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JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2020
Volume 16 Number 1
Start-ups Galore in Singapore
Bespoke Microbiota Management
Marine Fish Hatchery Segment In Bali
A Progressive Shrimp Industry In The Philippines
MCI (P) 010/10/2019 PPS1699/08/2013(022974) ISBN 1793 -0561
Shrimp:
Supply Exceeds Demand
www.aquaasiapac.com
Contents 1
Volume 16, Number 1 January/February 2020 MCI (P) 010/10/2019 ISBN 1793 -056
From the editor
2 2020 – The wish list
News
4 Shaping the future of responsible aquaculture production and sourcing
Hatchery and Nursery
Shrimp farm in Quang Ninh, Vietnam.
Photo credit: Soraphat Panakorn.
8 The road to hatchery success in north Bali
Fulfilling domestic and regional demand, mainly for hybrid groupers and milkfish.
By Zuridah Merican
Editor/Publisher 15 A fifth facility in Asia
Zuridah Merican, PhD Set to revolutionise hatchery operations in Vietnam with supplies of fresh Artemia
Tel: +60122053130
Email: zuridah@aquaasiapac.com
Editorial Coordination Shrimp Culture
Corporate Media Services P L
Tel: +65 6327 8825/6327 8824 18 A practical experience at a shrimp nursery system in Vietnam
Fax: +65 6223 7314
As the nursery fever reigns in Vietnam, the three-phase BIOSIPEC system reduces risk of
Email: irene@corpmediapl.com crop failures. By Marcell Boaventura, Georges Hetzel, Cuong Huynh Tran, Sjoerd Bakker
Web: www.corpmediapl.com and Marc Campet
Design and Layout
Words Worth Media
Management Pte Ltd Industry Review
Email: sales@wordsworth.com.sg
Web: www.wordsworth.com.sg 21 Marine Shrimp in Asia in 2019: Supply exceeds demand
AQUA Culture Asia Pacific is
24 Spotlight on India’s shrimp farming industry
published bimonthly by 26 Philippines shrimp: working together for a progressive shrimp industry
Feed Technology
29 Latest F3 challenge prize focuses on carnivores. By Kevin Fitzsimmons
Aqua Research Pte Ltd
3 Pickering Street, 30 Fishmeal substitution with a protein concentrate for the whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus
#02-36 Nankin Row, vannamei
China Square Central, Best growth performance was obtained in shrimp fed with 50% fishmeal replacement.
Singapore 048660 By Nguyen Van Nguyen, Danny Van Mullem, Le Hoang, Tran Van Khanh, Nguyen Thanh Trung and
Web: www.aquaasiapac.com
Paula Sole-Jimenez.
Tel: +65 9151 2420
Fax: +65 6223 7314
33 Diseases and health management at TARS 2019
Different strategies towards quality feeding/Maximising benefits with feed additives/Bespoke
Printed in Singapore by
Print & Print Pte Ltd microbiota management in fish and shrimp
3011 Bedok Industrial Park E,
#03-2000
39 Fish immunology for beginners: The five defense lines of the immune system in fish
Singapore 489977 Serge Corneillie explains what pathogens need to overcome before they can multiply in the fish
organs and ultimately kill the fish.
Subscriptions
Subscribe via the website at 41 Committing to sustainable and profitable aquaculture
www.aquaasiapac.com At DSM’s 2019 aquaculture conference Asia Pacific
Subscriptions can begin at any time.
Subscriptions rate/year
(6 issues): Asia SGD 70,
Other zones: SGD 100 Developments
Email: subscribe@aquaasiapac.com
Tel: +65 9151 2420
47 Revisiting global shrimp production and trade at the INFOFISH World Shrimp
Fax: +65 6223 7314 Conference (Shrimp 2019)
Copyright© 2019 Aqua Re- 50 An orbit view on shrimp farms
search Pte Ltd.
All rights reserved. No part of
52 Mentoring aquaculture start-ups in Singapore
this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system or trans-
54 A PL counter starts off innovation to automate shrimp hatcheries
mitted, in any form or by
any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying or otherwise, without Show Review
the prior permission of the copyright
owners. 56 Our future: Growing from Water at AE2019
60 Company News and Events
Aqua Culture
Asia Pacific Online
View E-magazine
Download past issues
January/February 2020 AQUA Culture Asia Pacific
2 From the editor
2020 – The Wish List
trap. Today, there is a clear winner with the will be high until there is economies of
Asian seabass or barramundi as genetic scale. Should farmers bear the burden of
selection has developed faster growing this cost alone? Perhaps the downstream
strains. segments of the supply chain could help
by offering to pay a premium for seafood
3. The problem continues as the species
raised on sustainable products? Surveys
is protogynous when fish are female in
show that consumers are willing to pay
early life and become males at 4 years
6% premium price for traceable and
old. For each generation, it takes at least
sustainable seafood. This will lighten
4 – 5 years for breeding and genetic
the cost burden shared between the
Zuridah Merican selection. Could we induce a male
feed companies, farmers and processing
population faster? Alain Henry Michel
plants.
who has worked with several generations
Happy New Year! It’s time to plan for 2020 of barramundi has seen animals of both 9. Functional feeds still face heavy
and here is The Wish List. sexes at 2 years of age when kept in resistance in Asia from farmers who
The shrimp sector is beset by diseases captivity, and at higher temperatures. He prefer top dressing. One reason given
and yet supply is higher than demand, wonders why this is not taken up. is that farmers want immediate therapy
negatively impacting margins. If we stick which feed companies are unable to
4. Most marine fish hatcheries today feed
to the intensive model, the industry must supply such special feeds on an urgent
juveniles on formulated feed but when
improve on survival rates. basis. Prevention is still the best route
stocked in cages, farmers interchange
to disease mitigation and perhaps feed
1. When we look at the supply chain and between trash fish and formulated feeds.
companies could advise farmers on the
apply the HACCP system, the weakest Cost is the driver, but trash fish is both a
right timing to introduce such functional
point seems to be vulnerable PL 10. Our pollutant and a vector of disease.
feeds to minimise the feed cost per kg of
current model advocates for moving SPF 5. Integration still has a low barrier to entry shrimp or fish produced.
PL10 from a sterile hatchery environment today but the sector must look further
into a pond habitat with fluctuating water We accept that Asian aquaculture is a high-
than the live fish market.
quality parameters, containing perhaps risk business. We can mitigate risks with
every known pathogen. There is a need Both our freshwater fish, tilapia and data analysis and determining ‘cause and
to focus on early healthcare and build pangasius face image issues. effect’.
stronger juveniles of PL 30-40 days 6. The pangasius is an export earner for 10. Asian aquaculture has accumulated
with a developed nursery phase and Vietnam but the sector has not responded data but there has been little analyses
corresponding nutrition. to negative publicity in social media. to link it to the causative factors and
2. Today, with the emergence of new The entire sector has to work together trigger points. In a disease outbreak,
diseases, genetic selection should focus along the supply chain to initiate generic farmers look for therapy (rightly so)
less on growth and more on robustness marketing for the species and impose but survive the disaster without any
with the ultimate goal of a SPR trait with self-regulation as we all know it only learning on how to prevent this in future.
SPF status. takes ‘one bad apple to spoil the whole Fortunately, there are startups today with
cart’. technological innovations to help, with
The marine fish sector has been slow to real time monitoring, big data analytics
integrate, and is lost in the multispecies 7. Tilapia has hit a saturation point in and artificial intelligence but they need
demand in the US but has a poor entry farmers help to test out their algorithms.
into the EU. British supermarkets will not
touch tilapia due to the use of hormones Since starting modern aquaculture in Asia
OUR MISSION to create an all-male fast-growing in 1980s, the second generation of farmers
population. Is it not time to adopt an are taking over from their parents. We
We strive to be the beacon for the alternative route to all male populations cannot pass on the industry to the third
regional aquaculture industry. generation with the same problems and
such as RNA interference? Will this be
We will be the window to the better received by supermarket chains zero learning process.
world for Asia-Pacific aquaculture and the consumer?
producers and a door to the market
In the segment of feeds:
for international suppliers.
We strive to be the forum for the 8. Alternative protein meals and oils
development of self-regulation in capable of replacing fishmeal and fish oil
the Industry. are available today. But like all startups,
the initial take-up will be low and prices
See updates at www.tarsaquaculture.com
January/February 2020 AQUA Culture Asia Pacific
4 News
GOAL 2019
Shaping the future of responsible aquaculture production and sourcing
T he trademark of the Global Outlook Aquaculture Leaders
(GOAL) conference since its inception in 2001 is to
discuss shared responsibilities and goals in a pre-competitive
Global farmed shrimp and finfish
production and trade trends
environment. Over 3 days in Chennai, India from October 22-24, Yearly, global aquaculture and seafood stakeholders wait in
GOAL 2019 organised by the Global Aquaculture Alliance (GAA) anticipation for the global farmed shrimp and farmed finfish
drew 475 attendees, a 25% increase from 2018. There were 60 production data as well as the challenges faced by the shrimp
speakers from 16 countries providing insights on the trends aquaculture industry. At GOAL 2019, these were presented during
shaping the future of responsible aquaculture production and the session “Aquaculture Production Forecast and the Seafood
sourcing. Trade Landscape”. For the 13th consecutive year, GOAL stalwarts
James L. Anderson, University of Florida and Ragnar Tveteras,
Panel discussions covered current concerns such as antibiotic use University of Stavanger, respectively presented data and trends
in aquaculture and disease management. Breakout sessions were from shrimp and finfish production surveys, administered annually
on several areas, such as accelerating aquaculture technology by GAA’s Darryl Jory, with contributions from Ragnar Nystoyl of
uptake, charting a future for monodon shrimp farming and casting Kontali Analyse. Gorjan Nikolik, Rabobank then addressed factors
spotlight on India’s shrimp production, among others. At the potentially reshaping global seafood trade in the years ahead.
marketplace roundtables, influencers and representatives from
leading seafood retailers and food service trade were handpicked “The FAO statistics on total shrimp production in 2017 showed a
for their opinions on selected issues. steady increase of 8% since 2016 to 5.5 million tonnes. In contrast,
in recent years, GOAL’s data have diverged greatly from FAO’s
For the first time in its history, there was a live telecast of the first data, where data from the survey were only 4.5 million tonnes for
day and opening session. The US Soybean Export Council (USSEC) 2017,” said Andersen. The high production data by FAO in 2017
partnered GOAL and gathered groups of industry stakeholders in was explained by the discrepancies in information emanating
the Philippines (30), Indonesia
(37), Myanmar (35), Malaysia
(40) and Thailand (30) to
present this live telecast.
Similarly, the Society of Shrimp Aquaculture by Major Producing Regions: 2013 - 2021
Aquaculture Professionals
(SAP) with sponsor Avanti 2.0
Feeds Ltd organised a live 1.8
telecast of the “Farmers’ Day” 1.6
to around 200 farm managers, 1.4
technicians, hatchery and 1.2
Million Tons
1.0
processing plant operators, in
four locations ─ Vijayawada, 0.8
0.6
Balasore, Pondicherry and
0.4
Surat. Santana Krishna,
0.2
Maritech moderated the
0.0
session (see p24). Southeast Asia China India Americas Middle East / Other
Northern Africa
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
K.S. Srinivas, Chairman
Sources: GOAL (2014-2018) for 2013-2017; GOAL (2019) for 2018-2021.
MPEDA-Marine Products Export Southeast Asia includes Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Philippines, Myanmar and Taiwan.
Species included are L. vannamei, P. monodon and Other. M. rosenbergii is excluded.
Development Authority opened
the conference and highlighted
some targets. The current seafood
trade of USD7 billion with 1.4
million tonnes, is projected to
rise to USD15 billion in the next
5 years through diversification of Issues and Challenges in Shrimp Aquaculture
cultured species, including gift
GOAL 2019 Survey – All Countries
tilapia and pompano; revival of
black tiger shrimp production; Diseases
promotion of inland aquaculture ***Production costs - Feed/Fishmeal
***International trade barriers
activities; introduction of new Access to disease-free broodstock
***International market prices
culture technologies, including Production costs - Fuel
recirculation aquaculture systems Seed stock quality & availability
Environmental management
(RAS) and adoption of global Production costs - Others
standards. He encouraged Banned chemicals / antibiotic use
Access to Credit
investments in aquaculture, such Feed quality and availability
as venturing into hatcheries for Market coordination
Product quality control
the GIFT tilapia. A 100% FDI will Infrastructure
Conflicts with other users
be given through an automatic Public Relations Management
route. MPEDA will also launch its Not Important Moderately Extremely
own certification scheme. Important Important
Asterisks indicate a Top 3 issue in GOAL 2007 Survey
January/February 2020 AQUA Culture Asia Pacific
News 5
from China. This year, the reporting was much better.
Highlights on production data are detailed below and in
the top graph:
• Global shrimp production from aquaculture totalled
3.47 million tonnes in 2019. From 2015-2021, the
projected CAGR is 4.9%. Volume in 2021 is expected
to rise 11% over that in 2018 to 5 million tonnes.
• In 2019, China and India were leading in shrimp
aquaculture production with 1.4 million tonnes and
0.58 million tonnes, respectively. Southeast Asia
increased production to 1.69 million tonnes, mainly
in Vietnam which increased production by 4% since
2018 to 0.7 million tonnes. There was slow growth in
Indonesia and Thailand. At the lighting the lamp ceremony, from left: K.S. Srinivas,
Chairman MPEDA; Andrew Mallison, CEO, GAA and George
• Ecuador led production from the Americas with Chamberlain, President, GAA.
more than 0.6 million tonnes in 2019. Ecuador has
experienced strong growth in the last few years;
expectations through 2021 are positive as well (CAGR
= 13% during 2013-2021).
• The vannamei shrimp accounted for 79% of global
farmed shrimp production and 73% of Asia’s
production.
With regards to the supply situation, in 2019,
aquaculture accounted for 55% of the global shrimp
supply and vannamei accounted for 44% of this supply.
US imports rose 39% between 2013-2019, and EU
imports were down 6% in the 2015-2019 period.
Japan’s imports have decreased 23% from 2011 to
2019. However, China’s imports increased by 150% At GOAL 2019, three Q&A marketplace round tables connected influential
bringing the import volumes close to that of the US buyers and suppliers to address the major challenges and opportunities
markets. China imports mainly shrimp from India and Ecuador. In facing aquaculture. Steve Hart, GAA (left), moderated this Market
terms of shrimp sizes, Andersen said that in the last 2 years, the Place Roundtable Asia with from left: Tommy Sekiguchi, Fishery Project
proportion of small-sized shrimp has declined, an indication of Department and Food Business Unit, Mitsui & Co Ltd, Japan; Joe Qiao,
Qingdao Meichu Food Co Ltd, China; Frank Huang, HemaFresh, Alibaba
decreasing issues with diseases. The product forms favoured in
and Li Zhong, Zhanjiang Guolian Aquatic Products Co. Ltd., China.
the Americas are raw shrimp, whereas in Asia, it is more towards
value-added products.
• Salmon production increased 7% to 2.6 million tonnes and prices
Issues and challenges were high during the first half of 2019.
Stakeholders also looked forward to the list of issues and
challenges in shrimp aquaculture for all countries in 2019 as • In 2019, global cobia production reached 53,000 tonnes in
shown in the bottom graph. The top challenge for all countries 2019, and is expected to increase by 5% in 2020. Bluefin tuna
was diseases, followed by prices and production costs, feeds and production was 72,349 tonnes and is expected to increase by 8%
fishmeal, and international trade barriers. While producers in Asia in 2020. Various grouper production was 174,000 tonnes in 2019
considered the first two as critical for them, their third challenge and will go up by 6% in 2020.
was access to disease-free broodstock. For Latin American
producers, the main issue in 2019 was international market prices Tveteras shared some trends and issues. These are technological
followed by production costs (including fuel costs), and feeds or institutional innovations; land-based and closed production
and fishmeal. As a reference, in 2018, the survey gave disease as systems as well as exposed/offshore production systems. In
top in the list followed by banned chemicals and antibiotics, and plans/visions for land-based salmon farming, the expected
international market prices. production may reach 800,000 tonnes (kontali.com). Working on
institutional innovations, Tveteras noted that problems include
Andersen concluded that real shrimp prices were at historic lows external biological/environmental effects, and there is a need for
in 30 years; the increase in production volumes rose 1% in 2019 regional collaboration models. Certification schemes can play an
versus 2018. Over the period 2018 to 2021, production increase important role.
is expected at 3.5% per year and production in 2021 will be 11%
above that in 2018. Uncertainties will continue because of disease Trade dynamics
and trade issues. “The global market should be able to absorb In his discussion on trade dynamics in key aquaculture industries,
these modest increases without further price declines, but there covering that for the salmon, shrimp and tilapia and pangasius,
are disease uncertainties, a serious trade war, and global economic Nikolik said that the salmon trade sector is maturing. Main buyers
expectations, especially for China, are difficult to assess”. of salmon are in the EU. There is increasing demand but supply
cannot respond to it. Some 700,000 tonnes are expected from RAS
Finfish production outlook systems, in regions physically far from traditional producers, but
Some highlights of the survey, presented by Tveteras were: maybe only 10% of this target will become a reality. Global trade
can be impacted by RAS and by offshore supply, especially in
• Tilapia production was estimated at 6.3 million tonnes, up 4% the US, China and Japan. Together, Iceland and Russia, both can
since 2018, despite some 300,000 tonnes of losses in Asia. potentially supply 100,000 tonnes in the future. The weakness is
• Pangasius production was reported for Myanmar, China, the intercontinental delivery of fresh salmon.
Bangladesh, Indonesia, India and Vietnam. In Vietnam,
pangasius production increased 4% since 2018 to 1.5 million While in 2012, the major exports were seen with Thai shrimp
tonnes in 2019 and a 3% increase is expected in 2020. Prices going to the US; in 2018, it was shrimp from Ecuador and India
were better in 2019; USD4.3 in the US but lower in the EU at going to China. There is clear evidence of India emerging and
USD3.3. The total production of the pangasius and other catfish substituting Thailand and driving growth. India has taken over
reached more than 5.0 million tonnes in 2019.
January/February 2020 AQUA Culture Asia Pacific
6 News
The panel on antibiotic use and AMR on
humans was moderated by Ian Shone,
GAA (left) and panellists were (from right),
Ramanan Laxminarayan, Centre for Disease
Dynamics, Economics and Policy, USA; Ruth
Hoban, New England Seafood International,
USA; Will Rash, Big Prawn Co UK; Flavio
Corsin, IDH, the Sustainable Trade Initiative
and Ramraj Dhamodar, India Hatcheries
Associations (AISHA).
Thailand’s position in the US market. In 2018, value was down but vulnificus was documented to cause serious infections in persons
consumption was high in the US, indicating that focus needs to be handling live tilapia in Israel. In Japan, Vibrio parahaemolyticus
placed on marketing rather than production. infections have been linked to consumption of farmed fish.
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have been isolated from the
Major markets for the shrimp have changed. In 2013, EU, Japan and carcasses of catfish.
US were the leading markets. In 2018, it was China overtaking the
EU, with the volume 3 times that of the volume of Japan’s market. Global antimicrobial consumption by aquaculture in 2017
Ecuador is doing extremely well with 38% of global markets at was estimated at 10,259 tonnes and from this baseline, the
low prices which no other nation can match. China is the largest antimicrobial consumption is projected to rise 33% to 13,600
importer, taking up 28% of the global shrimp trade estimated at 2.7 tonnes by 2030. His message was that it is important to recognise
million tonnes. that aquaculture’s actions have global consequences for humans
and animals.
In the freshwater whitefish market (tilapia and pangasius), China
and Vietnam lead with exports. US and EU lead with imports, a A related panel discussed antibiotic use in aquaculture
situation unchanged since the 1990s. China is becoming the and implications at the retailer and consumer level. Legal
second largest importer of whitefish; in the period July 2018-June requirements on antibiotic-free farming do not exist, but it is clear
2019, Vietnamese pangasius production increased but exports that producers should not use antibiotics as growth promoters
declined 55% as compared to the same period in 2017-2018 due nor as prophylactics. On control, it is all down to the supply
to tariffs in the US markets. “African swine fever (ASF) could be base as processors can only advise. Antibiotic-free practices
the best thing for freshwater whitefish,” said Nikolik. As prices of and thus labelling products are gaining traction as seen at the
pork increase, there is a refocus on tilapia for domestic markets. last Seafood Expo Global in Brussels. It may be difficult for the
Together, the US-China trade war and ASF can convert China from market to recognise “antibiotic-free” products, but in the case
being a leading exporter to that of a net tilapia importer. of shrimp with majority small scale farms, it is important for
governments to educate these farmers on its use. Antibiotics are
available for purchase in stores in Asia and a change in mindset
Antibiotic use in aquaculture is urgently needed. India was in the spotlight with 50% testing of
Keynote speaker Ramanan Laxminarayan, Centre for Disease products entering markets and alternatives to antibiotics, such as
Dynamics, Economics and Policy, USA brought home the point bacteriophages, probiotics are being tested for their effectiveness
on the global problem of antibiotic resistance. Aquaculture is in disease prevention.
central in the action on antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Some
two thirds of the tonnage of antibiotics are used in livestock and Innovations in shrimp farming, disease
aquaculture where antibiotics have been used as a substitute for
hygiene and nutrition. Antibiotics for human use are also used for
management and marketing
Dr Loc Tran, ShrimpVet Laboratory, Vietnam presented on lessons
treatment of bacterial infections in salmon, catfish, trout and other learnt from the emergence of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis
commercially-raised fish. The USFDA has approved certain drugs disease–(AHPND), Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) and White
for use in aquaculture as long as the seafood contains less than a Faeces Disease (WFD). To control outbreaks, the goal is to disrupt
mandated maximum residue limit. nutrients needed for Vibrio proliferation. One example given was
the use of feeds with fermented soybean meal for Early Mortality
Ramanan described some examples of how resistant bacteria Syndrome (EMS) and WFD intervention. Shrimp haemocyte
have been transmitted to humans through handling of fish. iridescent virus (SHIV), which has been isolated from polychaete
Streptococcus iniae was reported to cause invasive infections worms and farmed shrimp, presents a challenge. Robins
in persons handling farmed tilapia, and a new biotype of Vibrio McIntosh, Charoen Pokphand Public Foods, Thailand presented
on the amazing advances in sustainable intensification. Control is
essential to produce more from less. His message was not to worry
on prices which farmers have no control over, but they should worry
on things that they can control such as the costs of production.
Sreeram Ravi, Eruvaka Technologies is developing intelligent
solutions for shrimp farming. Aside from the importance of real
time monitoring to give insights on pond conditions, Ravi said
that the biomass of a particular pond should be assessed. For the
processor, biomass data and images of shrimp size distribution
help with sourcing operations. In marketing, Travis Larkin
discussed the shrimp marketing initiative, launched at GOAL 2018
saying that new ideas and actions are needed to increase shrimp
At the “Not so novel: Bridging the gap between innovation and market consumption in the US market. Social media is important.
acceptance in the feed sector” panel, GAA’s Dan Lee (right) discussed the
road to bring novel feed ingredient to market. Participants were, from right;
GOAL 2020 conference will be held in Tokyo, Japan. Dates and venue
Karim Kumaly, Veramaris; Darian McBain, Thai Union Group; Chris Haacke,
Corbion; Allan LeBlanc, Calysta; and Chloé Phan Van Phi, Innovafeed. will be announced soon.
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8 Hatchery and Nursery
The road to hatchery success in north Bali
Large and medium size hatcheries in north Bali fulfill domestic and regional demand, mainly for
hybrid groupers and milkfish
I n 1998, the Gondol Research Institute for Mariculture (GRIM)
was successful in the mass production of fry and fingerlings of
the humpback grouper Cromileptes altivelis, and the tiger grouper
Although it could be said that the hatcheries are crowded in a small
area, water quality is not an issue. For them, the major challenge
is fluctuations in the water temperature, which is usually at 30°C
Epinephelus fuscoguttatus in 2000. Researchers said that their basic but can go down by 2°C during the winter months such as during
research in breeding of the milkfish Chanos chanos helped them to August. In general, guidance on the broodstock rearing, breeding
achieve the above goals for the groupers. They then catalysed the and larval rearing protocols is provided by the researchers at the
setup in north Bali of hatcheries, mainly, backyard, close to the Gondol Institute, including the use of yellow painted tanks where
institute. In the beginning, GRIM helped the small hatcheries with research demonstrated that fry and fingerlings can see the rotifers
the supply of eggs. better when feeding.
Today, many of these hatcheries have grown larger and are self- Domestic and regional demand
sustaining, with their own broodstock and fry and juvenile rearing These hatcheries in Bali as well others in Lampung, Sumatra and
facilities. The current interest is to produce the popular grouper on Java Island, supply grouper juveniles to local farmers for grow-
(kerapu in the Indonesian language) hybrids. These hybrids include: out in cages and also in ponds. Usually larger fingerlings are sold
kerapu cantik derived from hybridising the tiger (kerapu macan) to local farmers (10cm) and smaller (6-7cm) are exported to
and camouflage (kerapu batik) groupers (female E. fuscoguttatus Vietnam and Thailand. “Exports to Malaysian farms require health
X male Epinephelus polyphekadion), and the hybrid of the tiger certificates,” said Apri who sells 3cm grouper fingerlings locally at
and giant (kerapu kertang) groupers (female E. fuscoguttatus X IDR600/cm (USD0.04/cm). Lucas exports 5-10cm fingerlings to
male Epinephelus lanceolatus), called kerapu cantang. Meanwhile, Vietnam and Malaysia. Local demand for hybrid grouper depends
since 2017, the functions at the institute, now called the Institute on ex-farm prices of marketable fish. In August 2019, ex-farm
for Mariculture Research and Fisheries Extension have changed prices were IDR110,000/kg (USD7.9/kg) for the cantang and
to research and extension in marine aquaculture and fisheries. IDR125,000/kg (USD 8.9/kg) for the cantik. The only downside
However, the location close to the hatcheries makes it the referral for these hatcheries is the lower demand from local cage farms
centre for hatchery production problems including diseases, for grouper fingerlings after the government imposed a regulation
breeding and larval growing, water quality as well as for any banning the sale of live groupers direct from the cage farms to
farming challenges. well-boats.
Sustainable businesses The production of the milkfish fry is to supply local farmers for grow-
There are many multispecies hatcheries located in Desa out in brackishwater ponds. This is a popular fish in the domestic
Penyambangan, Kecamatan Gerokgak, Kabupaten Buleleng in market and demand is rising. In 2018, Indonesia produced 778,520
north Bali. Most of the hatcheries produce fry and fingerlings of tonnes of milkfish (Rokhmin Dahuri, 2019). Indonesia is a leader in
the Asian seabass or barramundi Lates calcarifer, milkfish and the production of milkfish fry. The largest milkfish hatchery in Bali,
various groupers. Apri, owner of Apri Hatchery Buleleng, has been CV Dewata Laut produces 5-10 million fry annually. It has 15kg/
in this hatchery business for the past 15 years. His neighbours, fish broodstocks. Daily, 1cm fry are packed into bags at a density of
are Lucas and Nyoman Suwitra who started CV Dewata Laut in 1,500 fry/bag and exported to Bulacan in the Philippines.
1998. Apri produces fingerlings of the hybrid groupers (cantik and
cantang) and seabass, milkfish fry, and two ornamental fish, one Apri sells 3cm milkfish fry at IDR12/fingerling (USD0.85/1000).
of them being the clown fish Amphiprion ocellaris. He also produces Lucas does not have any milkfish broodstock in his hatchery. He
fingerlings of the kerapu batik E. polyphekadion where the eggs buys the eggs, hatch and grows them to 1cm fry. While waiting for
come from the Gondol Institute and the coral trout Plectropomus milkfish egg supplies, Lucas grows vannamei shrimp in his tanks.
leopardus or kerapu sunu using his own broodstock. Growth of the shrimp is much slower in his tanks as compared to
culturing in ponds, but Lucas is convinced that the flesh is firmer
and tastier. In 4 months, he gets size 30-40/kg shrimp.
Hatchery operators in North Bali, from the left; At Apri Hatchery Buleleng, Apri has been in this hatchery business
for the past 15 years; Krishnan (left in middle picture) manages the multispecies PT Bali Barramundi hatchery
and Lucas produces fingerlings of the hybrid groupers and milkfish
January/February 2020 AQUA Culture Asia Pacific10 Hatchery and Nursery
At CV Dewata Laut, there are 15kg milkfish broodstocks, export of 1 cm milkfish fry.
Fulfilling demand for
fingerlings of grouper hybrids
In the production of fry and fingerlings for cantik,
Apri has 24 broodstocks of male E. polyphekadion
and gets female E. fuscgottaus broodstock from
the wild. “Suitable broodstocks are usually
between 4-8kg and for both species, the first,
4 years they are female (protogynous) and after
8 years they change to males,” said Apri. The
whole cycle from hatching to final fingerling size
(3cm) for sale will be 45 days for the cantang and
cantik. There is poor demand for tiger grouper
fingerlings. Although the fish has an attractive Packing 1cm milkfish fry for
price at IDR180,000/kg (USD12.9/kg) the export at CV Dewata Laut
demand for fingerlings is poor as the survival rate
in grow-out net-cage farms can be rather low.
A distance away in Sanggit village at the PT Bali
Baramundi hatchery, Krishnan, a recent graduate
and hatchery manager since a year ago, said that
each hatchery cycle for the cantang grouper will
January/February 2020 AQUA Culture Asia Pacific12 Hatchery and Nursery
take 45 days and his target is a production
of 300,000/month of 1cm fingerlings.
“It is costly to produce grouper fingerlings,”
said Apri. In a field report on trials to
produce the cantik hybrid (Andrian, 2018)
the hatching rate was 54%. “From around
3 million eggs to the production of 3cm
fingerlings, the survival rate is 10% and
then from 3cm to 6cm, survival is 80%. In
contrast, for the milkfish, the hatching rate
is 50% and the survival rate to 1cm is at 80-
90%,” added Apri.
Feeds will account for 30-40% of
production cost at most for growing from
1.2cm to 10cm fingerlings. Fortunately there
is a wide choice of feeds, both local and
imported microfeeds. In the production of
the grouper, Apri starts by feeding fry with
Nannochloropsis throughout the rearing
period from DAH2 (days after hatching)
to the end of the rearing period (DAH45).
Rotifers are used from DAH2 to DAH38 and
feeding with microfeeds start at DAH14 to
DAH45. Artemia feed is used from DAH17
to DAH45. “We have a choice of feeds
for the different stages of growth. For the Groupers and fingerlings of hybrids, clockwise from top; camouflage
early stages, we have Artemia pellets, grouper Epinephelus polyphekadion broodstock, 100g cantik
INVE’s Ocean Star Artemia nauplii and for fingerling and 6cm cantang fingerlings at Apri Hatchery Buleleng
the larvae, Otohime feeds from Japan. At
5cm, we can feed them with the locally
produced extruded feed (Megami brand).
With regards to disease, the issue is always
with the grouper. Diseases are detected
with a PCR and detection of 10% deformity
is usual due to nutrition – presumably due to
the lack of omega-3 fatty acids,” said Apri.
“In the case of the coral trout, the cycle is
45-50 days. At DAH20, fry will start eating
Artemia. At DAH8-10, we start to feed them
with microfeeds. They will continue to feed
on Nannochloropsis and rotifers from DAH2 Cantang grouper fingerlings in cages and
tanks at PT Bali Barramundi hatchery.
to DAH28 and at DAH3 we also feed them
copepod nauplii.”
January/February 2020 AQUA Culture Asia Pacific14 Hatchery and Nursery
Current research at Gondol
At the institute, work on the breeding of
Abalone farming
the yellow-fin tuna initiated together with
JICA back in 2003 is continuing. There are
land based facilities and offshore large 20m
diameter cages for the tuna broodstocks,
an expensive venture as broodstocks are
fed fresh fish daily. This is the second such
facility for tuna research in the world. With
regards to other species for aquaculture,
as the local community
commercialises their research
output, researchers will move
on to the next target species.
To date, the success has been
in the breeding and grow-out
of seven marine species from
the milkfish to the lobster
Panulirus sp. In the case of
breeding application, it has
covered 14 species which
included 5 grouper species,
cobia, 2 crab species and the
yellow fin tuna. The current
target species for research is
the abalone.
Feeding yellowfin tuna in
large 48m diameter cages.
Integrated operations
At the 5,000m2 PT Bali Barramundi hatchery and nursery,
Krishnan said that they produce fingerlings of cobia PL
Rachycentron canadum, barramundi, hybrid grouper and
pompano Trachinotus blotchii. Each cycle for the cantang
grouper will take 45 days.
PT Bali Barramundi is integrated with cages to farm mainly the
barramundi and since 2016, started to farm groupers and other
species. The production is to supply its restaurants in Denpasar
and to meet the high demand for barramundi from Bali’s
tourism industry. It has an ocean farm off Gerokgak, around
800m from the beach. Marketable sizes for the groupers range
from 1.7kg to less than 2kg which will take more than a year to
reach. It takes 1.5 years for the barramundi to reach 3kg-size.
(www.iambeu.com)
The process at the cage farm is to stock 10m2-12m2 floating
net cages with juveniles of 12cm until 50cm. These are then
transferred into 6m, 10m and 20m diameter cages. The farm has
more than 30 of such cages to farm barramundi and groupers.
Fish are fed locally produced extruded feeds but at times, they Perfection in micro
are fed trash fish. The use of trash fish is a question of costs
rather than growth of fish. Harvesting is done according to the nutrition
demand from its restaurant in Denpasar.
PL is our high quality shrimp starter diet designed
All in all, the hatcheries will continue to produce fish fry; the
to offer advanced nutrition to shrimp hatcheries.
species produced will depend on the demand by the grow-
out farmers. Over the years of experience gained, there is no
problem in the production of fry and fingerlings.
www.skretting.com
January/February 2020 AQUA Culture Asia PacificHatchery and Nursery 15
A fifth facility in Asia
In Phan Rang, Ninh Thuan province, daily
supplies of Artemia are set to revolutionise
hatchery operations
I n 2013, Frank Indigne and Luk Van Nieuwenhove, co-founders
of I&V BIO, established a pilot Artemia Nauplii Center in
Thailand. Since then, they have expanded with operational centers
in Thailand, India, Indonesia, Vietnam and Ecuador. In October
2019, the group opened a brand-new state of the art facility in
Phan Rang, in the province of Ninh Thuan, Vietnam. By the end of
2019, it will have five Nauplii Centers and the center in Bangladesh
will be ready at the beginning of 2020.
Most of these facilities will have a production capacity of 700-800
trays of 800g pure instar1 Artemia per day. A tray is equivalent
to one can of 70% hatchability Artemia. “I&V Bio's key to success
is our guarantee to supply our customers with fresh, clean and
disinfected (Vibrio-free) products, daily," said Indigne. "We
further focus on Instar 1, as these animals contain the most and
best nutrition. By cooling down the nauplii until 4°C development
is halted and thus the energy level maintained. The nauplii are
further de-watered before they are packed in trays and we set the
standard at 75.000 nauplii per gram. By doing so we simplify the
feeding calculations for hatcheries.
"When the team started this project to supply hatcheries daily with
instar 1 Artemia, they worked on the premise that hatching Artemia
is a challenging task for fish and shrimp hatcheries. Firstly, they
will need to buy sufficient Artemia cyst stocks, which is a drain on
cash for the hatchery. There are more than 100 different Artemia
brands available and selecting the best in terms of value for money
is a difficult choice. Quality in terms of hatching percentage as
guaranteed on the packaging is seldom achieved,” said Indigne.
January/February 2020 AQUA Culture Asia Pacific16 Hatchery and Nursery
I&V BIO opened its fifth Artemia Nauplii
Center in October 2019, in Phan Rang,
Ninh Thuan province, the hub of post
larvae production in Vietnam.
He added that during the culture process itself,
hatching conditions such as light, temperature
and aeration are difficult to control. The
result is often a daily oversupply or shortage
of Artemia nauplii. A major challenge is the
separation of swimming nauplii from the non-
hatched cysts and empty shells. The worst
situation is when there are bacteria blooms
occurring very quickly during hatching. This
is very difficult to control, often resulting in
heavily contaminated Artemia which negatively
affect the health of the shrimp and quality of
the shrimp tank water.
Fulfilling a demand in Vietnam
Ninh Thuan Province is the hub of post larvae production in Vietnam
and the region can contribute 60-70% of the total post larvae
production. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of
Vietnam has planned to set up the National High-Quality Shrimp
Seed Production and Testing Center in Ninh Thuan province.
Artemia cysts in often sub-optimal conditions. To further strengthen
the health of shrimp post larvae, the company also offers INSTART
E (Enriched Artemia nauplii) to hatcheries, nurseries and grow-out
facilities. This is produced in a 3-step enrichment: enrichment with
high quality docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) emulsion followed by
The production capacity is 700-800 of trays of 800g enrichment with algal extracts high in amino acids and carotenoids
pure instar1 Artemia per day. and finally enrichment with ELVAN a blend of herb extracts, proven
for its powerful anti-Vibrio effect and its prebiotic properties.
There is also decapsulated cysts (M-BRYO) in a paste form similar
to INSTART1 in trays of 800g and full-range of high-quality diets.
Solutions for hatcheries With the new production technology, I&V Bio also provides quality
“With our separation technology, the process of disinfecting diets for its customers to feed to shrimp larvae.
and packaging the Artemia is as equally important to produce a
consistent quality and quantity of our product. In combination our A patented technology
customised programs and our trained staff ensure efficient timed While there are some companies trying to copy our concept, our
deliveries 365 days per year. All our facilities are equipped with INSTART 1 remains unique. Keeping the Artemia nauplii undamaged,
ozone water treatment and ultra-filtration (0.01 micron) system. Vibrio free and alive, requires more than just a few hatching tanks.
This guarantees zero possibility of EHP spore contamination. We Timing the harvest to ensure that 90% of all harvested nauplii are
also invested in a real time PCR which analyses all our produced instar1, requires skilled people and custom-made software. The
batches daily for EHP and acute hepatopancreatic necrosis patented separation and hatching technology was developed
disease/early mortality syndrome (AHPND/EMS). Besides this we by Luk Van Nieuwenhove. “Hatcheries have to depend on our
also perform daily Vibrio analysis, Artemia count per tray, Instar 1 daily deliveries, in which we provide a back-up system to ensure
check, and survival check etc.” consistency and supply. In our opinion, our services are much more
valuable than the product itself,” said Indigne.
Today, I&V Bio offers several products. There is the pure instar1
Artemia nauplii (INSTART 1), with a guarantee of no impurities, The goal of I&V Bio is to be the preferred supplier of high-tech
no damaged animals, and no Vibrio. The product is offered in a consistent products, which are both easy to use and with daily
consistent live-paste (800g per tray) setting a new standard in delivery directly to the end-user. Indigne said “We want to be
the shrimp industry. This product allows hatcheries to follow strict present in all the main shrimp and fish markets world-wide through
biosecurity protocols relieving them from the burden of hatching the establishment of local facilities with local partners.”
January/February 2020 AQUA Culture Asia PacificAsia’s premier aquaculture event returns for the 10th consecutive year!
Asia’s shrimp production continues to be plagued by
diseases, bringing down survival rates and increasing costs
of production. Conversely, market prices have dropped
due to higher supply from new production areas in Asia
and from Latin America, placing considerable pressure on
margins.
TARS 2020 will look at how Asia’s shrimp aquaculture
industry is preparing for the future, and how it can navigate
through this perfect storm with market-led production
and innovative technologies to increase efficiency.
TARS 2020 features a vibrant speaker program and
networking opportunities with industry experts and key
stakeholders! www.tarsaquaculture.com
PLENARY SESSIONS HARD TALK on building
• Understanding demand and supply alliances along the supply chain
• Productivity and costs of production to improve productivity
(Asian vs Latin American models)
• Where is the weakest link?
• Data analyses, AI and innovations Share and Learn at the
• Investing for the future
INTERACTIVE
ROUNDTABLE
BREAKOUT
SESSIONS
Organised by: Sponsors:
For more information, email:
conference@tarsaquaculture.com
or visit www.tarsaquaculture.com
Follow us on |18 Shrimp Culture
A practical experience at a shrimp nursery
system in Vietnam
As the nursery fever reigns, in Vietnam, the three-phase BIOSIPEC system comprising high-
density nursery and pre grow- out phases isolates each phase with its own unique biosecurity
protocol and reduces risk of crop failures.
By Marcell Boaventura, Georges Hetzel, Cuong Huynh Tran, Sjoerd Bakker and Marc Campet
W orldwide, the effects of disease outbreaks remain the most
serious restraint for the growth of the shrimp industry.
Disease-led crop failures have been prompting producers
Management
In intensive semi-biofloc nursery systems, strict control must be
given to the following: biosecurity, post larvae quality, stocking
to investigate new sustainable technologies for increased density, feed quality and feeding ration, dissolved oxygen,
consistency of output. The implementation of modular intensive suspended solids, free carbon dioxide, pH, alkalinity and light
farming systems is challenging, but highly rewarding in terms penetration. The biofloc system passes through a maturation
of infrastructure utilisation, shrimp growth and survival as well process. In the early days while the system is still immature,
as feeding management along with higher and more consistent heterotrophic bacteria are responsible for the recycling of all
output. The nursery phase is an intermediate step between the nutrients. At this stage, continuous addition of a carbon source
hatchery and grow-out stages and is responsible for substantial is required. In the secondary stage, chemo-autotrophic bacteria
improvements in performance and the efficient use of resources. communities are also established; the feed along with alkalinity
This article describes the main principles and advantages of the management becomes the main sources of carbon.
nursery system and displays the achievement of consistent results
of BIOSIPEC, a three-phase modular system, which combines In the early days, excess microalgae can delay the achievement of
applied science and technology with the needs and realities of the optimum balance of microorganisms mainly to the fluctuations
commercial production. of pH and dissolved oxygen levels. These systems work well at low
levels of microalgae. Shading the culture or maintaining it indoors
Incoming water is the main path for the introduction of pathogens represents a major advantage to achieve the consistent equilibrium
in the rearing system. Operating systems under strict biosecurity of the microbiota communities.
control require the full disinfection of incoming water. Effective
water disinfection systems are expensive, hence reducing water Post larvae quality is fundamental to achieving good results. While
requirements with closed systems and semi-biofloc and biofloc, specific pathogen tolerant (SPT) and specific pathogen resistant
help to maintain the efficacy of filtration at a low operation cost (SPR) animals are desirable, working with specific pathogen free
for successful and sustainable intensification of production. In the (SPF) stock is usually sufficient, given that the system aims for the
past, intensive systems required high water exchange to maintain complete isolation of the animals from the external environment,
the water quality. throughout most of the cycle. Nevertheless, continuous application
of commercial probiotics and health surveillance are required
Figure 1 below shows the development of farming areas in for the early detection of potential breaches in the biosecurity
India and reminds us that pristine water is no longer available in system. The continuous maintenance of an integrated farming
most farming areas given the growth of aquaculture in the last system, which focuses on the optimum operation practices as
decade. A number of publications document the reduction in demonstrated in Figure 2 is also important. Not to forget, record
water requirements and discharge of nursery systems (Cohen et keeping and traceability are of the highest importance. Accurate
al., 2005; Khanjani et al., 2016) and this is a crucial factor for the information of each supplies including detailed information on post
sustainable development of the shrimp industry. larvae must be available and diligently recorded.
Figure 1. Shrimp farming in the Dumas region, India; in 2009 (left) and 2018 (right, Manoj Sharma, 2019).
Picture credit to Dr Manoj Sharma and Google Earth
January/February 2020 AQUA Culture Asia PacificShrimp Culture 19
Disease
Disease Disease
Disease Disease
Decrease viral load and prevent it
from entering the farm
BIOSECURITY
Quarantine Sanitary
dry-outs
Sanitary Decrease Stress
Geomembrane
barriers: domes,
green-houses
Control of water parameters, Organic matter
Temp, pH, salinity
Geo
treatment Water
filtration
SPF Increasing Resistance
animals Good Aeration and
Water
Practices O2
SPR animals disinfection
People and
equipment Closed
disinfection Probiotics Nutrition Systems
Figure 2. The three levels in an
Immune-stimulants
integrated shrimp farming system.
Semi-biofloc as a tool to reduce water nutrient requirements are required in adequate levels. The supply
of highly digestible protein with the proper amino acid profile is key
exchange in reaching the potential of the new shrimp genetic lineage but also
The effluents of intensive nursery systems are rich in nutrients reduce pollution of the rearing water. A recent study conducted at
such as nitrogen and phosphorus, along with suspended organics the Institute of Marine Sciences - Labomar, in Brazil, demonstrated
and high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD, McIntosh et al., a 12% gain in survival, 8% reduction in FCR along with a reduction of
2001). With adequate management and control of carbonaceous size variability by half when using BernAqua’s MeM (a cold micro-
substrate, microorganisms can uptake these metabolites, extruded diet), in comparison to a regular crumble, during a 56-
maintaining the water quality, reducing nutrient release and day nursery process.
recycling the waste into nutritious biofloc, which is a natural food
for detritivores such as shrimp. In a study comparing efficiency of a 2.5 years of experience on nursery and
biofloc system using low and high protein content, no detrimental
effects to water quality could be linked to the use of a high protein biosecure intensive shrimp farming
diet (Brito, 2018) Running since September 2017, BIOSIPEC is the Bio-Secure
Intensive Shrimp Production pilot of ADM in Vietnam. The
production cycle in this system is divided into three phases: a
nursery, a pre grow-out and a grow-out phase. Having the
“ Having the production cycle divided production cycle divided into three phases will allow for five cycles
per year, adjustment of energy consumption for each phase and a
into three phases will allow for five cycles better control of the environment. (Table 1 and Figure 3)
per year, adjustment of energy and feed
consumption for each phase and a better
Nursery Pre grow-out Grow-out
control of the environment.
” Duration (days) 28 42 42
Shrimp initial size
0.003 0.3 6
In an intensive biofloc system, up to 40% of shrimp biomass can be (g)
obtained from the biofloc produced and consumed in the system Shrimp final size
(Burford et al., 2004; Cardona et al., 2015). The direct benefits are 0.3 6 18
(g)
a reduction in feed demand and feed conversion ratio (FCR) along
with an increase in efficiency. These days, the availability of post Final density
2.8 3 3
(kg/m3)
larvae from strong family selection systems is a reality. Fast growth
is one the main traits targeted by the global shrimp breeding Survival 80% 90% 90%
centres, but only gives a “potential” of what the shrimp can achieve
in terms of growth. To reach that potential, protein along with other Table 1. Typical key performance indicators of the three-phase system.
Nursery 2 on BIOSIPEC
January/February 2020 AQUA Culture Asia Pacific20 Shrimp Culture
NURSERY FEEDING AND GROWTH RATES
Feeding rate Average weight
(%) (g)
35.0% 0.45
Feeding Rate
Average Weigt 0.40
30.0%
0.35
25.0%
0.30
20.0% 0.25
15.0% 0.20
0.15
10.0%
0.10
5.0%
0.05
0.0% 0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Days of Culture
Initial shrimp number 251,000 Final shrimp number 214,000
Initial Average Weight (mg) 3.1 Final Average Weight (mg) 388
Initial Biomass (kg) 0.8 Harvested Biomass (kg) 83
Initial Density (PL/l) 8 Final Density (kg/m3) 2.8
Figure 3. BIOSIPEC nursery raceway with specific design
Produced Biomass (kg) 82.3 Feed Consumption (kg) 77.2 to improve aeration and water movement
Survival 85% FCR 0.94
Nursery performance
In this nursery system, there is a 30m3 raceway located in a Having a BIOSIPEC demo-farm has allowed ADM to develop
greenhouse and thus protected from the rain, light and external its own expertise in innovative and intensive shrimp production.
contamination. The cycle starts with post larvae (PL10) and runs Currently, the demo-farm serves as a training site for customers
for 4 weeks with a density ranging from 8 to 10 PL/L to reach a and technical teams to be acquainted with products and protocols
survival of over 80% and FCR around 0.95. From the beginning, the adapted to the requirements of a high-density nursery.
animals are fed with formulated feed to avoid any contamination.
The PL10 are fed with MeM 200-300 (BernAqua) at 30% of the
References
biomass, before slowly decreasing the feeding rate to finish at 6%
to 8% biomass with a specific extruded nursery feed, Vana Nano Cohen, J., Samocha, T.M., Fox, J.M., Gandy, R.L., Lawrence, A.L.,2005.
feed (Ocialis). At the end of 4 weeks, the shrimp reach 300mg Characterization of water quality factors during intensive raceway production of
juvenile L. vannamei using limited discharge and biosecure management tools.
on average, which may seem low when compared to the results Aquacult. Eng. 32 (3–4),425–442.
in lower density cultures, such as at one PL/L, but higher density
Manoj Sharma. 2019. The good, the bad and the ugly side of shrimp farming. Aqua
culture saves space and energy. Water consumption is around Culture Asia Pacific, Volume 15, March/April 2019, pp 8-13.
300m3 for the nursery cycle, which represents around 3.6m3/kg of
McIntosh, D., Samocha, T.M., Jones, E.R., Lawrence, A.L., Horowitz, S., Horowitz,
biomass produced. This represents a reduction in cost as well as a A 2001. Effects of two commercially available low-protein diets (21% and 31%) on
minimising risks with introduction of pathogens. water and sediment quality, and on the production of Litopenaeus vannamei in an
outdoor tank system with limited water discharge. Aquaculture. Eng. 25, 69–82.
Low water consumption also allows the regulation of the mineral
balance of the water. Indeed, during the nursery phase, shrimp
can undergo 10 to 15 moulting during which it is crucial to have
the perfect mineral balance. In cases of low salinity, successful
artificial salinity and mineral balancing have been performed at
BIOSIPEC.
A few steps ahead of the development of
shrimp nursery
The last few years have seen the concept of nursery spreading
across all shrimp production regions such as Vietnam, India and Cuong Huynh Tran is Regional Technical Manager Aquaculture,
based in Vietnam. (cuonghuynh.tran@adm.com)
the Philippines. Farmers quickly calculated the advantage of a
nursery phase compared to direct stocking. However, the current Georges Hetzel is Aquaculture Engineer, based in Vietnam.
trend is to run low-density nurseries (1PL-2PL/L), which barely (georges.hetzel.contractor@adm.com)
compensates for the investment costs. BIOSIPEC is two steps Marcell Boaventura is Sales Manager APAC BernAqua based in
ahead of this trend and adopts the following features: Australia. (marcell.boaventura@adm.com)
Sjoerd Bakker (sjoerd.bakker@adm.com) is Aquaculture Export
• More cycles per year, higher density, with optimisation of the and Project Manager and Marc Campet (marc.campet@adm.
surface and energy consumption, com) is Asia Aquaculture Commercial Developer, based in
• Partitioning the usual farming cycle into three phases and Vietnam.
isolating each phase, which allows the implementation of a All authors are with ADM Animal Nutrition.
specific biosecurity protocol for each phase and reduce the risk
of crop failures.
January/February 2020 AQUA Culture Asia PacificYou can also read
