SECOND EDITION DUE OUT - Mid-2020 - World Urban Forum

SECOND
                                                EDITION
                                                DUE OUT
                                                Mid-2020

    A publication of the UK URBAN ECOLOGY FORUM
                www.ukmaburbanforum.co.uk
                         List of Contents

Editors of the Second Edition:

Ian Douglas (UK), Pippin Anderson (South Africa); David Goode (UK);
Kike Houck (USA); David Maddox (USA) Harini Nagendra (India) and
Tan Puay Yok (Singapore)
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EXCERPTS FROM THE PROLOGUE TO THE SECOND EDITION

At the end of the second decade of the 21st century, much, much more is being done to improve
the ecology, living conditions and attractiveness of cities. However, while demonstrable
progress is being made, the growth of cities and the enormous increase in the world’s urban
population means that every day there is yet more to be done. This urgency is expressed in the
United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals, not only by Goal 11’s target to “By 2030,
provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular
for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities”, but by broader goals to
end poverty; end hunger; improve health; ensure inclusive and equitable quality education;
achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls; and Make cities and human
settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.

Much excellent work, as the chapters of this Handbook reveal, has been done both by the public
sector and by the third, voluntary and community, sector. Regulations encourage the use of
nature-based solutions, especially in relation to stormwater management. The design and
planning professions have taken these ideas on board, but in many localities, urban development
is proceeding so rapidly and local government services are so underfunded, that regulations are
not being enforced, and many open spaces are being lost.

 Although there are abundant examples of good practice and many good news stories of great
achievements on behalf of urban nature, the challenge of universal accessible access to urban
greenspaces remains. This Handbook is designed to assist in that effort to make urban nature part
of people’s lives and to help achieve the kind of enthusiasm and dedicated effort for urban nature
indicated by London being declared a National Park City in 2019. However, urban ecology is
not just for London, New York, Singapore and Shanghai, it is for rust belt cities, for the
manufacturing cities of the Pearl River delta of China, for the mining towns of Africa, for the
middle-sized cities and the small towns, and everywhere with dense housing, overcrowding, poor
sanitation, and insecurity of tenure.

In producing the second edition of this Handbook, the editors have endeavoured to be global in
outlook drawing examples from all parts of the world. We also try to look at the broadest
implications of urban ecology from the microbiota in human bodies to the options for future
urban eco-regions. Almost inevitably, because of the way scholarly publications from large
nations, especially China and those from Europe and North America, quantitatively dominate the
accessible literature, the Handbook has a bias in its authorship towards those regions. However,
the editors have received contributions from Chile to Indonesia and from Australia to Canada,
from Sao Paulo to Surabaya and from Cape Town to Uppsala. The good news stories and the
inequities, the examples of good practice and the problems caused by lack of ecological
understanding and the failure to design with nature are present throughout the Handbook.

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Contents

List of Illustrations

Contributors

Acknowledgements

Glossary

Prologue
Ian Douglas

Part 1
Urban Ecology: the field of study, its growth and present concerns

Introduction
David Goode

1 Urban Areas and Urban Ecology
N. E. McIntyre

2 Urban Ecology in the Ancient Tropics: Foodways and Urban Forms
Christian Isendahl, Monica L. Smith, Miriam T. Stark, Federica Sulas and Stephan Barthel

3

4 Urban Ecology: its boom in the first two decades of the 21st century
David Goode

Part 2
Humans as an integral component of urban ecosystems

Introduction
Tan Puay Yok

5 A Transdisciplinary Urban Ecology Approach to Complex Urban Systems
Elizabeth Cook and Timon McPhearson

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6 Science is Not Enough: Grassroots and Bottom-Up Action in Urban Ecology
Cecilia Herzog, Diana Wiesner, David Maddox

7 Biophilic Cities: Elements of the Vision and Emerging Practice
Timothy Beatley

8 Urban ecology: Art and the cultivation of ecological mindsets
Patrick M. Lydon

9 Urban Greenspaces – understanding patterns of use and greenspace distribution in England to
inform spatial planning
Jane Houghton and Hazel Thomas

Part 3
Nature in the city: the biophysical environment

Introduction
Ian Douglas

10 Climate of Cities
C.S.B. Grimmond

11 Understanding urban heat islands
Mathias Roth

12 The impacts of artificial light at night on urban ecosystems
M.J. Grose and T.M. Jones

    13 Urban hydrology
Ian Douglas

14 Urban Geomorphology
Ian Douglas

15 Urban estuaries and coasts
L.A. Naylor, H. Kippen, M. MacArthur, A. Zaldívar-Jiménez, A. Vovides, J.D. Hansom and A.
Rennie

16 Vulnerability of urban nature to climate change: an overview of impacts and assessment
approaches, with examples from urban forests
Camilo Ordóñez, James W.N. Steenberg, and Peter N. Duinker

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17 Urban Soils
J. Alan Yeakley

Part 4
Cities as biophysical landscapes: diversity of habitats and species

18 Biodiversity and cities
P M L Anderson

19 The invasion of walls, pavements and building surfaces by organisms
C. Philip Wheater

20 Urban cliffs
Robert A. Francis

21 Habitat heterogeneity in suburbia; the importance of the urban mosaic
Paul Lintott and Ian Douglas

22 Urban food production sites: diversity of habitats and species with special reference to Africa
Diana Lee-Smith and Olufunke Cofie

23 Urban green corridors: connectivity, multifunctionality and implications for wildlife
movement
Ian Douglas

24 Landscaped parks and open spaces
C. Pickering and M. Hermy

25 A man-made watercourse absorbed into the natural landscape – England’s Manchester Ship
Canal: a case study in adaptive re-use and brownfield restoration
Paul Stanton Kibel

26 Grassland on reclaimed soil, with streets, car parks and buildings but few or no mature trees
Tony Kendle

27 Urban rivers and their ecology
Cate Brown

28 Wetlands in Urban Environments
Monica M. Palta and Emilie K. Stander

29 Mammals in urban environments
Marion Chatelain and Marta Szulkin

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30 Urban birds: Urban avoiders, urban adapters and urban exploiters
 Piotr Tryjanowski, Federico Morelli and Anders Pape Møller

31 Urban Insects
Gail A. Langellotto and Damon Hall

32 Urban soil fauna
Katalin Szlavecz, Csaba Csuzdi, Elisabeth Hornung and Zoltan Korsós

33 Recent examples of colonisation and adaptation by birds in UK towns and cities.
David Goode

34 Introduced and invasive animals: species interactions in towns and cities
Valentina la Morgia

35 Feral animals in the built environment
Peter J. Jarvis

36 Alien plants in cities: human-driven patterns, risks and benefits
Ingo Kowarik and Leonie K. Fischer

Part 5
The urban ecosystem: urban metabolism

Introduction
Ian Douglas

37 The analysis of cities as ecosystems
Meghan L. Avolio and Tara L. E. Trammell

38 Urban Metabolism Analysis
Shu-Li Huang, Chun-Lin Lee, Su Xu, Shenghui Cui and Xuemei Bai

39 Urban ecological footprints: the city region and the wider world
Joy Clancy

40 Human microbiota and human health in the changing urban ecosystem
Graham A. W. Rook

41 Urban agroecology: principles and applications
M.A. Altieri and C. I. Nicholls

42 The City as a Life Support System: Ecopoiesis Revisited

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David Haley and Vincent Walsh

Part 6
Biophilia and the value of urban nature

Introduction
Harini Nagendra

43 - Assessing ecosystem services in urban areas
Patrick O'Farrell

44 Ecosystem disservices from urban nature
Diane E. Pataki

45 Diversity in Perceived Values of Urban Nature
Wardatul Akmam, Shaikh Mohammad Kais, Md. Shafikuzzaman Joarder, Md. Fakrul Islam

46 Recreational values of urban nature
Wendy Y. Chen

47 Urban nature and its potential to contribute towards human well-being
Åsa Ode Sang and Marcus Hedblom

48 Urban Nature and Human Physical Health
Jenna H. Tilt and Lee K. Cerveny

49 Cooling the urban environment: Effect of tree transpiration on outdoor air temperature
N.H. Wong, C.L. Tan, P.Y. Tan, S.K. Jusuf, S. Tong and D.J.C. Hii

50 Mitigating air pollution and the urban heat island effect: the roles of urban trees
Danielle Sinnett

51 Public attitudes towards urban nature
Marthe Derkzen and Jason Byrne

52 Cultural and sacred worship of urban nature
Seema Mundoli and Harini Nagendra

53 The role of urban nature in fostering social capital and sense of place
Amrita Sen, Harini Nagendra, Rodrigo Antonio Braga Moraes Victor, Sueli Angelo Furlan,
Elaine Aparecida Rodrigues, Joanne Tippett, Janice Astbury and Ian Douglas

54 Values, Justice and Urban Ecosystems

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Seema Mundoli and Harini Nagendra

55 Creative conservation
Grant Luscombe and Richard Scott

56 Giving multicultural community groups a voice in creating, using and managing urban green
space
Judy Ling Wong

57 Innovative stormwater management through natural and built green infrastructure
Thomas W. Liptan and Michael Charles Houck

58 Urban waterways
Derek B. Booth

59 Rewilding urban landscapes: attributes, types and application as a greening policy
Yun Hye Hwang

60 Urban ecological design - towards an holistic interdisciplinary vision
Michael J. Wells and Lincoln Garland

61 Incorporating the multiple benefits of urban nature into ecological design
Christina Breed

62 Designing neighborhood greenspaces with urban ecosystem services
Tan Puay Yok

Part 7
Protecting urban wildlife

Introduction
Mike Houck

63 Ensuring equitable green space to deprived social groups
Alexis Vásquez and Cynnamon Dobbs

64 An inclusive approach towards the co-creation and management of urban greenspace as a
response to the demand for sustainable cities
Dagmar Haase

65 Capacity building through international collaborations for nature in cities and urban green
infrastructure
Oliver Hillel, M’Lisa Colbert and Ian Douglas

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66 Using cultural and everyday societal meanings of connection to flora and fauna to build
commitment to nature
Judy Ling Wong CBE

67 Using economic and health assessment to make a case for urban greenspace
Ian Douglas

68 Urban greening: the role of international organisations and civil society
Jonathan Hughes

Part 8
Governance, targets and valuation of urban greenspace, from global
to local

Introduction
David Goode

69 Intergovernmental bodies and the greening of cities: roles of UN bodies and
international conventions
Peter Frost

70 Local governments and urban ecology: planning and practice examples from Africa, Asia and
Europe
A.A. Nor Akmar, Anna Hersperger, Nadja Kabisch, Collins Adjei Mensah, Xiangrong Wang and
Ian Douglas

71 Urban Green Infrastructure – Strategic Planning of Urban Green and Blue for Multiple
Benefits
Stephan Pauleit, Rieke Hansen, Emily L. Rall and Werner Rolf

72 The role of targets and standards in delivering urban greenspace for people and wildlife.
John Box, Richard Boon, Timoticin Kwanda, Aleksandra Stupar, Jenna H. Tilt and Alexis
Vásquez

73 Valuation of Urban Ecological Capital
Haripriya Gundimeda

Part 9
Environmental Justice, fairness and equity in urban ecology

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Introduction
Ian Douglas

74 Urban nature and justice: unequal access to resources and ecosocial resistance in the
contemporary city
Marcelo Lopes de Souza

75 Urban agriculture planning for environmental justice and food security
Graciela Arosemena Díaz

76 Ways of creating usable, multipurpose greenspace in impoverished settlements in cities of the
Global South
Alex Barimah Owusu, Jacob Songsore, Wan-yu Shih and Leslie Mabon

Conclusions: continuing debates
77 How to conserve natural resources in housing developments: design, construction, and post-
construction
Mark Hostetler

78 Native planting versus non-native planting: the state of the debate
Lincoln Garland and Michael J. Wells

79 Global eco-urban futures – green and sustainable, or brown and vulnerable?
Joe Ravetz

80 Urban ecology for the future
Ian Douglas

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