EASA FTL GUIDE Version 1.7.
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EASA FTL GUIDE Version 1.7.
ECA Guide 1.7. to EASA FTL 15.November 2017
EXPLANATORY NOTE
This document is based on Air OPS Annex III – Part-ORO assembles the following publications …
REGULATION (EC) No 216/2008 BASIC REGULATION (IR)
COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 83/2014 IMPLEMENTING RULES (IR)
Acceptable Means of Compliance (AMC) and Guidance Material (GM) to Annex III [Part-ORO] of (EU) 965/2012 ACCEPTABLE MEANS OF COMPLIANCE (AMC) IR
Consolidated version including Issue 2, Amendment 11 May 2017 * GUIDANCE MATERIAL (GM) IR
Certification Specifications and Guidance Material for CAT by Aeroplane – Scheduled and Charter Ops. CERTIFICATION SPECIFICATIONS (CS)
CS-FTL.1, Initial Issue 31 January 2014 GUIDANCE MATERIAL (GM) CS
* Comm. Reg. (EU) 965/2012 (AIR OPS) lays down technical requirements and administrative procedures to Regulation (EC) 216/2008 (BASIC REGULATION)
Note: Annex III of (EU) 965/2012 does not contain a ‘Subpart FTL’ which is published under Comm. Reg. (EU) 83/2014 (ORO.FTL)
… also see AIR OPS Easy Access p. 242ff Air OPS Easy Access Rules_Rev.09_May 2017.pdf
Some elements of the implementing rules or certification specifications are shown in the centre column for the purpose to reduce the number of pages needed.
EASA FAQs are boxed in light green
BASICS (…”how to apply” by ECA ) are boxed in light blue
Rules relating to ORO.FTL.120 Fatigue Risk Management ( FRM ) are highlighted.
ORO.FTL.100 Scope This subpart establishes the requirements to be met by an operator and its crew members with regard to flight
and duty
time limitations and rest requirements for crew members
CS FTL.1.100 Applicability These Certification Specifications are applicable to commercial air transport by aeroplanes for scheduled and char-
ter operations, excluding emergency medical service (EMS), air taxi and single pilot operations.
ORO.FTL.105 Definitions For the purpose of this subpart [Subpart FTL], the following definitions shall apply…
1(1) “acclimatised” means a state in which a crew mem-
ber’s circadian biological clock is synchronised to the time
zone where the crew member is. A crewmember is consid- Table 1
ered to be acclimatised to a 2-hour wide time zone surround- Time elapsed since reporting at reference time
ing the local time at the point of departure. When the local Time difference between reference time and local
96 –
time where crew member starts the next duty < 48 48 – 71:59 72 – 95:59 ≥ 120
time at the place where a duty commences differs by more 119:59
than 2 hours from the local time at the place where the next Line below represents “2-hour wide time zone” after departure:
duty starts, the crew member, for the calculation of the max- ≤2 D D D D D
imum daily flight duty period, is considered to be acclima-
tised in accordance with the values in Table 1. 6 and ≤ 9 B X X D D
> 9 and ≤12 B X X X D
“B” means … acclimatised to the local time of the departure BASICS (Acclimatization)
time zone
“D” means … acclimatised to the local time where the crew The principle of “acclimatisation” does not distinguish between home base or any other location. At all
times the local time of a specific time zone is individually attributed to any crew member and used as a
member starts his/her next duty
personal reference time.
“X” means … that the crew member is in an unknown state
of acclimatisation; The allocation of this reference time is an ongoing process for each crew member and must be per-
GM1 ORO.FTL.105 (1) ACCLIMATISED formed as a background task along with any individual scheduling.
(a) A crew member remains acclimatised to the local time of
his/her reference time during 47 hours 59 minutes after re-
The process of de- and re-synchronisation runs in unsteady cycles along with the crew members individ-
porting no matter how many time zones he/she has crossed. ual schedule. Once de-synchronised, specific rest requirements have to be met before the CM will re-
synchronise. The requirements are different for a re-synchronisation either within a rotation or at home
(b) The maximum daily FDP for acclimatised crewmembers is base, since rest at home base is considered to be more effective then rest away from home base.
determined by using table 1 of ORO.FTL.205 (b)(1) with the
To find a start point a CM is always – irrespectively from any previous duties – acclimatised to the home
reference time of the point of departure. As soon as 48 hours
have elapsed, the state of acclimatisation is derived from the
base’s time zone (status “B”) after having spent 5 consecutive local nights of rest at the home base. (
time elapsed since reporting at reference time and the num- see CS.FTL.1.235 (b)(3)(i))
ber of time zones crossed. Note: To comply with CS.FTL.1.235(b)(3)(i) and to justify the assumed effectiveness at home base this
rest period must not be interspersed with any duty periods between the local nights.
Leaving home base...
... and assuming that a CM is acclimatised, two fundamentally different scenarios may follow:
Scenario A (SYNCHRONISED)
2The time difference between reference time and local time at the place of rest is 2 hrs or less
After termination of the first/any duty period the CM is considered to be promptly acclimatised to the
local time of the place of rest. For the start of the next succeeding duty, the reference time has jumped
to this time zone (status “B”). As a result, “time zone hopping” with multiple FDPs around the world is
possible – the CM will stay acclimatised as long as the local time at the next succeeding place of rest will
never differ by more than two hours to the local time of the place of departure.
Scenario B (DE-SYNCHRONISED)
The time difference between reference time and the local time at the place of rest is more than 2 hrs
After reporting at the time zone the CM is acclimatised to, he/she is considered to stay acclimatised to
this time zone for the next 48 hrs (status “B”); i.e. should the CM report for the next FDP within theses 48
(c) A crew member is considered to be in an unknown state of hrs the reference time zone's local time is used to determine FDP limits.
acclimatisation after the first 48 hours of the rotation have
elapsed unless he or she remains in the first arrival destina- Once these first 48 hrs have elapsed, the CM will enter a state of unknown acclimatisation (X).
tion time zone (either for rest or any duties) in accordance
At the end of a re-synchronization period a CM reaches status “D”. Status “B” and “D” both indicate that
with the table in ORO.FTL.105(1).
a CM’s body clock is synchronised again to a reference time. For a given time difference the re-
(d) Should a crew member’s rotation include additional duties synchronisation period must be at least as long as the required “time elapsed” from Table 1 of
that end in a different time zone than his or her first arrival ORO.FTL.105(1) to be sufficient for re-synchronization. Once it has elapsed “reference time” jumps to
destination’s time zone while he or she is considered to be in the local time of the start of the next duty.
an unknown state of acclimatisation, then the crew member
remains in an unknown state of acclimatisation until he or B eginning ⇒ time elapsed ⇒ en D ⇔ B eginning ⇒ time elapsed ⇒ en D
she:
(1) has taken the rest period required by CS FTL.235(b)(3) at
< 48hrs >< (X) > < 48hrs >< (X) >
home base;
< time elapsed > < time elapsed >
(2) has taken the rest period required by CS FTL.235(b)(3) at
the new location; or
Note: During the “time elapsed” re- synchronisation must be possible. Since synchronisation requires a
daily routine which runs in tune with the local time at the place of rest, rest opportunities shall be availa-
(3) has been undertaking duties starting at and returning to ble during the local night of a constant local time.
the time zone of the new location until he or she becomes ac-
climatised in accordance with the values in the table in
ORO.FTL.105(1). Should a CM’s rotation include duties which take place during the “time elapsed” – i.e. during the
re-synchronisation phase – these duties shall ...
... either depart from and return to the time zone of rest and the CM will still become
synchronised again after the required period from Table 1 ORO.FTL.105(1) has elapsed; or
... the “time elapsed” shall start all over again upon arrival in the new time zone.
Upon return to home base…
3… the CM remains in an unknown state of acclimatisation until he/she has taken a rest period according
to:
> ORO.FTL.235(a) for a rotation that involved less than 4 hours of time difference; or...
> CS.FTL.1.235 (b)(3)(i) for a rotation that involved 4 hours of time difference or more between any
To determine the state of acclimatisation, the two following
two places of rest or between any place of rest and the home base.
criteria should be applied: For the purpose to determine the minimum number of consecutive local nights encompassed by
(i) the greater of the time differences between the time zone that rest period the following criteria apply:
where he or she was last acclimatised or the local time of his
> the greater of the time difference between either...
or her last departure point and the new location; and
... the reference time prior to the start of the rotation and the local time of the
(ii) the time elapsed since reporting at home base for the first
time during the rotation. most distant time zone of a place of rest during the rotation; or...
... the largest time difference between any two places of rest during...
...should be applied.
> the time elapsed starts with first reporting at the CM’s home base and ends with the
next return to that home base.
Determination of max. FDT limits…
GM1 ORO.FTL.105 (2) ACCLIMATISED ‘POINT OF DEPARTURE’
The point of departure refers to the reporting point for a
flight duty period or positioning duty after a rest period. Status “B” + “D” (reference time’s time zone) “X” (no reference required)
max. daily FDP ORO.FTL.205 (b)(2) Table 2 ORO.FTL.205 (b)(2) Table 3
GM1 ORO.FTL.105 (3) ACCLIMATISED ‘TIME ELAPSED SINCE ext. of FDP without in-flight rest CS.FTL.1.205 (b) ORO.FTL.205 (b)(2) Table 4
REPORTING AT REFERENCE TIME’ ext. FDP due to in-flight rest CS.FTL.1.205 (c) CS.FTL.1.205 (c)
The time elapsed since reporting at reference time for opera- Split Duty CS.FTL.1.220 not available!
tions applying CS FTL.1.235 (b)(3)(ii) at home base refers to
the time elapsed since reporting for the first time at home (GM - TIME ELAPSED) touching home base during a rotation with a total time zone difference of 4
base for a rotation. hrs. or more does not shorten the rest (resynchronization) according to CS.FTL.1.235 (b)(3)(i)
(2) “Reference time” means the local time at the reporting point situ-
BASICS (Reference Time)
ated in a 2-hour wide time zone band around the local time where a crew
member is acclimatised;
Reference time always refers to the time zone where the crew member is or was acclima-
GM1 ORO.FTL.105 (2) REFERENCE TIME tized last.
(a) Reference time refers to reporting points in a 2-hour wide time zone band It is used to determine FDP limits as well as whether a duty is disruptive (A crew member
around the local time where a crewmember is acclimatised. must still be acclimatized when reporting for duty that this duty may be counted as disrup-
(b) Example: A crewmember is acclimatised to the local time in Helsinki and
tive).
4reports for duty in London. The reference time is the local time in London. (2) Provides the option to merge crews from different locations at a common point of
departure under the same duty restrictions.
NOTE: It is possible to leave home base starting a rotation without being acclimatized to
home base. This applies to crew members who are acclimatised to a time zone with a
difference of more than 2 but less than 4 hours to home base time and a second departure
out of home base within 48 hours departing that time zone.
(3) “accommodation” means, for the purpose of standby and split
duty, …
…a quiet and comfortable place not open to the public with the ability to
control light and temperature, equipped with adequate furniture that pro- FAQ – ORO.FTL 105(3)
vides a crew member with the possibility to sleep, with enough capacity…
The definition in ORO.FTL.105 (3) lists criteria for "accommodation". Airport crew loung-
…to accommodate all crew members present at the same time and with es as such are not excluded as long as they fulfil all criteria listed in the definition. Single
access to food and drink; occupancy is not a criterion. This means that shared hotel rooms, as long as they fulfil all
GM1 ORO.FTL.105 (3) ADEQUATE FURNITURE FOR ‘ACCOMMODATION’ criteria listed in the definition, could be used as accommodation.
Adequate furniture for crewmember accommodation should include a seat
that reclines at least 45° back angle to the vertical, has a seat width of at
least 20 inches (50 cm) and provides leg and foot support.
(4) “suitable accommodation” means, for the purpose of standby,
split duty, and rest, …
a separate room for each crew member located in a quiet environment and
equipped with a bed, which is sufficiently ventilated, has a device for regu-
lating temperature and light intensity, and access to food and drink;
(5) “augmented flight crew” means a flight crew which comprises
more than the minimum number required to operate the aircraft, allowing
each flight crew member to leave the assigned post, for the purpose of in- BASICS (Augmented Flight Crew)
flight rest, and to be replaced by another appropriately qualified flight
crew member; When various FDP limits apply within one crew the most limiting must be used.
(6) “break” means a period of time within a flight duty period, shorter
than a rest period, counting as duty and during which a crew member is
free of all tasks;
(7) “delayed reporting” means the postponement of a scheduled
FDP by the operator before a crew member has left the place of rest;
5(8) “disruptive schedule” means a crew member’s roster which dis-
rupts the sleep opportunity during the optimal sleep time window by com-
prising an FDP or a combination of FDPs which encroach, start or finish
during any portion of the day or of the night where a crew member is ac-
climatised. A schedule may be disruptive due to early starts, late finishes or
night duties.
(a) “early type” of disruptive schedule means: FAQ – ORO.FTL 105 (8)
(i) for “early start” a duty period starting in the period be-
tween 05:00 and 05:59 in the time zone to which a crew mem- A schedule is rated “disruptive” or “not disruptive” in reference to the time zone where the
ber is acclimatised; and crew member was assumed to be acclimatized last; i.e. the applicable reference time.
(ii) for “late finish” a duty period finishing in the period be-
tween 23:00 and 01:59 in the time zone to which a crew member NOTE: A duty can only be classed as disruptive if a crew member is acclimatised when
is acclimatised; reporting.
(b) “late type” of disruptive schedule means: Thus…
(i) for “early start” a duty period starting in the period be- … disruptive schedules must always be considered within time zone differences of less
tween 05:00 and 06:59 in the time zone to which a crew mem- then 4 hours to reference time since crew members stay acclimatized at all times.
ber is acclimatised; and
(ii) for “late finish” a duty period finishing in the period be-
tween 00:00 and 01:59 in the time zone to which a crew mem-
ber is acclimatised; NOTE:
GM1 ORO.FTL.105 (8) DETERMINATION OF DISRUPTIVE SCHEDULES GM 1 ORO.FTL.105 (8) could lead to the following consequence:
The same schedule could be rated “disruptive” or “not disruptive” for different members
If a crewmember is acclimatised to the local time at his/her home base, the
local time at the home base should be used to consider an FDP as ‘disruptive
of the same crew since the individual point of acclimatization and the individual reporting
schedule’. This applies to operations within the 2-hour wide time zone sur- time (flight crew vs. cabin) must be observed.
rounding the local time at the home base, if a crewmember is acclimatised to
the local time at his/her home base.
(9) “night duty” means a duty period encroaching any portion of the
period between 02:00 and 04:59 in the time zone to which the crew is ac- (9) i.e. encroaches the WOCL
climatised;
(10) “duty” means any task that a crew member performs for the opera-
tor, including flight duty, administrative work, giving or receiving training
and checking, positioning, and some elements of standby;
GM1 ORO.FTL.105 (10) ELEMENTS OF STANDBY FOR DUTY
ORO.FTL.225(c) and (d) and CS FTL.1.225 (b)(2) determine which elements
of standby count as duty.
(11) “duty period” means a period which starts when a crew member is
required by an operator to report for or to commence a duty and ends
6when that person is free of all duties, including post- flight duty; (11) post-flight duties incorporated.
(12) “flight duty period (FDP)” means a period that commences
when a crew member is required to report for duty, which includes a sector
FAQ – ORO.FTL.105 (12)
or a series of sectors, and finishes when the aircraft finally comes to rest
and the engines are shut down, at the end of the last sector on which the
crew member acts as an operating crew member; Duty immediately prior to a flight duty counts as part of the flight duty; duty immediately
after a flight duty counts as duty period but not as flight duty.
(13) “flight time” means, for aeroplanes and touring motor gliders, the
time between an aircraft first moving from its parking place for the pur-
pose of taking off until it comes to rest on the designated parking position
and all engines or propellers are shut down;
(14) “home base” means the location, assigned by the operator to the
crew member, from where the crew member normally starts and ends a
duty period or a series of duty periods and where, under normal circum-
stances, the operator is not responsible for the accommodation of the
crew member concerned;
(15) “local day” means a 24-hour period commencing at 00:00 local
time;
(16) “local night” means a period of 8 hours falling between 22:00 and
08:00 local time;
(17) “operating crew member” means a crew member carrying out
duties in an aircraft during a sector;
GM1 ORO.FTL.105 (17) OPERATING CREW MEMBER
A person on board an aircraft is either a crewmember or a passenger. If a crew-
member is not a passenger on board an aircraft, he/she should be considered as
‘carrying out duties’. The crewmember remains an operating crewmember during
in-flight rest. In-flight rest counts in full as FDP, and for the purpose of
ORO.FTL.210.
(18) “positioning” means the transferring of a non-operating crew FAQ – ORO.FTL.105 (18)
member from one place to another, at the behest of the operator, exclud-
ing: Any transfer of a crew member at the behest of the operator must be considered as posi-
tioning; thus “duty travel” is regarded the same as “positioning, dead heading…”
• the time of travel from a private place of rest to the designated
reporting place at home base and vice versa, and NOTE:
• the time for local transfer from a place of rest to the commence-
ment of duty and vice versa; Since the magnitude of a “local transfer” is not further defined GM1 CS FTL.1.200 could
alternatively be used as an indication that no local transfer should exceed 90 minutes in
either direction. Notwithstanding the extension of a rest period according to AMC ORO
FTL.235 (b) applies.
7(19) “rest facility” means a bunk or seat with leg and foot support
suitable for crew members’ sleeping on board an aircraft;
(20) “reserve” means a period of time during which a crew member is
required by the operator to be available to receive an assignment for an
FDP, positioning or other duty notified at least 10 hours in advance;
(21) “rest period” means a continuous, uninterrupted and defined peri-
od of time, following duty or prior to duty, during which a crew member is
free of all duties, standby and reserve;
(22) “rotation” is a duty or a series of duties, including at least one flight
duty, and rest periods out of home base, starting at home base and ending BASICS (rotation)
when returning to home base for a rest period where the operator is no
longer responsible for the accommodation of the crew member; A series of flights returning to home base without a rest period is considered not to be a
rotation.
(23) “single day free of duty” means, for the purpose of complying
BASICS (single day vs. local days)
with the provisions of Council Directive 2000/79/EC, a time free of all duties
and standby consisting of one day and two local nights, which is notified in
For the application of a local day according to CD 2000/79/EC the definition of a local day
advance. A rest period may be included as part of the single day free of
according to ORO.FTL 105 (15) should be used. Thus, for rostering a duty period succeed-
duty;
ing a “single day free of duty” a buffer of at least 6 hours must be observed; i.e. the duty
may not commence prior 06:00 LT or the earliest possible end of the 2nd local night.
It shall be noted that the local days free of all duties must be indicated in the roster.
It should also be noted, that it could be questioned whether a “single day free of all du-
ties” must be given at home base. Under EU law it is quite challenging to find arguments,
why a link-up with the home base should be seen as a social standard. No explicit state-
ment can be found unless regulated under national law (e.g. GERMANY §8 Abs. (3) 1.
DV LuftBO)
(24) “sector” means the segment of an FDP between an aircraft first
moving for the purpose of taking off until it comes to rest after landing on
the designated parking position;
(25) “standby” means a pre-notified and defined period of time during
which a crew member is required by the operator to be available to receive
an assignment for a flight, positioning or other duty without an intervening
rest period;
(26) “airport standby” means a standby performed at the airport;
(27) “other standby” means a standby either at home or in a suitable
accommodation;
8(28) “window of circadian low (WOCL)” means the period be-
tween 02:00 and 05:59 hours in the time zone to which a crew member is
acclimatised.
9ORO.FTL.110 Operator Responsibilities ⇒ An operator shall…
AMC1 ORO.FTL.110 (AMC (a)) indicates that an operator should have some kind of tool established to strive for a distribu-
SCHEDULING tion of days of during a significant period of time (calendar year?) as evenly as possible among crew mem-
(a) Scheduling has an important impact on a crewmem- bers of equal occupation.
ber’s ability to sleep and to maintain a proper level of
alertness. When developing a workable roster, the opera- FAQ – ORO.FTL.110(a)
tor should strike a fair balance between the commercial
needs and the capacity of individual crewmembers to A rest period may be re-planned provided that re-planning of rest (and duty) is completed and notified
work effectively. Rosters should be developed in such a
before the rest period has started and the re-planning practices do not conflict with a crew member’s
way that they distribute the amount of work evenly
opportunity to plan adequate rest. ORO.FTL.110(a) instructs the operator to publish duty rosters suffi-
among those that are involved.
ciently in advance to provide the opportunity for crew members to plan adequate rest. ORO.FTL.105(21)
(b) Schedules should allow for flights to be completed states that ‘rest period’ means a continuous, uninterrupted and defined period of time, following duty or
within the maximum permitted flight duty period and prior to a duty, during which a crew member is free of all duties, standby and reserve.
flight rosters should take into account the time needed
for pre- flight duties, taxiing, the flight- and turnaround An operator’s procedures for re-planning should demonstrably describe by which means the opportunity
times. Other factors to be considered when planning duty for crew members to plan adequate rest is provided in the case of re-planning.
periods should include:
(1) The allocation of work patterns which avoid undesira- If re-planning takes place during the recurrent extended recovery rest period, a full uninterrupted rest
ble practices such as alternating day/night duties, alter- period of 36 hours including 2 local nights must be respected after the interruption.
nating eastward-westward or westward- eastward time
zone transitions, positioning of crew members so that a FAQ – ORO.FTL.110(c)
serious disruption of established sleep/work patterns oc-
curs; Reporting times must comply with ORO.FTL.110(c) and ORO.FTL.205(a)(l). The maximum FDP is re-
(2) Scheduling sufficient rest periods especially after long stricted by the crew member who has reported first. The minimum reporting times, which have been
flights crossing many time zones; and defined by the operator in the operations manual for specific types of operations, shall always apply.
(3) Preparation of duty rosters sufficiently in advance with FAQ – ORO.FTL.110(a)
planning of recurrent extended recovery rest periods and
notification of the crewmembers well in advance to plan For published rosters, additional elements might be needed to enable an appropriate planning of indi-
adequate pre-duty rest. vidual fatigue management for crew members depending on the type of operation. Operators must
(a) publish duty rosters sufficiently in advance to provide demonstrate that their system fulfils the requirements of ORO.FTL.11O(a).
There is no IR that forbids the communication of changes to a published roster. On the other hand, all
the opportunity for crew members to plan adequate rest;
other rules, i.e. those concerning rest before an FDP, need to be observed.
(a) A continuous “ad hoc” scheduling over days and weeks as frequently practiced in business aviation
AMC1 ORO.FTL.110 (a) PUBLICATION OF
is prohibited.
ROSTERS
Rosters should be published 14 days in advance.
(b) ensure that flight duty periods are planned in a way that
enables crew members to remain sufficiently free from
10fatigue so that they can operate to a satisfactory level of
BASICS (reporting time)
safety under all circumstances;
(c) specify reporting times that allow sufficient time for reporting times may be different, as long as they comply with ORO.FTL.110(c) and ORO.FTL.205(a)(1).
ground duties; The minimum reporting times, which have been defined by the operator in the operations manual for
specific types of operations, shall always apply. In principal, the crew is restricted by the maximum FDP of
(d) take into account the relationship between the frequen- the crew member with the most restricting combination of reporting time and maximum FDP.
cy and pattern of flight duty periods and rest periods and
give consideration to the cumulative effects of undertaking Should a CM report late (…for example when called out of standby or due any other delay) the planned
long duty hours combined with minimum rest periods; and unchanged reporting time for that rotation may be used especially when the individual time at which
(e) allocate duty patterns which avoid practices that cause the CM finally reports for duty would result in a more restrictive FDP limit. This does not apply for a CM
a serious disruption of an established sleep/work pattern, who would join a crew at a different individually planned reporting time.
such as alternating day/night duties;
(f) comply with the provisions concerning disruptive sched-
ules in accordance with ARO.OPS.230; COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 83/2014
(g) provide rest periods of sufficient time to enable crew In Annex II to Regulation (EU) No 965/2012, the following points ARO.OPS.230 and ARO.OPS.235 are
members to overcome the effects of the previous duties added:
and to be rested by the start of the following flight duty
period; ARO.OPS.230 Determination of disruptive schedules
(h) plan recurrent extended recovery rest periods and notify For the purpose of flight time limitations, the competent authority shall determine, in accordance with
crew members sufficiently in advance; the definitions of “early type” and “late type” of disruptive schedules in point ORO.FTL.105 of Annex III,
which of those two types of disruptive schedules shall apply to all CAT operators under its oversight.
(i) plan flight duties in order to be completed within the
allowable flight duty period taking into account the time ORO.FTL.105 Definitions (8) “disruptive schedule”
necessary for pre-flight duties, the sector and turnaround
times;
(j) change a schedule and/or crew arrangements if the ac- (j) In all consequences… a change to the scheduling needs to be made only once 33% of all flights of a
tual operation exceeds the maximum flight duty period on particular paring were operated under commander’s discretion!!!
more than 33% of the flight duties in that schedule during a
scheduled seasonal period. FAQ – ORO.FTL.110(j)
AMC1 ORO.FTL.110(j) instructs the operator to establish and monitor performance indicators for opera-
tional robustness of rosters.
GM1 ORO.FTL.110(j) explains the purpose of the rule and specifies what those performance indicators
should at least measure.
AMC1 ORO.FTL.110 (j)
OPERATIONAL ROBUSTNESS OF ROSTERS
The operator should establish and monitor performance
indicators for operational robustness of rosters.
11GM1 ORO.FTL.110 (j)
OPERATIONAL ROBUSTNESS OF ROSTERS
Performance indicators for operational robustness of ros-
ters should support the operator in the assessment of the GM1 (j) Statistics on “on time” departure is obviously insufficient for an assessment of roster stability –
stability of its rostering system. Performance indicators only statistics on “on time” arrival of the final sector of a series of flights may indicate roster stability.
for operational robustness of rosters should at least
measure how often a rostered crew pairing for a duty pe-
riod is achieved within the planned duration of that duty
period. Crew pairing means rostered positioning and
flights for crewmembers in one duty period.
ORO.FTL.115 Crew Member Responsibilities Crewmembers shall…
(a) …comply with point CAT.GEN.MPA.100(b) of Annex IV
CAT.GEN.MPA.100 Crew responsibilities
(Part-CAT); and
…
(b) …make optimum use of the opportunities and facilities (b) The crew member shall:
for rest provided and plan and use their rest periods proper- (1) report to the commander any fault, failure, malfunction or defect which the crew member believes
ly. may affect the airworthiness or safe operation of the aircraft including emergency systems, if not already
reported by another crew member;
(2) report to the commander any incident that endangered, or could have endangered, the safety of the
FAQ – ORO.FTL.115 / 210 /235 operation, if not already reported by another crew member;
(3) comply with the relevant requirements of the operator’s occurrence reporting schemes;
Crew members shall not simply enjoy provisions (4) comply with all flight and duty time limitations (FTL) and rest requirements applicable to their
for rest and the opportunity to plan ahead but activities;
focus on their responsibility to reduce fatigue. (5) when undertaking duties for more than one operator:
(i) maintain his/her individual records regarding flight and duty times and rest periods as referred to in
Generally speaking, any professional activity must applicable FTL requirements; and
be known to the operator planning rest and duty (ii) provide each operator with the data needed to schedule activities in accordance with the applicable
to be able to meet his responsibilities in regards to FTL requirements.
avoid fatigue and accumulated fatigue. AMC1 CAT.GEN.MPA.100 (b) Crew responsibilities
COPIES OF REPORTS
For further details in regards to the provision of Where a written report is required, a copy of the report should be communicated to the commander con-
data see NCC.GEN.105(f)(2) cerned, unless the terms of the operator’s reporting schemes prevent this.
ORO.FTL.120 Fatigue Risk Management (FRM)
(a) When FRM is required by this Subpart or an applicable certification specification, the operator shall establish, imple-
Different forms of FRM need to be ap-
ment and maintain a FRM as an integral part of its management system. The FRM shall ensure compliance with the essen-
plied for the following options:
tial requirements in points 7.f, 7.g and 8.f of Annex IV to Regulation (EC) No. 216/2008. The FRM shall be described in the
12operations manual.
Established FRM…
(b) The FRM established, implemented and maintained shall provide for continuous improvement to the overall perfor-
…Flight Time Specification Schemes
mance of the FRM and shall include:
which deviate from any IR or CS as pro-
(1) a description of the philosophy and principles of the operator with regard to FRM, referred to as the FRM policy; vided
AMC1 ORO.FTL.120 (b)(1) CAT OPERATORS’ FRM POLICY ORO.FTL.125 (d)
(a) The operator’s FRM policy should identify all the elements of FRM. …FDP limit (unknown state of accl.)
ORO.FTL.205 (b)
(b) The FRM policy should define to which operations FRM applies.
…Reduced rest at home base
(c) The FRM policy should:
CS.FTL.1.235 (c)
(1) reflect the shared responsibility of management, flight and cabin crew, and other involved personnel; Appropriate FRM…
(2) state the safety objectives of FRM; Night Duties of more than 10 hrs. CS
(3) be signed by the accountable manager; FTL.1.205 (b)
Principles of FRM…
(4) be communicated, with visible endorsement, to all the relevant areas and levels of the organisation;
…8-hour sleep opportunity (Reserve)
(5) declare management commitment to effective safety reporting;
CS.FTL.1.230
(6) declare management commitment to the provision of adequate resources for FRM;
(7) declare management commitment to continuous improvement of FRM; (ICAO – IATA – IFALPA) Fatigue Man-
(8) require that clear lines of accountability for management, flight and cabin crew, and all other involved personnel are identified; agement Guide for Airline Operators
and 2nd Ed (2015)
(9) require periodic reviews to ensure it remains relevant and appropriate.
ICAO Doc 9966 - FRMS Manual for Reg-
(2) documentation of the FRM processes, including a process for making personnel aware of their responsibilities and the
ulators
procedure for amending this documentation;
AMC2 ORO.FTL.120 (b)(2) CAT OPERATORS’ FRM POLICY
The operator should develop and keep current FRM documentation that describes and records: Basics (Crew Member)
(a) FRM policy and objectives; Cross-reference (EC) No. 216/2008
(b) FRM processes and procedures; Annex IV
(c) accountabilities, responsibilities and authorities for these processes and procedures;
7. Crew members
(d) mechanisms for on-going involvement of management, flight and cabin crew members, and all other involved personnel; ...
(e) FRM training programmes, training requirements and attendance records; 7.f. No crew member must allow their task
(f) scheduled and actual flight times, duty periods and rest periods with deviations and reasons for deviations; and achievement/decision making to deterio-
(g) FRM outputs including findings from collected data, recommendations, and actions taken. rate to the extent that flight safety is en-
dangered because of the effects of fatigue,
(3) scientific principles and knowledge; taking into account, inter alia, fatigue ac-
cumulation, sleep deprivation, number of
GM1 ORO.FTL.120 Fatigue risk management (FRM)
sectors flown, night duties or time zone
changes. Rest periods must provide suffi-
ICAO DOC 9966 — MANUAL FOR THE OVERSIGHT OF FATIGUE MANAGEMENT APPROACHES
cient time to enable crew members to over-
come the effects of the previous duties and
13Further guidance on FRM processes, appropriate fatigue management, the underlying scientific principles and operational to be well rested by the start of the follow-
knowledge may be found in ICAO Doc 9966 (Manual for the Oversight of Fatigue Management Approaches). ing flight duty period.
7.g. A crew member must not perform allo-
GM1 ORO.FTL.120(b)(3) Fatigue risk management (FRM) SCIENTIFIC METHOD cated duties on board an aircraft when
... is defined as a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observa- under the influence of psychoactive sub-
tion, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses. A scientific study may be required as stances or alcohol or when unfit due to
an element of proactive fatigue hazard identification. Such a study should be based on scientific principles, i.e. use the scientific method.
injury, fatigue, medication, sickness or
That means that the study should consist of the following elements as applicable to each individual case:
other similar causes.
(a) an introduction with a summary and the description of the study design, methods and results;
(b) a statement of the hypothesis being tested, how it is being tested and a conclusion as to whether the hypothesis was found to be true or not;
…
(c) a description of the data collection method and tools, e.g. the sensitivity of the activity monitors, further information on any model and its limi- 8.f. The prevention of fatigue must be
tations and how it is being used as part of the study; managed through a rostering system. For a
(d) a description of how the study subjects were selected and how representative of the crew member population the study group is; flight, or series of flights, such a rostering
(e) a description of the rosters the study participants have worked containing data such as e.g. flight and duty hours, number of sectors, duty
start/finish times;
system needs to address flight time, flight-
(f) reports on mean sleep duration and efficiency and data for other standard measures (e.g. sleep timing, self-rated sleepiness/fatigue, sources of duty periods, duty and adapted rest peri-
sleep disruption, performance, safety); ods. Limitations established within the
(g) a description of how sleep and the other measures varied across the roster (i.e. day-to-day) and where and why minimum sleep occurred; rostering system must take into account all
(h) statistical data analysis to test the hypothesis; and
(i) the explanation of how the study results have been used to influence the design of the roster or other fatigue mitigations.
relevant factors contributing to fatigue
such as, in particular, number of sectors
(4) A hazard identification and risk assessment process that allows managing the operational risk(s) of the operator aris- flown, time-zone crossing, sleep depriva-
ing from crew member fatigue on a continuous basis; tion, disruption of circadian cycles, night
hours, positioning, cumulative duty time for
AMC1 ORO.FTL.120 (b)(4) COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT OPERATORS’ IDENTIFICATION OF HAZARDS given periods of time, sharing of allocated
The operator should develop and maintain three documented processes for fatigue hazard identification: tasks between crew members, and also the
(a) Predictive provision of augmented crews.
(1) The predictive process should identify fatigue hazards by examining crew scheduling and taking into account factors known to ...
affect sleep and fatigue and their effects on performance. Methods of examination may include, but are not limited to:
(7.g) Crew Members must be fit to fly…
(2) operator or industry operational experience and data collected on similar types of operations;
(3) evidence-based scheduling practices; and
Fatigue can be a cause to be…
(4) bio-mathematical models. “unfit to fly”
...
(b) Proactive (8.f) Scientific findings show specific rest
demand after time zone crossing but still
The proactive process should identify fatigue hazards within current flight operations. Methods of examination may include, but
also a strong individual effect for different
are not limited to:
crew members.
(1) self-reporting of fatigue risks;
(2) crew fatigue surveys; It might be advisable to provide different
(3) relevant flight and cabin crew performance data; rest patterns on similar routes.
(4) available safety databases and scientific studies; and
(5) analysis of planned versus actual time worked.
Should an operator service several routes
(c) Reactive from Europe to the Far East it could be
The reactive process should identify the contribution of fatigue hazards to reports and events associated with potential negative helpful to offer shorter layovers (single
night return) on one route where as a
14safety consequences in order to determine how the impact of fatigue could have been minimized. At a minimum, the process may longer layover is provided on a similar one
be triggered by any of the following: (similar in terms of departure time and
(1) fatigue reports; time zone crossing) and offer the crew
(2) confidential reports; members to choose a preference.
(3) audit reports;
(4) incidents; or
(5) flight data monitoring (FDM) events.
AMC2 ORO.FTL.120(b)(4) COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT OPERATORS’ RISK ASSESSMENT
An operator should develop and implement risk assessment procedures that determine the probability and potential severity of fa-
tigue-related events and identify when the associated risks require mitigation. The risk assessment procedures should review iden-
tified hazards and link them to:
(a) operational processes;
(b) their probability;
(c) possible consequences; and
(d) the effectiveness of existing safety barriers and controls.
(5) a risk mitigation process that provides for remedial actions to be implemented promptly, which are necessary to effec-
tively mitigate the operator’s risk(s) arising from crew member fatigue and for continuous monitoring and regular assess-
ment of the mitigation of fatigue risks achieved by such actions;
AMC1 ORO.FTL.120 (b)(5) CAT OPERATORS’ RISK MITIGATION
An operator should develop and implement risk mitigation procedures that:
(a) select the appropriate mitigation strategies;
(b) implement the mitigation strategies; and
(c) monitor the strategies’ implementation and effectiveness.
(6) FRM safety assurance processes;
AMC1 ORO.FTL.120 (b)(6) COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT OPERATORS’ FRM SAFETY ASSURANCE PROCESSES
The operator should develop and maintain FRM safety assurance processes to:
(a) provide for continuous FRM performance monitoring, analysis of trends, and measurement to validate the effectiveness of the
Basics (Operations Manual)
fatigue safety risk controls. The sources of data may include, but are not limited to:
(1) hazard reporting and investigations; Cross-reference ORO.MLR
(2) audits and surveys; and
(3) reviews and fatigue studies;
(b) provide a formal process for the management of change which should include, but is not limited to: AMC3 ORO.MLR.100 Operations manual —
general
(1) identification of changes in the operational environment that may affect FRM;
CONTENTS — CAT OPERATIONS
(2) identification of changes within the organisation that may affect FRM; and (a) The OM should contain at least the
(3) consideration of available tools which could be used to maintain or improve FRM performance prior to implementing changes; following information, where applicable, as
15and relevant for the area and type of operation:
(c) provide for the continuous improvement of FRM. This should include, but is not limited to: (...)
(1) the elimination and/or modification of risk controls have had unintended consequences or that are no longer needed due to 7 FLIGHT TIME LIMITATION
changes in the operational or organisational environment; 7.1 Flight and duty time limitations and
(2) routine evaluations of facilities, equipment, documentation and procedures; and rest requirements.
(3) the determination of the need to introduce new processes and procedures to mitigate emerging fatigue-related risks. 7.2 Exceedance of flight and duty time
limitations and/or reductions of rest periods.
(7) FRM promotion processes. Conditions under which flight and duty time
AMC1 ORO.FTL.120 (b)(7) COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT OPERATORS’ FRM PROMOTION PROCESS may be exceeded or rest periods may be re-
duced, and the procedures used to report
FRM promotion processes should support the on-going development of FRM, the continuous improvement of its overall perfor-
these modifications.
mance, and attainment of optimum safety levels.
7.3 A description of the fatigue risk
The following should be established and implemented by the operator as part of its FRM: management, including at least the following:
(a) training programmes to ensure competency commensurate with the roles and responsibilities of management, flight and cabin the philosophy and principles;
crew, and all other involved personnel under the planned FRM; and documentation of processes;
(b) an effective FRM communication plan that: scientific principles and knowledge;
(1) explains FRM policies, procedures and responsibilities to all relevant stakeholders; and hazard identification and risk assessment
(2) describes communication channels used to gather and disseminate FRM- related information processes;
(c) The FRM shall correspond to the flight time specification scheme, the size of the operator and the nature and complexi-
ty of its activities, taking into account the hazards and associated risks inherent in those activities and the applicable flight
time specification scheme.
(a) (d) The operator shall take mitigating actions when the FRM safety assurance process shows that the re-
quired safety performance is not maintained.
ORO.FTL.125 Flight Time Specification Schemes
(a) Operators shall establish, implement and maintain flight time specification
schemes that are appropriate for the type(s) of operation performed and that Directive 2000/79/EC
comply with Regulation (EC) No. 216/2008, this Subpart and other applicable …
legislation, including Directive 2000/79/EC. Clause 8
(b) Before being implemented, flight time specification schemes, including any 1. Working time should be looked at without prejudice to any future Community
related FRM where required, shall be approved by the competent authority. legislation on flight and duty time limitations and rest requirements and in conjunc-
(c) To demonstrate compliance with Regulation (EC) No. 216/2008 and this Sub- tion with national legislation on this subject which should be taken into considera-
part, the operator shall apply the applicable certification specifications adopted tion in all related matters.
by the Agency. Alternatively, if the operator wants to deviate from those certifi- 2. The maximum annual working time, including some elements of standby for
cation specifications in accordance with Article 22(2) of Regulation (EC) No. duty assignment as determined by the applicable law, shall be 2 000 hours in which
216/2008, it shall provide the competent authority with a full description of the the block flying time shall be limited to 900 hours.
intended deviation prior to implementing it. The description shall include any 3. The maximum annual working time shall be spread as evenly as practicable
revisions to manuals or procedures that may be relevant, as well as an assessment throughout the year.
16demonstrating that the requirements of Regulation (EC) No. 216/2008 and of this Clause 9
Subpart are met. Without prejudice to Clause 3, mobile staff in civil aviation shall be given days free
(d) For the purpose of point ARO.OPS.235 (d), within 2 years of the implementa- of all duty and standby, which are notified in advance, as follows:
tion of a deviation or derogation, the operator shall collect data concerning the (a) at least seven local days in each calendar month, which may include any rest
granted deviation or derogation and analyse that data using scientific principles periods required by law; and
with a view to assessing the effects of the deviation or derogation on aircrew (b) at least 96 local days in each calendar year, which may include any rest periods
fatigue. Such analysis shall be provided in the form of a report to the competent required by law.
authority.
ORO.FTL.200 Home Base
An operator shall assign a home base to each crew member.
CS FTL.1.200 Home Base
(a) The home base is a single airport location assigned with a high degree of per- FAQ – ORO.FTL.1.200
manence.
Any crew member has only one home base at a time which is equivalent to one
(b) In the case of a change of home base, the first recurrent extended recovery airport.
rest period prior to starting duty at the new home base is increased to 72 hours, Any departure from another airport is either part of a roster that started at the
including 3 local nights. Travelling time between the former home base and the home base or CS FTL.1.200 has to be observed.
new home base is positioning.
GM1 CS FTL.1.200 TRAVELLING TIME
Crew members should consider making arrangements for temporary accommodation closer to their home base if the travelling time from their residence to their home base usually
exceeds 90 minutes.
ORO.FTL.205 Flight Duty Period (FDP)
(a) The operator shall:
(1) define reporting times appropriate to each individual operation taking into ac- Table 2
count O RO .FTL.110(c); Maximum daily FDP – acclimatised crewmembers
GM1 ORO.FTL.205(a)(1) REPORTING TIMES
Start of FDT at Sectors
The operator should specify reporting times taking into account the type of operation, reference time 1-2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
the size and type of aircraft and the reporting airport conditions.
06:00 - 13:29 13:00 12:30 12:00 11:30 11:00 10:30 10:00 09:30
(2) establish procedures specifying how the commander shall, in case of special cir- 13:30 - 13:59 12:45 12:15 11:45 11:15 10:45 10:15 09:45 09:15
cumstances which could lead to severe fatigue, and after consultation with the crew 14:00 - 14:29 12:30 12:00 11:30 11:00 10:30 10:00 09:30
members concerned, reduce the actual FDP and/or increase the rest period in order 14:30 - 14:59 12:15 11:45 11:15 10:45 10:15 09:45 09:15
to eliminate any detrimental effect on flight safety. 15:00 - 15:29 12:00 11:30 1:00 10:30 10:00 09:30
15:30 - 15:59 11:45 11:15 10:45 10:15 09:45 09:15
17(b) Basic maximum daily FDP: 16:00 - 16:29 11:30 11:00 10:30 10:00 09:30
16:30 - 16:59 11:15 10:45 10:15 09:45 09:15 09:00
(1) The maximum daily FDP without the use of extensions for acclimatised crew 17:00 - 04:59 11:00 10:30 10:00 09:30 09:00
members shall be in accordance with the following table: (…see 05:00 - 05:14 12:00 11:30 11:00 10:30 10:00 09:30
next column Table 2) 05:15 - 05:29 12:15 11:45 11:15 10:45 10:15 09:45 09:15
05:30 - 05:44 12:30 12:00 11:30 11:00 10:30 10:00 09:30
GM1 ORO.FTL.205 (b)(1) REFERENCE TIME 05:45 - 05:59 12:45 12:15 11:45 11:45 10:45 10:15 09:45 09:15
The start time of the FDP in the table refers to the ‘reference time’. That means, to the
local time of the point of departure, if this point of departure is within a 2-hour wide time Table 3
zone band around the local time where a crew member is acclimatised. Crewmembers in an unknown state of acclimatisation
(2) The maximum daily FDP when crew members are in an unknown state of acclima- Maximum daily FDP according to sectors
tisation shall be in accordance with the following table: (…see next col- 1-2 3 4 5 6 7
umn Table 3) 11:00 10:30 10:00 09:30 09:00
(3) The maximum daily FDP when crew members are in an unknown state of acclima-
tisation and the operator has implemented a FRM, shall be in accordance with the Table 4 - Crewmembers in an unknown state of acclimatisation under FRM
following table: FRM – The values in the following table may apply provided the operator’s FRM continuously
(…see next column Table 4) monitors that the required safety performance is maintained.
Maximum daily FDP according to sectors
1-2 3 4 5 6 7
12:00 11:30 11:00 10:30 10:00 09:30
FAQ – ORO.FTL.205(b)(3)
The 1-hour step from Table 3 to Table 4 is only allowed under FRM which next to the general tasks of an FRM(S) explicitly analyses data for each route (i.e. city pair-
ing, type of A/C, daytime of schedule, crew complement, rotation, rostering) for the purpose of risk mitigation and fatigue avoidance.
(c) FDP with different reporting time for flight crew and cabin crew:
FAQ – ORO.FTL.205 (d)
Whenever cabin crew requires more time than the flight crew for their pre-flight
briefing for the same sector or series of sectors, the FDP of the cabin crew may be
Clarification required …
extended by the difference in reporting time between the cabin crew and the flight
crew. The difference shall not exceed 1 hour. The maximum daily FDP for cabin crew “twice in any consecutive days” – wording is ambiguous:
shall be based on the time at which the flight crew report for their FDP, but the FDP Which event triggers the use of an extension or “To which day does an extension
shall start at the reporting time of the cabin crew. have to be counted?” The day of reporting for an extended FDP (i.e. report-
ing)?
(d) Maximum daily FDP for acclimatised crew members with the use of extensions
without in-flight rest: According to (d)(3) an extension does not need to be published; however, an
(1) The maximum daily FDP may be extended by up to 1 hour not more than twice in operator must enable his crew members to plan adequate rest.
any 7 consecutive days. In that case:
Note: The above statement given in the FAQs needs further clarification since it is
(i) the minimum pre-flight and post-flight rest periods shall be increased by 2 hours;
obvious that a crew member needs to know whenever an extended FDP is
18or planned to verify that all limitations associated to an extension are met.
(ii) the post-flight rest period shall be increased by 4 hours.
An operator who foresees increased roster instability may add an extension as a
(2) When extensions are used for consecutive FDPs, the additional pre- and post-
buffer; in this case, all rest requirements must be rostered. During actual opera-
flight rest between the two extended FDPs required under subparagraph 1 shall be
tion, the FDP may be re-planned as a standard limit and does not count towards
provided consecutively.
the 2-in-7 limit. Due to the operator’s responsibility to pre-plan rest, the already
(3) The use of the extension shall be planned in advance, and shall be limited to a planned additional rest provisions may not be altered to waive any detrimental
maximum of: impact on the crew member’s ability to plan adequate rest.
(i) 5 sectors when the WOCL is not encroached; or
FAQ – ORO.FTL.205(d)+(e)
(ii) 4 sectors, when the WOCL is encroached by 2 hours or less; or
(iii) 2 sectors, when the WOCL is encroached by more than 2 hours. There is neither a restriction on the number of extensions due to in-flight rest
(4) Extension of the maximum basic daily FDP without in-flight rest shall not be com- within any specific time frame nor a restriction on the combination with an ex-
bined with extensions due to in-flight rest or split duty in the same duty period. tended FDP according to ORO.FTL.205 (d)
(5) Flight time specification schemes shall specify the limits for extensions of the (3) According to the FAQs the extension must not be published in the roster
maximum basic daily FDP in accordance with the certification specifications applica- but pre-planning is required. For the purpose of clarity, it should be published
ble to the type of operation, taking into account: anyway since already the planned use of an extension triggers additional rest.
(i) the number of sectors flown; and (5) NOTE: CS.FTL.1.205(b) ... shall be understood as the application of
(ii) WOCL encroachment. ORO.FTL.205 (d)(5) under the aspect of safety mitigation.
(e) Maximum daily FDP with the use of extensions due to in-flight rest
Flight time specification schemes shall specify the conditions for extensions of the
maximum basic daily FDP with in-flight rest in accordance with the certification spec-
ifications applicable to the type of operation, taking into account:
(i) the number of sectors flown;
BASICS (Commander’s Discretion)
(ii) the minimum in-flight rest allocated to each crew member;
(iii) the type of in-flight rest facilities; and
“Commander’s discretion (CD)” provides an opportunity to extend an actual FDP
(iv) the augmentation of the basic flight crew.
beyond the applicable maximum allowable FDP limit. It does not apply to the
(f) Unforeseen circumstances in flight operations — commander’s discretion duration of a planned FDP as published in a roster; i.e. due to unforeseen cir-
(1) The conditions to modify the limits on flight duty, duty and rest periods by the cumstances a planned FDP may be extended up to the max. allowable FDP with-
commander in the case of unforeseen circumstances in flight operations, which start out any “CD”.
at or after the reporting time, shall comply with the following: However, “CD” may provide much less flexibility than anticipated. “CD” applies
(i) the maximum daily FDP which results after applying points (b) and (e) of point to the basic FDP limits. Further, during actual operation, an extra sector may
ORO.FTL.205 or point ORO.FTL.220 may not be increased by more than 2 hours already shorten the length of the previously planned maximum FDP. The result-
unless the flight crew has been augmented, in which case the maximum flight duty ing limit could be as little as 30 minutes above the originally planned FDP limit.
period may be increased by not more than 3 hours; That is, when the initial planning was done according to ORO.FTL.205 (d).
ORO.FTL.205 (f)(i) refers to an FDP after applying points (b) or (e) - thus it ex-
GM1 ORO.FTL.205 (f)(1)(i) COMMANDER’S DISCRETION cludes point (d); i.e. the one-hour extension. This means, that an FDP extended
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