Strategy Midwaste Regional Waste Avoidance & Resource Recovery
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Midwaste Regional
2014-2021
Waste Avoidance &
Resource Recovery
Strategy
VISION: Midwaste member councils will use Innovative approaches for increasing Diversion rates to meet the NSW WARR Strategy targets; prioritising waste Avoidance and behaviour change, Sustainable regional solutions, collaboration, and consideration of appropriate Technology for positive Environmental, social and economic outcomes. Acknowledgements: Midwaste would like to acknowledge the contributions and input from member Councils, Midwaste contractors and the NSW EPA. Funding for the development of this Strategy has been provided by the NSW EPA Waste Less, Recycle More initiative. Disclaimer: The background document and structure for this strategy has been prepared by MRA Consulting Group for the Midwaste Regional Waste Forum in accordance with the terms and conditions of appointment. MRA Consulting Group (ABN: 13 143 273 812) cannot accept any responsibility for any use of or reliance on the contents of this report by any third party. This document is printed on FSC Certified, carbon neutral paper. 02 - MIDWASTE REGIONAL WARR STRATEGY
Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04
1.1. The region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04
1.2. Introduction to strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06
1.3. Policy Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06
2. Where are we today? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09
2.1. Population and demographic information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09
2.2. Waste and resource recovery tonnage data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3. Waste and resource recovery collection and processing systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4. Municipal solid waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5. Waste and resource recovery collection, processing and disposal contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.6. Current and planned waste and recycling infrastructure within the region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3. Where do we want to get to? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.1. Vision for the strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.2. Key result areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.3. Targets & performance measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4. How are we going to get there? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.1. Key Result Area 1: Avoid and reduce waste generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.2. Key Result Area 2: Increase recycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.3. Key Result Area 3: Divert more waste from landfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.4. Key Result Area 4: Manage problem wastes better . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.5. Key Result Area 5: Reduce litter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.6. Key Result Area 6: Reduce illegal dumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5. How will the strategy be implemented? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6. Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7. Appendix: Data Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
MIDWASTE REGIONAL WARR STRATEGY - 03
1. Introduction 1.1. The region The Midwaste Regional Waste Forum (Midwaste) comprises eight Councils located on the Mid North Coast of New South Wales (Figure 1.1). Bellingen Shire, Coffs Harbour City and Nambucca Shire form the northern sub-region, Kempsey Shire and Port Macquarie-Hastings form the mid sub-region and Gloucester Shire, Great Lakes and Greater Taree City comprise the southern sub-region. Together, the 8 Midwaste Councils encompass approximately 21,000 square kilometres. Major industries in the region are farming and logging and the coast is a popular destination for tourists, families and retirees. Seasonal variations in population, due to the influx of tourists during the peak holiday periods, add a level of complexity to the region’s waste management. Waste generated from the additional population influences both the composition and the quantity of waste generated during the holiday seasons. 04 - MIDWASTE REGIONAL WARR STRATEGY
CAIRNCROSS
PORT MACQUARIE
WAUCHOPE
COMBOYNE
DUNBOGAN
City
WMC & TS
TS
Figure 1.1 Midwaste Region and Location of waste management centres and transfer stations
MIDWASTE REGIONAL WARR STRATEGY - 05
1.2. Introduction to strategy Effective waste management is a fundamental responsibility for the NSW community as well as the global community. Without it, we risk compromising our environment, our health and our economy. Midwaste Councils are responsible for delivering key resource and waste management services to residents in the region. Rates of recycling are increasing; however, waste generation is also increasing, resulting in higher landfill tonnages despite improvements in technology and management. Midwaste embraces the importance placed by the NSW Government on waste and is committed to developing long-term strategies that strengthen resource recovery and prevent unnecessary waste. Midwaste has had a Waste Management and Resource Recovery Plan in place since 2003 that has provided the necessary guidance for waste management in the region. Having worked together as a group for over a decade, Midwaste members have made significant gains in regional collaboration on infrastructure, regional contracts and projects. In order to continue building on the existing momentum and take advantage of the opportunities presented by the NSW Government’s Waste Less, Recycle More initiative, Midwaste has developed this regional Waste Avoidance and Resource Recovery (WARR) strategy. This strategy is the result of a collaborative effort involving all group members. An initial series of regional and sub-regional consultation sessions has been followed by continued discussions and reviews of the draft to ensure that the issues and priorities of all group members have been addressed. It is envisaged that the strategy will guide Midwaste’s regional waste management practices for the next 8 years and represents an opportunity for positive change through the continuing improvement of the region’s waste management landscape. The strategy identifies a number of initiatives, actions and waste management solutions that comply with environmental, safety and legislative requirements in order to achieve the highest possible levels of waste diversion from landfill and encourage waste minimisation. It provides the basis for improving solid waste management services and facilities in the region and considers: • alternative service delivery options for kerbside waste collection where appropriate; • maximisation of the operational efficiency of landfills; • opportunities for innovative educational activities and collaboration between member Councils and community; • how to best reduce illegal dumping and littering in the regional context; and • examining the most suitable options for dealing with problem waste streams. This document outlines the current policy situation in national, state and local governments, details the current state of the region (Section 2), identifies Midwaste’s goals and objectives through the strategic framework (Section 3) and describes ways for achieving (Section 4) and implementing (Section 5) those goals. 1.3. Policy Context State Governments in Australia have long been focusing on waste and resource management within their ju- risdiction through legislation, guidelines and the development of strategies, plans and policies. The Australian Government, through the Environmental Protection and Heritage Council, produced the first National Waste Policy for Australia in 2009 (released in 2010). State Government efforts have fed into the National Waste Policy which in turn is now helping shape state strategies. 1.3.1. National Framework The Commonwealth Government has limited constitutional powers to engage directly in domestic waste 06 - MIDWASTE REGIONAL WARR STRATEGY
management issues. This responsibility rests largely with state, territory and local governments. However,
the Commonwealth Government has recently taken on a strategic involvement in waste policy development,
releasing the National Waste Policy in 2010. Table 1.1 gives a brief overview of key National policies relating
to waste.
Table 1.1 National Regulatory Framework
Policy/ Relevant goals and targets
Regulatory
Instrument
The National The aims of the National Waste Policy are to:
Waste Policy Avoid the generation of waste, reduce the amount of waste (including hazardous waste) for disposal,
manage waste as a resource and ensure that waste treatment, disposal, recovery and re-use is
undertaken in a safe, scientific and environmentally sound manner, and contribute to the reduction in
greenhouse gas emissions, energy conservation and production, water efficiency and the productivity
of the land.
A number of strategies have been identified within the National Waste Policy, which are to be
pursued through a multi-jurisdictional approach. These include a national framework for product
stewardship and extended producer responsibility.
The product stewardship framework will provide support through voluntary accreditation of
community and industry run recycling schemes. Key areas of focus will include mercury containing
lights, tyres, packaging, workplace recycling, public place recycling, television and computer
recycling.
Carbon Pricing The Australian Federal government announced the details of its CPM in July 2011. Under the carbon
Mechanism price, around 500 of the biggest polluters in Australia (190 of them landfills) will need to buy and
(CPM) surrender to the Government a permit for every tonne of carbon pollution they produce. Liable
entities are those facilities that meet an emissions threshold of at least 25,000 tonnes of carbon
dioxide equivalent released per annum.
The Coalition Government elected in 2013, has released a Direct Action policy and is moving to
repeal the CPM.
1.3.2. State Framework
The New South Wales State Framework consists of legislation, guidelines, development plans and strategies
pertaining to waste management, as summarised in Table 1.2.
Table 1.2 Relevant NSW Waste Controls
Legislation Relevant goals and targets
•E
nvironmental Planning and Assessment (EP&A) Act 1979 • Waste Avoidance and Resource Recovery (WARR) Strategy 2007
• Protection of Environment Operations (POEO) Act 1997 • Extended Producer Responsibility Priority Statement 2010
• Waste Reduction and Purchasing Policy (WRAPP)
• Waste Avoidance and Resource Recovery (WARR) Act 2001
• Waste Less Recycle More Initiative 2013
•P
rotection of the Environment Operations (Waste)
Regulation 2005 • ‘NSW 2021: A Plan to make NSW number one’
•P
rotection of Environment Operations (Waste) • Draft Waste Avoidance and Resource Recovery Strategy (WARR)
Amendment (Residue Wastes) Regulation 2005 2014 – 2021
MIDWASTE REGIONAL WARR STRATEGY - 07The NSW Government’s objective is to provide a clear and consistent regulatory and policy framework that
minimises harm to the environment and encourages waste avoidance and resource recovery. This framework
uses a mix of legislative, policy, educational and economic tools.
The NSW Government administers the waste regulatory framework through the state’s primary environment
protection legislation, the Protection of the Environment Operations (POEO) Act 1997, together with the Waste
Avoidance and Resource Recovery (WARR) Act 2001 and the Protection of the Environment Operations (Waste)
Regulation 2005. These key statutes contain the requirements for managing, storing, transporting, processing,
recovering and disposing of waste.
The ‘NSW 2021: A plan to make NSW number one’, encourages groups of local councils to develop Regional
Waste Strategies. Regional collaboration of local councils will be critical to the delivery of the ‘Waste Less,
Recycle More’ initiative and for local councils to realise the benefits of the $465.7 million funding opportunities
available through the initiative to transform waste and recycling in NSW.
1.3.3. Local Framework
Table 1.3 summarises some of the policies and strategies that pertain to waste management at the local and
Midwaste regional level.
Table 1.3 Local Regulatory Framework
Policy/ Relevant goals and targets
Regulatory
Instrument
Local The Local Government Act 1993 requires all councils in NSW to raise a charge on domestic premises where a
Government Act waste collection service is available. In addition, councils must also promote a more responsible, sustainable
1993 and integrated approach to waste management. This includes the provision of education to residents,
businesses and developers, other waste management services, waste policy and law enforcement.
Local governments’ responsibilities in Australia generally extend no further than MSW. Local governments
have little or no regulatory control over waste generated from C&I sources. Councils cannot compel
businesses to recycle or direct them to take their waste to a particular location or dispose of it in a particular
way. However, as owners of the majority of landfills in Australia, councils can drive reform via their landfill
pricing and waste acceptance/rejection policies
Midwaste During 2008, Midwaste compiled a waste strategy aiming to advocate for best practice sustainable waste
Regional Waste management and resource recovery by utilising principles of sustainability.
Strategy 2009- Midwaste members developed a suite of objectives and, to achieve these objectives, a Vision, Guiding Principles,
2012 Goals and Key Focus Areas and implementation plan for 2009-2012 with specific Programs and Actions.
Midwaste Agreement by the eight member councils to work cooperatively in relation to waste issues was formalised
Memorandum of with an MOU, signed by all General Managers late in 2012. The document outlines membership, broad aims
Understanding and objectives, governance procedures, expectations and functions of the working group.
2012
Midwaste Midwaste completed a Regional Waste Avoidance and Resource Recovery Plan for the period of 2012-2015.
Regional WARR Midwaste aims to be a “leader in best practice waste management and resource recovery by utilising the principles
Plan 2012-2015 of sustainability in the attainment of the Waste and Resource Recovery Strategy targets”. The Regional WARR
Plan aims to achieve this goal as well as provide cost savings and efficiencies through collaboration and sharing of
resources between Midwaste members. This Strategy is incorporating relevant aspects of the existing WARR Plan.
Individual A number of Midwaste member councils have developed and implemented, or are in the process of
Council developing, Council specific waste strategies. These are additional and complimentary to the regional
strategies strategy and it is expected that, when updated, they will be aligned with both the Midwaste WARR 2014-
2021 and the NSW WARR strategy 2013.
08 - MIDWASTE REGIONAL WARR STRATEGY2. Where are we today?
This section provides a regional waste profile and review of current services, performance and contractual
commitments. This baseline position will be used to support decisions regarding target setting, infrastructure
needs and future options. It will also serve to measure progress when monitoring and updating the strategy.
2.1 Population and demographic information
Population, household numbers and other demographics (Table 2.1) are key factors that influence the
levels and trends in waste generation within the region. Fluctuating holiday population is also an important
consideration, with coastal areas in particular experiencing a population surge in the summer months. The
Midwaste region receives an average of 3 million visitors who stay a night or more per year. Adding those
who visit just for the day more than doubles this figure.
Table 2.1 Population and demographic profile
Council Population a Projected Total Number % Single Unit % Multi Unit Socio –
Population of Individual Dwellings Dwellings Economic
2021 Households b (SUDs) b (MUDs) b Index a (rank c)
Bellingen 12,886 13,392 3,882 94% 6% 50
Coffs Harbour 70,933 80,980 31,646 92% 8% 67
Nambucca 19,286 23,012 8,087 96% 4% 10
Kempsey 29,188 34,017 12,646 82% 18% 6
Port Macquarie- 74,949 86,496 32,918 94% 6% 81
Hastings
Gloucester 4,974 5,316 2,607 97% 3% 52
Great Lakes 47,955 40,325 20,437 68% 32% 31
Greater Taree 35,601 52,163 21,731 92% 8% 14
Region 295,772 335,701 133,954
Source/Notes: a) ABS (2011/12 data)
b) Local Government Data Return 2011-2012
c) All NSW areas are ordered from the lowest to highest score, then the area with the lowest score is given a rank of 1, highest rank is 153.
According to the 2011 census the region had approximately 112,800 dwellings with an average household
size of 2.3. Throughout the last decade, the Midwaste region has experienced a steady increase in population
from approximately 267,400 in 2001 to 295,700 in 2011. The population growth per Council for the last 5
years is shown in Figure 2.1.
Councils vary significantly in size, population and population density. Population densities range from 1.7
persons/km2 in Gloucester to 60.4 persons/km2 in Coffs Harbour. The region’s permanent residents are less
ethnically and culturally diverse (12.2% with both parents born overseas) than the average in NSW (36.7%).
The median age is 47 years which is significantly older than the NSW average of 38 years. People aged over
65 years make up 24.2% of the population.
The economic index ranking varies significantly across the region, including 2 of the lowest ranking areas in
NSW. With the exception of Port Macquarie-Hastings, all regions are ranked in the lower half of the given
rankings (Table 2.1).
Destination NSW data
1
ABS data 2011/12
2
MIDWASTE REGIONAL WARR STRATEGY - 09Population Trends 2007 - 2012 (ABS Population Data)
07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12
90,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
n
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Figure 2.1 Midwaste region residential population 2007-2011
2.1.1 Future development forecasts and population growth
Despite an apparent slight decrease in population during 2011/12, the region’s population is expected
to continue growing. The NSW Department of Planning and Infrastructure estimates that the region will
see an increase in population of 27% by 2031.
The region as a whole, due to its warm weather and coastal lifestyle, is a popular destination for retirees,
families and holidaymakers. These factors are assumed to be behind this expected population growth
and will likely drive further development. In turn this will most likely lead to an increase in the region’s
total waste generation that will be additional to that caused by the usual increase in the per capita
generation of waste.
2.2. Total waste and resource recovery tonnage data (all streams)
The Midwaste Region generated approximately 376,000 tonnes of waste in 2012/2013, down
from 410,000 tonnes in 2011/12.3 Figure 2.2 illustrates waste generation from the region for all
three major waste streams in 2011-12 and 2012-13. Waste generation from the construction
and demolition (C&D) sector stayed relatively static at just under 30% of the total. There was a
significant increase in the municipal solid waste (MSW) generation from 49% to 56% and a decrease in
commercial and industrial (C&I) waste generation. The waste indicated in ‘Other’ is unexpected waste
such as contaminated soils or flood waste that was disposed to landfill. Data provided for domestic
kerbside waste generation is reliable as the streams are single source and weighed by the collection
contractors. The remaining MSW streams (street litter bins, bulky goods clean up collections, Council
operations) C&I and C&D are less reliable due to discrepancies in individual collection systems, coding,
weighbridge accessibility and reporting requirements. Table 1 in the Appendix provides more detail for
each member Council.
Waste generated includes landfilled waste as well as any material diverted through reuse, recycling, composting and other means.
3
10 - MIDWASTE REGIONAL WARR STRATEGYRecovery
Recovery
Rates
Rates
by Sector
by Sector
2011/12
2011/12
2012-13 2011-12 70% 70%
Other
2% 53% 53%
C&D C&D
28% 29%
MSW 35% 35%
MSW 49%
56%
C&I C&I 18% 18%
14% 22%
0% 0%
MSW MSW C&I C&I C&D C&D
Figure 2-2 Regional waste generation by sector 2012-13 and
2011-12 Figure 2-3 Diversion rates by sector 2011-12
In 2011/12, approximately 120,000t of material was recovered from the MSW waste stream (53%
recovery), 51,000t from the C&I waste stream (55% recovery) and 79,000t from the C&D waste
stream (67% recovery). Midwaste Councils continue being some of the best and most progressive
MSW recyclers in the State. Data efficacy in relation to C&I and C&D recovery performance is
uncertain and indications are that C&I and C&D recovery are areas in which there are still significant
gains to be made. Figure 2.3 shows the reported diversion rate for each sector for 2011-12.
2.3 Waste and resource recovery collection and processing systems for MSW
Although the three sub-regions that make up Midwaste have slight variations in waste services
and infrastructure, they all provide a comprehensive waste and resource collection system to the
region’s residents. Residual, recycling and organics collection services are offered by all Councils and
both the northern and mid sub-regions include food organics with their garden organics bin. In the
north this is compulsory whereas currently in the mid sub-region it is a voluntary opt in system. 4
Members of the southern sub-region have not yet incorporated food organics collection in their
garden organics bin (Table 2.2).
Member Councils also provide opportunities for the recovery or safe disposal for a range of other
materials that are not placed in the kerbside collection bins. Such items include scrap metal,
e-waste, hazardous waste, bulky goods and safe sharps disposal. Collection services and/or drop
off facilities are provided for the management of these wastes, varying slightly amongst member
councils. Combined with targeted education and information campaigns these services can also
reduce the prevalence of illegal dumping and increase the overall resource recovery rate.
All recyclables are processed through the regions three Materials Recovery Facilities (MRFs) while
organics are either used onsite following shredding or are composted via a number of different
methods and subsequently used or sold for use offsite (refer to section 2.6 for further detail). Most
member Councils directly landfill all of the collected residual waste. However, the three members of
the northern sub-region utilise an AWT mechanical separation and autoclave pre-disposal process
that maximises recovery.
KSC & PMHC have received funding from the NSW Waste Less Recycle More initiative to incorporate compulsory food organics in the green bin.
4
MIDWASTE REGIONAL WARR STRATEGY - 11Table 2.2 Kerbside Collection Systems and Contractors
Sub-Region Contractor Councils Involved Service Bin type/ Bin lid Collection
size colour frequency
North Handybin Bellingen, Coffs Harbour and Residual 240L Red F/N
Waste Services Nambucca (known as Coffs Coast Recycling 240L Yellow F/N
(HWS) Waste Services CCWS)
Garden organic 240L Green Wk
(includes FO)
Mid JR Richards and Kempsey Residual 140L Red Wk
Sons PL (JRR) Recycling 240L Yellow F/N
Garden organic 240L Green F/N
(includes FO)
JR Richards and Port Macquarie-Hastings5 Residual 80L, 120L, Red Wk
Sons PL (JRR) 240L options
Recycling 240L Yellow F/N
Garden organic 240L Green Wk
(includes FO)
South JR Richards and Gloucester6, Great Lakes and Residual 140L Red Wk
Sons PL (JRR) Greater Taree (known as Mid Coast Recycling 240L Yellow F/N
Waste MWS)
Garden organic 240L Green F/N
Table 2.3 MSW Waste and Resource Recovery 2011/12 (tonnes)
Sub- Council Service Generated Recovered Disposed Kerbside Domestic
Region Name Recovery component
Rate % of MSW
Recovery
Rate %
North Bellingen Residual 3,001 903 2,098 57 58
- Coffs Recycling 1,221 1,170 51
Coast
Waste Garden organic (includes FO) 1,573 1,257 316
Services Bulky kerbside Clean-up 77 37 40
Self Haul 1,589 941 648
Total Municipal 7,461 4,308 3,153
Coffs Harbour Residual 11,303 3,400 7,903 66 64
Recycling 8,493 8,140 353
Garden organic (includes FO) 11,067 8,844 2,223
Bulky kerbside Clean-up 1,146 1,146
Self Haul 9,298 6,121 3,178
Total Municipal 41,307 26,504 14,803
Nambucca Residual 2,959 2,069 890 65 61
Recycling 1,877 1,799 78
Garden organic (includes FO) 3,228 2,579 649
Bulky kerbside Clean-up 340 30 310
Self Haul 757 322 435
Total Municipal 9,161 5,620 3,540
PMHC begin a new collection and processing contract September 2014 and are moving to F/N residual (140L or 240L), fortnightly comingled (240L or 360L) and Wk FOGO (compulsory)
5
Gloucester has a 240L residual service
6
12 - MIDWASTE REGIONAL WARR STRATEGYSub- Council Service Generated Recovered Disposed Kerbside Domestic
Region Name Recovery component
Rate % of MSW
Recovery
Rate %
Mid Kempsey Residual 5,841 5,841 46 47
Recycling 2,624 2,358 266
Garden organic (+ voluntary FO) 2,957 2,932 25
Bulky kerbside Clean-up NA
Self Haul 3,684 1,853 1,831
Total Municipal 15,106 7,143 7,963
Port Residual 12,008 380 11,628 55 51
Macquarie- Recycling 8,954 7,287 1,667
Hastings
Garden organic (+ voluntary FO) 8,773 8,738 35
Bulky kerbside Clean-up 622 62 560
Self Haul 12,892 5,438 7,454
Total Municipal 43,249 21,905 21,344
Mid Coast Gloucester Residual 1,072 1,702 62 50
Waste Recycling 632 610 22
Garden organic 1,200 1,200
Bulky kerbside Clean-up NA
Self Haul 4,050 1,686 2,364
Total Municipal 6,954 3,496 3,458
Great Lakes Residual 7,195 7,195 58 57
Recycling 5,790 5,363 427
Garden organic 5,115 5,115
Bulky kerbside Clean-up 480 200 280
Self Haul 10,811 6,001 4,810
Total Municipal 29,391 16,679 12,712
Greater Taree Residual 9,902 9,902 49 39
Recycling 5,175 4,946 229
Garden organic 4,695 4,695
Bulky kerbside Clean-up 721 248 473
Self Haul 12,601 3,118 9,438
Total Municipal 33,094 13,007 20,087
Regional Totals
Generation Recovery
Kerbside 126,655 72,606 53%
Bulky 3,386 577
Goods
Self-Haul 55,682 25,479
Total 185,723 98,662
MIDWASTE REGIONAL WARR STRATEGY - 132.4. Municipal solid waste
2.4.1. Waste trends and projections
Table 2.3 shows 2011-12 MSW data for household waste collected at the kerbside (which
excludes waste from local government operations such as street litter bins and other works). Just
over 126,000 tonnes of waste was collected through the kerbside service in 2011-12. Of this,
approximately 53,000 tonnes was residual waste, 35,000 tonnes comingled recycling and 39,000
tonnes organic waste. There has been a slight decrease in overall tonnage since, with just under
126,000 tonnes collected during 2012-13. Figure 2.4 highlights how similar the tonnages are from
each bin over the course of the two years.
Kerbside collection 2011-12 and 2012-13
130,000
97,500
Tonnes
65,000
32,500
0
Residual Comingled Organic Total
2011-12 FY 2012-13 FY
Figure 2.4 Kerbside Collection by bin 2011-12 and 2012-13
Figure 2.5 presents
information on 2011-12
self-haul waste, totalling
56,000 tonnes with 47%
of this being recyclable Recovered
material. Another 3,400 17%
tonnes is collected through Greenwaste
35%
Council bulky goods
Residual
clean up collections with 53%
approximately 24% being
Residual
recycled in 2011-12 (see
83%
Figure 2.6). None of the Recycled
member Councils offer 12%
greenwaste bulky goods
clean up services as all
provide green waste kerbside
Figure 2.5 Self Haul waste to the Figure 2.6 Bulky goods kerbside clean-
services at least fortnightly. region’s waste facilities 2011-12 up 2011/12
14 - MIDWASTE REGIONAL WARR STRATEGYOverall, in 2011/12 just over 185,000 tonnes of domestic waste was generated across the Midwaste region,
of which almost 99,000 tonnes were recycled. This translates to an average, group-wide recovery rate of 53%
for 2011/12 (Table 2.3). Compared to the NSW average, Midwaste Councils, collectively, are diverting more
domestic waste from landfill (Figure 2.7). There are however, considerable differences within the group with
some Councils achieving significantly higher diversion than others.
Midwaste Councils record data on all waste streams with some variation in how materials are collected and coded,
and whether they are weighed or calculated using a volume to mass conversion factor given by the NSW EPA. This
can result in data discrepancies when collating data from the eight member Councils. Midwaste recognises a need
for continual improvement in this area and is committed to improving data efficacy across the region. Current data
indicates that, consistent with the Australian trend, waste generation is increasing at a steady rate and is expected
to grow considerably across all 3 sectors, MSW, C&I and C&D over the following years.
3% Glass
12%
Plastic 3% Metal
1% Hazardous
1% Building Waste
3% Earth Based Waste
51%
Organic 7% Other
19%
Paper
Figure 2.7 Rate of diversion from landfill Figure 2.8 Composition of Midwaste’s kerbside
for domestic MSW in 2011/12 residual waste stream (2011 data)
2.4.2. Waste composition
Waste composition data is essential to understanding the best management opportunities; it allows for
the evaluation of current systems and the planning of future infrastructure and service options. In 2011
Midwaste conducted audits of the kerbside residual bins in each of the three sub-regions. Figure 2.8
illustrates the average composition of the household residual waste stream across the Midwaste region.
More detailed data can be seen in Table 4 in the Appendix.
Organics, such as food, garden waste and textiles, comprised 51% of all waste in the residual bin. The
southern sub-region does not accept food waste in kerbside organic bins while it is voluntary in the mid-
region. As would be expected, a larger proportion of their residual waste stream comprises of organic waste
(approximately 57% and 52% respectively). Comparatively, the northern sub-region, with compulsory food
organics collection, has 43% organics in the residual bin (see Table 4 in the Appendix). If the southern and mid
sub-region introduced compulsory food waste to their organics collection and explore the option of reducing
the frequency of waste bin collection, the total organics content of the residual waste stream could be
reduced, hence reducing the amount of organics going to landfill.
The audit also illustrates that an additional 15% of the residual bin comprises of paper, glass, plastics and
metal packaging that should have been recycled through kerbside recycling bins. Education and behaviour
change initiatives targeting both organics and recycling would further increase landfill diversion in the region.
MIDWASTE REGIONAL WARR STRATEGY - 152.4.3. Performance analysis The performance of existing waste management schemes is evaluated through Midwaste-specific key performance indicators (KPIs) to measure the progress of waste projects and identify areas that show potential for improvement. This allows for Midwaste’s performance to be benchmarked against other councils and NSW regions. Due to substantial investment in infrastructure and some innovative contracts, Midwaste as a region is performing very well when compared to the NSW average or to other waste regions. It consistently achieves higher diversion rates for domestic kerbside and drop off (self- haul) streams. The management of bulky goods clean up waste appears to be a weak spot for the group as it diverts a considerably lower percentage of clean up waste than others in the state. Although this is an area that warrants attention, the relatively small quantity of clean up waste collected renders it a low priority. The amount of waste generated per household in the region is lower than that of both the RRA and NSW (Table 6 in the Appendix). However, the data also reveals some discrepancies that should be confirmed through future ongoing audits. The resultant data will be used to further target improvements to collection services, education and initiatives and incentives for minimising waste generation. 2.5. Waste and resource recovery collection, processing and disposal contracts Waste collection and management contracts are the highest value contracts that Councils procure, and often have complex terms and conditions. Therefore it would be worthwhile for Midwaste members to be proactive and develop and implement an annual contract review process, with clear contract management guidelines, procedures and responsibilities. Accountability is essential in managing these complex contracts, and Councils need to establish and allocate KPIs for their waste operations. Once all requirements, rights and responsibilities under the contract are identified, it is best practice to review the resources required to implement these actions. Currently Midwaste members are engaged in a number of joint contracts, some of which have been operating for many years. These are summarised in Table 2.4. Table 2.4 Current Regional Waste Contracts Contract Councils involved Contract term Expiry Kerbside collection and recycling processing BSC, CHCC, NSC 10 years 2016 Mixed waste and organics processing BSC, CHCC, NSC 20 years 2027 Kerbside collection and recycling processing GLC, GSC, GTCC 10 years 2019 Scrap metal collection and processing BSC, CHCC, NSC, KSC, GSC, GLC 2 years + 12 month option 2015 Greenwaste mulching BSC, KSC, GLC, GSC 2 years + 12 month option 2015 Hazardous waste All 2 years 2014 E-Waste All 2 years 2016 2.6 Current and planned waste and recycling infrastructure within the region Approximately 160,000 tonnes of waste from the Midwaste Region was landfilled in 2011/12. Despite this figure being relatively low, member Councils continue to strive to reduce the quantity of waste going to landfill and have many initiatives underway in order to achieve that goal, some of which are outlined below. 16 - MIDWASTE REGIONAL WARR STRATEGY
Midwaste Councils provide a three bin kerbside collection service for residual waste, recyclables and
organic waste (see Table 2.2). Five member Councils use Advanced Waste Technologies (AWT) to produce
compost from food and/or garden organic waste, with the three Councils of the northern sub-region
using AWT for residual waste. Councils who do not utilise AWT are currently investigating alternative
options for organics processing on a smaller scale. Material Recovery Facilities (MRF) are also utilised by
group members under sub-regional agreements to separate comingled recyclables.
Midwaste Councils manage 12 waste management centres (WMC) and 13 transfer stations (TS) for
waste treatment and disposal. Figure 1.1 illustrates that WMCs are predominantly coastal, reflecting
the largely coastal populations. The life expectancy of Midwaste landfill sites range from under 2 to
50 years. A number of smaller landfills have been closed and replaced with transfer stations to provide
accessible service to the community and support the interception of recyclable materials before they
reach landfill sites. These sites offer the opportunity to collect an expanded range of materials in
convenient locations.
Processing facilities for residual waste, recycling and organic waste are operated by two service
providers across the region; Handybin Waste Services serving the northern sub-region and JR Richards
and Sons serving the central and southern sub-regions. There are MRFs in each sub-region and AWTs
(organics) in both the mid and northern sub-region. The northern sub-region also has a residual waste
AWT.
In order to achieve ongoing reduction in waste to landfill a number of waste processing facilities located
in the Midwaste region have been identified for upgrading or establishment. These include:
• Establishment of composting facilities to service the southern sub-region;
• Upgrade and alignment of community drop off centres for problem wastes in each LGA;
• Upgrade of the 3 existing MRFs to align the materials accepted; and
• Establishment of C&I processing facilities- a large facility in Coffs Harbour and possibly a smaller
capacity facility in Kempsey or Port Macquarie.
Landfill fees have risen in recent years for several reasons, including increased landfill levies, carbon
liabilities, accounting for the cost of meeting landfill environment protection measures, the requirement
for landfill operators to insure themselves against environmental risks and to account for landfill
rehabilitation and continuing management post closure.
Efficient and optimal management of waste infrastructure is essential to upholding best practise
environmental standards and is foundational to implementing an effective waste strategy. Midwaste
and its member Councils strive to ensure that they have the required infrastructure and capacity to
accommodate increases and fluctuations in population and changing legislative requirements, whilst
ensuring the best possible utilisation of resources.
Midwaste Council members have a long history of working collaboratively across the region to maximise
efficient waste service provision while sharing skills, knowledge and resources. Effective implementation
of the Midwaste Regional Strategy will necessitate even greater collaboration and sharing amongst
the group, facilitating opportunities for effective waste initiatives, services and community education
programs to be delivered and evaluated regionally and enabling continuous improvement across all
programs.
Although JRR service both PMHC and KSC, they do so under different contracts. Both use the same MRF and AWT for organics
4
MIDWASTE REGIONAL WARR STRATEGY - 173. Where do we want to get to?
The Midwaste Regional WARR Strategy is driven by a desire to live more sustainably, optimise resource
use and ensure that future generations enjoy the same or improved quality of life. The Strategy is therefore
informed and driven by the waste hierarchy, which also underpins the NSW WARR strategy and the objectives
of the Waste Avoidance and Resource Recovery Act 2001.
The waste hierarchy lists,
in order of preference, the
Most preferable
approaches needed to achieve
efficient resource use with
disposal being the least
preferred method and waste Reduce or avoid waste
avoidance the most preferred
(Figure 3.1). Reuse waste
Reducing and avoiding the
generation of waste helps to Recycle waste
preserve resources. This can
be achieved through simple
actions such as selecting Recover energy
items with the least packaging
or choosing reusable items Treat waste
instead of disposable ones.
Midwaste’s key tool for
achieving waste avoidance Dispose of waste
is education for behaviour Least preferable
change. However reducing
waste is not always possible
therefore Midwaste strives Figure 3.1 The waste hierarchy
to offer residents a range of
options for the appropriate
management of waste. Services include drop off centres, tip shops, and recycling services, including
comingled recycling, composting of organics and some MSW.
Energy recovery may become an option in the near future in NSW. However, this is unlikely to alter the fact
that appropriate landfilling is the most financially viable option for the disposal of waste in regional areas.
There are costs associated with managing waste, and community well-being is a balance between these
costs and the benefits they provide. The waste hierarchy helps Midwaste to focus attention and efforts
where the greatest efficiencies in cost, time and resources can be achieved.
3.1. Vision for the strategy
Midwaste member councils will use Innovative approaches for increasing Diversion rates to meet the NSW
WARR Strategy targets; prioritising waste Avoidance and behaviour change, Sustainable regional solutions,
collaboration, and consideration of appropriate Technology for positive Environmental, social and economic
outcomes.
3.2. Key Result Areas
This regional WARR Strategy aims to support member Councils to improve their current solid waste
management services and facilities, successfully gain funding from the EPA for 2013-2018 under the “Waste
18 - MIDWASTE REGIONAL WARR STRATEGYLess Recycle More” initiative, and support applications for other funding opportunities.
Midwaste has identified the following Key Result Areas (KRA) to help achieve these goals. They are based
on those identified in the Draft NSW WARR Strategy 2013-21. Each KRA is underpinned by continuous
improvement of waste data, community education fostering behaviour change and strengthening existing,
and developing new, collaborative strategic partnerships with a focus on developing effective local waste
management solutions.
The Key Result Areas are:
1. Avoid and reduce waste generation
2. Increase recycling
3. Divert more waste from landfill
4. Manage problem wastes better
5. Reduce litter
6. Reduce illegal dumping
3.3 Targets & performance measures
NSW is Australia’s biggest waste generator. It was estimated that in 2008/2009 16.3 million tonnes of waste
was generated in NSW (or 2,329 kilograms per capita per annum). Of that, 58% (9.5 million tonnes) were
recycled and 42% (6.7 million tonnes) went to landfill.7
The NSW Government set ambitious targets for resource recovery to be achieved by 2014 nominating
66% recovery of MSW waste, 63% recovery from the C&I sector and 76% from the C&D sector. The recently
published draft NSW WARR Strategy 2013-21 revises these targets upwards for 2022 (Table 3.1). Although
the latest data indicates that there has been a steady increase in resource recovery and as a region Midwaste
is one of the best recyclers, there is still significant way to go for achieving the targets outlined in the NSW
WARR Strategy.
Table 3.1 Targets and resource recovery rates for NSW waste streams
Waste stream 2014 target 2022 target Midwaste in 2011/12
MSW 66% 70% 53%8
C&I 63% 70% 55%
C&D 76% 80% 67%
Overall diversion from landfill - 75% 63%
In addition to the quantifiable diversion from landfill targets set by the NSW WARR Strategy, Midwaste is also
committing to the region specific targets presented in Table 3.2. Each KRA is assigned a target which will be
addressed through identified actions (outlined in the Implementation Plan, Section 5) while progress will be
assessed against the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs).
NSW EPA Waste Strategy review
7
NSW EPA Data
8
MIDWASTE REGIONAL WARR STRATEGY - 19Table 3.2 Summary of Midwaste Strategic Direction
MIDWASTE Regional Waste Avoidance and Resource Recovery Strategy 2014-2021
VISION: Midwaste member councils will use Innovative approaches for increasing Diversion rates to meet the NSW WARR
Strategy targets; prioritising waste Avoidance and behaviour change, Sustainable regional solutions, collaboration, and
consideration of appropriate Technology for positive Environmental, social and economic outcomes.
Key Result Area (KRA) Objective Target/Key Performance Indicator
KRA 1: 1.1 Reduce the amount of waste 1.1.1 Quarterly collection and evaluation of
AVOID AND REDUCE generation per capita by 2021 data across all 3 waste streams (MSW,
WASTE GENERATION C&I and C&D) completed
1.1.2 A region wide education program
implemented across all 3 waste streams
(MSW, C&I and C&D)
1.1.3 At least 2 avoidance/reuse projects
implemented annually within the region
KRA 2: 2.1 Increase the recycling rate for MSW 2.1.1 Recycling rate for MSW 60% by 2017
INCREASE RECYCLING from 53% in 2011/12 to 70% in 2021
2.2 Increase the recycling rate for C&I 2.2.1 Recycling rate for C&I 60% by 2017
from 55% in 2011/12 to 70% in 2021
2.3 Increase the recycling rate for C&D 2.3.1 Recycling rate for C&D 75% by 2017
from 67% in 2011/12 to 80% in 2021
KRA 3: 3.1 Increase waste diverted from 3.1.1 Quarterly collection and evaluation of
DIVERT MORE WASTE landfill from 63% in 2011 to 75% in data across all 3 waste streams (MSW,
FROM LANDFILL 2021 C&I and C&D) completed
3.1.2 Diversion from bulky goods collections
increased in those Councils who have them
3.1.3 Increase waste diverted from landfill from
63% in 2011 to 70% in 2017
KRA 4: 4.1 Establish or upgrade facilities and 4.1.1 Upgrade 5 Community Recycling Centres
MANAGE PROBLEM services for managing problem in the region by June 2016
WASTES BETTER wastes by 2016
4.1.2 Establish 4 new Community Recycling
Centres in the region by June 2016
4.1.3 Implement a regional education program
including problem waste disposal by
December 2015
KRA 5: 5.1 Implement an anti-litter campaign 5.1.1 Incorporate anti-littering messaging into
REDUCE LITTER to engage and educate our regional Midwaste region-wide education campaign
community and visitors on the
value of litter reduction in our 5.1.2 Develop at least 4 partnerships with
environment other organisations to establish ongoing
coastal community clean-ups
KRA 6: 6.1 Reduce the incidence of illegal 6.1.1 Establish baseline data to allow
REDUCE ILLEGAL DUMPING dumping in the region by 2021 quantifiable target setting by 2017
20 - MIDWASTE REGIONAL WARR STRATEGY4. How are we going to get there?
As identified in previous sections, Midwaste member Councils have invested in significant waste
infrastructure and best practice collection and processing contracts, resulting in above average MSW
diversion. As a group, the eight member Councils have been collaborating for over 12 years with substantial
gains in regional programs and outcomes during this time. Members have a thorough understanding of
appropriate regional opportunities and this knowledge, and the underpinning reports, surveys and strategies,
have been taken into consideration during the development of this Regional WARR Strategy. During the
consultation phase of the development of this strategy, an options appraisal, utilising the knowledge in the
room, was conducted. Over 50 options were considered and prioritised, with a resultant shortlist that has
been incorporated into the Midwaste Implementation Plan (see Section 5).
A range of approaches and solutions will be needed to achieve the WARR Strategy’s objectives. Midwaste will
aim to work together with the State government, businesses, industry, and the broader community towards
the strategy’s goals.
A suite of tools is available at State, local and/or regional levels. These include regulation, economic
instruments, education for behaviour change and enforcement. For a successful strategy it is necessary that
all of those tools are utilised.
Midwaste Councils already collaborate on a number of projects either through the group or directly with
each other. This collaboration is key to achieving a cohesive, cost effective approach to waste management
throughout the region. Maintaining and strengthening this collaboration as well as fostering new waste
related partnerships with community organisations will contribute to improved waste management practices
across the region.
Councils will explore possibilities for further integration; enhancing existing shared infrastructure
arrangements and common waste collection systems. This will achieve significant economies of scale and
prevent doubling up of costs within the region. Managing resources and infrastructure at a regional level
could be achieved through the creation of a statutory body or a Pty Ltd company and would require a detailed
governance review. The northern sub-region has already begun this investigation process. In the short-
medium term, Councils aim to collaborate to explore the establishment of regional tip shops, potential for
small scale organics processing facilities, standardised drop-off centres and increased delivery of regional
educational campaigns.
It is also likely that Councils will expand their existing collaboration with neighbouring councils outside of the
group, other regional organisations, educational facilities, non-profit organisations and even private entities.
Education is widely recognised as fundamental to building people’s capacity to innovate and implement
solutions and undertake behaviour change. Education for Sustainability (EfS) principles recognise the need
to reorient traditional educational processes to incorporate interdisciplinary, holistic, values-based learning
that enables participants to reflect critically. Educational programs fostering collaborative partnership
development, participatory decision-making, and the use of locally relevant information and innovative and
creative approaches including art and drama is a priority for achieving improved waste management.
Community behaviour change brought about through targeted education incorporating these EfS principles
is fundamental to achieving the WARR Strategy goals. Improvements in resource consumption and waste
management will only occur if we continue to change the way we think and act. Understanding and valuing
the reasons for change is a pre-requisite for changing behaviour. All implementation plans designed to deliver
the WARR Strategy’s targets will include an education and behaviour change element as encouraged and
supported by the state government.
MIDWASTE REGIONAL WARR STRATEGY - 21Monitoring and assessing progress against the targets in each key result area will be critical for Midwaste to evaluate the success of the WARR strategy. Each of the member Councils will collect and maintain accurate and up to date data on waste trends and management as it becomes available and a comprehensive regional database will be developed, maintained and available to all members. To support this, kerbside bins will be audited regularly to evaluate waste composition and analyse the impacts of new services and education plans. The six Key Result Areas identified by the Strategy are described below. All are underpinned by the common themes of collaborative strategic partnerships, robust data collection and education for sustainability. Achievement of all identified outcomes is wholly dependent on continued funding and support from the State Government. 4.1. Key Result Area 1: Avoid and reduce waste generation Historically, per capita waste generation in Australia has been growing steadily. To reduce per capita waste and avoid waste generation communities need to consume less, encourage design integrity and product stewardship, use materials more efficiently and keep them out of the waste management system. Midwaste members will advocate for continued and expanded Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) schemes and support regulation of excessive packaging and the use of single use, non recyclable products. To achieve major improvements in waste avoidance, the expansion of products captured under EPR schemes will be critical, alongside decreased packaging and the increased use of recyclable packaging. Education and behaviour change are key elements of an effective avoidance program while reuse of materials ensures that they stay out of the waste management system. The goal is to encourage people to use materials more efficiently, rather than just expecting them to consume less. 22 - MIDWASTE REGIONAL WARR STRATEGY
Under this Regional WARR Strategy a range of programs will be necessary in order to meet the target of
reducing waste generation per capita by 2021, including those aiming to encourage avoidance, reuse and
reduction of waste through infrastructure, provision of services and education for sustainability.
The NSW Love Food Hate Waste program is a good example of a waste avoidance program. It focuses on giving
people the skills to make better purchasing decisions, improve food storage techniques and use leftovers so that
food is eaten rather than thrown away. Midwaste will continue to partner with this program and a range of local
organisations to utilise the current Train the Trainer model as an effective LFHW delivery tool.
Community based reuse projects are effective in not only encouraging reuse, but also in engaging the
community in a conversation about waste. Midwaste will research a range of such events and programs with
a view to implementing a pilot program in at least one location.
Reuse or Tip shops are another effective mechanism for ensuring resources are reclaimed. There are a
number of Tip Shops in the Midwaste region and the expansion and increased marketing of these will be
prioritised under this strategy.
Waste services provision across Midwaste Councils is very similar and therefore delivering ‘generic’ regional
educational programs is achievable. However, to maximise the impact of any education campaign and also
make it cost effective, Midwaste will aim to streamline its waste systems to have the same service provision
across all aspects of waste regionally. Existing regional education programs will be researched and an
appropriate model focusing on local solutions and community capacity building will be developed to deliver
education programs across the MSW, C&I and C&D sectors.
Changing consumer behaviour is a key step towards achieving higher waste avoidance. Product producers
and the service sector sit at the other end of this equation and their involvement is also important. Midwaste,
as a group, and the Councils individually, will aim to engage with the industry and advocate cradle-to-grave
product stewardship. Existing networks such as RENEW will be utilised and potential industrial ecology
opportunities within the region will be explored.
MIDWASTE REGIONAL WARR STRATEGY - 23In order to achieve the target set under this KRA, robust data management will be necessary, along with regular waste audits to support analysis and evaluation of the efficacy of services and education programs. 4.2. Key Result Area 2: Increase recycling NSW has set ambitious targets for increasing recycling from all major waste streams. Loss of MSW recyclables to landfill has been identified as a significant issue for Midwaste Councils. Better source separation is an obvious goal for both the dry recyclables and organics streams. Education is a key tool in achieving higher and better resident participation; however kerbside recycling rates could be further improved by standardising the range of materials accepted for recycling. Currently the average residual bin in Midwaste contains almost 59% potentially recyclable material including paper, glass, metal and organics. More of these materials could be recovered through effective community education and positive behaviour change. Midwaste will develop region-wide community based recycling and Love Food Hate Waste educational programs, community re-use events and potential tip shop expansion. Midwaste will also promote and market improved food organics collection opportunities across the region. There are significant gains to be made in both the C&I and C&D sectors. Local governments have little or no regulatory control over waste generated from C&I sources so the primary focus for Midwaste in relation to this sector is in the provision of improved infrastructure, development of closed loop systems and educational programs. Similarly, opportunities exist for working with the C&D industry through the education and training sector and the development, promotion and marketing of case studies. 24 - MIDWASTE REGIONAL WARR STRATEGY
4.3. Key Result Area 3: Divert more waste from landfill
Midwaste landfills approximately 50,000 tonnes of waste per annum from kerbside services and up to 50% of
this is food organics and garden organics (FOGO) that could be diverted if the right service was available and
utilised (see Figure 2.11). Midwaste aims to capture 50% of this material and therefore divert up to 12,500
tonnes from landfill (additionally to what is already in the organics bin). Improved educational programs and
bin monitoring will be the first steps towards achieving this goal. Introducing compulsory FOGO where the
service is currently available, along with more small scale composting facilities and exploring closed loop
solutions for small communities will enhance the outcomes achieved through education and monitoring.
Targeting and diverting 50% of the leaked dry recyclables can recover an additional 3,750 tonnes. Introducing
such measures would significantly assist Midwaste to remain above the 2014 NSW WARR target of
66% of waste diverted from landfill and save landfill disposal costs, including levy and CPM costs. The
implementation of these measures along with improvements brought about by effective education programs
and strategies has the potential to increase the diversion rate to 70% in the future, achieving the 2022 NSW
WARR target.
All actions and priorities identified under KRA 2 will also contribute to the diversion of more waste from landfill.
4.4. Key Result Area 4: Manage problem wastes better
Councils have an obligation to provide waste services to residents on both health and environmental grounds.
A failure to ensure removal of problem wastes from domestic households can lead residents to dispose of such
items through their residual bin. In such an event, problem wastes can make the recovery and recycling of other
materials more difficult or uneconomic. Problem wastes can include paint, batteries, smoke detectors, fluorescent
lamps, gas bottles, motor oils and fluids, pesticides and other toxic and hazardous household products.
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