: do not omit “that” in relative clauses (language-specific)

   • in IT: do not use “solo” as an adverb, but use “soltanto/solamente”

   • in IT: use the word “minuto” only as a noun (i.e. to mean 60 seconds);

            for the adjectival meaning, use only “piccolo”
   Etc……
               The result of controlled language is restricted input

Controlled language                             11

• Prescriptive rules aimed at normalising the style of the input (ST), e.g.

   • do not write sentences with more than 20 words (general, language-neutral)

   • avoid passive constructions, use only active verb forms

   • avoid anaphoras, make all subjects and pronominal references explicit

   • in EN: do not omit “that” in relative clauses (language-specific)

   • in IT: do not use “solo” as an adverb, but use “soltanto/solamente”

   • in IT: use the word “minuto” only as a noun (i.e. to mean 60 seconds);

            for the adjectival meaning, use only “piccolo”
   Etc……
               The result of controlled language is restricted input

Controlled language                             12

• Prescriptive rules aimed at normalising the style of the input (ST), e.g.

   • do not write sentences with more than 20 words (general, language-neutral)

   • avoid passive constructions, use only active verb forms

   • avoid anaphoras, make all subjects and pronominal references explicit

   • in EN: do not omit “that” in relative clauses (language-specific)

   • in IT: do not use “solo” as an adverb, but use “soltanto/solamente”

   • in IT: use the word “minuto” only as a noun (i.e. to mean 60 seconds);

            for the adjectival meaning, use only “piccolo”
   Etc……
               The result of controlled language is restricted input

Controlled language                             13

• Prescriptive rules aimed at normalising the style of the input (ST), e.g.

   • do not write sentences with more than 20 words (general, language-neutral)

   • avoid passive constructions, use only active verb forms

   • avoid anaphoras, make all subjects and pronominal references explicit

   • in EN: do not omit “that” in relative clauses (language-specific)

   • in IT: do not use “solo” as an adverb, but use “soltanto/solamente”

   • in IT: use the word “minuto” only as a noun (i.e. to mean 60 seconds);

            for the adjectival meaning, use only “piccolo”
   Etc……
               The result of controlled language is restricted input

Controlled language                             14

• Prescriptive rules aimed at normalising the style of the input (ST), e.g.

   • do not write sentences with more than 20 words (general, language-neutral)

   • avoid passive constructions, use only active verb forms

   • avoid anaphoras, make all subjects and pronominal references explicit

   • in EN: do not omit “that” in relative clauses (language-specific)

   • in IT: do not use “solo” as an adverb, but use “soltanto/solamente”

   • in IT: use the word “minuto” only as a noun (i.e. to mean 60
   seconds); for the adjectival meaning, use only “piccolo”
   Etc……
               The result of controlled language is restricted input

Controlled language                             15

• Prescriptive rules aimed at normalising the style of the input (ST), e.g.

   • do not write sentences with more than 20 words (general, language-neutral)

   • avoid passive constructions, use only active verb forms

   • avoid anaphoras, make all subjects and pronominal references explicit

   • in EN: do not omit “that” in relative clauses (language-specific)

   • in IT: do not use “solo” as an adverb, but use “soltanto/solamente”

   • in IT: use the word “minuto” only as a noun (i.e. to mean 60 seconds);
   for the adjectival meaning, use only “piccolo”
   Etc……
   THE RESULT OF CONTROLLED LANGUAGE IS RESTRICTED
   INPUT

Controlled language   16

www.muegge.de

Controlled language   17

www.muegge.de

Computer-assisted translation
       (CAT) tools

Computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools

• Computer-assisted translation or computer(machine)-
 aided translation (CAT) refers to a variety of tools, a family
 of software products designed to support professional
 translators in their work.

• CAT is a “recent” development, derived from MT over the
 last 20 years

   •first proposed by Martin Kay (1980), then Alan K. Melby
   and others gave shape to this initial idea

                                                                  19

Computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools

• The actual development of commercial CAT tools started in
  the 1990’s – the so-called “translator’s workstation /
  workbench”, which includes
   • terminology management packages
   • translation memory (TM) software (+ text alignment software,
     etc.)

• CAT tools are pieces of software designed to enhance the
  work of translators:
   • maximise speed
   • improve coherence and precision

                                                                    20

CAT tools, example 1:
              terminology management packages

• Used to create, store, retrieve and manipulate bi-
  /multilingual termbases/glossaries

• setting up a database which gathers the
  terminology you come across is vital.

    • Lists in word processors / spreadsheets (e.g.
      Excel) → ☺ / 

                                                       21

CAT tools, example 1:
              terminology management packages

• The terminology covered is usually that of a
  given (sub-)discipline.

• Terminology records consist of a number of
  flexible fields

  • Some are default (pre-defined) fields, others can be
    customised
  • Typically: definitions, terminological equivalents,
    contextual/usage notes, grammatical information,
    references to sources, images, (conceptually) related
    terms, etc.
                                                            22

CAT tools, example 1:
            terminology management packages

• Term records are searchable, either
  manually or automatically

• Terminology management packages are
  either stand-alone or integrated with other
  CAT tools, especially with translation
  memory software

                                                25

CAT tools, example 2:
                        translation memory (TM) software

• Translation memory (TM):
                  “multilingual text archive containing […]
              multilingual texts, allowing storage and retrieval of
          aligned text segments against various search conditions”
                                                      (EAGLES* 1995)
• Evaluation of Natural Language Processing Systems

    • essentially a textual database that can be searched
    • pairs of source-text and target-text segments

 Note: Translation memory indicates both the software tool and the contents
  of the database, i.e. 26the whole set of aligned text segments that it includes

Translation memory (TM) software

• Key idea: recycle similar past translations

• How it works:

  • TM tools divide the source text into segments, which
    translators can translate one-by-one in the traditional
    way.

  • These segments are then sent to a built-in database.

  • When there is a new source segment equal or similar to
    one already translated, the memory retrieves the
    previous translation from the database.

                  27

Translation memory (TM) software

•When is this most useful:

  • for the translation of any text that has a high
    degree of repeated terms and phrases which
    must be translated consistently

    • as is the case with e.g. user manuals,
      computer products and subsequent versions
      of the same document (e.g. website updates).

  • mostly relevant to technical/specialised
    translation (not literature)
               28

12
                          How to create a TM

• TMs can be created from scratch/expanded as you translate

• or by (automatically) aligning previous translations, or available
  parallel documents
      • most TM tools come with an in-built aligner

      • external aligners

          •   YouAlign
          •   Alinea
          •   InterText
          •   hunalign

Using translation memory (TM) software

• Scenario
   ◦ you have to translate the user manual of a printer (new
   model) from English into Italian

   ◦ a lot of repetition within the document itself

   ◦ overlap and repetitions across updated (old-new)
   versions of the documentation

   ◦ you have a relevant TM (similar topic / domain / texts
   / clients)

      ◦ you translated the previous manual(s)
      ◦ TM provided by client / translation agency /
        colleague                                              30

Using translation memory (TM) software

• Process
   ◦ activate the relevant TM for language
   pair

  ◦ set level of matching required for past
  units to be shown (say, 75% similarity)

  ◦ while you translate the TM retrieves
  and shows you units above 75%
  similarity
                                                  31

Using translation memory (TM) software

• you can choose whether you want to use the
  proposed translation candidates (matches) or to
  ignore them

   ◦ TM can run in parallel with integrated
   terminology management packages as well as
   machine translation software for first-draft
   translation

 → The TM software is there to help the translator, who remains
   central / in charge of deciding:
  • the similarity threshold to apply
  • whether and how to use proposed matches                       32

Using translation memory (TM) software

• Translation of a printer manual English (A) → Italian (B)
                        Source text (in language A)
 ST: There are 4 ways to change print settings for this printer

  Exact/Perfect match (everything in the segment is exactly the same)
 A: There are 4 ways to change print settings for this printer
 B: Ci sono 4 modi per cambiare le impostazioni di stampa di questa stampante

     Full match (only figures, dates and similar small details are different)

 A: There are 2 ways to change print settings for this printer
 B: Ci sono 2 modi per cambiare le impostazioni di stampa di questa stampante   33

Using translation memory (TM) software

                         Source text (in language A)
ST: “There are 4 ways to change print settings for this printer”

Fuzzy match 85% similar             (a few words in translation unit are different)

A: “There are several ways to change print settings for the printer”
B: “Ci sono vari modi per cambiare le impostazioni di stampa alla stampante”

Fuzzy match 60% similar (some words in translation unit are different)

A: “There are several ways to modify the default setting of your printer”
B: “Ci sono vari modi per modificare l’impostazione standard della tua stampante”

• With the acceptibility threshold of the TM tool set at 75%, no
  candidate translation unit under that level of similarity is retrieved              34
  and shown to the translator!!

Self-access to state-of-the-art TM tools
The following CAT tools are freely available, either online or as stand-
alone applications. Try for yourself and learn to use state-of-the-art
TM software!
•Wordfast Anywhere (free, online)
   • Wordfast Classic (commercial; limited demo version available)

• MateCat (free, online)
• OmegaT (free, open source, requires installation)
   • installed on the computers of Lab 1.1 Palazzo Pantaleoni

• Across (free, requires installation)         For SDL Trados Studio 2011,
                                               see the book by Lecci & Di
                                               Bello (2012)
•SDL Trados Studio 2017 (only 30-day free trial)                             35

12
                          How to create a TM

• TMs can be created from scratch/expanded as you translate

• or by (automatically) aligning previous translations, or available
  parallel documents
      • most TM tools come with an in-built aligner

      • external aligners

          •   YouAlign
          •   Alinea
          •   InterText
          •   hunalign

www.youalign.com

WORDFAST

www.freetm.com

UPLOAD DEL FILE DA TRADURRE

UPLOAD DEL FILE DA TRADURRE

UPLOAD DELLA MEMORIA DI TRADUZIONE

UPLOAD DELLA MEMORIA DI TRADUZIONE

UPLOAD DELLA MEMORIA DI TRADUZIONE

UPLOAD DELLA MEMORIA DI TRADUZIONE

UPLOAD DELLA MEMORIA DI TRADUZIONE

DISATTIVARE GLOSSARIO INTEGRATO “IATE”

ATTIVARE LA NOSTRA MEMORIA DI TRADUZIONE

Iniziamo !

Avviare la traduzione con Start/Next

Proseguire la traduzione con Start/Next

TESTO TRADOTTO

Salviamo il lavoro

Utilizziamo la nostra memoria di traduzione su una frase più complessa

    ‘’ UPS DELIVERS 9,4 PERCENT EPS GROWTH IN 3Q ‘’

Utilizziamo la nostra memoria di traduzione su una frase più complessa

    ‘’ UPS DELIVERS 9,4 PERCENT EPS GROWTH IN 3Q ‘’

APPLICARE LA NOSTRA MEMORIA DI TRADUZIONE

Start/Next per avviare la traduzione e passare alla riga successiva

APPLICARE LA NOSTRA MEMORIA DI TRADUZIONE

APPLICARE LA NOSTRA MEMORIA DI TRADUZIONE

THRESHOLD (%)

Gestire le impostazioni del TM

MACHINE TRANSLATION SYSTEM

HOW TO “ANALYSE” OUR SOURCE TEXT

HOW TO “ANALYSE” OUR SOURCE TEXT