Taxonomy and Industry Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew - Monique S.J. Simmonds
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Taxonomy and Industry
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Monique S.J. Simmonds
Surveying
Vegetation Surveys
Rio Tinto (Simfer) – Guinea Simandou Iron Ore Project
Key activities:
Un-surveyed quarry
• Pre-mining botanical inventory/
vegetation mapping to identify species
and habitats of conservation
importance to minimise environmental
damage
• Capacity building
• Propagation protocols for priority
species
• Training of local botanists for
monitoring of priority species
• Seed collection and banking
• Genetic fingerprinting and analysis
priority species
• Economic uses/value of local species
Surveying Rio Tinto (Simfer) – Guinea Simandou Iron Ore Project
Vegetation surveys
•Highlighting the CPS
• Identification of Conservation Priority Species (CPS)
Marsdenia exellii
Raphionacme caerulea
• Capacity building
•CPS translocation & monitoring
Baseline Data for Conservation of Coffee Species Predicted distribution of Coffea arabica based on herbarium specimen data for the year 2080. Programme MaxEnt. Analysis by Justin Moat and Susana Baena
What plants are being
traded? Authentication
“Examination of traded plant parts or extracts
to determine they are fit for the purpose intended.”
Increased demand for plant based extracts in over the counter medicines/
cosmetics/herbal products.
Requests to authenticate plants/extracts in SUG
Year No. Incorrect (%) Toxic (No.)
1990 19 32 2
2000 998 30 15
2002 1321 33 21
2004 1454 32 19
2005 1645 30 17
2006 1756 26 21
2007 1684 25 15
2008 1564 23 10
2009 1768 29 9
2010 1760 28 7
2011 1679 38 3
2012 1166 21 38**
Sustainable
Uses Group
Santalum album From: Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen in naturgetreuen Abbildungen mit kurz erläuterndem Texte
WHAT DO WE MEAN BY SANDALWOOD
Which species?
Sandalwood
Family Santalaceae
Genus Santalum (other names: Fusanus, Eucarya)
(over 100 different taxa names)
Red Sandalwood = Pterocarpus santalinus
Sandalwood = Santalum album
Cost (£) of Sandalwood Essential Oils of Different Plant
Origin
700
600
Cost (£) per Litre
500
400
300
200
100
0
Amyris Santalum Santalum Eremophila Santalum
balsamifera spicatum austrocale- mitchelli album
donicum
Origin of Sandalwood Essential Oil
% Santalols in Trade ‘S. album’ Oils
Cis-α-Santalol + Cis-β-Santalol
Trans-β-Santalol + Epi-β-Santalol
100
90 International
standard
80 specification
Percentage Composition
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Sandalwood Oil (Sample No.)
Food Security
Illicium species
(Magnoliaceae / Illiciaceae)
• Species include:
I. anisatum L.
I. griffithii Hook.f.
I. majus Hook.f. & Thoms.
I. micranthum Dunn
I. verum Hook.f.
I. floridanum EllisAuthentication of Chinese Star Anise
Tip more hooked
Surface more knobbly
Illicium anisatum Illicium verum
Japanese Star Anise Chinese Star AniseAuthentication of Chinese Star Anise
by Thermal Desorption GC-MS
148
100 O
Illicium verum
77 117
105 133
91
% O
anethole
foeniculin
0
100
Illicium anisatum
%
0 Time
5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00TD-GC-MS chromatograms of three Illicium species
OCH3
148
11.71
100
I. verum
% 117
77 133
105
91
CH3
14.70 19.78
0
22.59
100
I. griffithii
%
14.48 25.15
28.02
0
28.13
100
O CH2
16.10
25.19
I. anisatum 37.41
O OCH3
%
33.73
5.80 12.81 28.43 37.03
11.50 20.89 25.95 31.73
7.19 22.98 38.46
14.48
0 Time
5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00Plant Names: Legislation
EMEA: European Regulator
EU Commission Decision #OJEC L 2.2.2002 L 33/31:
“the botanical variety Illicium anisatum Lour is scientifically
recognised as highly poisonous”
and barred from import into Europe.Ambiguity
‘Star Anise’ Illicium verum Hook.f.
some synonyms in use Illicium anisatum Lour.
Illicium san-ki Perr.
homonyms!
Bandianifera officianarum Kuntze
‘Japanese Star Anise’ (Toxic) Illicium anisatum Linnaeus
fish poison & horticultural
some synonyms in use Illicium religiosum S&Z.
Bandianifera anisatum Kuntze
2 further homonyms exist !!!
Illicium anisatum Bartr. ex. Michx
Illicium anisatum Gaertn.Poor Communication
gets into legislation
EMEA: European Regulator
EU Commission Decision #OJEC L 2.2.2002 L 33/31:
“the botanical variety Illicium anisatum Lour is scientifically
recognised as highly poisonous”
and barred from import into Europe.
in doing so they banned the import of Chinese Star
Anise!Taxonomy in labels
Example of errors in the ingredient names of a herbal product
imprecise vernacular name
mispelt Latin scientific name:
unknown entity
correct TCM plant species;
but author missing
imprecise vernacular name
mispelt Latin scientific name;
author missing
corrupted Latin scientific name:
probably refers to the red roots of
Paeonia lactiflora Pall.
animal ingredient (now illegal
in UK)
imprecise vernacular name
imprecise & mispelt vernacular
nameNames and
Pin yin names: beware of intentional mis-labelling
example: Chuan Bei Mu 川贝母
OFFICIAL Look-alike
bulbs of species bulbs of species
(UNOFFICAL)
Fritillaria cirrhosa
F. ussuriensis
- source of ‘Ping Bei Mu’
F. delavayii
F. unibracteata F. anhuiensis
1 cm - local ‘Anhui Bei Mu’
- not in ChP
top quality £60-100/kilo sourced from cheaper species
over-harvested - declining widely cultivatedRamin and similar species
Dalbergia nigra
Confiscated veneers for guitar making suspected as being D. nigra
Dalbergia nigra
Dalbergia spruceana
Dalbergia miscolobium Dalbergia retusaChemical analysis distinguishes woods of
Dalbergia nigra from D. spruceana
MeO O O
HO
299
100
D. nigra
80 dalnigrin
285 OMe
60
301
40 9.3
283 10.2
20 313
0
285
100
80
D. spruceana 283
60 269
285
40
271
301
20
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Time (min)Taxonomic expertise needed by: • Extractive industries • Pharmaceutical • Agrochemical/ agro industry • Food Sector • Cosmetic/household goods • Forestry • Regulators • Land surveyors • Legal System • Health providers • “consultants”
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