The Role of Antiziganism in Brexit - Brandon Eby
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
Journal for Social Thought 6(1) • April 2022
The Role of Antiziganism in Brexit
Brandon Eby
University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
brandon.eby@ucalgary.ca
It is axiomatic that, in addition to the material factors underpinning British voter support for leaving the
European Union, a crucial component of the Leave Campaign has been its focus on migration control. Scholars
have demonstrated that this campaign has been fueled by the United Kingdom’s media and political institutions,
resulting in significant increases in anti-migrant behaviors throughout the United Kingdom. This research has
tended to neglect analyses of antiziganism (or anti-Roma racism), and, as a result, overlooked the continued
demonization of both resident and migrant Roma. My paper seeks to redress this oversight by offering an analysis
of the British press, popular media, and of proposed antiziganist policies of the Brexit British government. This
paper will address the role that the British media played in normalizing antiziganism, followed by an analysis of
an implicitly antiziganist policy proposal advanced by the pro-Brexit government. In doing so, it will contribute
towards a better understanding of the role of antiziganist rhetoric that characterized the Leave Campaign.
KEYWORDS: Roma, Romani, Brexit, Travellers, Racism, United Kingdom
Introduction the United Kingdom was under the control of a foreign
power without the authority to manage or control who
may immigrate to the United Kingdom. On the cam-
ith migrant control being a key factor of both
W the campaign to leave the European Union
and the 2019 Conservative Campaign, it is im-
portant to carefully analyze the effects that this rhetoric
paign’s website, the claims that “We [can] take back
control of migration policy” and “We [can] end the
supremacy of EU law and the European Court” (Elliot,
2020) clearly implying that the United Kingdom was
has on The Traveller Community, which is defined being ruled by the EU rather than being a sovereign
as the shared community of Romany Gypsies, Roma, member of the institution. Following the “Brexit” refer-
and Travellers (Travellers Times, 2018). While the term endum, the 2019 United Kingdom general election saw
“Gypsy”/”Gipsy” is considered to be a slur by North complimentary claims being made by the Conserva-
American Roma communities, the term does not carry tive campaigns, in particular UK Prime Minister Boris
the same meaning in the United Kingdom and has been Johnson. In the Boris Johnson’s Guarantee section of
claimed by The Traveller Community (Wenham-Ross, the 2019 Conservative Manifesto, the following promises
2019)1 . Antiziganism is often defined specifically as are made: “An Australian-style points-based system
anti-Romany racism, but for the purposes of this paper, to control immigration” as well as “20,000 more police
antiziganism will be used to describe racism targeting and tougher sentencing for criminals” (Johnson, 2020).
the Traveller Community in general, and Romaphobia Evidently both the Leave Campaign and the 2019 con-
will be used to describe racism against Roma specifi- servative campaign place a focus on migration control
cally. Brexit, a colloquial shortening of “British Exit”, and recentralizing legal authority in the United King-
refers to the campaign for the United Kingdom to leave dom at the center of their agenda. This paper elaborates
the European Union. This campaign was split into two the process by which the normalization of antiziganism
main political camps: the “Leave” Campaign, which in the British media was translated into institutional
refers to the pro-Brexit politicians and campaigners, action in Brexit Britain. I begin with a review of the
and the “Remain” Campaign, which opposed leav- literature on Islamophobia, nationalism, and xenopho-
ing the European Union. Regarding the Leave Cam- bia more generally, and then proceed with a discussion
paign, there was a clear presentation of the idea that
1 While Wenham-Ross correctly identifies that the Traveller community has ‘claimed’ the term Gypsy, Romani activists, myself included,
are conflicted on the use of the term. Due to the official use of the GRT (Gypsy, Roma, Traveller) label in the United Kingdom this paper will
continue to use the terms ‘Gypsy’ and ‘antiziganism’, however in future I will avoid using these terms.
https://ojs.lib.uwo.ca/index.php/jst/index 1Journal for Social Thought 6(1) • April 2022
of how rhetoric targets Travellers. Following this, I and PEGIDA (Patriotic Europeans against the Islamiza-
move into an analysis of a policy text created by the tion of the Occident) in Germany, often employ digital
Brexit government, which implicitly targets nomadic spaces as the preferred venue to circulate their mes-
Travellers. sage and recruit new members” (Evolvi, 2018, p. 1).
Evolvi (2018) clearly identifies a link between the fram-
Literature Review ing of Muslims in Europe (especially in the United
Kingdom) as a racialized other who represent a threat
The campaign in favor of leaving the European
to the United Kingdom, and the use of Islamophobic
Union during the 2016 United Kingdom European
hashtags to garner support for the Leave Campaign.
Union membership referendum placed a large em-
phasis on “A fairer System” of immigration (Elliot, While the organizations identified by Evolvi (2018)
2020) and the supposed positive economic prospects are overtly Islamophobic, the nationalist underpinnings
that would result from leaving the EU (Elliot, 2020; of these organizations and their supporters is also im-
Leave.EU, 2020). Recent scholarship finds that the suc- portant to disclose. The rhetoric that was identified
cess of the Leave Campaign is attributed to the invoking by Evolvi (2019) was also amplified by nationalistic or-
of Islamophobia (Calhoun, 2017; Evlovi, 2018, 2019; Lei- ganizations in the United Kingdom, such as Britain
dig, 2019; Swami, et al. 2017); Nationalism (Calhoun, First, Generation Identity, and the British National
2017; Flemmen & Savage, 2017; Gusterson, 2017; Hearn, Party (BNP). Given that support for a nationalistic ide-
2017; Leidig, 2019; Lulle et al. 2017; Zmigrod et al., ology, alongside a strong belief in authoritarianism and
2018); and xenophobia (Andreescu, 2019; Bourn, 2016; conservativism, were strong predicters for support of
Burrell et al., 2019; Crouch, 2017; Hutchings & Sulli- the Leave Campaign (Zmigrod, et al., 2018) it is not
van, 2019; Rzepnikowska, 2018; Virdee & McGeever, surprising then that nationalism intertwined closely
2017). With regards to Islamophobia, a widely cited with “White Racism” identified in largely middle-aged
article ‘To Brexit or Not to Brexit: the roles of Islam- Britons (Flemmen & Savage, 2017). Contrary to these
ophobia, conspiracist beliefs, and integrated threat in indicators, support for the Leave Campaign was iden-
voting intentions for the United Kingdom European tified within a nationalist sect of the Indian diaspora
Union membership referendum’ (Swami et al., 2017) within the United Kingdom (Leidig, 2019), though com-
builds upon the work of Uenal (2016) to establish a mon denominators between these very different com-
clear link between conspiracist Islamophobic world- munities can be found, such as holding anti-Muslim
views and support of the Leave Campaign. Similarly, a beliefs. In the case of the nationalist sect of the In-
collection of essays titled Brexit: Sociological Responses dian diaspora identified by Leidig (2019), this would
(Outhwaite, 2017) identifies both the clear links be- include Hindu nationalist ideologies (Hindutva) and
tween British nationalism and support for the Leave membership in the English Defence League. All groups
Campaign (Calhoun, 2017; Hearn, 2017) as well as the (PEGIDA, Britain First, Generation Identity, and the
role xenophobia played in garnering support for the nationalist sect of the Indian diaspora identified by
Leave Campaign (Crouch, 2017; Calhoun, 2017; Hearn, Leidig) presented Islam as a fundamental threat to
2017). “British Identity” (Evolvi, 2018; Leidig, 2019). This
While not all supporters of the Leave Campaign ethno-pluralist form of ethnonationalism, where the
held or hold Islamophobic beliefs, it is the case that “In nation is presented not as the roots of identity but
the aftermath of the referendum, a number of racist an opposition to the otherized group (Leidig, 2019),
episodes were recorded throughout the country, with creates an environment of the normalization of xeno-
a spike in anti-Muslim attacks” (Evolvi, 2019, p. 386). phobia and racism. The mobilization of Islamophobic
The spike in explicit racist episodes was not limited to efforts and textual discourses in the Leave Campaign
the physical world, with Twitter hashtags containing can be seen to construct a racialized other, against
#Brexit alongside Muslim or Islam being overwhelm- which to construct a “British” identity.
ingly negative (Evolvi, 2019, p. 391). The use of Islam- Though an environment of xenophobia existed be-
ophobic hashtags and rhetoric was present not just to fore the “Brexit” vote, there was a 41% rise in reported
bolster the Leave Campaign, but also to exploit those crimes motivated by racism in July 2016 compared to
in support of Leave to garner further support. In their July 2015 (Rzepnikowska, 2018). In their paper, Rzep-
2018 analysis of internet-based Islamophobia, Evolvi nikowska (2018) discusses the racism and xenophobia
identified that “Far-right and racist European move- experienced by Polish and other eastern European mi-
ments, such as Britain First in the United Kingdom grants in the United Kingdom both before and after
https://ojs.lib.uwo.ca/index.php/jst/index 2Journal for Social Thought 6(1) • April 2022
the “Brexit” vote, and notes that during the “Brexit” Coming, the perception of the Traveller Community in
campaign particular attention was paid to Polish mi- the United Kingdom was conspicuously absent in their
grants, and eastern European migration more generally. analysis. With the social divide in the United Kingdom
Specifically, former Prime Minister David Cameron’s between the “White British” communities and the Trav-
portrayal of Polish migrants as benefits tourists (Rzep- eller Community (Webb, 2019) being exacerbated by
nikowska, 2018) was echoed by the United Kingdom the toxicity of the Brexit campaign identified by Haque
Independence Party in their 2014 poster which read: (2017), in addition to the harassment of children from
“26 million people in Europe are looking for work, and the Traveller Community being widespread (The Trav-
whose jobs are they after?” (Rzepnikowska, 2018). Like eller Movement, 2020), it is clear that the antiziganist
the experience of many in the Traveller Community, the content of The Romanians Are Coming and similar text is
presentation of the idea the idea that Polish immigrants representative of the attitudes against the Traveller com-
cannot experience racism was presented frequently in munity at large. Given the racialization of the Traveller
the text that Rzepnikowska (2018) analyzed. She ex- Community identified by Webb (2019) – namely, the
plains that Polish migrants have experienced a form of community being “White but not quite” (Webb, 2019,
“xeno-racism”, whereby they are both otherized and p. 2) - in combination with the ethno-pluralist form of
racialized by virtue of them being viewed as non-British ethnonationalism identified by Leidig (2019), it is no
(Rzepnikowska, 2018). This negative portrayal of east- surprise that the Traveller Community was otherized
ern European migrants extended beyond just political by vocal supporters of the Leave Campaign. The oth-
campaigning, with a Channel 4 documentary series erization and racialization of Romanies and Travellers
titled The Romanians are Coming garnering much con- by “White British” communities was based not on skin
troversy and protest (Andreescu, 2019). The framing colour but by perceived behavior and dress, with some
of this series portrayed Romanians at large as impov- interviewed members of the Traveller Community feel-
erished and as seeking to exploit the welfare system ing unsafe or judged when they visibly show signs of
of the United Kingdom and its job market (Andreescu, “Gypsyness”, including “Gypsy” names (Webb, 2019).
2019). The interconnectedness of xenophobia and the With digital media being a vital part of everyday
“Brexit” campaign was further analyzed by Hutchings life, antiziganist rhetoric in news and tabloid text can be
& Sullivan (2019). Their analysis further supports the spread much further than was once possible, through
fact that xenophobic beliefs underpinned support for social media and messaging platforms. In a 2014 study,
the Leave Campaign, where immigration controls were Oxford University’s Migrant Observatory analyzed the
presented as a means for an opposition to the migration rhetoric regarding migrants from Bulgaria and Roma-
of otherized peoples. These xenophobic underpinnings nia in both British broadsheet newspapers and the
were also directed at domestic racialized and other- British tabloid press including rhetoric containing the
ized groups, as identified by Virdee & McGeever (2017). word “Gypsy”/“Gypsy” (Allen & Vicol, 2014). This dig-
They further argue that the interconnected phenomena ital othering of the Traveller Community can be seen in
that defines “Englishness”, namely English national- broadsheets and tabloids, as identified by Allen & Vicol
ism2 ’ and a longing for empire, conjoin to reinforce the (2014): rhetoric containing the word “Gypsy”/“Gypsy”
politics of xenophobia displayed by the United King- was largely negative and tied Romanies generally to
dom Independence Party and former prime minister crime, and rhetoric containing the word “Roma” was
David Cameron. The interconnected nature of British tied largely to crime and poverty. It is necessary to fur-
xenophobia, nationalism, and Islamophobia created a ther examine the increased normalization of antizigan-
toxic campaign that “has normalized hatred towards ism in British Media and the effects of Brexit policies
immigrants” (Haque, 2017). on the Traveller Community.
The antiziganism present in both the Leave Cam- Institutional Ethnography
paign and the British media in support of leaving the
European union has been largely unreported. While Institutional ethnography (Smith, 2005) is a means
Andreescu (2019) did comment on the negative view of understanding the everyday experiences of individ-
of Roma in Romania presented in The Romanians Are uals through an analysis of their work, defined in this
2 The focus on English Nationalism, rather than British Nationalism, is important given that support for the Leave Campaign overwhelm-
ingly came from Rural England and Wales (BBC News, 2016).
https://ojs.lib.uwo.ca/index.php/jst/index 3Journal for Social Thought 6(1) • April 2022
case as “a metaphor to direct attention to everyday tion, such as health care, child protection, or television
practices in which people engage and that their labour news.” (McCoy, 2007, p. 703). The creation of these
produces. This includes formal participation in the systems and clusters clearly follows a formula of Text-
labour market and activities that people do that they Work-Text, which state that a Text first presents the
might not normally think of as work” (Bisaillon, 2012, reality, then Work is done to implement that text into
p. 620). Texts, described by Smith (2005) to be founda- systems, whereby the Text is finally activated to socially
tional to ruling relationships (p. 165) and consisting of coordinate further actions (Smith, 2005).
all information that can be replicated such as books and
images, are used to coordinate complimentary work Figure 1: REVEALED: How YOU pay for Roma gypsy palaces
- UK benefits funding Romanian mansions (Sheldrick,
from one institution to another in order to translate
2016)
individual experiences (actualities) into institutionally
actionable realities through cycles of Text-Work-Text
or Work-Text-Work. In these cycles, text is used to
coordinate some form of work, which then necessi-
tates the creation of some form of text. These cycles
can be viewed as part of a longer chain as well, with
work being done to construct coordinating texts, that
then coordinate further work. These sequences fol-
low a formula of an existing Text coordinating Work,
which results in the creation or distribution of new or
altered text. Through the use of texts that promote the
criminalization and otherization of the Traveller Com-
munity, such as the article “REVEALED: How YOU
pay for Roma Gypsy palaces - UK benefits funding
Romanian mansions” (Sheldrik, 2016) (see Figure 1)
as the primary base for understanding of the Traveller
Community, Work is done to find a solution to the
perceived issue, in this case the “Consultation: Pow-
ers for dealing with unauthorised development and
encampments” (United Kingdom Home Office, 2019).
The Text, in this case a tabloid article from The Express,
participates in complementary work, or work that ben-
efits work being done in another institution, in support
of Brexit; explicitly stating that “Leaving the EU is the
only way to stop UK benefits being spent on ‘gypsy
palaces’ in Romania, it was said last night” (Sheldrik,
2016). While not specifically focusing on the actualities
of individual lives of Gypsies, Roma, or Travellers in
Rudrum (2016) argues that “Although I make the the United Kingdom, an analysis of the complimentary
case that literacy in the study setting is relevant for work between news and tabloid institutions, as well
pursing a text-focused methodology, texts do not need as political institutions during the Brexit referendum
to be read by people to shape their lives.” (p. 2), citing as socially coordinated through text is necessary. A
the example of following laws to avoid punishment. collection of broadsheets, tabloids, activist documents,
The process of activating texts is of importance to In- and government consultations were gathered with re-
stitutional Ethnography, specifically in how and when spect to both the Traveller Community, to identify the
texts are invoked in a local setting (Smith, 2005). McCoy broader portrayal of Gypsy, Roma, and Traveller com-
(2007) notes that social relationships between individu- munities, and Brexit.
als and institutions, local or otherwise, are coordinated
using Text, which generate systems and characteristics Methods
of inequality. These systems function through institu-
tions, which are understood through how “. . . clusters Using the framework of Institutional Ethnography,
of ruling relations interconnect around a specific func- I collected articles from popular British media, such
https://ojs.lib.uwo.ca/index.php/jst/index 4Journal for Social Thought 6(1) • April 2022
as The Guardian, The Sun, The Daily Mail, and The preceded both by a more general demonization of mi-
Express, with headlines and/or content containing the grants from Central Eastern Europe, and by widely
words: “Brexit” with “Gypsy”, “GRT”, “Traveller”, popular and explicit targeting of the Traveller Commu-
“Roma”, “Romani”, “Benefits Fraud”, and/or “Mi- nity.
grant”. These articles were pulled from the media During the period of the Brexit campaign, the pre-
organizations’ own databases or from Google searches sentation of the Traveller Community in the British
containing those key words. Additionally, texts were media contributed to the further racialization and oth-
drawn from the Leave Campaign website, the UK Con- ering of the community. The negative stereotypes of
servative Party website, and the UK Home Office web- the Traveller Community as a danger to society have
site from the period of 2014 to 2020. To analyze these been further normalized, with the Travellers’ Times
texts, the institutional ethnographic understanding that identifying that media stories about the Traveller Com-
texts are created to coordinate work was employed to munity that overwhelmingly tend towards stories of
provide an understanding of how these texts coordi- crime, without presenting a voice from members of the
nated antiziganism within the Leave Campaign and Traveller Community (Travellers Times, 2018). With
government. many members of the Leave Campaign now being in
office, policies disproportionately targeting the Trav-
eller Community have been proposed and reviewed by
Findings & Discussion the Home Office (Wenham-Ross, 2019). The process
of translating the lived experiences of members of the
As mentioned previously, while recent scholarship
Traveller Community into the “reality” presented by
has identified a clear link between the Leave Campaign
media sources has been accelerated by the initiation of
and xenophobia, the effects that this rhetoric has had on
the Brexit referendum.
the Traveller Community have remained largely unex-
Not directly responsible for the otherizing of the
amined. Former UK prime minister David Cameron’s
Traveller Community, former prime minister David
speech at the European Council in December of 2013
Cameron’s press conference at the European Coun-
indicated that fears of migrants from states with large
cil (Cameron, 2013) brought the fear of migrants from
Romani populations were common among many EU
eastern European states with large Romani populations
leaders, though Cameron explains that these fears are
to the fore; calling to restrict migration from eastern
not supported by any empirical data:
Europe more generally, the former prime minister en-
gaged in “xeno-racism” against Roma:
. . . Well, we don’t have nearly good enough
figures on benefit tourism or indeed on any . . . The second point I make is, obviously,
forms of welfare tourism. We’ve seen some when it comes to the issue with Romania
very interesting figures recently on the NHS, and Bulgaria, part of this is about sending a
but it’s been a struggle actually to get de- very clear signal that not only – you know,
partments really to examine exactly what of course people are able to come and work,
the costs and what the numbers are. The but they shouldn’t assume they are able to
second point I make is, obviously, when it come and claim. I wanted to put that in
comes to the issue with Romania and Bul- black and white, with a new set of rules,
garia, part of this is about sending a very with a new set of restrictions in place.
clear signal that not only – you know, of Last point I make is we also need to exam-
course people are able to come and work, ine some of these benefit issues. I absolutely
but they shouldn’t assume they are able to do not think that it is right for instance that
come and claim. people can come and work in the UK with
their families at home but getting UK level
While Romany migrants from Bulgaria and Roma- child benefit back in their original country.
nia were not being directly targeted in this speech, (Cameron, 2013)
Cameron was more explicit in his targeting of the Trav-
eller Community in August of that year as reported on While Cameron’s remarks were predicated on the idea
by the Telegraph (Dominczak, 2013). This shift towards of “benefits tourism” from eastern Europe specifically,
explicit demonization of the Traveller Community in the idea that the Traveller Community was also ex-
the government of the United Kingdom in 2013 was ploiting the social safety nets in the United Kingdom
https://ojs.lib.uwo.ca/index.php/jst/index 5Journal for Social Thought 6(1) • April 2022
was alluded to in some articles and explicitly stated guage and practice that it is self-sustaining: Roma who
in others. While these fears have been expressed in are stigmatized as impoverished and helpless often can-
relation to many minority groups, the presentation of not get work and may end up begging on the street,
the Traveller Community as consisting of both domes- which means that stereotypes are confirmed” (pp. 25,
tic and international benefits fraudsters and criminals 26). This feedback loop can be seen in the way in which
was widespread following both Cameron’s speech and the Traveller Community is presented by the United
David Blunkett’s comments in 2013. Kingdom popular media, with the cycle of poverty
The foundations of this widespread antiziganism and crime being reinforced by the demonization of the
were established largely from articles published in The Traveller Community.
Sun, and The Daily Mail. The Daily Mail ran articles With the text regarding the Traveller community
with the headlines “Homeless migrants will be de- mainly being negative, the communities at large be-
ported and criminals from EU countries will be banned ing portrayed as crime-ridden and a hazard to non-
under tough new post-Brexit laws to be unveiled by Traveller communities, it is no surprise that many in
Priti Patel” (Barrett, 2020), an article which largely the public sphere held antiziganist beliefs. On several
focused on homeless Roma who are depicted as ag- occasions, high profile campaigners and supporters of
gressive; another headline read “Travellers are warned the Leave Campaign used antiziganist rhetoric to de-
to collect papers to prove their identity or face being scribe the Traveller community, ranging from to Nigel
deported after Brexit” (Sculthorpe, 2018). These articles Farage claiming that Romanian and Bulgarian Roma
reveal a larger trend from both these publications, with were “living like animals” in 2013 (Bienkov, 2013), to
the Traveller Community facing casual demonization calling the Traveller community a disease as was the
and stereotyping from media companies consumed by case with Paul Beresford in 2019 (Tolhurst, 2019). The
similar demographics as those who voted in favour of United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) has a
leaving the European Union. According to Becker et al. proven track record of racist remarks and policy plans
(2017), voters aged 65 and older had both the highest generally, with many remarks being made about both
turnout in the Brexit referendum (90%) and the highest the Traveller Community in the United Kingdom and
level of support for the Leave Campaign (60%). This Romany communities in Europe by party candidates
corresponds to the readership of surveyed UK voters and staff (Bienkov, 2013; Robinson, 2019; Walker, 2015).
aged 65+, as the Daily Mail, the Sun, and the Express, The combination of the frequent antiziganist
alongside their Sunday supplements, ranked as the rhetoric in the media before, during, and after the
most read newspapers by that demographic (Ofcom, ‘Brexit’ campaign has had a clear effect on the Traveller
2017). community and migrant Roma within the United King-
The media spotlight on the Traveller Community dom: an atmosphere of fear. Within all facets of life,
can be clearly seen following the Dale Farm evictions there is fear within the Traveller community that, in a
in late 2011, with antiziganist rhetoric being mixed post-Brexit Britain, the processes of government do not
with popular journalism in media sources from the have the wellbeing of the Traveller Community in mind.
BBC to the Express. This rhetoric continued beyond In a consultation on “Powers for dealing with unautho-
2011, particularly in The Sun, The Express, and The rized development and encampments” in April 2018,
Telegraph, with the Dale Farm Evictions being used the United Kingdom Home Office explained what pow-
as the frame of reference for new Traveller sites gener- ers local police must use to direct trespassers, who
ally. Along these same lines the creation of Traveller are largely from the Traveller Community, and seeks
sites or the sale of land to the Traveller Community to gather comments from communities on whether
were seen broadly as something to be avoided, with local police forces should be given further power to re-
the sale of land to Travellers being seen as “Hellish move those making unauthorized encampments from
Revenge” in one case (Ward, 2013). The occupation a given property. With the lack of Traveller sites being
of illegal sites by the Traveller Community was, and an issue in the United Kingdom, having only seen an
is, a focus of these publications, with The Express and increase of 2% between 2010 and 2017 (Friends Fami-
The Telegraph routinely alluding to the illegal Traveller lies and Travellers, 2017) in combination with the fact
Community-constructed structures at the Dale Farm that “Many Gypsy and Traveller families cannot buy
site. In his 2017 book Romaphobia: The Last Accept- land or gain planning permission for private sites”, it
able Form of Racism, McGarry notes that “Usually a is clear that the large minority of the Traveller commu-
stigmatized identity becomes so rooted in everyday lan- nity who makes their primary residence in mobile or
https://ojs.lib.uwo.ca/index.php/jst/index 6Journal for Social Thought 6(1) • April 2022
temporary structures have little choice but to reside myths about the Traveller community counter to the
in unauthorized encampments. Despite this reality, claims of local police departments (The Traveller Move-
and the agreement of 64% of police forces that a lack ment, 2020). It is evident that antiziganism, and the
of Traveller sites was the real problem (Dolling et al., presentation of the Traveller community as criminals,
2019), a further consultation from the Home Office has been enabled by a more widespread acceptance of
(from 5 November 2019 to 5 March 2020) considered xeno-racism as identified by Rzepnikowska (2018).
the possibility of either seizing the property of the Trav- The presentation of the Traveller community as
eller community if they are involved with trespassing more suseptible to criminal behavior through the over-
(without compensation) or banning the individuals in representation of criminal Travellers and Roma in the
question for a period up to a year. media is problematic. This is compounded by the guar-
Though these policies were not created as a direct antees of one of the ‘Brexit’ campaigns chief supports,
result of the ‘Brexit’ campaign, the effects of these poli- Prime Minister Boris Johnson. With the Prime Minister
cies being suggested and passed by a pro-‘Brexit’ gov- campaigning on a platform of “20,000 more police and
ernment in conjunction with the process of leaving the tougher sentencing for criminals” (Johnson, 2020) and
European Union are worth noting. The safeguards and texts in the United Kingdom promoting a message that
institutions which have upheld the rights of Roma in the Traveller community is more suseptible to crimi-
Europe would be restricted in their ability to advocate nal behavior, alongside many police and community
on behalf of the Traveller Community in the United members harboring antiziganist biases (The Traveller
Kingdom, making further restrictions and enforcement Movement, 2018), it can be predicted that an increase in
against the Traveller Community easier. These policies, policing will be applied disproportionately to the Trav-
which again were not explicitly part of the campaign, eller community. An increased use of police against the
have antiziganist effects compounded by the leaving of Traveller Community, to counter a percieved increased
the European Union. While the intentions of the ‘Leave susceptibility to criminal and anti-social behaviour be-
Campaign’ may not have been to harm the Traveller ing put forward by popular texts, would be counter to
Community, the construction of texts that implicitly the requests of activists within the Traveller commu-
and freely admit the disproportionate effects on the nity (Friends Families and Travellers, 2017) and police
Traveller community, discussed in the following sec- departments (Dolling et al., 2019) for more Traveller
tion, clearly show that leaving the European Union will sites to combat Traveller poverty and unauthorized
have negative effects on the Traveller community. encampements.
As previously mentioned, the usage of “Roma” Home office consultation regarding unautho-
and “Gypsy/Gipsy” in broadsheets and tabloids in rized encampments
the United Kingdom largely tied the communities to
crime and poverty (Allen & Vicol, 2014) which largely In order to present a broader understanding of the
continued throughout the ‘Brexit’ campaign. This per- nature of antiziganist text of the Brexit UK government,
ception of the Traveller community can be seen in text an in-depth analysis of “Strengthening Police Powers
presented as factual, as was the case with ‘Dispatches: to Tackle Unauthorised Encampments; Government
The Truth About Traveller Crime’. While a discussion Consultation.” (United Kingdom Home Office, 2019)
on the need for positive role models in media is beyond is necessary. The Consultation is broken down into
the scope of this paper, the overwhelming negative pre- nine sections, with sections one, three, four, and seven
sentation of Roma and the Traveller Community is a through nine being most relevant. This consultation
form of complementary work in the process of nor- began on the (05/11/2019) and ended on (05/03/2020),
malizing the criminalized perception of the Traveller and at the time of writing the results of the consultation
community. That is not to say that accurate representa- have not been published.
tions of historical events or peoples are unimportant,
and it has been made clear by members of the Traveller
Foreword
community and the Traveller movement that characters The foreword by Home Secretary Priti Patel begins
should be accurately portrayed (Travellers Times, 2014) with a discussion of the fortunate nature of those living
even if they are criminal, or have engaged in criminal in the UK, celebrating the rule of law and, notably, the
acts. Programs like ‘Dispatches: The Truth About Trav- respect for property. Home Secretary Patel briefly dis-
eller Crime’ from Channel 4, which presents itself as ac- cusses the previous consultation and how it drew upon
curate investigative journalism, spread stereotypes and comments from “a number of stakeholders including
https://ojs.lib.uwo.ca/index.php/jst/index 7Journal for Social Thought 6(1) • April 2022
local authorities, police forces, Gypsy, Roma, and Trav- able to direct people away from unauthorised sites.” (p.
eller communities and the general public on the scale 5, Par 3). Paragraph 4 further explains the precedent
of the problem.” (p. 5). This phrase is of interest as it set by the Republic of Ireland, with legislation regard-
identifies a problem to be solved, namely the idea of ing trespassing being further discussed in Part 4 of the
the Traveller Community trespassing. Home Secretary consultation. Home Secretary Patel further explicates
Patel continues, outlining the objective of the consul- the purpose of the consultation, stating that “This doc-
tation in the fifth paragraph, and stating in the final ument consults on whether criminalising unauthorised
paragraph that the government is seeking to ensure fair encampments would be preferable to the amendments
treatment of Gypsies, Roma, and Travellers “in a way we originally proposed to the Criminal Justice and Pub-
that facilitates their traditional and nomadic way of life lic Order Act 1994, and if so, how it should work.” (p.
while also respecting the interests of the wider com- 5, Par. 5).
munity” (p. 5). This foreword is particularly troubling Paragraph 6 of the consultation discusses the need
given the contrast in tone presented by Home Secre- for more interaction from travelling Gypsies, Roma,
tary Patel when she states that the UK has a “...proud and Travellers as it recognizes that the outcomes of the
tradition of promoting respect for the rule of law, for consultation will affect these communities most. Home
property, and for one another.” (p.5, Par. 1) as com- Secretary Patel also states that “The Government’s over-
pared to her statements about the Traveller community: arching aim is to ensure fair and equal treatment for
“It [The April 2018 Government consultation] sought Gypsy, Roma and Traveller communities, in a way that
views from a number of stakeholders including local facilitates their traditional and nomadic way of life
authorities, police forces, Gypsy, Roma, and Traveller while also respecting the interests of the wider com-
communities and the general public on the scale of the munity” (p. 5, Par. 6). This connects the idea that
problem. . . ” (p.5, Par. 2). the government only wants fairness for the Traveller
This reality being presented by Home Secretary Pa- community to other initiatives from the Ministry of
tel is troubling for several reasons. First, the claim Housing Communities and Local Government specifi-
that the United Kingdom is “One of the most tolerant cally for the Traveller community at large (though spe-
countries in the world” is presented alongside the cel- cific programs are not mentioned). These statements
ebration of a conceptual rule of law and respect for appear to show a fairness to the Traveller community
property. These ideas, namely ‘The Rule of Law’; a on the surface, but perpetuate the reality constructed
respect for property; and the idea that the UK is one throughout the foreword: that the Traveller community
of the most tolerant countries in the world, are all pre- are responsible for problems that need to be fixed.
sented as if they are self-evident and build a foundation These statements are also directly at odds with more
of the reality presented by the foreword, wherein the recent statements from the Home Secretary, where she
UK is presented as a desirable place to live, but for stated that Gypsy and Roma communities were funda-
the Traveller community violating the foundation of mentally separate from the Traveller community and
UK society. As seen earlier, this reality is elaborated alluded to all Travellers being criminals and dangerous
on in the second and third paragraphs when the pre- to the community:
vious consultation is discussed. Where the previous . . . The Home Office’s work in this partic-
section indicates that the consultation is presenting ular area actually refers to some of the
an agenda, note that it is stated “. . . on the scale of criminality that takes place, and that has
the problem. . . ” and not “to identify the problem” or happened through traveller communities
“better understand the circumstances of unauthorized [sic] and unauthorised encampments. Now
encampments”, directly identifying that ethnic groups that’s very different to Gypsy and Roma
are involved with or responsible for “the problem”, communities. The two are absolutely sepa-
“. . . Gypsy, Roma, and Traveller communities. . . ” being rate. Where we have seen criminality, vio-
the only ethnic/cultural groups being identified in the lence taking place. We saw one particular
consultation. traveller criminal - I can’t go into the details
Paragraph 3 meanwhile identifies that Home Sec- of this but basically, we saw a police offi-
retary Patel’s predecessor, Rt Hon Sajid Javid MP, had cer that was effectively murdered through a
announced that the government would amend sections robbery that took place by a traveller family.
of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 to So, there are things that do need to be done
“Lower the criteria that must be met for the police to be and looked at, but obviously from a Home
https://ojs.lib.uwo.ca/index.php/jst/index 8Journal for Social Thought 6(1) • April 2022
Office perspective we are absolutely doing amendments to sections 61 and 62A of the Criminal
that.” (Travellers Times, 2020). Justice and Public Order Act 1994 would be made to
increase the time a trespasser could return to the land
Introduction to a year from three months (p. 15). This presents
significant challenges for those who are targeted by
The introduction, pages 7 and 8, begins with a dis-
these amendments in combination with further pro-
cussion of “travelling communities”, and the distress
posed amendments that could enable police to seize
that unauthorized encampments put onto “local” au-
property (such as vehicles) as a method of removing
thorities and communities, then moves on to state that
“unauthorized encampments” and act as a deterrent
this distress was the impetus behind the initial con-
for establishing further encampments.
sultation in April of 2018. The consultation suggests
that the “Results were clear” (p. 7, par. 3) and that The Proposals
“significant problems are created by many unautho-
rised encampments” (p. 7, par. 3) such as a sense of Section 4 of the paper begins by outlining the Crim-
unease, intimidation, frustration for not being able to inal Trespass and site provision laws of the Republic
access public land and amenities, and waste left by of Ireland, and Scotland. The document notes that
encampments. The Home Office claims compelling while the laws of the Republic of Ireland make it an
evidence has indicated that stronger police powers are offence to trespass on land without consent, it does not
necessary to address the concerns of local communities. make it a criminal offense unless the encampment sub-
The Introduction briefly describes that amendments stantially damages the property or prevents the use of
to the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 be- the land by lawful users. The document then suggests
ing proposed, such as “to increase the period of time that the results of the 2018 survey indicate the gen-
in which trespassers directed from land would be un- eral view that criminalization of trespass would serve
able to return from three, to twelve months” (p. 7 both as a cost-saving measure for site clean-up costs
par. 6). The consultation again mentions the trespass and would ensure cost- and time-effective measures for
legislation in the Republic of Ireland (referring to it evicting trespassers. Whether or not it is true that this
as “The Irish Model”), stating that “The responses to is the general view of the respondents, the fact remains
our consultation demonstrated that most respondents that police, local councils, and Traveller rights activists
believe the Government should consider criminalising agree that it would be of greater benefit to create more
unauthorised encampments in England and Wales. . . ” Traveller sites rather than the criminalization of Tres-
(p. 8 par. 1). The introduction ends outlining that pass (Dolling et al., 2019). The document does clarify
the consultation would establish whether establishing that the government would both “stipulate that the
unauthorized encampments should be an offence, and landowner or representatives of the landowner must
whether amendments should be made to the Criminal take reasonable steps to ask the trespassers to leave”
Justice and Public Order Act 1994 as an alternative to (p. 10) and require that the trespasser knowingly be
criminalization. trespassing.
This introduction presents a problematic view of The second set of amendments centre around ex-
the Traveller community more broadly, repeating com- tending the range and ability of police to remove tres-
mon myths of nomadism representing the common passers, including questions such as “Should there be
way of life. While the statement that “The vast majority a maximum distance that a trespasser can be directed
of travelling communities reside in caravans on autho- across?” (p. 13). Taken in the context of a UK with
rised sites” is technically correct, it does not present misinformation and outright racism, from both the
an accurate picture of the Traveller community for rea- media and the Home Office, which targets Travellers,
sons identified previously. While the document itself this question implies a more insidious position: How
refers to “travelling communities”, the effects of these far away can we evict the Travellers? The solution to
proposed amendments would disproportionately fall the deficit of Traveller sites identified by Dolling, et al.
on the Traveller community. This distinction is impor- (2019) - namely, the creation of more Traveller sites -
tant, as it implies that the amendments would equally have been ignored, with the solution in the consultation
affect all travelling peoples (campers, backpackers, and appearing to be eviction to neighboring local areas or
over-land shippers) despite the statement of Home Sec- possibly beyond. Taken with further proposed amend-
retary Patel in the foreword. As noted in the executive ments to increase the time that a trespasser could not
summary, and further in the document, some proposed return to the property from three to six months (p. 14),
https://ojs.lib.uwo.ca/index.php/jst/index 9Journal for Social Thought 6(1) • April 2022
to grant police the authority to remove trespassers from of how the Traveller community will be affected by
“land that forms part of the highway” (p. 14), and to the United Kingdom leaving the EU must be explored
grant the police the authority to seize property from further from a multidisciplinary perspective. The Gov-
trespassers (including vehicles) as an alternative to ernment Consultations released by the Home Office
criminalizing trespass (p. 14), the amendments would in April of 2018 and in November of 2019 have set a
pose a significant threat to the ability of non-housed clear precedent that the Traveller community faces the
members of the Traveller community to remain on tra- threat of cultural damage, with the possibility of facing
ditional stopping places. prosecution for the use of traditional Stopping Places,
The consultation ends on an impact assessment or traditional temporary sites of residence. The effects
that notes the disproportionate effects on the Traveller of ‘xeno-racism’ on the Traveller community must also
community that is immediately followed up with the be further examined beyond the present understand-
statement, that “we also recognize the distress that ing. While anti-Traveller and anti-Roma aggression is a
local communities and businesses face as a result of multifaceted problem, identifying the exact effects on
unauthorized encampments” (p. 21). The separation individual communities and the nature of xeno-racism
of trespassers (who appear to be a stand in for Trav- affecting the Traveller communities will be the first step
ellers, taken in context) from the “local community” in empowering and ending the immiseration of the
shows a ‘xeno-racist’ bias, where Travellers are viewed Traveller community at large.
as a non-local threat despite Travellers being a part While these problems are pervasive throughout
of local cultural and economic communities. Despite British society, anti-racist organizations have been advo-
Home Secretary Patel’s comment in the foreword that cating for and with the Traveller community. Through
“The government is committed to creating a just and the Traveller Movement, and Friends Families and Trav-
fair country. . . ” (p. 5), the closing statement of the ellers, a campaign was organized to hold Channel 4
impact assessment, that “On the other hand, it is also accountable for the antiziganist “Dispatches: The truth
possible that coverage of these measures could rein- about Traveller Crime.” Academics, such as Dr. Emily
force prejudices against Travellers, even those who are Webb from the University of Leeds and Dr. Pamola
compliant with the law” (p. 22) suggests that little Gay y Blasco from the University of St. Andrews,
care was taken to ensure that these amendments would have done excellent work in elevating and empow-
not disproportionally affect Travellers. It is also worth ering voices within the Traveller community and of
noting that the phrasing of that statement indicates migrant Roma. These works are vital to not only under-
a bias toward the idea that Travellers are inherently standing the concerns of the Traveller Community and
criminal, with the document specifically closing the migrant Roma, but to further empower the Traveller
sentence with “. . . even those who are compliant with community at large. Though the Traveller community
the law” (p. 22)3 . The construction of this text and has been singled out in a Brexit United Kingdom, as
the work that will be coordinated by the passing of the eloquently observed by Wenham-Ross (2019) in “Con-
Police, Crime, Sentencing, and Courts Bill indicates a servatives Pledge to Target Roma”, significant work is
shift to antiziganist policy, influenced by the pro-Leave being done by the Traveller community to combat the
Campaign government. rising antiziganism that ‘Brexit’ helped normalize. This
work must be assisted in future by further academic
Conclusion study into the specific effects of this normalized abuse,
While the effects of ‘Brexit’ on migrant communi- especially on the self-esteem and economic structures
ties is evident, the extent and nature of effects on the within the Traveller Community, and through a broader
Traveller community must be further explored. With public understanding of antiziganism and its effects.
the antiziganist rhetoric being employed by the Leave Though this paper explores the nature of antizigan-
Campaign, and much of the Traveller community be- ism surrounding the ‘Brexit’ campaign, it is by no
ing “one of Britain’s most reviled communities” (Webb, means exhaustive. Further study is needed to portray a
2019, p. 1), the fact that there are negative effects on broad picture, and the effects on the Traveller commu-
the Traveller community is not surprising. The extent nity and migrant Roma remains to be seen. However,
3 During the period of editing this paper, the “Police, Crime, Sentencing, and Courts Bill” passed; however, an in-depth analysis of the bill
is beyond the scope of this paper.
https://ojs.lib.uwo.ca/index.php/jst/index 10Journal for Social Thought 6(1) • April 2022
the Home Office has, through consultation and recom- Ethnography. International Journal of Qualitative
mended policies, attempted to harm and restrict the Methods 11(5), 607-627.
cultural practices of the Traveller community. Not only Bourn, D. (2016). Global Learning and Brexit. Pol-
has this been brought to light by journalists such as icy & Practice: A Development Education Review, 23,
Wenham-Ross, but also by the Home Office: “In re- 188-199.
sponse to the original consultation, some traveller [sic] Burrell, K., Hopkins, P., Isakjee, A., Lorne, C., Nagel, C.,
groups, human rights groups and legal organizations Finlay, R., Nayak, A., Benwell, M.C., Pande, R.and
told us that criminalizing trespass would be a dispro- Richardson, M., Botterill, K., Rogaly, B. (2019).
portionate response that would impact on their way Brexit, race and migration. Politics and Space C.
of life. However, we also recognize the distress that
Calhoun, C. (2017). Populism, Nationalism, and Brexit.
local communities and businesses face as a result of
In W. Outhwaite (Ed.). Brexit: Sociological Responses
unauthorized encampments.” (United Kingdom Home
(pp. 57-76). Anthem Press.
office, 2019, p. 21). These policy recommendations
Cameron, D. (2013, December 20). Eu-
have ignored Traveller realities, and the expansion of
ropean Council December 2013: David
police powers to allow the seizure of property, amidst
Cameron’s Press Conference. Gov.UK.
the canon of Text that pushes stereotyping and crimi-
https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/
nalization, will only harm the lives and livelihoods of
european-council-december-2013-david-camerons-
Travellers.
press-conference
Cockroft, S. (2016, July 12). ‘We came here for the
References girls’: Scandinavian gipsies’ summer holiday in
England reaches Nottingham – and travellers
Allen, W., & Vicol, D.-O. (2014). Bulgarians & Romani- say the local women love their flash cars. Daily
ans in the British National Press: 1 December 2012 - 1 Mail. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-
December 2013. Oxford: COMPAS, The University 3686373/We-came-girls-Scandinavian-gipsies-
of Oxford. summer-holiday-England-reaches-Nottingham-
Andreescu, F. C. (2019). The Romanians Are Coming travellers-say-local-women-love-flash-cars.html
(2015): Immigrant bodies through the British Gaze. Crouch, C. (2017). Globalization, nationalism, and the
European Journal of Cultural Studies, 22(5-6), 885-907. changing axes of political identity. In W. Outh-
Barrett, D. (2020, October 21). Homeless migrants waite (Ed.). Brexit: Sociological Responses (pp. 101-
will be deported and criminals from EU coun- 110). Anthem Press.
tries will be banned under tough new post- Dolling, B., Gilmore, V., & Kirkby, A. (2019, Novem-
Brexit laws to be unvailed by Priti Patel. Daily ber 14). POLICE CALL FOR MORE TRAV-
Mail. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article- ELLER SITES, NOT THE CRIMINALISATION
8865621/Criminals-EU-countries-BANNED- OF GYPSY AND TRAVELLER FAMILIES. Friends
entering-UK-tough-new-laws.html Families and Travellers. https://www.gypsy-
BBC News. (2016, June 26). EU referen- traveller.org/news/police-call-for-more-traveller-
dum: The result in maps and charts. BBC sites-not-the-criminalisation-of-gypsy-and-
News. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics- traveller-families/
36616028 Dominczak, P. (2013, August 08). David
Becker, S., Fetzer, T., & Novy, D. (2017, October 01). Cameron: We’ll come down on illegal gypsy
Who voted for Brexit? A comprehensive district- camps ’like a ton of bricks’. The Telegraph.
level analysis. Economic Policy, 32(92), 601-650. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-
Bienkov, A. (2013, September 6). Nigel and-order/10230915/David-Cameron-Well-
Farage: Romanians want to move come-down-on-illegal-gypsy-camps-like-a-ton-of-
to a ’civilised country’. Politics.co.uk. bricks.html
https://www.politics.co.uk/news/2013/09/06/nigel- Elliot, M. (2020, February 06). Briefing:
farage-romanians-want-to-move-to-a-civilised- ’Leave’ looks like. Vote Leave Take Control.
country http://www.voteleavetakecontrol.org/briefing_
Bisaillon, L. (2012). An Analytic Glossary to Social newdeal.html
Inquiry Using Institutional and Political Activist Evolvi, G. (2018, October 10). Hate in a tweet: Ex-
https://ojs.lib.uwo.ca/index.php/jst/index 11Journal for Social Thought 6(1) • April 2022
ploring Internet-Based Islamophobic Discourses. A Twitter analysis of Indian diaspora supporters
Religions 9(10), 307-321. for Brexit and Trump. Media and Communication,
Evolvi, G. (2019). #Islamexit: inter-group antagonism 7(1), 77-89.
on Twitter. Information, Communication & Society Lulle, A., Moroşanu, L., & King, R. (2017, September
22(3), 386-401. 29). And then came Brexit: Experiences and future
Flemmen, M., & Savage, M. (2017). The politics of na- plans of young EU migrants in the London region.
tionalism and white racism in the UK. The British Population, Space, and Place 24(1), e2122.
Journal of Sociology, 68(S1), S233-S264. McCoy, L. (2007). Institutional Ethnography and con-
Friends Families and Travellers. (2017, December structivism. In J. F. Gubrium, & J. A. Holstein
12). FFT REPORT FINDS THAT GOVERN- (Eds.). Handbook of Constructavist Research (pp. 701-
MENT IS FAILING TO ADDRESS CHRONIC 714). The Guilford Press.
SHORTAGE OF GYPSY AND TRAVELLER McGarry, A. (2017). Romaphobia: The Last Acceptable
SITES NATIONALLY. Friends Families and Trav- Form of Racism. Zed Books Ltd.
ellers. https://www.gypsy-traveller.org/news/fft- Ofcom. (2017). News Consumption in the UK: 2016. Of-
report-finds-government-failing-address-chronic- com.
shortage-gypsy-traveller-sites-nationally/ Outhwaite, W. (Ed.). (2017). Brexit: Sociological Re-
Friends Families and Travellers. (2017, Decem- sponses. Anthem Press.
ber 1). Friends, Families and Travellers Robinson, C. (2019, October 31). Grimsby
Briefing: Lack of increase in Affordable UKIP councillor under fire for travellers
Pitches for Gypsies. Friends Families and Trav- site comments. Lincolnshire Reporter.
ellers. https://www.gypsy-traveller.org/wp- https://lincolnshirereporter.co.uk/2019/10/
content/uploads/2017/12/Lack-of-increase-in- grimsby-ukip-councillor-under-fire-for-travellers-
affordable-pitches-report-Dec-2017-FINAL.pdf site-comments/
Gusterson, H. (2017, May). From Brexit to Trump: An- Rudrum, S. (2016). Institutional Ethnography Research
thropology and the rise of nationalist populism. in Global South Settings: The role of Texts. Inter-
American Ethnologist, 44(2), 209-214. national Journal of Qualitative Methods 15(1), 1-8.
Haque, Z. (2017, March 28). Racism and In- Rzepnikowska, A. (2018). Racism and xenophobia ex-
equality: The truth about Brexit. Runnymede perienced by Polish Migrants in the UK before and
Trust. https://www.runnymedetrust.org/blog/ after Brexit vote. Journal of Ethnic and Migration
immigration-racism-and-inequality Studies 45, 61-77.
Hearn, J. (2017). Vox Populi: Nationalism, Globaliza- Sculthorpe, T. (2018, November 2). Travellers are
tion, and the Balance of Power in the Making of warned to collect papers to prove their iden-
Brexit. In W. Outhwaite (Ed.). Brexit: Sociological tity or face being deported after Brexit. Daily
Responses (pp. 19-30). Anthem Press. Mail. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-
Hutchings, P. B., & Sullivan, K. E. (2019, January 15). 6347403/Travellers-warned-collect-papers-prove-
Prejudice and the Brexit vote: a tangled web. Pal- identity-Brexit.html
grave Communications 5(5), n.p. Sheldrik, G. (2016, April 05). REVEALED: How
Jewish News Reporter . (2019, November 19). YOU pay for Roma gypsy palaces - UK ben-
Shoah Library Brands Government’s Stance on efits funding Romanian mansions. Express.
Traveller Communities ’shameful’. Times of Is- https://www.express.co.uk/news/politics/656553/
rael. https://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/shoah- Roma-gypsy-palaces-quit-EU-benefits-Brexit
library-brands-governments-stance-on-traveller- Smith, D. E. (2005). Institutional Ethnography: A sociology
communities-shameful/ for people. AltaMira Press.
Johnson, B. (2020, February 05). Our Plan | Swami, V., Barron, D., Weis, L., & Furnham, A. (2017).
Conservative Manifesto 2019. Conservatives. To Brexit or not to Brexit: The roles of Islamopho-
https://vote.conservatives.com/our-plan bia, conspiracist beliefs, and integrated threat in
Leave.EU. (2020, February 22). About Leave.EU. voting intentions for the United Kingdom Euro-
Leave.EU. https://leave.eu/about/ pean Union membership referendum. The British
Leidig, E. C. (2019). Immigrant, Nationalist and Proud: Journal of Psychology 109(1), 156-179.
https://ojs.lib.uwo.ca/index.php/jst/index 12You can also read
