Toroplex Ingredient's Support Data

Toroplex Ingredient’s Support Data

Yerba Mate Leaf:
The leaves of the yerba mate plant, a member of the holly family that grows at moderate
altitude in the rainforests of South America, have long been prized for their stimulant
properties. Modern research indicates that drinking yerba mate may also help with efforts
to lose weight while boosting cardiovascular health at the same time.
Mateine can help improve weight loss by stimulating the central nervous system. Nutros
notes how doing so triggers an increase in energy and alertness, but also in the rate of
thermogenesis. This process causes the body to sacrifice fat, which it burns preferentially
to increase the core temperature. Any compound that increases the rate of thermogenesis
will also increase the rate of fat burning throughout the body. Nutros note that mateine
appears particularly effective in for weight loss when combined with another herb,
guarana.
The Rain Tree website explains how consuming yerba mate may also help the weight loss
process through other mechanisms. The tree can help prolong gastric emptying, slowing
down the rate at which food leaves the stomach to enter the intestines. This contributes to
an increased feeling of fullness at the stomach for several hours after meals, mediated by
stretch receptors located on the inside walls of the organ. Such an effect can reduce
hunger after eating and make it easier to stick to a diet.

Guarana Seed:
Guaraná is an evergreen vine found growing in the wild basins of the Amazon rain
forests. The indigenous people of the Amazon rain forest have used crushed guaraná seed
as a beverage and a medicine. Guaraná was used to treat diarrhea, decrease fatigue,
reduce hunger, and to help arthritis.
Guaraná contains a substance similar to caffeine called guaranine. Guaranine stimulates
the central nervous system, increases metabolism, and has a mild diuretic effect. It has
been suggested that in combination with other herbs, guarana (guaranine) may be
effective in helping to promote weight loss. This effect is probably due to an appetite
suppressing mechanism, an increase in calorie burning, or both.
In a study reported in The Journal of Human Nutrition Diet, guarana extract induced
weight loss for over 45 days in overweight patients taking a mixed herbal preparation
containing yerbemate, guarana, and damiana (Andersen et al. 2001). Body weight
reductions were 11.22 pounds in the guarana group compared to less than 1 pound in the
group receiving placebo for 45 days.
In a 1997 study in rats, guarana increased the physical activity of the rats as well as
increased physical endurance under stress and increased memory with single doses as
well as with chronic doses. Interestingly enough, this study revealed that whole guarana
seed extract performed better and more effectively than a comparable dosage of caffeine
or ginseng extract (Espinola et al. 1997).

L-Carnitine Fumarate:
L-Carnitine is an amino acid, essential for fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrial function
and energy production in the cells. It transports fat into the mitochondria and thus helps
in fat metabolism. It increases fatty-acid oxidation and glucose utilization. In a clinical
trial involving healthy individuals, oral l-carnitine demonstrated a reduction in the total
fat mass, increased the muscle mass and a favorable effect on fatigue and serum lipids,
thus it increased weight loss without altering the fat to lean body mass ratio. L-Carnitine
is found in meat and dairy products or is synthesized from other amino acids (lysine and
methionine) in the liver and kidney. As it is a non-essential amino acid, no RDA values
have been established. However, doses upto 2-6 gms/day have been used for various
conditions.
L-carnitine functions by carrying fats into the intracellular mitochondria to be burned for
energy and used to combat cellular oxidative stress. L-carnitine also acts as a signal to the
body to release stored body fat into the bloodstream for energy. The amino acid boosts
energy by stimulating the body's burning of triglycerides as fuel and attempts to spare the
supply of glycogen stored in the liver for heavier exertion. During exercise, the body
burns fat at a rate of 75%-80% of maximum exertion, resulting in less glycogen from
carbohydrates being used up. In other words, L-carnitine allows the body to burn more
fat, save more glycogen, and ultimately boost stamina and endurance.
The efficacy, safety, and metabolic consequences of rapid weight loss in privately owned
obese cats by means of a canned weight-reduction diet and the influence of orally
administered L-carnitine on rate of weight loss, routine clinical evaluations, hepatic
ultrasonography, plasma amino acid profiles, and carnitine analytes were evaluated. A
double-blinded placebo-controlled design was used with cats randomly divided into 2
groups: Group 1 (n = 14) received L-carnitine (250 mg PO q24h) in aqueous solution and
group 2 (n = 10) received an identical-appearing water placebo. Median obesity (body
condition scores and percentage ideal body weight) in each group was 25%. Caloric
intake was restricted to 60% of maintenance energy requirements (60 kcal/kg) for
targeted ideal weight. The reducing formula was readily accepted by all cats. Significant
weight loss was achieved by week 18 in each group without adverse effects (group 1 =
23.7%, group 2 = 19.6%). Cats receiving carnitine lost weight at a significantly faster rate
(P < .05). Significant increases in carnitine values developed in each group (P < .02).
However, significantly higher concentrations of all carnitine moieties and a greater
percentage of acetylcarnitine developed in cats of group 1 (P < .01). The dietary formula
and described reducing strategy can safely achieve a 20% weight reduction within 18
weeks in obese cats. An aqueous solution of L-carnitine (250 mg PO q12h) was at least
partially absorbed, was nontoxic, and significantly increased plasma carnitine analyte
concentrations as well as rate of weight loss.

Biotin:
Biotin is one of many vitamins the body needs to maintain personal health. It is also
known as B7 and is important in a variety of functions including metabolism and the
creation of necessary enzymes. Because of its connection with metabolism, it is known to
aid in weight loss. While biotin helps the body burn fat and create energy, there has been

no studies connected to weight loss, according to the National Institute for Health. It may
provide the body with added energy for exercise, but the body's need for the vitamin is
small and excess amounts will not speed up the conversion process. It may be used as a
supplement to an already healthy diet and exercise program.
Biotin has been used to help treat other problems including brittle nails, stopping hair
loss, lowering cholesterol for diabetes and heart health.

Biotin is a water soluble vitamin that belongs to the vitamin B-complex family. It plays
an important role in the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. It helps in providing
energy, promoting health of hair, important for growth and for the health of the central
nervous system. Recently, it has been shown to have metabolic effects that promote
energy utilization and fight insulin resistance, the two important factors in weight gain
and obesity. (Zhang et al. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology. 1996, Reddi
et al . Life Sciences. 1998. Reddi et al in Life Sciences, 1998).
In humans, it is proven to improve the glucose tolerance, and its important role in the
metabolism of glucose has been commented upon. (Koutsikos et al . Renal Failure,
1996). Insulin resistance leads to hyperinsulinism (increased levels of insulin in the
blood). Hyperinsulinism, in turn, leads to increase in fat synthesis in adipocytes and is
strongly linked to obesity. In addition, resistance to insulin also compromises on the
efficiency of insulin mediated thermogenesis, which leads to an increase in the weight
gain.
Biotin improves the efficiency of insulin action and can thus promote weight loss. The
recommended daily allowance (RDA) for biotin is 300 micrograms. No side effects of
biotin have been reported at doses of even 10 mg per day. Sources rich in this vitamin
include liver, kidney, molasses, peas, avocado and green leafy vegetables.

L-Arginne:
L-arginine is a chemical building block called “an amino acid.” It is obtained from the
diet and is necessary for the body to make proteins. L-arginine is found in red meat,
poultry, fish, and dairy products. It can also be made in a laboratory and used as
medicine.

L-arginine is used for heart and blood vessel conditions including congestive heart failure
(CHF), chest pain, high blood pressure, and coronary artery disease. L-arginine is also
used for recurrent pain in the legs due to blocked arteries (intermittent claudication),
decreased mental capacity in the elderly (senile dementia), erectile dysfunction (ED), and
male infertility.

Some people use L-arginine for preventing the common cold, improving kidney function
after a kidney transplant, high blood pressure during pregnancy (pre-eclampsia),
improving athletic performance, boosting the immune system, and preventing
inflammation of the digestive tract in premature infants.

L-arginine is used in combination with a number of over-the-counter and prescription

medications for various conditions. For example, L-arginine is used along with ibuprofen
for migraineheadaches; with conventional chemotherapy drugs for treating breast cancer;
with other amino acids for treating weight loss in people with AIDS; and with fish oil and
other supplements for reducing infections, improving wound healing, and shortening
recovery time after surgery.

Some people apply L-arginine to the skin to speed wound healing and for increasing
blood flow to cold hands and feet, especially in people with diabetes. It is also used as a
cream for sexual problems in both men and women.
How does it work?
L-arginine is converted in the body into a chemical called nitric oxide. Nitric oxide
causes blood vessels to open wider for improved blood flow. L-arginine also stimulates
the release of growth hormone, insulin, and other substances in the body.

A new study shows that the amino acid arginine (very high in the now infamous peanut
butter) can prevent weight gain and improve cardiovascular relaxation and circulation.
In the experiment researchers intentionally overfed rats a high fat diet to make them
obese. Control rats experienced a 98% weight gain, arginine-supplemented rats only a
35% weight gain – even though both groups ate the same number of calories.
The researchers sought to identify how arginine was able to produce its benefits for
metabolism. Arginine did not improve insulin, adiponectin , stress hormones, growth
hormone, or thyroid hormone. Rather, arginine enhanced the function of muscle –
helping muscles use calories more efficiently so that they did not end up as stored fat.
This was accompanied by lower leptin and triglyceride levels, meaning that arginine is
another tool that can support healthy leptin balance.

In a 2008 study conducted at the University of North Carolina Wilmington and published
in Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, researchers investigated the effects of
arginine on body fat mass in endurance-trained athletes. Participants ingested arginine
alpha-ketoglutarate, a form of arginine, or a placebo while performing aerobic training.
During the four-week study, the arginine alpha-ketoglutarate group experienced
significant decreases in body fat percentage and fat mass compared to the placebo group.
Arginine's ability to enhance lean tissue growth might be effective in boosting fat loss.
Researchers found that adding arginine to either a high or low fat diet resulted in
significant reductions in body fat. Scientists suggest that arginine acquires energy from
the diet to be used toward promoting muscle gain rather than fat storage. Although still in
its infancy, the amino acid arginine looks promising in fighting the war on obesity.
Arginine is needed by the body to make nitric oxide, a gas that boosts blood flow. Nitric
oxide also regulates several processes in the body, including fat and glucose metabolism.
Researchers found that inhibiting nitric oxide production was associated with fat gain
while stimulating nitric oxide secretion was correlated with enhanced lipolysis, or fat
breakdown, according to research published in the September 2006 issue of the Journal of
Nutritional Biochemistry.

Senna Leaf:
Senna, or Cassia Angustifolia, is an ornamental shrub native to Egypt. Its leaves and pods
are collected twice a year, then dried to create medicinal teas, tinctures, and supplements.
Senna, whether found as leaves, in a tea, in a colon cleanse or a weight loss formula, is an
excellent, but sometimes misunderstood, laxative herb. Senna increases the peristaltic
action of the large intestines by irritating the colon mucosa, causing a rapid transit time
through the digestive system.

There are about 50 known species of senna. Also known as cassia, senna is used as a
thickening agent, the seeds are used in Thai cuisine, the leaves are used as a hair color
lightener similar to henna, and it is often used as a purgative and laxative in herbal and
traditional health care. Senna is usually taken as an infusion, or tea, made with the leaves.
Often marketed as “dieter’s tea,” senna acts as an appetite suppressant and a fast-acting
laxative to produce rapid weight loss.

Suma Root:
Suma root has been used for hundreds of years for it’s medicinal properties. It is
considered an adaptogen a substance that strengthens and protects the body and mind
against stress.

The natives of South America would consume it daily to increase their physical strength,
energy and stamina. It promotes balance of the hormones and strengthens the adrenal
glands. It is a powerful immune system booster.
Many people use suma to treat illnesses like skin problems, diabetes, tumors and the
symptoms of menopause.

Suma root has, in the past been marketed as Brazilian ginseng though it is not a true
ginseng and comes from a different plant genus. It does exhibit similar properties though,
such as stress reliever and normalizing the body’s systems.
It has been used to treat chronic fatigue, heart disease and as an anti-inflammatory. It
possesses pain killing properties and may be helpful to people with arthritis and other
types of pain.

Suma is packed with nutritional value. It contains many vitamins, minerals and amino
acids. Most importantly, it contains germanium, a potent immune system booster. It also
contains saponins, just like ginseng does.
Suma root contains many important vitamins like vitamins A, B1, B2, E, K and
pantothenic acid, minerals, trace minerals such as zinc, magnesium and iron, and 19
different amino acids. It also contains saponins which are thought to make it an effective
adaptogen like ginseng.

It is believed to exhibit some estrogen-like effects as well.
Suma may be able to treat sexual dysfunction, such as impotency due to a compound it
contains called beta-ecdysterone.
There is some research currently in progress that may show if suma has any an anti-
cancer benefits. It is believed by many people that it does.
Suma may also be an effective treatment for high blood sugar, loss of appetite, poor
circulation and poor memory. It also can be used to provide more oxygen to the cells.

L-glutamine:
Glutamine has many direct and indirect effects on weight loss. Moreover, taking
glutamine can improve your fitness level, body composition and overall health.
Glutamine has powerful effects on the immune system, muscles, digestive tract, liver and
brain. In fact, it is the single most abundant amino acid in your body. The glutamine that
is synthesized in the body or ingested from food might not be enough for individuals who
train frequently, endure chronic stress or have weakened immune systems.

L-glutamine is a conditionally essential amino acid because the body can synthesize it.
Your body stores glutamine in muscle, lung, liver, brain and stomach tissues. Glutamine
makes up 60 percent of your body's amino acid stores, reports Life Extension Magazine.
You can deplete your glutamine by up to 50 percent with intense exercise, severe wounds
or infectious diseases. Glutamine acts to fuel the intestines and immune system, heal soft
tissues, prevent disease and maintain the body's antioxidant supply.

Glutamine boosts metabolism and fat burning, according to the Muscle & Fitness article
The Ten Supps You Can't Live Without by Jim Stoppani. Not only does it increase fat
burning when taken before and during exercise, it also boosts your resting metabolic rate.
Glutamine's effect on immune function helps you stay healthy so you do not miss
workouts. By improving muscle recovery, glutamine allows you to hit the gym more
frequently with less muscle soreness. Taking even small amounts of L-glutamine
increases the secretion of growth hormone, which is a potent fat burning substance.

A study from researchers at Duke University Medical Center, published in the January 1,
1996, issue of "The Journal of Nutrition," tested this theory on mice and found that not
only did glutamine cause weight loss as part of a high-fat diet, it also kept blood sugar
and insulin levels under control. A study from researchers at Iowa State University,
published in the March-April 2006 issue of the "Journal of Parenteral and Enteral
Nutrition," found that participants given glutamine with a meal burned more calories after
the meal than participants given a different amino acid combination. The effect was
slight, however, with the glutamine group burning only 42 more calories than the control
group. The researchers concluded that the effect might be the result of glutamine altering
the way insulin processed the glucose from carbohydrates. To put it in perspective, going
for a brisk 30-minute walk after lunch can burn 250 calories.

L-methionine:
Methionine is one of the 20 amino acids derived from protein. Amino acids can only
come from food or supplementation, and each has a particular function in the body.
Methionine is used in the body for hair, skin, nails, and to excrete heavy metals. It also
seems to be connected with weight loss, as it works to prevent the accumulation of fat in
the liver and vascular system, help with digestion and control blood sugar levels.

One of the ways that methionine effects weight loss is through preventing the
accumulation of fats in certain parts of the body. Authors Burton Goldberg, Larry
Trivieri, and John W. Anderson, in the book, "Alternative Medicine: The Definitive
Guide," note that methionine keeps fats from sitting in the liver and the vascular system.

When the liver is overloaded, it cannot properly detoxify the body, while fat stored in the
vascular system is connected to heart disease. Each of these can cause excess weight to
remain on the body.

The way that methionine may help with weight loss is that it works to control blood sugar
levels. Maintaining balanced blood sugar levels often leads to weight loss because
cravings for sweet and sugary foods are diminished. These foods, in particular, are often
a culprit of excess weight. Janet Zand, in her book, "Smart Medicine for a Healthier
Child," states that methionine also helps the body to use nutrients more efficiently, and
therefore makes it easier to eat less.

Vitamin B12:
The B vitamins, including vitamin B12, are important for converting carbohydrates, fats
and proteins into a form of energy that can be used by your body. Vitamin B12 is the
largest of the B vitamins in terms of molecular size, and it is also known as cobalamin
because it contains the mineral cobalt. In addition to its role in metabolism, vitamin B12
is needed to make DNA, red blood cells and myelin, a protective sheath that covers
nerves.
 Vitamin B-12 plays a role in helping the body break down fats, proteins and
carbohydrates into energy. Promoters of vitamin B-12 supplements as a weight loss aid
say that increasing the amount of vitamin B-12 in your body helps increase your
metabolism, causing your body to burn calories more quickly.

Vitamin B12, folate, and vitamin B6 are involved in homocysteine metabolism. In the
presence of insufficient vitamin B12, homocysteine levels can rise due to inadequate
function of methionine synthase . Results from several randomized controlled trials
indicate that combinations of vitamin B12 and folic acid supplements with or without
vitamin B6 decrease homocysteine levels in people with vascular disease or diabetes and
in young adult women. In another study, older men and women who took a
multivitamin/multimineral supplement for 8 weeks experienced a significant decrease in
homocysteine levels.

Evidence supports a role for folic acid and vitamin B12 supplements in lowering
homocysteine levels, but results from several large prospective studies have not shown
that these supplements decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease. In the Women’s
Antioxidant and Folic Acid Cardiovascular Study, women at high risk of cardiovascular
disease who took daily supplements containing 1 mg vitamin B12, 2.5 mg folic acid, and
50 mg vitamin B6 for 7.3 years did not have a reduced risk of major cardiovascular
events, despite lowered homocysteine levels. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation
(HOPE) 2 trial, which included 5,522 patients older than 54 years with vascular disease
or diabetes, found that daily treatment with 2.5 mg folic acid, 50 mg vitamin B6, and 1
mg vitamin B12 for an average of 5 years reduced homocysteine levels and the risk of
stroke but did not reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events. In the Western Norway
B Vitamin Intervention Trial, which included 3,096 patients undergoing coronary
angiography, daily supplements of 0.4 mg vitamin B12 and 0.8 mg folic acid with or
without 40 mg vitamin B6 for 1 year reduced homocysteine levels by 30% but did not
affect total mortality or the risk of major cardiovascular events during 38 months of
follow-up. The Norwegian Vitamin (NORVIT) trial and the Vitamin Intervention for
Stroke Prevention trial had similar results.
The American Heart Association has concluded that the available evidence is inadequate
to support a role for B vitamins in reducing cardiovascular risk.

L-tyrosine:
L-Tyrosine is an amino acid that the body is able to synthesize from phenylalanine. L-
Tyrosine is also very important to the protein structures in the body. It can be found in
various foods, such as dairy products, wheat, meats, fish, oats and other foods that
contain protein. According to Evitamins.com, L-Tyrosine can assist with weight loss
because of the amino acid's ability to speed up the body's metabolism.

Neurotransmitters that l-tyrosine produces in the brain include dopamine, norepinephrine
and epinephrine, all necessary to regulate emotions. Deficiencies of neurotransmitters can
cause anxiety, irritability, fatigue and depression. Dopamine may help suppress appetite,
which has spawned the use of supplements containing tyrosine to promote weight loss.
Tyrosine may help with chronic stress and mental function by its effect on the thyroid.
Research is ongoing to find an indication that l-tyrosine benefits people with Alzheimer's
and Parkinson disease.

Hypothyroidism causes a decrease in your body's ability to metabolize the foods and
beverages that you consume. This condition can cause many uncomfortable symptoms
including constipation, weight gain, headache, fatigue, menstrual problems and cognitive
confusion. Treatment for hypothyroidism may include hormone replacement therapies or
alternative supplementation. According to the University of Maryland Medical Center, L-
tyrosine can be used by underactive thyroids to produce more T3 and T4 hormones.
While L-arginine is not considered a direct treatment for thyroid problems, it has been
implicated as a factor in improving blood flow and complications of erectile dysfunction,
which may also be a symptom of hypothyroidism. If you are interested in alternative
treatments like L-tyrosine and L-arginine for your thyroid condition.

Kola Nut:
Caffeine-rich kola nuts are the seeds of the cola tree, native to tropical coasts of Western
and Central Africa. Several different types of kola nuts are obtained from different
species of the cola tree, such as Cola vera, Cola nitida and Cola accuminata. The seeds
vary in the amount of caffeine and astringent content, and are generally used in decoction
and tincture form.

Kola nuts have been used traditionally to treat a variety of conditions, although excessive
intake may lead to insomnia, restlessness, nausea, vomiting and increased heart rate.
Another animal study published in the first issue of the 2009 edition of the "Nigerian
Journal of Physiological Sciences" has shown that chronic intake of kola nut can reduce
food intake and body weight in rats without affecting water intake. The weight loss is
believed to be because of the appetite inhibiting properties of the caffeine in kola nuts.
An article published in March 2006 edition of the "African Journal of Biotechnology"
states that kola nut can increase the metabolic rate at low concentrations and this may
promote weight loss. Kola nut contains the stimulants caffeine, theobromine and
theophylline. Theophylline relaxes smooth muscle and dilates bronchioles in the lungs to
benefit sufferers of asthma and bronchitis, according to Drugs.com. Theobromine makes
the heart beat faster, dilates blood vessels, and reduces blood pressure, as well as dilating
bronchioles in the lungs, states phytochemicals.info. In addition to opening the blood
vessels and lungs, the caffeine and other stimulants in kola nuts provide energy to those
suffering from chronic fatigue and tiredness.

A Healthline article reported that the kola nut is a central nervous system stimulant that
suppresses appetite, aids in digestion and weight loss, and has been used as a treatment
for migraine headaches. A Slim Reviews article mentioned an animal study in the Journal
of Applied Toxicology that demonstrated kola nut's weight-loss potential. Further, a
Livestrong article said that kola nut increases metabolism, decreases appetite, and
provides an extra boost of energy that can help with strenuous exercise as part of a
general weight-loss regimen.

Xanthan Gum:
Xanthan gum is a polysaccharide produced by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris.
The structure and properties of this extracellular polysaccharide have been thoroughly
reviewed and studied since xanthan gum's discovery in 1961. This gum is highly edible
and a good source of dietary fiber. It has the ability to form mixed gels with certain other
polysaccharides such as glucomannans.

Xanthan gum is added to some diets for its fiber content. Gum fiber, although not a true
fiber, is considered a part of the dietary fiber complex because it elicits similar effects.

Both gums and pectins increase intestinal transit time, adsorb fecal water, influence
glucose and lipid metabolism, mineral absorption and possibly reduce the risk of colon
cancer. In industry, the term gum usually refers to polysaccharides (long chains of simple
sugars) which are dispersible in either hot or cold water to produce viscous mixtures.

Numerous studies, particularly of the epidemiological variety, have suggested an
adequate supply of dietary fiber protects against obesity, diabetes mellitus and coronary
heart disease. Xanthan gum has particular clinical value in Dumping syndrome, diabetes
and hyper-cholesterolemia, due to its viscosity. Xanthan gum has a therapeutically
glutinous or viscous property that accounts for its use as a bulking agent in the above
conditions.

Xanthan gum is produced by culturing Xanthomonas campetris NRRL B-1459 (NNRL
stands for Northern Utilization Research and Development Division, U.S. Department of
Agriculture) on a well-aerated medium containing commercial glucose, organic nitrogen
sources, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate and appropriate trace elements.

When fermentation is finished, the culture fluids have a viscosity as high as 17,000
centipoises; they appear homogeneous and have very short flow characteristics.
Following further precipitation, reprecipitation and filtration processes, most of the
bacterial pigments are removed. Following fermentation, xanthan gum is recovered by
precipitation in isopropyl alcohol, then dried and milled. The final product is sold under
the trade name of Kelzan by the Kelco Company, a division of Merck & Company.

Xanthan gum is one of many gums used as stabilizers and thickeners in industry and by
food processors. Other such gums include: guar gum (Cyamopsis spp.), locust bean gum
or carob gum (Ceratonia spp.), gum arabic (Acacia senegal), gum tragacanth (Asiatic
Astragalus spp.), and tara gum (Caesalpinia spp.).

Xanthan gum is an excellent bodying agent for toothpaste and ointments. Because of its
pseudoplastic properties, xanthan gum is able to help both toothpaste and ointments hold
their shape. The gum is also permitted as an ingredient in all nonmedical cosmetics for
which no drug claims are made. This gum is also used in bakery products, dressings,
sauces, food and drinks, and in syrups. Salad dressings make frequent use of xanthan
gums due to its emulsification properties. Xanthan gum will be found in such common
salad dressings as "Green Goddess", "Creamy Russian", "French Dressing", and "Creamy
Italian." Common sauces using xanthan gum include: cheese sauce mixes, barbecue sauce
mixes, spaghetti sauce mixes and white sauce mixes. In frozen pizzas, xanthan gum helps
to produce a tomato-based sauce for frozen pizza with improved viscosity and freeze-
thaw stability, which contributes to its extended shelf-life.

When xanthan gum is combined with locust bean gum and guar gum, the mixture
provides for viscosity control of cottage cheese dressings, and stabilization of ice cream
and ice milk products.
Method of Action
Xanthan gum has been found to contain repeating units of sugar residues by methylation
analysis, and by uronic acid degradation followed by oxidation and elimination of the
oxidized residue. The gum contains D-glucose, D-mannose, D-glucuronic acid, acetal-
linked pyruvic acid and O-acetyl.

When used in citrus and fruit-flavored beverages, xanthan gum enhances mouth feel with
full-bodied taste and good flavor release. It is also an excellent suspending agent for the
desirable cloud and pulp in some of these type drinks. Additionally it is a stabilizer for
flavor oil emulsions employed in certain beverages. Concentrations of xanthan gum in a
finished drink may range from 0.001% to 0.15%.

Studies of the relationship between xanthan gum and diabetes have suggested the gum
affects the endocrine activity of the gut in two ways. Intestinal distention, as produced by
xanthan feeding, is known to influence the secretion of some enteric hormones. Xanthan
gum appears to move the region of principal contact between nutrients and the intestinal
lining to a more distal position. The latter effect is considered important since secretory
cells for various enteric hormones are somewhat concentrated within different portions of
the gut.

Xanthan gum may be beneficial as a dietary fiber in reducing the risk of colon cancer.
Gum fiber, although not a true fiber, is considered a part of the dietary fiber complex
because of the similar effects they can elicit in the diet.

Gum fiber can affect the enteropathic circulation of bile salts which act as colon tumor
promoters. Gum fiber not only can influence bile acid metabolism, thereby reducing the
formation of potential tumor promoters in the colon, but also exerts a solvent-like effect
in diluting potential carcinogens and cocarcinogens by its bulking effect. It is also able to
bind bile acids and certain related carcinogenic compounds.

Dietary fiber may be of benefit to diabetics. Xanthan gum, among gums, is thought to
affect gastric emptying and the secretion of enteric hormones in ways that restrain insulin
release after a meal.

Xanthan gum has been shown to reduce total liver lipids in animals.

Cactus:
According to the book “Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine,” nopal contains vitamins A,
B-1, B-2, B-3, and C. Additionally, this plant contains the minerals potassium, calcium,
magnesium, sodium and iron. Additionally, nopal contains 18 amino acids and represents
a good source of both insoluble and soluble fiber. This high fiber content helps to explain
many of the purported health benefits of nopal.

Herbal supplement manufacturers primarily sell nopal as a natural plant that can help you
lose weight. The high fiber content of nopal helps to regulate your appetite and reduce the
amount of fat in your body by helping your body to break down and excrete the fat.
Additionally, several manufacturers claim that the amino acid content of nopal helps your
body pull fluids back from your tissues into your bloodstream, therefore decreasing
cellulite and fluid retention.

The amino acids in nopal may also provide you with energy and help you reduce fatigue.
Additionally, nopal can lower your blood-sugar levels by strengthening your liver and
pancreas and increasing your body’s sensitivity to insulin. This in turn may stimulate the
movement of glucose from your blood into your body’s cells where your cells can use the
glucose as energy. Further, nopal may slow your digestion of carbohydrates and as a
consequence, your insulin production may decrease. Again, no clinical studies have
confirmed the metabolic benefits of nopal.

Nopal cactus can help treat high blood sugar. According to HealthLine, there have been
clinically proven studies that show that consuming nopal cactus reduced high blood sugar
after fasting and before a meal. Nopal cactus helps control high blood sugar because its
soluble and insoluble fibers absorb carbohydrates such as sugars before they enter the
bloodstream. Since the sugars are being absorbed before entering the bloodstream they
cannot elevate the blood sugar, according to Diabetes Health. Nopal cactus also contains
nutrients that aid in insulin processing for type 2 diabetes patients once it has entered the
bloodstream.

Raspberry Ketone Extract:
Raspberry Ketone is the name of an enzyme that is extracted from the tasty berries.
Raspberries have been revered by indigenous people around the world for centuries, as
they have seen how the tiny berries have powerful healing and health properties. Only
recently was it discovered that the thing that makes raspberries so effective is the
antioxidants they are full of, and Raspberry Ketone is a product made from these berries.
Raspberry Ketone is an enzyme that helps the body to burn fat more effectively.
Raspberry ketones are chemically similar to synephrine, which stimulates the body by
increasing your base metabolic rate. Our bodies are constantly using calories to sustain
itself: even when sleeping we are ‘burning’ and using calories to keep our heart pumping,
our organs working and allowing our bodies to maintain homeostasis. Raising your base
metabolic rate, allows you to burn more calories throughout the day without exercising or
dieting.
The Ehime University conducted a study in mice. The mice were fed a high fat diet and
raspberry ketone extract. Raspberry ketone prevented increases in body weight as well as
the fatty acid deposits in liver and other organs. In mice eating a high-fat diet without
raspberry ketone, and then later eating the supplement, raspberry ketone decreased
weight and liver fat content caused by the previous high-fat diet without supplementation.
The combination of the various super foods used in the Raspberry Ketone products make
for an excellent supplement that is effective in weight loss.
A huge part of battling cellulite is simply to reduce the overall amount of fat in the body.
Raspberry ketone does this, and more. It provides a huge health boost that may leave you
surprised. It is easy to consume, because there is no unpleasant taste (red raspberries are
nicely tart), and you can eat a whole box and still remain guilt-free since they contain
only a minimum of calories.
The raspberries are also rich in fiber. Fiber, you may know, expands in your stomach and
creates the sensation of being “full.” When you eat fiber, you fill up fast, so you don’t
overeat and pack on the added pounds. And of course, it contains antioxidants which help

keep your skin firm and elastic, so you are less prone to cellulite in the first place. This is
the first step in reducing cellulite.
Participants were told to take the Raspberry Ketones supplement of 150mg two times a
day, while not changing their diet or activity levels. At the finish of the study, the
participants that took the Raspberry Ketone as instructed, lost on average of 28.2 lbs. In
addition to the weight loss, individuals taking the supplement were also eating less.
The mean calorie intake was 3156 calories per day for those that did not take the extract
in comparison to those consuming the Raspberry Ketone of 2767 per day.
Research has shown that Raspberry Ketone regulates the hormone Adiponectin, a
hormone that helps the body to act thin and creates a boost in metabolism. Raspberry
Ketone has also been shown to help break down fat and turn fat into energy, as well as
increase skin’s elasticity. In turn, the fat within cells gets broken up more effectively,
helping the body burn fat faster and more efficiently. As people gain weight,
Adiponectin’s ability to function is reduced, which decreases the breakdown of fat and
increases the storage of fat in the cells.

Green Coffee Extract:
The weight loss properties of green coffee are attributed to a type of antioxidant found in
coffee known as chlorogenic acid, or CGA. CGA has been purported by researchers to
inhibit the absorption of glucose in the small intestine as well as the release of glucose
from the liver into the circulation. This effect reduces the level of glucose in your
bloodstream so that your body relies on fat cells for energy instead of carbohydrates,
subsequently leading to a loss of body fat.

A recent study has contributed to the sudden green coffee extract craze. The study was
conducted by researchers at the University of Scranton in Scranton Pennsylvania. The
study tested the effectiveness of green coffee extract to aid in weight loss among 16
participants between the ages of 22 and 46.
Throughout the 22-week study, participants were instructed to continue following their
normal dietary and exercise routines. The participants were given one of three
supplements. They were given a 750mg low dose of green coffee extract, a 1,050mg high
dose of green coffee extract, or a placebo. Every three weeks, the participants switched
groups and were given a different supplement. This acted as the control for the study
versus splitting the two groups into a placebo and green coffee extract group.
After the 22-week study was completed, the participants were weighed once again.
Researchers found that the participants lost about 17 pounds on average. This 17lb.
decrease in weight is equivalent to a 10% reduction in total body weight and 16%
reduction in total fat mass.
Researchers were especially amazed at the results considering the abnormally high
caloric consumption of the participants. On average, the participants consumed 2,400
calories per day – which is much higher than what is normally needed for weight loss.
Even more puzzling was that participants only burned about 400 calories per day from
normal exercise.
Joe Vinson, the lead research during the clinical trial, was able to determine the main
cause for the weight loss. Green coffee extract contains a powerful substance called

chlorogenic acid, which has two weight loss properties. First, chlorogenic acid blocks the
body’s ability to absorb glucose, which prevents the body from storing fat. Second,
chlorogenic acid instructs the liver to start metabolizing fat deposits at a faster rate than
the liver normally would.
Vinson also mentioned that after discovering the high amount of chlorogenic acid in
green coffee extract, he was prompted to research why you cannot get the same benefits
in a cup of coffee. After he conducted a series of tests, he found that a large portion of the
chlorogenic acid found in green coffee beans dissipates as the beans are roasted. This
explains why you cannot get the same benefits through a cup of coffee.

The results were published as follows in Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome Obesity
Journal:
Background:
Adult weight gain and obesity have become worldwide problems. Issues of cost and
potential side effects of prescription weight loss drugs have led overweight and obese
adults to try nutraceuticals that may aid weight loss. One promising nutraceutical is green
coffee extract, which contains high concentrations of chlorogenic acids that are known to
have health benefits and to influence glucose and fat metabolism. A 22-week crossover
study was conducted to examine the efficacy and safety of a commercial green coffee
extract product GCA™ at reducing weight and body mass in 16 overweight adults.

Methods:
Subjects received high-dose GCA (1050 mg), low-dose GCA (700 mg), or placebo in
separate six-week treatment periods followed by two-week washout periods to reduce
any influence of preceding treatment. Treatments were counterbalanced between
subjects. Primary measurements were body weight, body mass index, and percent body
fat. Heart rate and blood pressure were also measured.

Results:
Significant reductions were observed in body weight (−8.04 ± 2.31 kg), body mass index
(−2.92 ± 0.85 kg/m2), and percent body fat (−4.44% ± 2.00%), as well as a small
decrease in heart rate (−2.56 ± 2.85 beats per minute), but with no significant changes to
diet over the course of the study. Importantly, the decreases occurred when subjects were
taking GCA [Green Coffee Bean Extract]. Body mass index for six subjects shifted from
preobesity to the normal weight range (

calories, percentage carbohydrates, percentage fat, or percentage proteins at any time
during the study. In looking at the individual effects of the GCA [Green Coffee Bean
Extract]; 16 of 16 lost weight, 16/16 had decreased percent body fat 16/16 had a
reduction in BMI, 3/13 experienced a decrease in systolic blood pressure, and 5/16 a
reduction in diastolic blood pressure.”

Glucomannan:
Derived from the root of the Amorphophallus konjac plant, glucomannan is a source of
dietary fiber primarily used as a bulk-forming laxative. Treatment with glucomannan may
also help people lose weight by promoting a sensation of fullness even after eating less
food at mealtime.
There have been multiple placebo controlled studies regarding glucomannan and weight
loss. All of these studies have demonstrated moderate but significant weight loss in the
glucomannan group as compared to the control group.
One 16 week study showed truly impressive results. At the end of the study, the
glucomannan group lost 4.52 kg compared to .79 kg on average in the placebo group.
The glucomannan fiber group also reported reduced hunger. In this study, the
participants were not instructed to alter their food intake at all.
It has been proven that glucomannan can help control blood sugar spikes in type 2
diabetics. This is because glucomannan is a soluble fiber, when soluble fiber mixes with
water, it forms a gel. This gel absorbs sugars and starches, this greatly slows the
absorption of these sugars into the blood stream. This in turn keeps blood sugar, as well
as insulin levels steady.
This is important not just for the ever growing number of type 2 diabetics, but for
anybody interested in weight loss. Because of how insulin works in the body, blood
sugar spikes are inevitably followed by blood sugar level crashes. Both are nightmares
for weight management.
When our blood sugar levels spike, our bodies are flooded with insulin. This is done to
provide the body with energy, but also to reduce blood sugar levels to normal before
damage occurs to healthy cells. This is why many diabetics suffer kidney failure,
amputations, and blindness.
This blood sugar has to go somewhere, and unless you’re actively burning off these
sugars, the only place they can go is to fat cells. But after this, there is an equal and
opposite reaction that is just as harmful.
This flood of insulin returns blood sugar levels to normal, but most often, they end up
far below normal. This causes tiredness, irritability, and hunger. The perfect storm for
weight gain. Have you ever heard of low Glycemic Index foods (slowly digested carbs)?
This is the reason why these foods are so good for weight loss.

Garcinia Fruit (Garcina Cambogia) 60% Hydroxycitric Acid:

Garcinia Cambogia (HCA extract) is a pumpkin shaped fruit native to various regions
around the world, primarily in Asia. It has been used for thousands of years by native
cultures in Asia, but has finally reached the western world. It’s primary benefit was once

thought to be an appetite suppressant, mainly because ancient cultures added it to soup so
they would “feel full.”
However, it’s now been determined Garcinia Cambogia also has potent fat burning
abilities, which have been proven through new research. It’s even prompted Dr. Oz to
feature it on his show after he was amazed by the new research on this amazing product.

New research has come out that shows that Garcinia Cambogia works to help you lose
weight in two main ways:
1. Appetite Suppressant – Garcinia Extract naturally increases serotonin levels in the
body, which are a key chemical that influences appetite. The end result is that you eat less
calories each day, which helps to reduce bloating and weight gain.
2. Fat Burner – Garcinia acts as a double whammy by not only suppressing your appetite
but also by increasing your body’s ability to burn fat. Garcinia Extract helps block citrate
lyase, an enzyme that instructs your body to create fat from carbohydrates. Likewise,
Garcinia Cambogia can provide a tremendous boost in metabolism, which causes your
body to burn the fat you already have.
A recent clinical study followed 135 people who were supplemented with 1500mg of
Garcinia Cambogia and strictly monitored for only 12 weeks. On average, the
participants lost 17 lbs each. That's 16% of their overall body fat and 10.5% body weight.
There were no side effects reported.
Participants Lost 17 Pounds in 12 Weeks (16% Body Fat)
The efficacy of optimal doses of highly bioavailable (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA-SX)
alone and in combination with niacin-bound chromium (NBC) and a standardized
Gymnema sylvestre extract (GSE) on weight loss in moderately obese subjects was
evaluated by monitoring changes in body weight, body mass index (BMI), appetite, lipid
profiles, serum leptin and excretion of urinary fat metabolites. HCA-SX has been shown
to reduce appetite, inhibit fat synthesis and decrease body weight without stimulating the
central nervous system. NBC has demonstrated its ability to maintain healthy insulin
levels, while GSE has been shown to regulate weight loss and blood sugar levels.
METHODS:
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled human study was conducted in Elluru,
India for 8 weeks in 60 moderately obese subjects (ages 21-50, BMI >26 kg/m(2)).
Subjects were randomly divided into three groups. Group A was administered HCA-SX
4667 mg, group B was administered a combination of HCA-SX 4667 mg, NBC 4 mg and
GSE 400 mg, while group C was given placebo daily in three equally divided doses 30-
60 min before meals. All subjects received a 2000 kcal diet/day and participated in
supervised walking.
RESULTS:
At the end of 8 weeks, body weight and BMI decreased by 5-6% in both groups A and B.
Food intake, total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides and serum leptin
levels were significantly reduced in both groups, while high-density lipoprotein levels
and excretion of urinary fat metabolites increased in both groups. A marginal or non-
significant effect was observed in all parameters in group C.
CONCLUSION:
The present study shows that optimal doses of HCA-SX and, to a greater degree, the
combination of HCA-SX, NBC and GSE can serve as an effective and safe weight-loss

formula that can facilitate a reduction in excess body weight and BMI, while promoting
healthy blood lipid levels.

References

Nutros.net: Nutritional Supplement Facts for Yerba Mate

Rain Tree: Yerba Mate

Linus Pauling Institute: Micronutrient Information Center: Biotin
University of Maryland Medical Center: Vitamin H (Biotin)

Rathman SC, Eisenschenk S, McMahon RJ. The abundance and function of biotin-
dependent enzymes are reduced in rats chronically administered carbamazepine. J Nutr
2002;132:3405-10.

Albarracin C, Fuqua B, Evans JL, Goldfine ID. Chromium picolinate and biotin
combination improves glucose metabolism in treated, uncontrolled overweight to obese
patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2008;24:41-51.

Geohas J, Finch M, Juturu V, et al. Improvement in Fasting Blood Glucose with the
Combination of Chromium Picolinate and Biotin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. American
Diabetes Association 64th Annual Meeting, June 2004, Orlando, Florida, abstract 191-
OR.

Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin,
Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and
Choline (2000). Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Available at:
http://books.nap.edu/books/0309065542/html/.

Arginine, Weight Loss, and Leptin Journal of Nutrition. Wenjuan Jobgen, Cynthia J.
Meininger, Scott C. Jobgen, Peng Li, Mi-Jeong Lee, Stephen B. Smith, Thomas E.
Spencer, Susan K. Fried, and Guoyao Wu.

Byron J. Richards, Board Certified Clinical Nutritionist

Kittisupamongkol W, Nilaratanakul V, Kulwichit W. Near-fatal bleeding, senna, and the
opposite of lettuce. Lancet 2008;371:784.

Perkin JM. Constipation in childhood: a controlled comparison between lactulose and
standardized senna. Curr Med Res Opin 1977;4:540-3.

Ramesh PR, Kumar KS, Rajagopal MR, et al. Managing morphine-induced constipation:
a controlled comparison of an Ayurvedic formulation and senna. J Pain Symptom
Manage 1998;16:240-4.

Shelton MG. Standardized senna in the management of constipation in the puerperium: A
clinical trial. S Afr Med J 1980;57:78-80

Eatingasia.typepad.com, "Eating Asia 2005"

Herbalegacy.com, "Parsites and Worms"

Healingtools.tripod.com, "Dr. Schulze's Colon Cleansing and Detoxification Program"

Ncbi.nih.gov/pubmed, Brusick D, Mengs U. "Assessment of the genotoxic risk from
laxative senna products." Environ Mol Mutagen. 1997;29(1):1-9. (Retrieved July 22,
2010)
Cancer.gov, "Constipation"

Feltrow, C.W. and J.R. Avila. The Complete Guide to Herbal Medicines. New York:
Simon and Schuster, 2000.

Peirce, Andrea. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural
Medicines. New York: William Morrow, 1999.

Balch JF, Balch PA (1990). Prescription for Nutritional Healing. USA: Avery Publishing
Group

da Silva TC, Cogliati B, da Silva AP, Fukumasu H, Akisue G, Nagamine MK, Matsuzaki
P, Haraguchi M, Gorniak SL, & Dagli ML. (2010). Pfaffia paniculata (Brazilian ginseng)
roots decrease proliferation and increase apoptosis but do not affect cell communication
in murine hepatocarcinogenesis. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology : Official
Journal of the Gesellschaft Fur Toxikologische Pathologie. 62(2), 145-55.

Pinello KC, Fonseca Ede S, Akisue G, Silva AP, Salgado Oloris SC, Sakai M, Matsuzaki
P, Nagamine MK, Palermo Neto J, & Dagli ML. (2006). Effects of Pfaffia paniculata
(Brazilian ginseng) extract on macrophage activity. Life Sciences. 78(12), 1287-92.

Foster S, Tyler VE. Tyler's Honest Herbal, 4th ed., Binghamton, NY: Haworth Herbal
Press, 1999.

Suma Root report by Ray Sahelian
Amazon Hub – Suma report

Vieira, Roberto F. (1999) Conservation of medicinal and aromatic plants in Brazil. p.
152–159. In: J. Janick (ed.), Perspectives on new crops and new uses. ASHS Press,
Alexandria, VA.

 Medline Plus: Arginine (L-arginine)
 Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise: The Effects of Arginine Alpha-
Ketoglutarate Supplementation on Endurance-Trained Females
 Health News: Arginine May Help Obesity
 Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry: Regulatory role for the arginine-nitric oxide
pathway in metabolism of energy substrates
Life Extension Magazine; Glutamine: This Amino Acid Helps to Preserve Muscle Mass e
Bolstering Immune and Gastrointestinal Health; Armond Scipione; January 2006
"Muscle & Performance;" Good News on Glutamine; Matthew Kadey; March 2010
"Natural Anabolics;" Jerry Brainum; 2006
"Muscle & Fitness Presents 2010 Edition: The Ultimate Supplement Handbook; The Top
Ten Supps You Can't Live Without; Jim Stoppani; January 2010
"The Cortisol Connection;" Shawn Talbott; 2002

University of Maryland Medical Center: Glutamine

"Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition"; Glutamine Supplementation Increases
Postprandial Energy Expenditure and Fat Oxidation in Humans; Iwashita S, et al.; March-
April 2006

"The Journal of Nutrition"; L-Glutamine Supplementation of a High Fat Diet Reduces
Body Weight and Attenuates Hyperglycemia and Hyperinsulinemia in C57BL/6J Mice;
Emmanuel Opara, et al.; January 1, 1996

Opara EC et al. L-glutamine supplementation of a high-fat diet reduces body weight and
attenuates hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. J Nutr 126: 273-279, 1996.

Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt: Weight Loss; P.R. Rothschild and M.K.
Wallner; 1996

University of Maryland Medical Center; Glutamine; Steven D. Ehrlich; June 20, 2009

"Muscle & Performance;" Good News On Glutamine; Matthew Kadey; March 2010

Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Betsy Lehman Center for Patient Safety and Medical
Error Reduction. Expert Panel on Weight Loss Surgery, Executive Report, 2007.

National Institutes of Health. Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program
Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in
Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Bethesda, MD: National Cholesterol Education
Program, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health,
September 2002. NIH Publication No. 02-5215.
Siri PW, Verhoef P, Kok FJ. Vitamins B6, B12, and folate: association with plasma total
homocysteine and risk of coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Nutr 1998;17:435-41. [PubMed
abstract

Bronstrup A, Hages M, Prinz-Langenohl R, Pietrzik K. Effects of folic acid and
combinations of folic acid and vitamin B12 on plasma homocysteine concentrations in
healthy, young women. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:1104-10. [PubMed abstract]

Albert CM, Cook NR, Gaziano JM, Zaharris E, MacFadyen J, Danielson E, et al. Effect
of folic acid and B vitamins on risk of cardiovascular events and total mortality among
women at high risk for cardiovascular disease: a randomized trial. JAMA.2008;299:2027-
36. [PubMed abstract]

Ebbing M, Bleie Ø, Ueland PM, Nordrehaug JE, Nilsen DW, Vollset SE, et al. Mortality
and cardiovascular events in patients treated with homocysteine-lowering B vitamins
after coronary angiography: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008;300:795-804.
[PubMed abstract]

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database . Vitamin B12.

Bauman WA, Shaw S, Jayatilleke K, Spungen AM, Herbert V. Increased intake of
calcium reverses the B12 malabsorption induced by metformin. Diabetes Care
2000;23:1227-31. [PubMed abstract]

Gelenberg AJ, Wojcik JD, Falk WE, et al. Tyrosine for depression: a double-blind trial. J
Affect Disord 1990;19:125-32

 National Supplement Guide: Benefits of L Tyrosine
 Franklin Institute: Resources for Science: Proteins and Amino Acids: Inside the Network
of Your Brain: Norepinephrine
 PubMed: L-Tyrosine to Alleviate the Effects of Stress?; Simon N. Young; 2007
 The Franklin Institute: Resources for Science: Proteins and Amino Acids: Amino Acids
Can Excite or Calm Your Brain
 Natural & Alternative Treatments: Tyrosine: Safety Issues

Journal of Toxicology: Molecular and Biochemical Effects of a Kola Nut Extract on
Androgen Receptor-Mediated Pathways

"Phytotherapy Research"; n vitro anti-mycobacterial activities of three species of Cola
plant extracts (Sterculiaceae); B. A. Adeniyi et al; March 2004

"The Ritual and Magical Use of Herbs"; Richard Allan Miller; 1993

University of Maryland Medical Center: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

"Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences"; The Comparative Effects Of Chronic
Consumption Of Kola Nut (Cola nitida) And Caffeine Diets On Locomotor Behaviour
And Body Weights In Mice; E. B. Umoren et al; 2009 Issue 1

"African Journal of Biotechnology"; Basal metabolic regulatory responses and rhythmic
activity of mammalian heart to aqueous kola nut extracts; Chukwu, L.O et al; March
2006

Livestrong: Information on the Kola Nut Herb
HealthLine: Kola Nut Information
Drugs.com: Theophylline Information
Phytochemicals: Theobromine
SlimReviews.com: Kola Nut--Its Uses and Effects

Anonymous. Xanthan Gum - A Natural Biopolysaccharide for Scientific Water Control.
2nd Edition. Kelco, San Diego, CA. Division of Merck & Company Inc. 1976.

Baig, M. & Cerda. Citrus pectic polysaccharide-their in vitro interaction with low density
serum lipioproteins. Unconventional Sources of Dietary Fiber. Furda .ed. American
Chemical Society. Wash. DC 1983. p. 185.

Burkitt, D.P., A.R.P. Walker & N.S. Painter. Dietary fiber and disease. JAMA. 1974.
229(8); 1069-1074.

Cottrell, I.W., K.S. Kang & P. Kovacs. Xanthan gum. - Handbook of Water-Soluble
Gums and Resins. R.L. Davidson. ed. McGraw-Hill. New York. 1980. pp. 24-1 to 24-31.

Council on Scientific Affairs. American Medical Association. Dietary fiber and health.
JAMA. 1989. 262(4); 542-546.

Jansson, P.E., L. Kenne & B. Lindberg. Structure of the extracellular polysaccharide
from Xanthomonas campestris. Carbohydrate Res. 1975. 45; 275-282.

Jeanes, A, J.E. Pittsley & F.R. Senti. Polysaccharide B-1459 - a new hydrocolloid
polyectrolyte produced from glucose by bacterial fermentation. J Appl Polymer Sci. 1961
5(17); 519-526.

Jenkins, D.J.A. & T.M.S. Wolever. Slow release carbohydrate and the treatment of
diabetes. Proc Nutr Soc. 1981. 40; 227-235.

Jenkins, D.J.A. Slow release carbohydrate and the treatment of diabetes. Proc Nutr Soc.