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cultural competencies for teachers of mĀori learners tĀtaiako Education Counc il New Zealand matatū aotearoa
Managing for success Ka Hikitia Māori achieving educational success as Māori E ngā iwi, tēnā koutou katoa. Genuine, productive relationships among teachers and their Māori students, whānau, iwi and wider communities E ngā tohunga, ngā pūkenga, ngā kaiako i ngā kura are vital foundations for effective teaching and learning. o te motu, tēnā koutou. This is the focus of Tātaiako: Cultural Competencies for E ai ki te kōrero: ‘Whāia te iti kahurangi; ki te tuohu koe, Teachers of Māori Learners. me he maunga teitei’. How much do the teachers know of their students’ history, Pursue the highest ideals; if you must submit, let it be to a tikanga and worldview – and how is this reflected in the lofty mountain. classroom curriculum and environment? What aspirations do whānau and iwi have for their young people? How All of us – families, communities, teachers – want our visible and involved are whānau and iwi in the teaching children to reach their full potential. This resource maps and learning culture of the school or early childhood out a path to the pinnacle of excellence. education service? For a number of generations, a significant proportion of These are the kinds of questions that Tātaiako will Māori students have not achieved well; have left school challenge teachers, teacher educators, early childhood young, without worthwhile qualifications, and without any education services and schools to answer. We strongly real options for work. endorse Tātaiako for everyone involved in education. We are looking to shift emphasis towards how Ka taea e tātou te taumata e tika ana mō ā tātou tamariki education can be delivered in the context of the vibrant kia piki. E kore tātou e tuohu! contemporary Māori values and norms, reflecting the cultural milieu in which Māori students live. 2
TĀTAIAKO: CULTURAL COMPETENCIES FOR TEACHERS OF MĀORI LEARNERS Tātaiako: Cultural Competencies for Teachers of Māori Learners is about teachers’ relationships and engagement with Māori learners and with their whānau and iwi. Designed for teachers in early childhood education (ECE) services and in primary and secondary schools, it will support your work to personalise learning for, and with, Māori learners, to ensure they enjoy educational success as Māori. Ka Hikitia – Managing for Success, the Government’s Parents and whānau play a critical role in supporting strategy for Māori achieving educational success as their children’s learning right from the start. Evidence Māori, emphasises the importance of the teacher– shows that learning outcomes are enhanced when learner relationship: parental involvement in school is sustained and focused on learning activities. Evidence shows that high-quality teaching is the most important influence the education system can have on Identity, language and culture count – knowing where high-quality outcomes for students with diverse learning students come from and building on what students needs. Evidence also shows that effective teaching and bring with them. Productive Partnerships – Māori learning depends on the relationship between teachers students, whānau and educators sharing knowledge and and students and students’ active engagement.1 expertise with each other to produce better outcomes.2 Ka Hikitia also stresses the importance of identity, These principles form the basis of Tātaiako. The language and culture – teachers knowing where their competencies are about knowing, respecting and students come from, and building on what students working with Māori learners and their whānau and iwi. bring with them; and on productive partnerships This is so their worldview, aspirations and knowledge among teachers, Māori learners, whānau and iwi. are an integral part of teaching and learning, and of the culture of the school or ECE service. 1 Ka Hikitia – Managing for Success: The Māori Education Strategy 2008–2012. http://www.minedu.govt.nz/theMinistry/PolicyAndStrategy/KaHikitia.aspx 2 ibid 01
Evidence shows high-quality teaching is the most important influence the education system can have on high-quality outcomes for students with diverse learning needs.1 THE COMPETENCIES CULTURAL LOCATEDNESS Each competency describes related behaviours for Cultural locatedness refers to the focus of the teachers at different stages of their teaching career, competencies at different stages of a teaching career. and what the results could look like for learners and For people entering initial teacher education (ITE), their whānau. Teachers will need to ensure they have and for graduating teachers, the focus is mārama: the competencies of all stages up to their current level. developing an understanding of one’s own identity, The behavioural indicators listed are not exhaustive language and culture; developing an understanding and can be developed further by schools, ECE services of the relevance of culture in New Zealand education; and iwi to include expectations relevant to the and developing an understanding of, and openness to, local context. Māori knowledge and expertise. The competencies are: For certificated teachers, the focus is mōhio: knowing • Wānanga: participating with learners and how to validate and affirm Māori and iwi culture, and communities in robust dialogue for the benefit of applying that knowledge. For school and ECE service Māori learners’ achievement. leaders, the focus is mātau: being able to lead and engage others in validating and affirming Māori and • Whanaungatanga: actively engaging in respectful iwi culture. working relationships with Māori learners, parents and whānau, hapū, iwi and the Māori community. USING THE COMPETENCIES • Manaakitanga: showing integrity, sincerity and respect towards Māori beliefs, language and culture. Tātaiako is an important resource for teachers, boards of trustees, educational leaders and providers of • Tangata Whenuatanga: affirming Māori learners professional learning development and initial teacher as Māori. Providing contexts for learning where the education. language, identity and culture of Māori learners and their whānau is affirmed. The Education Council has guidance for schools and early childhood centres on • Ako: taking responsibility for their own learning and using the competencies. You’ll find it at that of Māori learners. www.educationcouncil.org.nz. While the competencies are not formal standards For an online version of this booklet, or criteria, they are linked to the Graduating Teacher visit www.minedu.govt.nz/tataiako Standards and Practising Teacher Criteria developed by the Education Council. 02
TĀTAIAKO COMPETENCIES Ako Practice in the classroom and beyond Wānanga Whanaungatanga Communication, problem solving, Relationships (students, school-wide, innovation community) with high expectations Māori learners achieving educational success as Māori Manaakitanga Tangata Whenuatanga Values – integrity, trust, Place-based, socio-cultural sincerity, equity awareness and knowledge This design was developed collaboratively with the Ministry of Education and Haemata, in consultation with Māori, and gifted to this publication. 03
WĀNANGA Participates with learners and communities in robust dialogue for the benefit of Māori learners’ achievement. BEHAVIOURAL INDICATORS Wānanga has links to Graduating Teacher Wānanga has links to Practising Teacher Standards 5, 6, 7 Criteria 5, 11, 12 Entry to ITE Graduating Teacher Certificated Teacher Leader • Demonstrates an open • Knows how to • Uses specific strategies • Actively encourages, mind to explore differing support effective and protocols for effective supports and, where views and reflect on own teaching interactions, communication with appropriate, challenges beliefs and values. co-construction and whānau, hapū, iwi and Māori parents, whānau, co-operative the community. hapū, iwi and the • Shows an appreciation learner-focused activities. community to determine that views which differ • Communicates effectively how they wish to engage from their own may • Understands and can with Māori parents and about important matters have validity. describe the purpose whānau about their at the school/ECE service. and process of wānanga child’s learning. and its application in a • Actively and routinely • Engages with Māori classroom and community supports and leads staff learners, whānau, context. to engage effectively and hapū, iwi and Māori appropriately with Māori • Has the skills to communities in open parents, whānau, hapū, iwi utilise wānanga in the dialogue about teaching and the Māori community. classroom/ECE service and learning. and in interactions with • Actively seeks out, values • Acknowledges and parents, whānau, hapū, and responds to the views accesses the expertise iwi and the community. of Māori parents, whānau, that Māori parents, hapū and the Māori • Understands that Māori whānau, hapū and community. parents, whānau, hapū iwi offer. and iwi have expertise • Engages the expertise in their own right. of parents, whānau, hapū, iwi and Māori communities in the school/ECE service for the benefit of Māori learners. 04
outcomes Outcomes: examples of learner voice Outcomes: examples of whānau voice (MGF* 3.4) My teacher: • talks with me about my learning • Māori parents, whānau, hapū, iwi and Māori communities are key stakeholders in the • wants my parents, whānau, hapū, iwi and the school/ECE service. community to have a say and makes it possible • Our preferences are determining the kind • listens to my views and those of my peers of engagement we have with the school/ ECE service. • shares their views with me and my peers • We can engage with staff and the school/ • cares about what we think ECE service on our own terms and in our own way. • shares good news (and the not so good) with my parents and whānau • As parents and whānau, we are well-informed, feel confident and are part of what our • hears what my parents, whānau, hapū, iwi and children are doing at school. community say, expect and want. • Our knowledge and perspectives are well respected, highly valued and fully integrated in ways that benefit our children’s education. • I have good discussions with the teachers about my child’s learning. *The Measurable Gains Framework (MGF) assesses progress towards achieving the goals and actions of Ka Hikitia. 05
WHANAUNGATANGA Actively engages in respectful working relationships with Māori learners, parents and whānau, hapū, iwi and the Māori community. BEHAVIOURAL INDICATORS Whanaungatanga links to Graduating Whanaungatanga links to Practising Teacher Teacher Standard 6 Criteria 1 Entry to ITE Graduating Teacher Certificated Teacher Leader • Can describe from • Understands the impact • Has respectful working • Is visible, welcoming their own experience of their own identity, relationships with and accessible to Māori how identity, language language and culture Māori learners and their parents, whānau, hapū, iwi and culture impact on (cultural locatedness) whānau, hapū and iwi and the Māori community. relationships. on relationships. that enhance Māori • Actively builds and learner achievement. • Demonstrates a maintains respectful willingness to engage • Actively seeks ways to working relationships with iwi and Māori work with whānau to with Māori learners, their communities. maximise Māori learner parents, whānau, hapū, success. iwi and communities • Knows the importance that enable Māori to and impact of teacher– participate in important learner relationships decisions about their and the school/ children’s learning. ECE service–home partnership on Māori • Demonstrates an learner achievement. appreciation of how whānau and iwi operate. • Recognises the need to have learning • Ensures that the school/ relationships with Māori ECE service, teachers and learners, whānau, hapū, whānau work together to iwi and communities. maximise Māori learner success. • Has the tools and strategies to develop successful relationships with Māori learners, whānau, hapū, iwi and communities. 06
outcomes Outcomes: examples of learner voice Outcomes: examples of whānau voice (MGF 3.2) My teacher: • I get on well with my teacher(s). • We feel welcome and included. • My teacher knows my parents and whānau. • We have great relationships with the school/ ECE service. • My teacher treats me and my whānau with respect. • All of my interactions with the school have been good (even when there has been an • My parents, whānau and community feel issue, or I have had concerns). welcome at the school. • We have positive and productive relationships • My teachers are visible in the local Māori with teachers and leaders of the school/ECE community and at local Māori community events. service. • My teacher knows who my mates are. • I know my children’s teachers and the principal and they know who I am. • I know my teacher as a person. 07
MANAAKITANGA Demonstrates integrity, sincerity and respect towards Māori beliefs, language and culture. BEHAVIOURAL INDICATORS Manaakitanga links to Graduating Teacher Manaakitanga links to Practising Teacher Standards 3, 4, 6 Criteria 2, 7 Entry to ITE Graduating Teacher Certificated Teacher Leader • Values cultural difference. • Recognises own cultural • Displays respect, integrity • Actively acknowledges beliefs and values. and sincerity when and follows appropriate • Demonstrates an engaging with Māori protocols when engaging understanding of core • Demonstrates respect learners, whānau, hapū, with Māori parents, Māori values such as: for hapū, iwi and Māori iwi and communities. whānau, hapū, iwi and manaakitanga, mana culture in curriculum communities. whenua, rangatiratanga. design and delivery • Demonstrably cares about processes. Māori learners, what they • Communications • Shows respect for Māori think and why. with Māori learners cultural perspectives and • Can explain the are demonstrably sees the value of Māori importance of • Displays respect for underpinned by cross- culture for New Zealand acknowledging iwi the local Māori culture cultural values of integrity society. and Māori values in (ngā tikanga-ā-iwi) in and sincerity. school/ECE service and engaging with Māori • Is prepared to be classroom practices. learners, their parents • Understands local challenged, and whānau, hapū, iwi and tikanga and Māori culture contribute to discussions • Understands that each communities. sufficiently to be able to about beliefs, attitudes Māori learner is part of a respond appropriately and values. wider whānau and what • Incorporates Māori to Māori learners, their that might mean for a culture (including • Has knowledge of the parents, whānau, hapū teacher. tikanga-ā-iwi) in Treaty of Waitangi and and Māori community curriculum delivery and its implications for • Understands the Treaty about what happens at design processes. New Zealand society. of Waitangi and its the school/ECE service. implications for teaching • Can describe how • Leads and supports staff in New Zealand. the Treaty of Waitangi to provide a respectful influences their and caring environment practice as a teacher to enable Māori in the New Zealand achievement. educational setting. • Actively acknowledges and acts upon the implications of the Treaty of Waitangi for themselves as a leader and their school/ECE service. 08
outcomes Outcomes: examples of learner voice Outcomes: examples of whānau voice (MGF 3.2) My teacher: • respects my culture • The school/ECE service respects and embraces Māori language and culture. • treats me and my peers fairly and with respect • Being Māori is highly valued at this school/ • pronounces Māori names well, if not perfectly ECE service. • knows about the local tikanga • Our perspectives and our values are respected. • understands my sense of humour • The teachers care about our children and always talk positively about them. • uses te reo Māori in class and encourages us to speak Māori if we want. 09
TANGATA WHENUATANGA Affirms Māori learners as Māori – provides contexts for learning where the identity, language and culture (cultural locatedness) of Māori learners and their whānau is affirmed. BEHAVIOURAL INDICATORS Tangata Whenuatanga links to Graduating Tangata Whenuatanga links to Practising Teacher Standards 1, 3 Teacher Criteria 3, 9, 10 Entry to ITE Graduating Teacher Certificated Teacher Leader • Knows about where they • Can explain the • Harnesses the rich • Consciously provides are from and how that importance of local cultural capital that resources and sets informs and impacts on history in the Māori learners bring expectations that staff their own culture, values New Zealand school to the classroom by will engage with and and beliefs. setting and what this providing culturally learn about the local means for them. responsive and engaging tikanga, environment contexts for learning. and community, and their • Can explain how inter-related history. knowledge of local • Actively facilitates the context and local iwi and participation of whānau • Understands and can community is important and people with the explain the effect of the in supporting Māori knowledge of local local history on local learners to achieve in and context, tikanga, history iwi, whānau, hapū, the through education. and language to support Māori community, Māori classroom teaching and learners, the environment • Has the tools and skills to learning programmes. and the school/ECE engage local knowledge service. and history (or the • Consciously uses and people who hold that actively encourages • Actively acknowledges knowledge) to support the use of local Māori Māori parents, hapū, iwi teaching and learning contexts (such as and the Māori community programmes. whakapapa, environment, as key stakeholders in the tikanga, language, history, school/ECE service. • Understands that Māori place, economy, politics, learners bring rich • Ensures that teachers local icons, geography) to cultural capital to the know how to support Māori learners’ learning environment acknowledge and utilise learning. and how to maximise the cultural capital that that to enhance learning Māori learners bring to potential. the classroom in order to maximise learner success. 10
outcomes Outcomes: examples of whānau voice Outcomes: examples of learner voice (MGF 3.2 and 3.4): It feels good to be Māori at this school and my teacher: • knows how to involve me and what I bring to • The school/ECE service is like an extension of my learning our community – you can tell it is a local school. • is interested in what I know already • Iwi and Māori language and culture are increasingly being included in the curriculum • knows how to make things we learn relevant and school/ECE service activities. to us • We are involved in the classroom programme. • lets us learn about things we are interested in • The local school curriculum includes a lot of • knows about this area, the environment, the local tikanga, language and culture. local marae, hapū and whānau and how I fit in, in relation to all • We feel good about the way the school includes te reo Māori and tikanga in the curriculum. • encourages us to explore and talk about what happens around here, at the marae and with • They do a good job at linking what they teach my whānau to things our kids can relate to. • knows me as an individual, and how I am part of my whānau, hapū, iwi and community. 11
AKO Takes responsibility for their own learning and that of Māori learners. BEHAVIOURAL INDICATORS Ako links to Graduating Teacher Standards Ako links to Practising Teacher Criteria 4, 6, 2, 4, 5, 7 8, 12 Entry to ITE Graduating Teacher Certificated Teacher Leader • Recognises the need • Is able to articulate a • Consciously plans and uses • Actively displays a genuine to raise Māori learner teaching philosophy that pedagogy that engages commitment to Māori academic achievement reflects their commitment Māori learners and caters learner success. levels. to, and high expectations for their needs. • Consciously sets goals, of, Māori learners monitors and strategically • Is willing to learn about • Plans and implements achieving as Māori. plans for higher the importance of identity, programmes of learning achievement levels of language and culture • Understands that Māori that accelerate the progress Māori learners. (cultural locatedness) for learners come with prior of each Māori learner • Actively prioritises Māori themselves and others. knowledge underpinned identified as achieving learner achievement, by identity, language and below or well below • Can explain their including accelerated culture. expected achievement understanding of lifelong progress of Māori learners levels. learning and what it • Has a wide range of achieving below or means for them. skills, strategies and • Actively engages Māori well below expected tools to actively facilitate learners and whānau in achievement levels. • Positions themselves as successful learning for the learning (partnership) • Implements a teacher a learner. every Māori learner. through regular, purposeful appraisal system that feedback and constructive specifically includes • Is open to ongoing feed-forward. Māori learner achievement learning and understands as a focus. their own learning-style • Validates the prior • Provides and supports preferences. knowledge that Māori ongoing professional learners bring to their learning and development learning. for staff that strengthens • Maintains high the school/ECE service’s expectations of Māori ability to raise Māori learners succeeding learner achievement. as Māori. • Actively ensures that Māori learners have access to • Takes responsibility for high-quality culturally their own development relevant programmes and about Māori learner services. achievement. • Personally committed to, • Ensures congruency and actively works on, their between learning at home own professional learning and at school. and development with regard to Māori learner achievement. 12
outcomes Outcomes: examples of whānau voice Outcomes: examples of learner voice (MGF 3.1 and 3.2): My teacher: • lets me and my peers know when we’re • Every one of our children is achieving well at doing well this school/ECE service. • never gives up on us • As Māori parents and whānau, we talk with teachers regularly about our children’s learning. • knows what works for me and my learning • The teachers are all committed to ensuring our • asks us what we know children do well. • shows me how to learn • We determine the type of information we want to receive about our children’s learning and also • expects every one of us to do our best how that information is provided. all the time • As part of the Māori community, we can make • believes I can succeed decisions about the teaching and learning programme at the school/ECE service. • tells me that we are both responsible for how well I do – we both get to celebrate when I do • We know what our children are learning at well, or have to try harder if I don’t! school and can support them at home. • seems to enjoy learning from us too. 13
TĀTAIAKO summary Ako Practice in the classroom and beyond Ako – reciprocal teaching/learning; parent, whānau, hapū, learner, teacher (Ka Hikitia) Effective learning by Māori learners Effective pedagogy Effective curriculum for Māori learners GTS 2, 4, 5, 7 PTC 4, 6, 8, 12 Wānanga Whanaungatanga Communication, problem solving, Relationships (students, school-wide, community) innovation with high expectations Students, whānau and iwi engaging Effective relationships with Māori learners in discussions and robust debate Effective parent, whānau and iwi Effective learning and teaching Māori learners achieving Keeping connected interactions with students, Productive partnerships (Ka Hikitia) whānau and iwi educational success as Māori GTS 6 Reporting and co-constructing PTC 1 learning goals GTS 5, 6, 7 PTC 5, 11, 12 Manaakitanga Tangata Whenuatanga Values – integrity, trust, Place-based, socio-cultural sincerity, equity awareness and knowledge Effective Teaching Profile (Te Kotahitanga) Effective language and cultural Caring for Māori learners as practices for Māori learners culturally located beings Te reo Māori/reo ā-iwi Treating Māori students, whānau and iwi Tikanga Māori/tikanga-ā-iwi equitably with sincerity and integrity Place-based education GTS 3, 4, 6 All learning and interaction occurs PTC 2, 7 within a cultural context Knowledge of whakapapa – knowing who children are, where they are from and who they belong to Identity, language, culture GTS 1, 3 PTC 3, 9, 10 14 Note: GTS = Graduating Teacher Standards; PTC = Practising Teacher Criteria
GRADUATING TEACHER STANDARDS: LINKS WITH TĀTAIAKO Each of the Tātaiako competencies has links with one or more of the Education Council’s Graduating Teacher Standards. The key links are set out below. PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE Standard Two: Graduating Teachers know about learners and Standard One: how they learn Graduating Teachers know what to teach Key competency: Ako Key competency: Tangata Whenuatanga a. have knowledge of a range of relevant theories a. have content knowledge appropriate to the learners and research about pedagogy, human development and learning areas of their programme and learning b. have pedagogical content knowledge appropriate to b. have knowledge of a range of relevant theories, the learners and learning areas of their programme principles and purposes of assessment and evaluation c. have knowledge of the relevant curriculum documents c. know how to develop metacognitive strategies of of Aotearoa New Zealand diverse learners d. have content and pedagogical content knowledge for d. know how to select curriculum content appropriate supporting English as an Additional Language (EAL) to the learners and the learning context. learners to succeed in the curriculum. 15
Standard Three: b. gather, analyse and use assessment information to improve learning and inform planning Graduating Teachers understand how contextual factors influence teaching and learning c. know how to communicate assessment information Key competencies: Manaakitanga, Tangata Whenuatanga appropriately to learners, their parents/caregivers and staff. a. have an understanding of the complex influences that personal, social, and cultural factors may have on teachers and learners PROFESSIONAL VALUES b. have knowledge of tikanga and te reo Māori to work AND RELATIONSHIPS effectively within the bicultural contexts of Aotearoa New Zealand Standard Six: c. have an understanding of education within the Graduating Teachers develop positive bicultural, multicultural, social, political, economic relationships with learners and the members of and historical contexts of Aotearoa New Zealand. learning communities Key competencies: Wānanga, Whanaungatanga, PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE Manaakitanga a. recognise how differing values and beliefs may Standard Four: impact on learners and their learning Graduating Teachers use professional knowledge b. have the knowledge and dispositions to work to plan for a safe, high-quality teaching and effectively with colleagues, parents/caregivers, learning environment families/whānau and communities Key competencies: Manaakitanga, Ako c. build effective relationships with their learners a. draw upon content knowledge and pedagogical d. promote a learning culture that engages diverse content knowledge when planning, teaching learners effectively and evaluating e. demonstrate respect for te reo Māori me ngā b. use and sequence a range of learning experiences tikanga-ā-iwi in their practice. to influence and promote learner achievement c. demonstrate high expectations of all learners, focus Standard Seven: on learning and recognise and value diversity Graduating Teachers are committed members d. demonstrate proficiency in oral and written of the profession language (Māori and/or English), in numeracy and Key competencies: Wānanga, Ako in information communications technology (ICT) a. uphold the Education Council’s Code of Ethics/ relevant to their professional role Ngā Tikanga Matatika e. use te reo Māori me ngā tikanga-ā-iwi appropriately b. have knowledge and understanding of the ethical, in their practice professional and legal responsibilities of teachers f. demonstrate commitment to and strategies for c. work co-operatively with those who share promoting and nurturing the physical and emotional responsibility for the learning and well-being safety of learners. of learners Standard Five: d. are able to articulate and justify an emerging personal, professional philosophy of teaching Graduating Teachers use evidence to and learning. promote learning Key competencies: Wānanga, Ako a. systematically and critically engage with evidence to reflect on and refine their practice 16
PRACTISING TEACHER CRITERIA: LINKS WITH tĀtaiako The Tātaiako competencies have links to the Education Council’s Practising Teacher Criteria. The key links are set out below. Professional relationships Professional knowledge and professional values in practice 1. establish and maintain effective professional 6. conceptualise, plan and implement an appropriate relationships focused on the learning and learning programme well-being of all ākonga Key competency: Ako Key competency: Whanaungatanga 7. promote a collaborative, inclusive and supportive 2. demonstrate commitment to promoting the learning environment well-being of all ākonga Key competency: Manaakitanga Key competency: Manaakitanga 8. demonstrate in practice their knowledge and 3. demonstrate commitment to bicultural partnership understanding of how ākonga learn in Aotearoa New Zealand Key competency: Ako Key competency: Tangata Whenuatanga 9. respond effectively to the diverse language 4. demonstrate commitment to ongoing professional and cultural experiences, and the varied strengths, learning and development of personal interests and needs of individuals and groups professional practice of ākonga Key competency: Ako Key competency: Tangata Whenuatanga 5. show leadership that contributes to effective 10. work effectively within the bicultural context of teaching and learning Aotearoa New Zealand Key competency: Wānanga Key competency: Tangata Whenuatanga 11. analyse and appropriately use assessment information that has been gathered formally and informally Key competency: Wānanga 12. use critical inquiry and problem-solving effectively in their professional practice Key competency: Wānanga, Ako 17
Education Counc i l Ministry of Education © Crown copyright, 2011 New Zealand matatū aotearoa 45-47 Pipitea Street All rights reserved, enquiries should be PO Box 1666, Thorndon made to the publisher. Wellington 6140 First published in August 2011 Phone +64 4 463 8000 978-0-908347-08-7 Tātaiako (print) www.minedu.govt.nz 978-0-908347-09-4 Tātaiako (online) 18
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