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SpaceFlight
A British Interplanetary Society publication
Volume 60 No.11 November 2018 £5.00
Rumble
in the jungle
Cosmonaut 101
Rent-a-rocket
Computing in
the Apollo era
11>
9 770038 634072
CONTENTS
Features
15 So you want to be a Cosmonaut?
Tony Quine has been quietly following the latest
recruitment drive for Russian cosmonauts with
the help of Tatiana Drozhzhova, who provides an
insightful description of what's involved in the
selection process – more rigorous than any 4
training programme in the West.
Letter from the Editor
22 OK, so why don’t we just rent a rocket
With 50th anniversaries for The Editor considers the implications of two
manned Apollo missions upon us, I
seminal announcements from SpaceX – that a
am especially pleased to be able
to publish an article reminding us
Japanese billionaire has made a “substantial”
of the vital role played by the down-payment for a circumlunar fly-by aboard
Apollo Guidance Computer in the Big Falcon Rocket, and that CEO Gwynn
those historic events. Shotwell is offering to put weapons in space for
Half the people in the world the US military.
today weren't born when 15
Armstrong and Aldrin landed on 26 Rumble in the Jungle
the Moon, yet the technology that Interplanetary podcast host Matt Russell visits
got the astronauts there enabled the Kourou space complex in French Guiana.
the electronic and digital age that
COVER: : THE FIRST SUCCESSFUL FLIGHT OF ARIANE 5 ON 21 OCTOBER 1998 FROM KOUROU, FRENCH GUIANA. / ESA
Currently providing launch facilities for ESA's
shapes our lives today. It is
essential to record this for Ariane 5, Soyuz and Vega flights, the site will
posterity so that future also support Vega-C from 2019 and Ariane 6,
generations can appreciate how anticipated to be flying by 2020.
the road we tread today was laid.
Meanwhile, under-reported 30 Apollo programmer
even in the specialist media, Reflecting on former MIT software whizz-kid Don
SpaceX CEO Gwynn Shotwell Eyles’ recent book Sunburst and Luminary, 22
issued a controversial offer to Fabrizio Bernardini, FBIS explores the technology
launch weapons in space, surrounding the Apollo Guidance Computer and
presumably for the US to its implications for our lives today.
“dominate” the orbital space
lanes, as Donald Trump promised.
Regulars
Should this worry us – can we
really preserve exo-atmospheric
activity as a completely peaceful
domain devoid of war or conflict
between nations, perhaps even
between commercial operators? 4 Behind the news
SpaceFlight would love to know US commercial astronauts named 26
what you think. Write to us with
your views about this – or any 8 Opinion
other topic that moves you to 10 I SS Report
pound the keyboard. And we do 9 August – 8 September 2018
still read letters!
36 Multi-media
The latest space-related books, games, videos
40
Satellite Digest
550 – August 2018
David Baker
david.baker@bis-space.com 44 Society news / Diary
What’s happened/ What’s coming up 30
OUR MISSION STATEMENT Editor David Baker, PhD, BSc, FBIS, FRHS Sub Editor Ann Page Creative Consultant Andrée Wilson Design & Production
MP3 Media Promotion Gillian Norman Advertising Tel: +44 (0)20 7735 3160 Email: d.baker146@btinternet.com
The British Interplanetary Society Distribution Warners Group Distribution, The Maltings, Manor Lane, Bourne, Lincolnshire PE10 9PH, England Tel: +44 (0)1778
promotes the exploration and 391 000 Fax: +44 (0)1778 393 668 SpaceFlight, Arthur C. Clarke House, 27-29 South Lambeth Road, London SW8 1SZ,
England Tel: +44 (0)20 7735 3160 Email: spaceflight@bis-space.com www.bis-space.com
use of space for the benefit
Published monthly by the British Interplanetary Society, SpaceFlight is a publication that promotes the mission of the British
of humanity, connecting people Interplanetary Society. Opinions in signed articles are those of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views of
to create, educate and inspire, the Editor or the Council of the British Interplanetary Society. Registered Company No: 402498. Registered charity No:
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SpaceFlight Vol 60 November 2018 3
BEHIND
THE NEWS
The shape of things to come: NASA Astronaut Suni Williams, wearing a futuristic SpaceX spacesuit, interfaces with an equally futuristic
display inside a mock-up of the Crew Dragon spacecraft during a testing exercise on 3 April 2018.
IN THE NAME OF COMMERCE
On 3 August NASA introduced the US astronauts who will fly aboard
commercial spacecraft made in America for transport to and from the ISS.
SUPPORTING AN ENDEAVOUR that will return worked closely with these companies throughout
astronaut launches to US soil for the first time since design, development and testing to ensure the
the Space Shuttle’s retirement in 2011, NASA systems meet NASA’s safety and performance
Administrator Jim Bridenstine said “Today, our requirements.
country’s dreams of greater achievements in space “The men and women we assign to these first
are within our grasp. This accomplished group of flights are at the forefront of an exciting new time
American astronauts, flying on new spacecraft for human spaceflight”, said Mark Geyer, director of
developed by our commercial partners Boeing and NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston. “It will be
SpaceX, will launch a new era of human spaceflight. thrilling to see our astronauts lift off from American
Today’s announcement advances our great soil, and we can’t wait to see them aboard the
American vision and strengthens the nation’s International Space Station.”
leadership in space”. Additional crew members will be assigned by
NASA has assigned nine astronauts to crew the NASA’s international partners at a later date but this
first test flight and mission of both Boeing’s CST-100 new spaceflight capability provided by Boeing and
Starliner and SpaceX’s Crew Dragon. The agency has SpaceX will allow a crew of seven astronauts to be
4 Vol 60 November 2018 SpaceFlight
BEHIND THE NEWS
The upper and lower domes of the Boeing CST-100 The Crew Dragon spacecraft that will be used for
Starliner Spacecraft 2 Crew Flight Test Vehicle are Space X’s uncrewed flight test, Demonstration Mission
mated at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, 19 June. 1, arrives at Cape Canaveral on 10 July.
LEFT: SPACEX RIGHT: NASA / SPACEX
Boeing conducts the first in a series of parachute An off-nominal test of SpaceX's Crew Dragon over the
reliability tests of its Starliner flight drogue and main Mojave Desert in Southern California, deploying one of
parachute system on 22 February over Yuma, Arizona. the two drogue and three of the four main chutes.
on the space station at any one time, thereby International Space Station from US soil through a
maximizing scientific research. Back in the early public-private approach. NASA, Boeing and SpaceX
planning days for what was then known as Space “The men and have significant testing underway, which will
Station Freedom, it was calculated that general ultimately lead to test missions when the systems
“housekeeping” duties aboard the station absorbed women we are ready and meet mandated safety requirements.
two-man-days, every day and that is generally Boeing’s Starliner will launch on a United Launch
accepted as the balance with the International assign to Alliance Atlas V rocket from Space Launch Complex
Space Station. By increasing the complement from
six to seven it effectively increases the scientifically
these first 41 and SpaceX’s Crew Dragon will launch on the
company’s Falcon 9 rocket from Launch Complex
productive workforce by 25%, raising it from four to
five.
flights are at 39A.
After completion of each company’s uncrewed
After each company successfully completes its the forefront and crewed flight tests, NASA will review the flight
crewed test flight, NASA will begin the final process data to verify that the systems meet the
of certifying that spacecraft and its systems for of an exciting requirements for certification. Upon achieving that,
regular crew missions to the space station. The the companies are each contracted to fly the six
agency has contracted six missions, with as many new time for crew missions to the International Space Station
as four astronauts per mission, from each company.
Since NASA awarded contracts to Boeing and
human beginning in 2019 and continuing through 2024.
SpaceX, the companies have matured space system
designs and now have substantial spacecraft and
spaceflight” LAST HURDLES FOR BOEING
Throughout 2018, Boeing is continuing with the
launch vehicle hardware in development and testing production and outfitting of three crew modules and
in preparation for the test flights. The goal of the multiple service modules inside the Commercial
Commercial Crew Program is safe, reliable and Crew and Cargo Processing Facility at Kennedy
cost-effective transportation to and from the Space Center. Boeing already has a structural
SpaceFlight Vol 60 November 2018 5
BEHIND THE NEWS
access tower, swing arm, clean room, personnel
escape system and water deluge system.
Plans for Boeing to complete an uncrewed pad
abort test at White Sands Missile Range in New
Mexico to demonstrate the ability of the Starliner to
safely accomplish an emergency escape of the
capsule and its crew members from a rocket has
been postponed due to a problem with a precursor
test in June. During the test, four launch abort
engines and 20 orbital manoeuvring engines will fire
to simulate an abort from the Atlas V rocket on the
launch pad. Together, the engines produce about 836
kN of thrust for about six seconds to push the
spacecraft to 1.6 km in altitude to clear the launch
vehicle in an emergency. At the proper time in the
abort sequence, the service module will separate
from the crew module so that it can parachute down
to a safe landing.
Following launch from SLC-41 at Cape Canaveral,
the uncrewed Starliner will dock to the International
Space Station. After about two weeks, during which
the teams will gather extensive performance data,
Pararescue specialists, also known as “Guardian Angels”, prepare equipment during the spacecraft will return to Earth under parachutes
NASA
an astronaut rescue training exercise in April off of Florida’s eastern coast.
to land in the Western United States. The test will
demonstrate that the launch vehicle, the Starliner
version of its spacecraft going through loads, spacecraft, the ground system and the Boeing team
shock and separation test events in Huntington are ready to perform a crew flight test.
Beach, California. Current activity includes a series Two crew members will be aboard the Starliner
of service module hot-fire tests in White Sands, for Boeing’s first commercial spaceflight to the
New Mexico, as well as environmental testing to International Space Station. The spacecraft will again
include thermal, vacuum and electromagnetic land in the western United States. After the test and
frequency in El Segundo, California. NASA certification, Boeing’s Starliner will be cleared
Boeing’s spacesuit design will continue to to begin regularly flying astronauts to and from the
undergo integrated system verification tests. These space station on NASA missions.
include environmental control and life support
system testing, immersing the suit in water, egress SPACEX STEPS UP
demonstrations with the aid of virtual reality, suited SpaceX is making significant progress on the six
launch and landing cabin operations, prelaunch Crew Dragon spacecraft that the company currently
emergency exit with ground crews, ascent has in various stages of production and testing.
simulations with mission operations teams and SpaceX’s structural qualification module has
post-landing egress. undergone extensive testing, which was completed
Boeing and Aerojet Rocketdyne are finishing in the first half of 2018. The company continued with
qualification testing of the launch abort engines and sustained hardware and software testing on its
thrusters that will power the Starliner through the Environment Control and Life Support System, or
pad abort, uncrewed and crew flight tests. Each of ECLSS, module, through early 2018.
the four launch abort engines and 48 thrusters is The crew module that will be used to support
tested at the White Sands Test Facility in New SpaceX’s upcoming Demonstration Mission 1 has
Mexico prior to installation on the service module. had its critical onboard avionics powered up and has
Boeing is continuing with the Starliner’s completed integration of the module’s pressure
parachute test programme throughout this year, section and service section’s structural components.
having already completed two of five planned Progress also continues on SpaceX’s spacecraft for
qualification tests. The testing involves a giant Demonstration Mission 2 and both of the company’s
helium-filled balloon that lifts a full-size version of initial crew rotation missions.
the spacecraft over the desert in New Mexico before SpaceX will continue qualification and validation
releasing it. The spacecraft climbs more than 300 m/ testing on its advanced spacesuits including NASA’s
min before it is dropped from an altitude of about four CCP flight test astronauts for a variety of the
12,190 m. A choreographed parachute deployment assessments, including suit-fit, reach and visibility
sequence ensures a safe touchdown on land. assessments as well as pressure tests. The
Additional parachute testing with a long-dart shaped company is in the process of manufacturing custom
vehicle released from a C-17 aircraft near Yuma, suits for each of the four astronauts, which will
Arizona, has also been completed. ensure a proper fit and comfortable ride to and from
Boeing and United Launch Alliance are the ISS in the Crew Dragon spacecraft.
completing final preparations to the launch pad to Throughout this year continued, rigorous
ready the Atlas V complex for human spaceflight qualification testing of SpaceX’s Block 5 M1D and
operations. Modifications are nearly complete, MVacD engines at the company’s engine
including the installation and testing of a crew development and testing facility in McGregor, Texas,
6 Vol 60 November 2018 SpaceFlight
BEHIND THE NEWS
have been underway. These advanced engines are
manufactured by SpaceX at their headquarters in
Briefing
Boeing and Hawthorne, California, and will power Falcon 9’s first
and second stages respectively as they lift the Crew
United Launch Dragon spacecraft into orbit to rendezvous with the
ISS. SpaceX also will complete major integrated
Alliance are system testing of its Draco and 3-D-printed
UNIVERSITY OF SURREY
completing final SuperDraco thrusters on the company’s
SuperModule test stand this year.
preparations to SpaceX has targeted late 2018 for its first
demonstration mission with Crew Dragon to and
the launch pad from the International Space Station. This uncrewed
The net – taken by an onboard camera.
mission will launch from Pad 39A, serving as an
to ready the important rehearsal for later missions carrying NASA
astronauts. NET EFFECT
Atlas V complex Using Crew Dragon’s advanced autonomous The RemoveDEBRIS satellite has
for human rendezvous and docking capabilities, SpaceX will
complete a full mission profile to test the crewed
successfully used its on-board net
technology in orbit, the first
spaceflight Block 5 Falcon 9, the Dragon Spacecraft, and
associated ground systems including its Mission
demonstration of active debris removal
(ADR) technology. The spacecraft began
operations Control facility in Hawthorne. the experimental phase of its mission on
SpaceX expects to complete an important 16 September, when it used a net to
in-flight abort test using both Falcon 9 and Crew capture a deployed target simulating a
Dragon in the time between the company’s two piece of space debris. RemoveDEBRIS
demonstration flights in 2018 and early 2019. Using was designed, built and manufactured by
Crew Dragon’s onboard SuperDraco thrusters, built a consortium of leading space companies
at the company’s headquarters in California and and research institutions led by the
tested in Texas, SpaceX will demonstrate a capability Surrey Space Centre at the University of
to swiftly carry astronauts to safety in the unlikely Surrey. The spacecraft is operated in
event of an in-flight anomaly. The test will be orbit by engineers at Surrey Satellite
conducted from Launch Complex 39A at the Technology Ltd in Guildford, UK. In the
Kennedy Space Center. coming months, RemoveDEBRIS will test
SpaceX is progressing towards its first crewed more ADR technologies, a vision-based
mission under the Commercial Crew Program – navigation system that uses cameras and
Demo-2 – in the first quarter of 2019. This mission LiDaR technology to analyse and observe
will see two NASA astronauts flying to and from the potential pieces of debris, the first
International Space Station in SpaceX’s Crew Dragon harpoon capture technology used in orbit
spacecraft from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s and a drag-sail that will finally bring
Kennedy Space Center in Florida. This second RemoveDEBRIS into the Earth’s
demonstration mission will serve as a precursor to atmosphere where it will be destroyed,
fully operational crew rotation missions. SF bringing its mission to a close.
BOEING
An artist's impression of how Boeing’s CST-100 Starliner will look as it docks with the ISS – perhaps as soon as 2019.
SpaceFlight Vol 60 November 2018 7
BEHIND THE NEWS
Briefing STARLINER TEST FLIGHT
ASTRONAUTS
engineer and colonel in the Air
Force. He joined the astronaut
Erich Boe was born in Miami and corps in 2000 and flew aboard
LAST OF THE LINE grew up in Atlanta. He came to NASA Space Shuttle Endeavour twice,
After a distinguished career, and 100 straight from the Air Force, where he was a for the STS-123 and STS-130
successes, the last of 155 Delta II launchers fighter pilot and test pilot and rose to missions, during which he
carried the ICESat-2 satellite into a perfect the rank of colonel. He was selected performed six spacewalks
orbit on 15 September. as an astronaut in 2000 and piloted totalling more than 37 hours.
The Delta II emerged after a spate of Space Shuttle Endeavour for the Douglas Hurley calls Apalachin,
disasters in 1986 when the Shuttle Challenger STS-126 mission and Discovery on its New York, his home town. He
blew up followed by a Delta 3914 and a Titan final flight, STS-133. was a test pilot and colonel in the
34D; an Ariane 2 was also lost that year, Christopher Ferguson is a native of Marine Corps before joining NASA
followed by an Atlas in March 1987. Until Philadelphia. He is a retired Navy in 2000 to become an astronaut.
1986 the Atlas-Centaur, Delta and Titan 34D captain, who piloted Space Shuttle He piloted Space Shuttle
types were heading for retirement as NASA Atlantis for STS-115, and commanded Endeavour for STS-127 and
sought to replace these expendables with Shuttle Endeavour on STS-126 and Atlantis for STS-135, the final
the partially reusable Shuttle. After Atlantis for the final flight of the Space Shuttle mission.
Challenger, the Shuttle was redirected to Space Shuttle programme, STS-135.
launch only government spacecraft and the Ferguson retired from NASA in 2011 STARLINER FIRST MISSION
expendables returned. Delta emerged as a and has been an integral part of ASTRONAUTS
satellite launcher from the Thor ballistic Boeing's CST-100 Starliner Josh Cassada grew up in White
missile, the first successful launch of which programme. Bear Lake, Minnesota. He is a
occurred on 20 September 1957. Quickly Nicole Aunapu Mann is a California Navy commander and test pilot
adapted as a space launcher in its own right, native and a lieutenant colonel in the with more than 3,500 flight hours
Thor evolved into Delta with the first Marine Corps. She is an F/A-18 test in more than 40 aircraft. Selected
successful launch on 8 February 1962. The pilot with more than 2,500 flight as an astronaut in 2013. This will
Delta II was the last incarnation of Delta hours in more than 25 aircraft. Mann be his first spaceflight.
rockets based on the original Thor. was selected as an astronaut in 2013. Sunita Williams was born in
This will be her first trip to space. Euclid, Ohio, but considers
Needham, Massachusetts, her
CREW DRAGON TEST FLIGHT hometown. Williams came to
ASTRONAUTS NASA from the Navy, where she
Robert Behnken is from St. Ann, was a test pilot and rose to the
Missouri, with a doctorate in rank of captain before retiring.
engineering and is a flight test Since her selection as an
Opinion
A BIGGER DEAL?
IT IS RIGHT TO TAKE TIME to be persuaded – about counter-intuitive offers of
rushing to the endorsement of radical and unproven paths which claim access to
broader and more capable approaches in the search for economical and
expanding space capabilities.
After all, who would have thought that it was sensible to use taxpayers’ money
to give millions of dollars to billionaires to build rockets, returnable cargo
modules and crewed spacecraft as the backbone of an international scientific
research station assembled by 26 countries – 13% of the world’s total – weighing
400 tonnes and permanently manned by a crew of six?
Some did – and they have been proved right, as NASA moves toward handing
the full supporting transportation infrastructure to the rockets, the modules and
the spacecraft built by aerospace companies, engineers, scientists and
entrepreneurs outside the curatorial envelope of NASA administrators. Begun by
the administration of George W. Bush in 2006 as part of an attempt to free the
taxpayer from support for the ISS while attention switched to manned landings
on the Moon, it has already proved to be one of the more successful policy
transformations in the history of the space programme.
Timing is essential and finding solutions to problems always affords
opportunity. It was so when the funding problem for NASA loomed large in 2005:
whether to continue with the ISS or return to deep-space exploration for the first
time in several decades; to facilitate both, the President turned to private
industry but Barack Obama, his successor in 2009, pulled the Moon plan from
NASA
NASA and so incensed Congress that they reinstated their own “big ticket”
Delta II flies for the last time.
8 Vol 60 November 2018 SpaceFlightBEHIND THE NEWS
Briefing
HIGH ASPIRATIONS
India plans to become the fourth country
to orbit its own crewed spacecraft,
Gaganyaan, at the end of 2021, according
to ISRO. Launched on a GSLV Mk III
rocket, the 3.7 tonne spacecraft would
carry three astronauts into a 300-400 km
orbit on a flight lasting up to two days,
with an evolved
version supporting
seven-day missions.
Recovery would be
from a location in
the Arabian Sea.
From left to right: Suni Williams, Josh Cassada, Eric Boe, Nicole Aunapu Mann, Chris However, the plan has
Ferguson, Doug Hurley, Bob Behnken, Mike Hopkins and Victor Glover. raised considerable
opposition, both inside and
astronaut in 1998, she has spent flew 24 combat missions. outside government, with
322 days aboard the International Selected as part of the 2013 many claiming that the
Space Station for Expeditions astronaut candidate class, this will money would be better
14/15 and Expeditions 32/33, be his first space flight. spent on robotic exploration
commanded the space station Michael Hopkins was born in and that manned flight is a
ISRO
and performed seven spacewalks. Lebanon, Missouri, and grew up mere vanity project.
on a farm near Richland, Missouri.
CREW DRAGON FIRST MISSION He is a colonel in the Air Force,
ASTRONAUTS where he was a flight test POWER TO THE PEOPLE
Victor Glover is from Pomona, engineer before being selected as The astronauts who fly in the first
California. He is a Navy a NASA astronaut in 2009. He has crewed mission of Orion will survive in
commander, aviator and test pilot spent 166 days on the deep space thanks to European
with almost 3,000 hours flying International Space Station for engineers building the second Service
more than 40 different aircraft. He Expeditions 37/38, and conducted Module. Meanwhile, the module for the
made 400 carrier landings and two spacewalks. SF first Orion mission is now integrated and
equipped with systems providing power,
water and air as well as propulsion
through 33 separate thrusters and rocket
motors supporting the four-person
The clear and distinct benefits from increased spacecraft. The final element to get
attached was a radiator, installation of
investment in UK Space is beginning to develop a which sealed off the interior of the
module and prevented further access.
self-supporting optimism The module will be delivered to NASA’s
Kennedy Space Center where it will be
stacked with the Crew Module Adapter
programme for deep-space exploration and starved the commercial programme and the Crew module itself. Work on the
of funds. second module, the one supporting the
That serpentine route back to where we left off now has NASA on track for second mission (the first crewed flight) is
orchestrating a circumlunar successor to the International Space Station well under way at Bremen, with 11 km of
involving the same partners that brought it about, 20 years after the first-element cableway being installed for a mission
launch on 20 November 1998. The long and sometimes tortuous route to leased
ESA
that could come as early as 2022.
services is about to turn a corner as NASA pulls back on subsidised development
funding for the cargo and crew transport and begins to pay for as-used services
rather than a complete system, otherwise developed in-house which would
largely stand unused for most of the year.
This template has to find applications elsewhere, it is too good to lose, and the
commercial support for government-led programmes is a perfect fit for the
evolving expanse of increasingly broad, rather than focused, programme
objectives. The commercial players have an enabling part this time around.
Without them, the circumlunar station would be unaffordable and we will
explore why that is so in the next issue of SpaceFlight. There is a perfect
interlocking synergy between the aspirations of the international partners and
the commercial marketplace. We need a bigger deal with them than the ISS
alone. But will somebody please find a better name for the circumlunar station
than Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway? SF David Baker
ESA’s Orion Service Module is completed.
SpaceFlight Vol 60 November 2018 9SATELLITES 10 Vol 60 November 2018 SpaceFlight
ISS REPORT
ISS Report
9 August – 8 September 2018
Expedition 56 has completed its third month
of operations crewed by US commander Drew
Feustel and flight engineers Ricky Arnold
and Serena Auñón-Chancellor, Russians Oleg
Artemyev and Sergey Prokopyev, and German
ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst.
Report by George Spiteri
O
ABOVE n 9 August, the crew set up the
The crew pose in the Kibo Synchronised Position Hold, Engage,
lab module. Top row (l-r) Reorient, Experimental Satellites
Auñón-Chancellor, Gerst
and Prokopyev; bottom row (SPHERES) Tether Slosh hardware and
(l-r) Arnold, Feustel and cameras. This experiment combines fluid
Artemyev. Gerst will take dynamics equipment with robotic capabilities
command of Expedition 57 aboard the ISS to investigate automated strategies
when Feustel, Arnold and
Artemyev depart in October.
for steering passive cargo that contain fluids.
The following day Feustel and Arnold took part
in the regular SPHERES Zero Robotics competition,
LEFT which involved US Middle School students who
Prokopyev lays cable for competed to write the best algorithms to operate
the Icarus animal-tracking
experiment on the Zvezda the SPHERES simulating a mission to Saturn’s
module during a spacewalk moon Enceladus. Arnold took time out to answer
ALL IMAGES: NASA
lasting 7 hours 46 minutes. questions from students in New Hampshire and
He and fellow cosmonaut told them “chicken and peanut sauce” was his
Artemyev also deployed
four nano-satellites and
favourite food aboard the station, whilst Artemyev
retrieved a materials and Prokopyev continued with preparations for
exposure experiment. their spacewalk, which included a dress rehearsal
SpaceFlight Vol 60 November 2018 11ISS REPORT
the next day. Cooperation for Animal Research Using Space
Space analyst Jonathan McDowell tweeted that (ICARUS) experiment outside Zvezda, which is
“Bhutan-1, Maya-1and UiTMSAT-1 cubesats were There was another designed to monitor the migratory patterns of birds
deployed” from the station at 09:45 UTC on 10 and animals on Earth. Artemyev and Prokopyev
August. As they were released Feustel was heard to false fire alarm also retrieved materials science samples from
say: “Fly my pretties, fly!”. Gerst ended the working outside the Russian segment. The spacewalk lasted
week by upgrading the Fluid Science Laboratory after some 7 hr 46 min and was the 212th dedicated to ISS
inside Columbus – a multi-user facility which maintenance, assembly and upgrades totalling 54
studies how fluids and granules behave in space. troubleshooting, days 7 hr 15 min.
The 11/12 August weekend brought only a
number of light duties, with the crew conducting
resulting in T2 On 16 August, Artemyev and Prokopyev
stowed their Orlan EVA suits and tools, whilst
regular housekeeping chores, exercising, talking
to family and friends and setting up the hardware
“currently NO GO Feustel andAuñón-Chancellor replaced one of
four Distributed Impact Detection System (DIDS)
for the Marrow Breath and Ambient Air Sample for use” sensors located inside the Bigelow Expandable
investigation. They also took part in the Human Activity Module (BEAM). DIDS sensors are used
Research Facility (HRF) urine collections task. to triangulate an impact location and estimate
On 13 August, Artemyev and Prokopyev the magnitude of the impact in the event of a
made final preparations for their spacewalk and MicroMeteroid and Orbital Debris (MMOD)
reviewed procedures with ground specialists the strike. The astronauts also upgraded the Wireless
following day, whilst Feustel and Arnold explored Temperature System (WTS) sensors inside BEAM
how proteins crystallise and grow in microgravity. with longer power cables. The crew also worked with
Auñón-Chancellor worked inside Columbus the Chemical Gardens micro biology experiment
with the MarconISSta investigation which studies and completed a Team Task Switching (TTS)
radio spectrum usage in space that could benefit survey, which involves a crewmember switching
satellite communications and Gerst verified the their attention between tasks and assessing the
functionality of the fire extinguishers and breathing performance on each job.
masks aboard the station. The highlight of 17 August was the live streaming
Arnold replaced gear inside the Combustion via ESA of Gerst working with the German
Integrated Rack (CIR) on 14 August and later Aerospace Centre’s (DLR) Rollin’ Justin humanoid
performed maintenance tasks to the Water robot. The robot was located in a simulated Martian
Processing Assembly (WPA).Auñón-Chancellor environment in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany, and
checked on the mice being observed for the Rodent was commanded by Gerst to perform a series of
Research-7 (RR-7) study and Gerst serviced the US complex telerobotic activities including repair and
Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) suits inside hardware installation tasks aimed at demonstrating
Quest in preparation for two upcoming United the feasibility of using robots in future lunar and
States Orbital Segment (USOS) spacewalks. BELOW
planetary surface work.
Arabidopsis plants are A NASA blog reported on 17 August that the T2
RUSSIAN RUNAROUND pictured before being COLBERT rack “experienced a false fire alarm this
Artemyev and Prokopyev opened the Pirs hatch harvested inside the morning” whilst the crew were using the treadmill.
Plant Habitat-01 housed
at 16:17 UTC on 15 August to begin the mission’s There was another false fire alarm after some
inside Europe's Columbus
second spacewalk. Within the first hour of the EVA, laboratory module. troubleshooting, resulting in T2 “currently NO GO
Prokopyev manually deployed four nanosatellites The study seeks to for use”. The space agency added that a team would
between 16:43 UTC and 16:56 UTC. These comprehensively compare be “investigating the cause”. Later that day the crew
included two 4.8 kg Tanyusha CubeSats and two differences in genetics, performed an unmanned activation and checkout
metabolism, photosynthesis,
1.3 kg SiriusSats CubeSats developed by Kursk and and gravity sensing of T2 and after ground engineers reviewed the date
Moscow Universities respectively. The cosmonauts between plants grown in declared the treadmill “GO for use”.
installed the joint Russian-German International space and on Earth. During their light-duty weekend 18/19 August,
the crew changed the batteries to the Binary
Colloidal Alloy (BCAT) experiment and Artemyev
filmed a short video explaining the Advanced
Resistive Exercise Device (ARED) which is part of
their daily two hour exercise regimen.
On 20 August, Feustel worked with an
experiment which provides hyperspectral imagery
of the Earth. The German built spectrometer was
readied for installation outside the Kibo module
to monitor urban and agricultural development,
the health of vegetation and water areas as well as
the environmental effects of natural and manmade
disasters. Gerst exercised in a T-shirt designed
with a specialised fabric for the SpaceTex-2 study.
The German experiment is evaluating whether a
custom T-shirt provides comfort, efficient thermal
control and sweat evaporation during a workout in
microgravity.
The USOS crew worked with the BioServe
12 Vol 60 November 2018 SpaceFlightISS REPORT
Crystallography-1 (BPC-1) on 21 August, while ABOVE Feustel celebrated his 53rd birthday on 25
their Russian counterparts performed the Kontent A portion of the Russian August during the crew’s light-duty weekend 25/26
(Content) psychophysiological study and closed out segment is pictured before August and tweeted his thanks to his crewmates
the Progress 69 cargo craft
operations with the Cosmocard electrophysiological undocked from the aft who are “an honour to serve with”.
experiment. Feustel spoke to Argentine tennis star end of the Zvezda service On 27 August, five of the six crewmembers
Juan Martin del Potro on the eve of the US Open module. Also attached to participated in a routine eye examination to test
Tennis Championships who invited him to visit the forward end of Zvezda their visual acuity, Feustel photographed protein
are the Poisk and Pirs
his country once the mission is over and the crew modules. The Poisk module
crystal samples with a microscope as part of the
later attempted the first tennis match from space hosts the docked Soyuz BPC-1 experiment. During this day also, Gerst did
involving a doubles match between Feustel and his MS-08 that brought three more tests with the SpaceTex-2 investigation and
colleagues. Expedition 55/56 crew worked with ESA’s GRIP study, which examines
The following day saw Feustel conduct further members to the station in how an astronaut’s cognitive ability adapts when
March. The Pirs docking
work with the BPC-1 experiment, whilst Arnold compartment hosts the gripping and manipulating objects in space.
participated in the similar Protein Crystal Progress 70 resupply ship Feustel and Auñón-Chancellor familiarised
Growth-13 (PCG-13) study and Gerst once again which delivered several themselves with robotics manoeuvres on 28 August
donned the special T-shirt for the SpaceTex-2 tonnes of food, fuel and in preparation of the arrival of the next Japanese
supplies to the Expedition 56
investigation. The remainder of the crew completed crew in July.
H-II Kounotori (White Stork) Transfer Vehicle
a session for the WetLab-2 Parra investigation, (HTV-7). The station’s commander, Arnold, and
which tests a passive method to remove air bubbles Gerst inspected their EMUs in readiness for two
from a liquid sample for dispensing. upcoming spacewalks after Kounotori is berthed
Progress MS-08/69P undocked from Zvezda at to the station. The crew also conducted eye exams
02:16 UTC on 23 August and following a week of using a fundoscope and the Russian cosmonauts
engineering tests was de-orbited at 01:58 UTC on At roughly 23:00 performed further research with the Profilaktika-2
30 August and sent to a destructive re-entry over physical exercise investigation.
the Pacific Ocean. UTC on 29 August The crew took part in more scheduled eye checks
Feustel continued with the BPC-1 and PCG- the following day, whilst Gerst conducted further
13 experiments on 23 August, whilstAuñón- flight controllers in work with the SpaceTex-2 and GRIP studies. Feustel
Chancellor and Gerst resumed testing the use of a replaced gear on the Materials Science Research
sextant in space, courtesy of the Sextant Navigation
Houston and Rack and Artemyev and Prokopyev devoted part
study. The ESA astronaut also explored how
astronauts perceive time in space to help researchers
Korolev began of their day checking the Vozdukh carbon dioxide
removal device.
understand how astronauts navigate, hear and move seeing signs of a
in weightlessness. A LEAKY SOYUZ
On 24 August, Feustel set up the SmoothNav small pressure At roughly 23:00 UTC on 29 August flight
experimentlinked to the SPHERES investigation, controllers in Houston and Korolev began seeing
whilst Arnold reinstalled the Advanced Plant leak… aboard the signs of a small pressure leak at the rate of one
Habitat following maintenance work on the mmHg/hr aboard the Station. The crew were not
EXPRESS rack inside Kibo.Auñón-Chancellor Station awakened as they were in no immediate danger
conducted a twice-yearly check-up of one of the and following extensive checks gathered later in the
station’s treadmills in Tranquility and Artemyev Russian segment reported that the leak appeared
and Prokopyev worked with the ongoing Russian to be in the Russian part of the complex. The leak
Uragan ('hurricane') Earth observation study. was isolated to a hole about two millimetres in
SpaceFlight Vol 60 November 2018 13ISS REPORT
diameter behind a panel in the Soyuz toilet in the
Orbital Module of the Soyuz MS-09/55S spacecraft
docked to Rassvet. The Orbital Module is part of the
section of Soyuz that is jettisoned prior to re-entry
and does not return to Earth.
Flight controllers worked with the crew to effect
a repair which involved Prokopyev using an epoxy
on a gauze wipe to plug the hole identified as the
leak source, this followed a temporary application
of Kapton tape. Controllers in Korolev performed
a partial increase of the station’s atmosphere using
Progress MS-09/70P’s oxygen supply and together
with their US counterparts in Houston continued to
monitor the station’s cabin pressure.
According to Russian media accounts,
Roscosmos chief Dmitry Rogozin told reporters
on 3 September the hole was drilled “by a human
hand” and that he wasn’t ruling out any theories,
but added that a meteorite hit had been eliminated
because the “spaceship’s hull was evidently impacted
from inside”, saying that it could have occurred on
the ground before launch or after Soyuz reached
orbit last June. Two days later RIA Novosti quoted
one source as saying the hole “was made during the
construction of the spacecraft in the assembling ABOVE sequenced RNA conducted aboard the station by
facility” but those responsible for the damage had Serena Auñón-Chancellor Arnold, which has the potential according to NASA
not been identified. works to calibrate a Bone “to be a game-changer for research into crew health
Densitometer, a device
Another source pointed out that some which measures the density and understanding how organisms respond to
employees of the Energia corporation’s plant were of bone using Dual-Energy spaceflight”. There were also continued preparations
aware of the hole as it was filled with a special glue X-ray Absorptiometry for Kounotori’s arrival, the two imminent EVAs and
and a third source noted the hole couldn’t have (DEXA) developed from an extended light-duty weekend 1/2/3 September
commercial off-the-shelf
been drilled whilst Soyuz was docked to the station hardware and designed to
which incorporated US Labour Day.
as such work “could not have been made without a fit into an EXPRESS Rack On 4 September, the crew conducted a fifth
special procedure involving many experts”. Veteran locker. session with the Sextant Navigation investigation
Russian space analyst Anatoly Zak reported that and worked with BCAT and Neuromapping studies.
“the breach wasn’t detected on the ground and had The latter experiment examines the changes caused
not manifested itself in the first two months in by space flight to brain structure and function,
orbit. However, the glue eventually dried up and motor control and multi-tasking abilities.
was pushed out (by internal pressure) according to Feustel spent 5 September inside Columbus
this scenario”. working on ESA’s Electromagnetic Levitator
Roscosmos convened a commission to conduct BELOW (EML) space furnace which enables research and
A close-up shot of the 2
further analysis of the possible cause of the leak observations of the properties of materials exposed
mm hole in the wall of the
and TASS News Agency reported on 6 September Orbital Module to the Soyuz to extremely high temperatures. Arnold replaced
they hadn’t “arrived at a definite conclusion about MS-09 bearing indications valves inside EXPRESS Rack-5 in Kibo, and Gerst
the origin of the hole”. RIA Novosti added that the of damage incurred during continued with the SpaceTex-2 study.
Artemyev and Prokopyev would “collect all possible manufacture and which Zvezda’s engines used approximately 30 kg of
opened up when sealant
evidence” to help understand the issue. putty was dislodged propellant firing for 13.1 sec at 00:50 UTC on 6
The crew resumed their scientific experiments creating a very minor September to boost the station’s altitude and place
on 31 August, including the first successful escape of atmosphere. it in a 426 x 402.8 km orbit. The manoeuvre was
necessary to prepare for the departure and arrival
of both existing and following Soyuz vehicles in
October. Feustel partnered Gerst to conduct further
preparations for their spacewalks and Gerst spoke
to German Chancellor Angela Merkel, who was also
introduced to the remainder of the USOS crew.
The crew conducted a second day of activities
with ESA’s Airway Monitoring investigation
inside Quest on 7 September. This examines the
occurrence and indicators of airway inflammation
in crewmembers and after having cleaned the
cameras for the RR-7 experiment, set up the habitat
for a second session of research.
On 8 September, the crew had a light-duty day
with Gerst talking to German President Frank-
Walter Steinmeier who was joined by the entire
crew towards the end of their conversation. SF
14 Vol 60 November 2018 SpaceFlightHUMAN SPACEFLIGHT
SLUG
So you want to be a
Cosmonaut?
According to those in the know, it's tougher than training to be an astronaut
with ESA or NASA – but since 2012, it's been open to all Russian citizens. Here
we look at the recent history of cosmonaut selection, tell the fascinating story
of Tatiana Drozhzhova, a woman who tried… and almost succeeded, and turn
the spotlight on a new breed of Russian spacemen.
by Tony Quine
F
or more than 50 years, Russia and the Soviet BELOW education in certain specified fields, generally good
Union selected most of its cosmonauts from Orlan-suited health, and an age of under 35. As a result of this
cosmonauts are
the ranks of Air Force pilots, engineering or a familiar sight process, eight new cosmonaut candidates were presented
scientific bodies, and bureaus and agencies aboard the ISS – to the media, in August 2012. This group included
but what does it
closely linked to the space programme. There take to get there?
candidates from a more diverse range of backgrounds
were exceptions, such as the four female parachutists than the traditional careers mentioned above; mostly
(and one engineer) selected in 1962, but generally this engineers; and two instructors from Yuri Gagarin
approach met all requirements. Cosmonaut Training Centre, and a solitary military
This changed, though, in 2012, when Roskosmos pilot. It later transpired that a problem had been
launched the first ever 'open selection' for identified in relation to military pilots. At that
cosmonauts, to which any Russian citizens time, Roskosmos, and the Yuri Gagarin
NASA
could apply, subject to having a higher Cosmonaut Training Centre, were
SpaceFlight Vol 60 November 2018 15HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT
in the process of transitioning to wholly civilian to a relatively low level of applications. When the
organisations, and military officers would need to resign window finally closed, 420 applications had been
their commission, with significant implications for rank, received, 333 from men, and 87 from women. This was
salary, pension etc. and with no guaranteed route back approximately 40% more than in 2012, but was dwarfed
to the military, if, or when, they left the cosmonaut team. by the 18,000 applications received by NASA in 2016,
This was clearly a big risk, and consequently only a single 8,000 by ESA in 2009, and even 4,000 received by the
pilot was included in the new group. embryonic United Arab Emirates programme in 2017.
Of these eight candidates, six remain in the Within the 420, pilots, engineers, doctors and
cosmonaut squad, however, at present, none has flown scientists provided the greatest proportion, but there
in space. Indeed, none have yet been officially assigned were also a handful of journalists, a lawyer and an
to a future crew. This is largely a consequence of the employee of the Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics.
very few flights opportunities for “rookie” cosmonauts, Understanding the reasons for this small number
over the last several years. The temporary reduction of applicants, is outside the scope here, although the
of the Russian element of ISS expedition crews to two, relative complexity of the documentation required
and the continuing, and potentially increasing, need for to accompany each application may be part of the
NASA to acquire seats on Soyuz, has meant that only reason. One candidate told me, that “When I finished
one or two rookie cosmonauts can expect to fly each preparing the application, I felt that I'd accumulated a
year. This should change, once NASA's Commercial million pieces of paper about myself! Only the most
Crew Programme begins delivering NASA astronauts determined candidates would be able to find the time
to the ISS, although, as is well known, the date for this and energy to get to this stage!”.
continues to drift, “to the right”.
STEPPING STONES
REVIVAL The selection process consists of four stages; screening
It was against this background, that Roskosmos began of initial applications selects around 20% of candidates
a new call for cosmonauts in April 2017. This new to progress to the so called “Full-time Stage”. Again,
recruitment programme had been in the planning approximately 20% of these pass to the Medical
stage for 18 months and subject to more than one false Commission stage. Those who pass this very detailed
start. Various statements from Roskosmos officials had and thorough medical examination have their overall
hinted that the concept of the “open selection” might credentials reviewed by the selection commission, who
not be repeated, and that the issue facing military will select the final candidates. According to consistent
officers, mentioned above, needed to be resolved. rumours from sources close to the process, 13 men
In the event another “open selection” was launched, reached the credential commission, and, from them,
with applicants having until July 17 to submit their eight would form the new 2018 Cosmonaut Group
documents. The criteria What is it like to participate in this long and
were similar to 2012, complex selection process? One of the 87 female
with the caveat that candidates whose application was accepted was Tatiana
preference would be Drozhzhova, a 29 year- old relativistic nuclear physicist
given to candidates with a from Moscow.
background in aviation, or From the 420 applicants, around 80 were called to
space related engineering. the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre, for the
Roskosmos provided “Full-time Stage”. Candidates spend two weeks living
regular updates on the at GCTC, and undertaking a range of psychological
recruitment process, and and medical tests, interviews, examinations, and being
extended the deadline for fully immersed in the atmosphere of the cosmonaut
applications twice, so that environment. Tatiana was one of only 11 female
it was eventually closed on candidates invited to take part in this process.
31 December 2017. Tatiana has talked about her experience of taking
Although, Roskosmos part in the cosmonaut selection process, what she has
did not say so, this learned from it, and her future plans. The following is
was presumably due her story as told to me through several channels. SF
RIGHT
The moment that Tatiana,
and all other cosmonaut
candidates, dream about.
A Soyuz launch at Baikonur
Cosmodrome.HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT
“
Why I want
to be a
cosmonaut ”
by Tatiana Drozhzhova
S
ince my early childhood space has always to become not only a scientist, but also a good
attracted me a lot. Each time in my childhood programmer. Also I have work experience in
when I went for a walk I lifted up my head and That was my international collaborations, participated a lot
looked in the sky. When I was a kid my parents in scientific schools and presented the results of
were professional skydivers and my father was chance and I my research in international conferences (Italy,
also a pilot in the skydiving club, so it was a common Switzerland, India, Denmark, Germany and Russia). I
part of my days to fly on an An-2 aeroplane in the had to do hoped that my scientific background could be useful
pilot cabin with my dad. I liked it a lot and wanted to
become a pilot like my father when I grew up. At that
everything in space. Why did they make an exception for me? To
this question I don’t have any answer. But I was happy
time cosmonauts and astronauts were superheroes. It
seemed to me that this profession was not accessible
possible not
for ordinary people. I thought one had to be born as a to miss it!
special person to have an opportunity to enter this field.
Truly, I was convinced about this until the moment
when I saw the advertisement that selection to the
detachment of cosmonauts became possible for
ordinary people. First, I thought that it was a joke or
some TV-show advertisement, so I surfed the internet
and found the confirmation that it was real. It was
like a cold shower for me when I realised that the
dream, which seemed absolutely impossible, could
become true. I had been living in Europe for two years,
before I returned to Russia again. And at the very
moment when I came back I saw that advertisement.
I understood that was my chance and I had to do
everything possible not to miss it! That was in May
2017. So, I started the documentation procedure and
submitted my application.
When I received a call from the Cosmonaut Training
Centre, in November 2017, they told me that they
accepted my candidature as an exception, because
normally they accept only engineers and pilots. I am a
relativistic nuclear physicist, now working for my PhD
degree. Since 2011 I have been involved in the scientific
activity at CERN (European Centre for Nuclear
ALL IMAGES VIA THE AUTHOR
Research) in two experiments: ALICE experiment
on the Large Hadron Collider and NA61/SHINE
experiment on Super Proton Synchrotron. The area of
my research was connected with investigation of initial
state nuclear density at high energy heavy ion collisions.
So I did data analysis and also phenomenological
model investigation. Due to this activity I had
SpaceFlight Vol 60 November 2018 17HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT
that even a scientist can have an opportunity to
become a cosmonaut, inspired by example of our great
cosmonaut-biologist Sergey Ryazasnsky.
It took me some time to collect all the documents
especially different medical certificates, but I managed
to do it without any problem. When I applied, it still
seemed to me absolutely unreal, but when I received
a call from the Cosmonaut Training Centre that I
passed the first step of selection, I understood that now
everything depended on me and I had to start serious
preparation. It was a great feeling that the dream
started to come true.
PREPARATIONS
For this second stage, candidates are invited to the
Cosmonaut Training Centre, they receive a schedule
of exams for the next several weeks. There is a great
opportunity to live in a cosmonaut’s campus on
the territory of the Centre and to have meals with
pilots and cosmonauts in a flight dining room. And
everything is free.
The first week is for a psychology examination, ABOVE the news that I had been admitted to the second stage
then two days of sport ones, and after that intellectual Tatiana skiing with of the cosmonaut’s candidate selection, I started to do
members of the
exams. And successful candidates who passed all these cosmonaut team. sport hard to meet physical requirements. I started to
exams go through hard medical tests, which kick out spend five hours per day, five days per week in a gym
BELOW
from the game most of the amazing great people who In the ISS
and swimming pool, with good training programmes
really deserve to be cosmonauts. One of my friends, training hall with written by my trainers. And I have to say that I like that
who was also a candidate, was told that her health Konstantine lifestyle a lot.
Borisov, one of the
was great for NASA, but was not good enough for eight successful A trampoline jump was supposed to be one of the
Roscosmos. This is very strange, and I hope that this applicants. sport exams. I had never done it and decided to take
requirement will change soon in Russia. several lessons just to be ready for that exam. Well, for
Sport for me has been a common part of my life me the entrance exams finished at the end of January
since my childhood. I do like swimming and skiing. I 2018, but I still keep doing trampoline jumping,
have a 2nd sport class in swimming and 3rd sport class They try to because I really like the feeling of flight.
in cross country skiing. Also, I like to learn something
new that I have never tried before. So last year, I
understand During the exams preparation, I refreshed
my knowledge too, especially in the history of
received the yellow belt in karate and also learned the your cosmonautics. The only thing I neglected was
Eskimo roll on kayak. the psychological exam. That was my fault, as I
Several years ago, I tried, for the first time, mountain motivation understand now, this part must be properly prepared
skiing in the Alps and now I adore black and off piste for. Concentration, out of all other emotions, is very
tracks. Mountains take a special place in my life. When and ask a lot important during the selection. As for me, I was over-
I saw them first time during my summer student emotional, and that didn’t let me go to the further
practice at CERN in 2011, it took my breath away, of questions stages of competition.
and I left part of my heart in the mountains (the other I had never been in the Cosmonaut Training Centre
part belongs to the sky, space and science). I also have before, but I dreamed about it so much, so when I
experience in diving and skydiving. finally arrived there, for the exams, it needed two
But, when at the end of November 2017, I received days, for me, just to muffle the feeling of delight and
happiness, and unfortunately the psychological exam
was just on the first day.
THE FULL TIME STAGE
Everything started from the psychologists, and they
are quite a strong filter; only one out of four people can
pass. This first day starts at 9 a.m. from the tests with
250 questions, then immediately you have a logical test
including some calculations, after that the interview
when you are seated alone surrounded by several
psychologists and superiors of the Training Centre.
They try to understand your motivation and ask a lot of
questions.
As soon as the interview comes to an end, you pass
the drawing test – to draw some unreal creature – your
personality is visible from your drawing. If you pass
the interview successfully, after lunch you are invited
for the second round. This time you sit in front of a
computer with one physiologist next to you. You are
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