The risk of saturnism on scavenger
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The risk of saturnism on scavenger
birds related to Ungulates
Provincia
di Sondrio hunting modalities
Bassi E.*, Ferloni M.**, Gugiatti A*.,
Pedrotti L.*, Di Giancamillo M. † & Grilli G. †
*Parco Nazionale Stelvio; **Provincia di Sondrio; † Fac. Veterinaria Univ. MilanoAUSTRIADecember 2005 - ‘Doraja’
RX of a pellet 2h post recovery
Höhe Tauern National Park
GressmannITALY (Trento) December 2008 - ‘Ikarus’
Release Area Recovery Area
Foto: Ivo Dalla Torre
PNStelvio
June 2008 Dec 2008 PNS (TN)
(BZ)
Acute lead intoxication
June 2009 PNS (BZ) Dec 2009 Switzerland
Dead in Wien. Liver: 0.64 mg/kg Kidney: 1.24 mg/kg
58.9 mg/kg of Pb in the thigh-boneIS THERE THE SAME RISK OVER
THE ITALIAN ALPS?
Michele MendiRaptors are subject to saturnism due to ingestion of carcasses Carcasse of red deer Cervus elaphus A. Pirola
Hunting: lead fragments in meat and viscera
(Hecht 2000)The hunting of the Ungulates over the Alps
a. Use of lead bullets (high fragmentation)
b. Hunting period: late summer - first winter
c. Hunted species: Roe deer, Red deer, Chamois,
Mouflon and Wild boar (in all kind of habitat)
d. Traditional practice of EVISCERATION on the
ground
e. Viscera deposition overlaps with the most difficult
period for the survival (nov-dec)
Claudio GotschBV in Sondrio province: a slow growth
Stelvio NP
SVIZZERA
Canton Grigioni
Bormio
Chiavenna
Tirano
BRESCIA
COMO Morbegno
subadults
Sondrio
adults
LECCO
BERGAMO Provincia di SondrioEXPERIMENTAL SURVEY: 2010-2012
“Evaluation of the lead accumulation”
TARGET: 200 viscera of shot
ungulates
PARTNERS: Provincia di Sondrio and Parco Nazionale dello StelvioAIMS
Development of an experimental methodology
for lead detection in shot ungulates (random sampling)
FREQUENCY and WEIGHT of the lead fragments
related to the hunted species and to the type of the firearm
and ammunition
Analysis of the INCIDENCE of the evisceration on the
hunting spot
More sustainable hunting practices:
no evisceration + not toxic shotsREGISTRATION DATA SHEETS - a)
Ricerca sull’accumulo di piombo nei visceri degli ungulati selvatici abbattuti
SCHEDA PER LA RACCOLTA DEI VISCERI
Nome operatore/i: ………………………………...............................................
N°contrassegno capo abbattuto .................................................................................. Codice visceri*: ......................
* solo se capo NON abbattuto a caccia
DATI RELATIVI ALL’ABBATTIMENTO: Abbattuto : Recuperato con cane ferito morto
Comprensorio Alpino: .............................................. Settore di caccia: ..........................................................................
Data abbattimento ................................. Ora: ............... Data eviscerazione: .................................... Ora: ......................
Nome cacciatore e telefono: ................................................................................................................................................
Capo abbattuto da ignoti Recuperato da ...................................................... Note: .......................................................
DATI BALISTICI
Calibro …………….……………………………………...............…… Velocità di uscita v0 (m/s) : ........................……..
(come indicato su confezione)
Cartuccia commerciale: marca: ………………...........…….……...… tipo palla: …......................... peso (grani): ..............
Ricarica: tipo palla: ....................….................. peso (grani): : .....................
Distanza tiro: 0-100 m 100-200 m 200-300 m >300 m
N° totale di colpi sparati: ...................... ........... N° di colpi a segno: ................. ...................REGISTRATION DATA SHEETS - b)
ESAME DEL CAPO ABBATTUTO
Camoscio Cervo Capriolo Cinghiale Sesso: M F Età: ................ Peso visceri kg ............
Indicare sulla sagoma foro/i di INGRESSO (I1, I2..) e foro/i di USCITA (U1, U2..)
testa N° fori di ingresso: ........... N° fori di uscit a: .............
scapola dorso ant dorso post
collo
coscia
spalla
addome
cassa tor.
zampe ant
zampe
post
Regione/i colpita/e (barrare con 1/più crocette): Testa Collo Spalla Scapola Cassa toracica Petto
Dorso (parte anteriore) Dorso (parte posteriore) Coscia Zampe anteriori Zampe posteriori Addome
Organi colpiti: Cuore Polmoni Fegato Stomaco Intestino Reni Non noto
Ossa colpite: NO SI quali? ...............................................
Raccolta visceri: Intestino Stomaci e milza Cuore Polmone Fegato Reni altro: ………………
Proiettile ritrovato: NO SI *, in quale regione: ......................................*(NB: allegare alla scheda tutti i frammenti del proiettile)
NOTE: ..................................................................................................................................................................................
L’OPERATORE ….…………………………………………PROBLEMS: 200 viscera to analyse
2.5 – 15 (23) KGCT INVESTIGATION of the
FROZEN VISCERA
CT Densitometer
Computed Tomography distinguishes the
density of the different tissues
a. 3D
b. Avoids lead underestimation (from overlapping)
c. Distinguishes lead from metals and other inorganic
componentsPositive freeze viscera submission to CR
(Computed Radiography)
Lattice grid to make easier the detection and
quantify the number of the fragmentsLung
Heart
From GRILLI
Computed Radiography: lead fragments
in heart and lungFragments
of lead and
copper of a
bullet
Foto GrilliRESULTS
38%
58
95 positive
negative
62%
N= 153
The 62.1% of the viscera contains LEAD!Lead in the viscera (in % and Number)
Number)
100% 0
90% 4
14
80% 32 8
70%
60%
50% 1 negative
40% 14 positive
32
30% 32 10
20%
10%
0%
Roe deer Red deer Chamois Wild boar Mouflon
LEAD % very high in
Roe deer (77.7%), Chamois (69.6%),
Wild boar (55.6%) and Red deer (50%)5 REGIONS
Head-Neck
HN Back (fore parts)
e r.
ld
ou ula
rts ind
h
S ap B
pa nd h
Sc
SS
a
Thorax
P
igh
TH
Th
TAccording to the shot region
Red deer - Positive viscera in % N= 32
Positive frequencies are
significantly different, among
23 %
Shoulder Scapula (SS) the species, in relation to the
43%
region crossed by the bullet
Thorax (T)
(Chi square=13,1, 6 gl, pNumber of FRAGMENTS in the VISCERA
12
10
n°individuals
8
6
4
2 Roe deer
0 Chamois
negat 21- 51- Red deer
< 20 > 70
ive 50 70 Wild boar
Roe deer 1 4 4 3 0
Chamois 6 5 2 1 3
Red deer 12 5 2 0 2
Wild boar 4 4 4 0 0
Lost lead fragments: mean weight 10 mg
In Roe deer up to 600 mg of Pb/viscera
In Red deer/Chamois up to 700 mg of Pb/visceraSince 2010
Analyses of carcasses of
Golden Eagle and BV
a. Internal ORGANS
b. Long BONES
c. Feathers
Bones:
Long term storage of Lead
For the future Stelvio NP and
Sondrio Adm.
Adm. would collect
samples of GE and BV (bones
(bones
and internal organs)
organs) from other
sectors (Museums,
Museums, Parks,
Parks,
Administrations)
Administrations) to analyse
them with a standard
procedure.Cause of date
Code AGE recovery recovery Bone Liver Kidney
imm
Golden Eagle Como 1,5 y electrocution 20-
20-oct-
oct-10 0,47 n.r. n.r.
Golden Eagle Parma n.r. 07-
07-oct-
oct-10 3,46 n.r. n.r.
imm
Golden Eagle Aprica 3y Intoxicatione 21-
21-may-
may-10 2,97 0,22 0,24
Bearded Vulture subad
PNAM 5y Avalanches 09-
09-Jul-
Jul-08 1,38 n.r. n.r.
Bearded Vulture adult Golden Eagle
Stelvio >7y Attack xx-
xx-may-
may-10 1,17 0,14
Bearded Vulture imm ’08 saturnism
Ikarus 1,5 y ‘09 ignote 17-
17-dec-
dec-08 58,9 0,64 1,24
Short toed Eagle imm
Svizzera 2y n.r. 0,89 n.r. n.r.
For bone concentration: 20 mg/kg has been
considered as threshold of a elevated exposure
and absorption of Pb
(Mateo et al., 2003; Pain et al., 2005).CONCLUSIONS and
APPLICATIONS
The general TREND of the survey seems clear
A new HUNTING REGULATION WILL BE INTRODUCED
IN SONDRIO PROVINCE
a. In the hunting season 2012-2013 lead bullets (used for the hunting to
ungulates) will have to be replaced by other type of bullets (with
reduced fragmentation or composed by other materials);
b. As an alternative, viscera will have to be completely removed
from the shooting place or buried
c. Information and dissemination activity towards hunters and wardens
of Sondrio province about the Saturnism risk.THE SOLUTION IS THE USE OF NON TOXIC SHOTS
Use of MONOLITHIC BULLET
- Free lead,
- No fragmentation
- Not too expensive
- Available for sale since Seventies
For instance:
Barnes X-Bullet (composed by solid copper)FURTHERS RULES ADOPTED
IN SONDRIO PROVINCE
d.) Ban to use lead bullets (caliber n. 7.5 – 12
excluded) over valley bottom starting from
hunting season 2013-2014;
e.) ban to shoot Corvidae and Cormorant
(Phalacrocorax carbo) for management purposes
with lead ammunitions7.000 flyers to inform on saturnism risk
THANKS TO
Provincia di Sondrio
Parco Nazionale dello Stelvio
Fondazione Cariplo
Alessandro Bianchi, Ettore Mozzetti, Alessandro
Andreotti, Comprensori Alpini di Caccia della
Provincia di Sondrio, Polizia Provinciale della
Provincia di Sondrio, IZS della Lombardia e
dell’Emilia Romagna, Luca Giraudo, Roberto
Tinarelli, Felix (Felice) Weber ed Ettore Zanon.
For viscera analyses:
Veterinary Univ. of Milan
Simone Borgonovo, Viviana Ferrazzi, Melania MoioliTo guarantee a
‘lead free’ pap
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