The Scoop on Poop 2019 Country Living Expo Classes #123 & #223 - TIM CUCHNA, DVM NORTHWEST VETERINARY CLINIC STANWOOD (360) 629-4571 ...

The Scoop on Poop
2019 Country Living Expo
Classes #123 & #223

TIM   CUCHNA, DVM
NORTHWESTVETERINARY CLINIC
STANWOOD (360) 629-4571
NWVETSTANWOOD@GMAIL.COM

WWW.NWVETSTANWOOD.COM

Fecal Exam
   Today’s plan – Sessions 1 & 2
       1st part discussing fecal exam &
        microscopes
       2nd part Lab – four areas
            Set-up your samples
            Microscopes
            Demonstration fecals & worms
            Alternate fecal set-up - strainer
       Last 15 minutes clean-up and last
        minute questions/comments;
    done before 11:15

Fecal
Exam
Today’s
Topics
             How does fecal flotation work
             Introduction to fecal parasite ID/characteristics
             Parasites of concern
             Microscope basics and my preferences
             Microscopic exam
             Treatment plan based on simple flotation fecal
              exam
             Demonstration of fecal set-up

Fecal
Exam
   Important topics
    NOT covered today
       Parasite treatment
        protocols
       Parasite
        management
       Other parasites
        such as external
        and blood-borne

   Specific gravity – density of a
   How          substance (parasite eggs) is less
                than fecal float solution (salt)

  does             Fecal flotation solution –
                    approximately 1.18 – 1.27 sp. gr.

  fecal         
                    Water = 1.00
                    Parasite eggs range from 1.05 –
flotation       
                    1.20 sp.gr.
                    Fecal debris usually is greater than
  work?             1.30 sp. gr.
                   Fecasol solution – 1.2 – 1.25 sp. gr.

Fecal Exam
  My goal

1.    Animal ID (name, species, age,
                       stage and condition of animal)
                 2.    Characteristics of parasite eggs.
                      a)   Size - microns (µm)/micrometer –
   Parasite                1 µm=1/1000mm = 1/1millionth of
                           a meter. Paper thickness = 100
Identification             microns (µm)
                      b)   Shape
                      c)   Shell thickness – Thin to thick
                      d)   Caps (operculum) One or both
                           ends; smooth or protruding

   Range from 10 to 200
                      microns/micrometer(µm)
                     X-small (10-15µm) – Giardia,
                      Toxoplasma
  Parasite
                     Small(20-40µm)– Coccidia,
Characteristics       Trichuris
    - size           Medium(60-90µm) – Strongyles,
                      Ascarids, E. mac
                     Large(100-200µm)–Nematodirus,
                      Flukes, Tapeworm egg packets

Parasite Characteristics-size

                 Plastic Cling Wrap 10-12 µm

                 Wool Fiber 10-50 µm

                 Human Hair 70-180 µm

                 Paper 1-2 sheets 100-200 µm

Parasite Characteristics-size

   Image: Veterinary Parasitology 5th Edition, William J. Foreyt, Iowa State Press,
   2001

Parasite Characteristics-shell

               Thin - Strongyles, Flukes,
               Coccidia

              Medium - Trichuris, Capillaria

               Thick - Ascarids

Parasite Characteristics-shape

Parasite Characteristics
     caps – operculum
                   Are the caps at one end
                    or both?
                   Protruding? (Yes/No)

                   Coccidia, Trichuris, Flukes,
                    Capillaria

Parasite Larvae

Parasites
               Nematodes – Roundworms
               Protozoa – Coccidia, Giardia,
       of   
                Toxoplasma
                Cestodes – Tapeworms
Concern        Trematodes – Flukes – Minor
               Insects – Not discussed in this
                class
               NOTE: You will primarily be seeing
                and identifying parasite eggs/
                oocysts.

Parasites of
Concern
   Nematodes – Roundworms
       Strongyles
            Haemonchus, Nematodirus,
             Ostertagia, Dictyocaulus,
             Cooperia, Trichostrongylus,
             Strongyloides, Bunostomum,
             Capillaria, Hetarakis
       Ascarids
            Ascaris Suum, Parascaris,
             Toxocara, Ascaridia galli
       Whipworm - Trichuris
       Pinworms – Oxyuris equi

Parasites of Concern

   Protozoa
       Coccidia
          Eimeria –
           Practically all
           species
          Eimeria
           macusanensis –
           Camelids
          Isospora – Cats,
           Dogs, Pigs
       Giardia – Multiple
        species – Zoonotic
       Toxoplasma – Cats -
        Zoonotic
           http://people.upei.ca/sgreenwood/html/teaching.html

Parasites of Concern
Giardia

Parasites
               Cestodes – Tapeworms
                   Sheep/Goats - Moniezia

       of       
                    expansa
                    Sheep/Goats – Intermediate

Concern             host
                        Dogs – eat carcass
                        Echinoccus granulosus -
                         Hydatid disease
                        Taenia ovis - Sheep measles
                   Dogs, Cats – Fleas – Dipylidium
                    caninum
                   More unsightly than a
                    production issue.

Parasite Artifacts

                                  Air bubble
              Fungal spores

Plant cells

               Pollen and seeds

Questions

Microscope Basics
1.   Ocular lens - 10X
2.   Objective lenses
     •   4X, 10X, 40X, 100X
     •   Ocular X objective =
         total magnification
     •   10 X (4X, 10X, 40X, 100X)
         = 40X, 100X, 400X,1000X
3.   Stage
4.   Light source
5.   Focus knobs coarse/fine

                                     http://www.williamsclass.com/Microscop
                                     e

Microscopes
My preferences
  1.   Binocular
       ocular lens
  2.   Mechanical
       stage
  3.   Adjustable
       light source
  4.   Coarse and
       fine focus
       knobs
       together
                http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/cmpdmic
                .gif

Microscope Viewing
        YOU

20mm = 0.75 inches

                                    80 µm

                     LIGHT SOURCE

Microscopic Exam
   40X Magnification                  100X Magnification
       10X Ocular/4X Objective            10X Ocular/10X Objective

       “Low power”                        “High power”

       4.5mm X 4.5 mm/view                2mm X 2mm/view

       5 X 5 = 25 views                   10 X 10 = 100 views/cover slip

       cover slip (20mm X 20 mm)

                                       400X Magnification
                                           10X Ocular/40X Objective
                                           “High-dry” power
                                           0.45mm X 0.45mm/view
                                           250 views/cover slip

Microscopic Exam
      Treatment based on Simple Flotation
   Work with your              When do you become
    veterinarian                 concerned or treat?
   Simple/Modified Simple      Parasite(s) involved - Some
    are for Identification       parasites you will treat if
        qualitative             present at all, especially
                                 Nematodirus, Eimeria
   Ideally, do fecal egg        macusaniensis
    counts (FEC) –
    identification and          Condition of animal
    standardized number              Diarrhea (+/-)
        quantitative                Body Condition
                                     Disease
                                     Appetite

Treatment Recommendations
                   Our ‘rule-of-thumb’ is to treat
                    when 100 – 200 eggs per slide on
                    “normal-looking” animals
                        40X – low power, 100-200/25 = 4-8
                         per view

Northwest               100X – high power, 100-200/100 =
                         1-2 per view
Veterinary         Specific parasites

  Clinic           “Abnormal-looking” animals
                        Unexplained diarrhea, disease or
                         poor body condition and a
                         positive fecal get treated.
                   Conduct fecal egg counts when
                    proficient

Resources
   Books – Veterinary Clinical Parasitology – by Anne Zajac & Gary A. Conboy,
    2006
   Manuals - Veterinary Parasitology: Reference Manual by William J. Foreyt,
    2001
   Internet – images and techniques
        http://parasitology.cvm.ncsu.edu/
        http://instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/jcfox/htdocs/clinpara/clinpara.htm
        http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/parasit06/website/index.htm
        https://www.wormx.info/
   Supplies – Not recommendations – search “fecal flotation supplies”
        Livestockconcepts.com
        Revivalanimalhealth.com
   Microscopes – Binocular $400+; Monocular less than $250
        Microscopes.com
        greatscopes.com

Microscopic Exam
         Simple Float
   Fecalyzer Demonstration

Questions?

Parasite larvae - ?

Parasite comparisons

Fecal Exam Supplies

   Flotation solution $12-        Microscope
    30/gallon
                                   Kim-wipes
   Mixing containers
                                   Test tube rack
   Test tubes
                                   Timer
   Fecal diagnostic kits $30
                                   Centrifuge
    for 50
                                   Hydrometer – measures
   Stirring sticks
                                    Specific Gravity
   Strainer
                                   Gram scale (FEC)
   Slides $5-15 for 100
   Cover slips $5 for 100