SDSN NETWORKS IN ACTION 2018
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unsdsn.org Paris 19, rue Bergère 75009 Paris France New York 475 Riverside Drive Suite 530 New York, NY 10115 USA New Delhi 405, Surya Kiran building 19, Kasturba Gandhi Marg 110001 New Delhi India SDSN NETWORKS IN ACTION 2018
Introduction to the SDSN and the Networks Program Photo: Tobias Koch © Global Solutions T he Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) mobilizes global scientific and technological expertise to promote practical problem solving for sustainable devel- opment. The SDSN has operated under the auspices of the UN Secretary General since 2012. We are committed to supporting the implementation of the SDGs at local, national, and global scales. Prof. Sachs gives the keynote at the 2017 Global Solutions Conference. SDSN mobilizes the academic community to translate the latest expertise in sustainable development into action. To this end, we are building a global network of universities, research centers, and other knowledge institutions focusing on: Universities are critical for the success of the RR Providing and mobilizing support for the SDGs; Sustainable Development Goals, through RR Promoting practical Solutions Initiatives and long-term their teaching programs, research activities, and powerful ability to convene leaders of pathways for sustainable development; government, civil society, academia and RR Promoting high-quality education and research collabora- business to collaborate on SDG solutions. tion for sustainable development; It is deeply gratifying to see the SDSN’s RR Supporting governments in understanding and national and regional chapters and its addressing the challenges of sustainable development. thematic networks leading in these ways around the world. This year’s report on The Spanning six continents, the SDSN Networks Program draws SDSN Networks in Action 2018 is inspiring upon the knowledge and educational capacity of over and informative. We learn how the SDSN 800 member institutions. This report presents our unique networks are creating new online courses, global network of problem solvers and their contributions to educating their students and the general addressing the world’s most pressing problems. public, working with governments, engaging and empowering young people, and offering innovative solutions for the SDGs. We need a global mobilization of energies, knowledge, and organizations to achieve the SDGs; the inspiring accounts in this year’s report will help us to find the path forward. Prof. Jeffrey Sachs, Director of the SDSN and Special Advisor to the UN Secretary-General on the SDGs SDSN Networks in Action 2018 1
Contents Australia, New Zealand and Pacific RRPage 14 Mission-led Research Our Thematic Networks and Innovation in Support RRPage 63 of the Sustainable Unique Opportunities Development Goals for our Networks RRPage 4 RRPage 69 Our National and Regional SDSN Member Organizations Japan RRPage 34 Philippines Networks RRPage 75 RRPage 44 RRPage 9 South Korea RRPage 54 Indonesia Hong-Kong RRPage 30 RRPage 28 Southeast Asia RRPage 52 Malaysia RRPage 36 Canada RRPage 18 Russia South Asia RRPage 46 RRPage 50 Caribbean RRPage 20 Northern Europe RRPage 42 Turkey RRPage 60 Andes RRPage 12 Switzerland Germany RRPage 58 RRPage 22 Greece RRPage 26 Amazônia Italia RRPage 10 RRPage 32 Great lakes RRPage 24 Mediterranean Brazil Spain RRPage 38 RRPage 16 RRPage 56 Sahel Nigeria RRPage 48 RRPage 40 The Fuller Projection Map is the only flat map of the entire surface of the Earth which reveals our planet as one island in one ocean, without any visually obvious distortion of the relative shape and sizes of the land areas, and without splitting any continents. It was developed by R. Buckminster Fuller in 1954. 2 SDSN Networks in Action 2018 SDSN Networks in Action 2018 3
Political Agenda Setting and Civic Engagement Mission-led Research GRAND and Innovation in Support CHALLENGES of the Sustainable Development MISSION MISSION Clear Targetted Missions Goals MISSION MISSION T PROJECTS PROJECTS he world is afflicted by problems that people expe- Today’s missions are more complex, or ‘wicked’, than rience in their daily lives: dirty air in congested going to the moon. This is at the heart of what Dick Portfolio of projects cities, a lack of access to digital technologies that Nelson meant in his excellent work on The Moon and the and bottom-up improve public services, and diseases like cancer or Ghetto, where he asked how it could be that we got a man experimentation obesity that continue to afflict millions of people across to the moon and back, and have not been able to solve the globe. What is the relationship between these prob- key issues around inequality, such as the persistence of MISSION lems and the dynamics of science, research and innova- ghettos. Wicked problems require more attention to ways PROJECTS tion? Of course, we all recognize that science is needed in which social issues interact with political and techno- to produce medicines, but what is the role of research logical issues, the need for smart regulation, and the crit- and innovation in producing a more ‘caring’ society ical feedback processes across the entire innovation chain. and solutions to health care systems? Similarly, while The figure above illustrates the movement we know that science is needed for the emergence of This is not about a box-ticking exercise to solve one from broad challenges to specific missions renewable energy, what is the role of research and inno- problem after another. Rather this is a way to steer based on Mazzucato (2017) vation in producing economies that are more sustainable economic growth in more meaningful ways. Indeed, in a in their production, distribution and even consumption historical period in which business investment is lagging, patterns? And how can we use innovation to build cities missions also provide more excitement about where that are more enjoyable to live in? economic growth opportunities might lie. By setting missions that require different sectors to work together,it No one size fits all Granularity: between a project and a challenge In fact, most of the ‘smart’ products we have in our is possible to create instruments that reward those busi- Missions come in different shapes and sizes. There is no Global challenges have been expressed as 17 SDGs. bags and pockets came from investments that were nesses willing and able to co-invest alongside invest- one-size-fits-all definition of what a mission should be 193 countries have signed up to these inspirational goals; more far reaching than a simple ‘science push’ expla- ments by member states and other supranational bodies. and how it should be structured. In some areas, a mission hence, they provide an excellent opportunity to move nation provides. They came from the ability to connect It is not about subsidies, but about co-investments along should trigger action to speed up progress in the devel- forward with mission-oriented thinking. They must be science to solving concrete problems — missions! The the entire innovation chain. And while tax incentives (and opment of technologies to increase their societal impact. taken seriously as an obligation to future generations internet was not discovered as an ex-ante objective, but cuts) might increase profits, they often don’t increase In other areas, the mission should drive a systemic and for global prosperity, but also as opportunities to to solve the problem that scientists had in the late 1960s investment. Mission-oriented policies can, if designed change. Most likely, ambitious missions that have the steer investment led growth. Addressing the challenges of how to allow multiple computers to communicate on appropriately, catalyze expectations about new opportu- potential to have wide societal impact will need a combi- around health and the environment must not be seen as a single network. This led to the creation of ARPANET nities and in so doing catalyze cross-sectoral investments nation of both, but their characteristics may differ.2 a trade-off with economic growth. Rather they present (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) funded which can also better balance economies that are often a means to focus on opportunities for investment-led by the U.S. Department of Defense, and later the Internet too skewed toward particular areas. They can create more When developing a new mission, the art lies in learning growth — crowding in activity across actors. In addition, that connects all of our smart products today. additionality —making investments happen that would from past experience. Putting old wine in new bottles targets must be set so that progression to achieving not have otherwise. won’t work.3 We must allow missions to genuinely such challenges is as serious as the goal setting itself. Today we have the opportunity to direct innovation in interact with the new types of complex problems socie- similar problem-solving ways, as bold as the moon shot Societal relevance ties face, as well as incorporating the new knowledge we The SDGs, Societal Challenges or Focus Areas are useful program was but instead aimed at the multiple social A mission must have societal relevance, such as the have on how innovation comes about into their design: it to ensure focus, but for the most part remain too broad and technological challenges we have, such as achieving ability to improve health or nutrition. Research and inno- is serendipitous, non-linear and very high risk. to be actionable. On the other end of the spectrum, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), thereby vation missions should aim to improve society’s welfare. concrete research and innovation projects often have addressing the urgent need to create societies that are This will require dedicated framing. For example, a Selecting missions that matter to society and stimulate clear objectives and are actionable, but remain largely more just and sustainable. A mission approach will help mission on quantum computing could have strong soci- innovation across multiple sectors is a highly complex isolated in their impacts if not clearly linked to their steer investments towards tackling challenges using a etal impact if it is framed in terms of the potential to task. Successful missions must meet the following five ability to address global challenges and achieve societal more focused problem-solving lens. enhance cyber security, improve industrial processes, or criteria: impact. support the development of new types of health care 1) be bold and address issues of societal value, Problems are more specific than challenges, yet can still services. At the same time, the innovative spillovers that 2) formulate concrete targets that demonstrate mission Research and innovation missions thus sit between require solutions that are much broader than a specific might result along the way may not be known before- achievement, broad challenges and concrete projects. Missions set technology or a sector. Indeed, the moon mission hand and can have unforeseen applications. Indeed, 3) involve research and innovation to ensure technical clear and ambitious objectives that can only be achieved required many different sectors to be involved — from most of the technologies in our smart products today — readiness over a specific time frame, through a portfolio of research and innovation projects aerospace to textiles, and many different actors to work from the Internet to GPS — emerged as spillovers from 4) be cross-sectoral, cross-actor, and cross-disciplinary, and supportive measures, such as policy interventions, together on multiple solutions. missions of the past.1 5) provide multiple competing solutions. deployment actions and involvement of end-users. 4 SDSN Networks in Action 2018 SDSN Networks in Action 2018 5
by multiple actors, stimulating cross-discipline academic Nelson’s work on The Moon and the Ghetto asked the work, with a strong focus on the intersection between demanding question of why innovation has resulted natural sciences, formal sciences, social sciences and in achieving difficult feats, and yet continues to be so humanities; collaborations across different industries; terribly disorganised and technologically unsavvy in CLEAN OCEANS and new forms of partnerships between the public dealing with the more “earthly” problems of poverty, sector, the private sector, and civil society organisa- illiteracy, and the emergence of ghettos and slums.4 He tions. Innovation itself is often characterised by feed- argued that while politics was partly the culprit, the real back effects, trial and error, and serendipity (the search problem was that a purely scientific and technological for one thing leads to the discovery of another) - picking solution could not solve such problems. missions that have different possibilities for solutions will enhance the innovation dynamic itself. There is thus a greater need to combine understandings A PLASTIC FREE OCEAN of sociology, politics, economics and technology to solve New conversations between fundamental and these problems, as well as to make the conscious deci- Reduction of 90% of plastics entering the marine enironment and collection of more than half of plastics applied research sion to point innovation towards them. This is exactly present in our oceans, seas and coastal ares by 2025 Missions are not about prioritising applied research and what a well-designed mission can achieve and what Grand Challenges innovation over basic fundamental research. Rather, they the SDSN Networks are well positioned to help bring are a new way to frame the conversations between the about. The SDSN Networks are already bringing those two, galvanising new forms of collaboration. Missions are knowledge disciplines together and helping to trans- also a new way to think about the dynamic interactions form universities so that they will be ready to work in a Chemical Industry Social Innovation Biotech Human health Marine life between enabling horizontal policies (framework policies coordinated, transversal way. This involves helping them around e.g. education, skills, training, research and inno- to align their incentives to develop a culture of thinking AI Technology Design sector Waste management vation) and more directed vertical policies (e.g. health, outside of the box so that working across disciplines to environment, energy). Instead of using vertical policies connect natural and social sciences becomes common- Mission to pick sectors or technologies, the vertical aspect of place, and innovative alliances using the entire research missions picks the problem. The solution is then reached and value chain can be harnessed in the pursuit of by stimulating multiple sectors and multiple forms of solving today’s most difficult global challenges. Autonomous ocean Plastic and micro cross-actor collaborations to work to address those stations to remove plastic digestion problems using the entire research and innovation value plastic pollution mechanism chain, from fundamental research to applied research Re-usable and and cutting-edge innovation. Area of interest biodegradable plastic & cross-sector substitutes Mariana Mazzucato Image recognition Mariana Mazzucato (PhD) is a Professor in the Economics of Innovation and Re-use of packing items and deep learning waste through personalised separation system for Public Value at University College London (UCL), and is the Founder and collection services domestic and marine Director of the UCL Institute for Innovation & Public Purpose (IIPP). She is R&I Projects winner of the 2018 Leontief Prize for Advancing the Frontiers of Economic waste Thought, and was named as one of the 3 most important thinkers about innovation by the New Republic. She advises policy makers around the world on innovation-led inclusive growth and is currently a member of the Scottish Government’s Council of Economic Advisors; the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network Leadership Council; SITRA’s Advisory Panel in Finland, and is a Special Advisor on mission oriented innovation for the EC Commissioner for Research, Science and Innovation, Carlos Moedas. The figure above provides an example of the intersectoral participation required to achieve a mission aimed at a clean, plastic-free ocean FIND OUT MORE: • Mariana Mazzucato: marianamazzucato.com/ • Mission-Oriented Research & Innovation in the European Union highly influential report published in 2018. Missions should be broad enough to engage the public in new materials, research on the health impacts from • The Value of Everything: making and taking in the global economy a new book and attract cross-sectoral investment, yet remain microplastics, behavioural research and innovation which argues that reforming capitalism requires rewarding value creation over focussed enough to involve industry and achieve meas- to improve recycling or drive public engagement in urable success. By setting the direction for a solution, cleaning up beaches. Each of these areas can be broken value extraction. missions do not specify how to achieve success. Rather, down into particular projects. • The Entrepreneurial State: debunking public vs. private sector myths Financial they stimulate the development of a range of different Times 2013 book of the year which examines the role of state investments in solutions to achieve the objective. As such, a mission can Fostering experimentation catalyzing radical innovation. make a significant and concrete contribution to meeting Missions must be chosen. Yet their success will depend an SDG or Societal Challenge. on the bottom-up processes that nurture innova- tion while getting there. A culture of experimentation For example, SDG 14 ‘Conserve and sustainably use the and risk-taking is a crucial element in the philosophy oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable devel- of missions. There must be incentives to think outside opment’ could be broken down into various missions, the box to come up with new solutions to address the 1. Mazzucato, M. (2013). The Entrepreneurial State: 3. Mowery, D.C., Nelson, R. R. and Martin, B. (2010). 4. Nelson, R.R. (2011). The Moon and the Ghetto debunking public vs. private sector myths. London: Technology policy and global warming: Why new Revisited, Science and Public Policy, 38(9), pp. such as ‘a plastic-free ocean’. This could stimulate mission’s objective. This requires a portfolio approach, Anthem Press, UK. policy models are needed (or why putting new wine 681–690. Available at: 2. Foray, D., Mowery, D.C., and Nelson, R. R. (2012). Public in old bottles won’t work). Research Policy, 39(8), pp. doi.org/10.1093/scipol/38.9.681 (Accessed: 12 February research and innovation in means to clear plastic waste based on different solutions, and a broad range of R&D and social challenges: What lessons from mission 1011- 1023. 2018). from oceans, or in reducing use of plastics, innovation different interactions. The objective should be addressed R&D programs? Research Policy, 41(10), pp. 1697–1902. 6 SDSN Networks in Action 2018 SDSN Networks in Action 2018 7
Our National and Regional Networks SDSN’s National and Regional networks promote the localization and implementation of the SDGs, develop long-term transformation pathways, provide education for sustainable development, and launch solution initiatives to address challenges. Each network focuses on distinct projects and priorities in line with their local contexts and challenges. 8 SDSN Networks in Action 2018 SDSN Networks in Action 2018 9
AMAZÔNIA AMAZÔNIA SDSN Amazônia Hosted by Fundação Amazonas Sustentável w sdsn-amazonia.org RRManaus, Brazil @sdsnamazonia S DSN Amazônia is hosted by reflect on, and take action in Amazon Solutions Platform the Amazonas Sustainable the field of sustainable develop- The Amazon Solutions Platform, Foundation (FAS). The ment. Participants learn from local developed by SDSN Amazônia and Amazônia network coordinates community leaders, sustainability supported by UN-Environment, is action on the 2030 Agenda across practitioners, the forest, and each a georeferenced database of SDG the nine Amazonian countries, other. Through a collective learning solution projects from around the aiming to mobilize local knowledge process, the group builds their expe- Amazon. The solutions included in the search for solutions and good rience together based on shared come from a diverse set of insti- practices in line with the SDGs, while purpose, work, and values. tutions and are in different stages respecting local contexts. of development, from concept II. From the Ground Up: Managing to implementation and scale up. Amazônia Education Program and Preserving Our Terrestrial The platform is available in English, One of SDSN Amazônia’s main Ecosystems is a Massive Open Spanish, and Portuguese to facilitate goals is to promote educa- Online Course (MOOC) produced exchange of information. tion and capacity building for in 2017 in partnership with the Amazonian leaders. In this context, SDG Academy and supported SDG Ambassador Amazônia-edu was launched to train by UN-Environment. This MOOC, SDG Ambassador is a three- change agents for sustainable devel- available in English, Spanish, and module project, led by SDSN Youth opment through experiential educa- Portuguese, aims to disseminate Amazônia, focused on building tion. This is accomplished through knowledge about sustainable devel- capacities among riverine youth to two key activities: opment of terrestrial ecosystems at understand and take action on the the postgraduate level and to make SDGs. The modules were designed Photo: ©John Liana I. The Amazon Summer School is a knowledge a tool in the fight against to focus on specific issues including 21-day intensive program focused on climate change. geopolitics, participative planning, building capacities to understand, leadership, networking, and activism. The initiative currently operates in two of the Amazon’s Protected Amazon Basin Areas, Juma and Uatumã. 15% About 15% of global The Amazon is the single LOOKING AHEAD largest remaining The SDSN Amazônia network seeks In just a few hectares of this vast freshwater entering tropical forest to facilitate better communication the oceans is from the forest world laboratory can be found Amazon in the world and knowledge exchange between Amazon-based institutions. In the more species of native trees than in coming months, the network will all of North America, and on just one consolidate partnerships with local Photo: © Dirce Quintino organizations and financial institu- of these trees are more species of ants tions to accelerate and disseminate than exist in all of England. Gabriel García Márquez, 350 different ethnic groups the networks tools and projects. Prologue, La Amazônia Sin Mitos call the Amazon home Amazon Day 2017 | Session SDSN Youth Amazon Fundação Amazonas Sustentável / Sustainable Amazonas Foundation (FAS) COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES INCLUDED IN THE REGIONAL NETWORK The Sustainable Amazonas Foundation development of the Amazon Basin, (FAS) is a Brazilian nongovernmental including environmental conservation, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French organization that has helped over improvements to the quality of life of Guiana, Guyana, Perú, Suriname, Venezuela 9,597 families, benefiting 40,230 people riverine communities, and inclusion Photo: ©John Liana living in 16 Conservation Units (UC) of stakeholders in decision making FIND OUT MORE across Brazil’s Amazonas state. FAS, processes. founded in 2007, promotes sustainable • Amazon Summer School – www.amazonsummerschool.com 10 SDSN Networks in Action 2018 Amazon residents depend on the forest’s natural resources 11
SDSN Andes ANDES ANDES Hosted by Yachay Tech University w www.unsdsn-andes.org sdsnandes RRUrcuquí Imbabura, Ecuador @SDSNAndes T he SDSN Andes currently research team from the University of works on four thematic areas: Sydney (Australia), the SDSN Andes 1 – Biodiversity protection Secretariat launched the Influence and sustainable management of of Economic Structures on the SDGs ecosystem services, 2 – Sustainable - Effects from, to and within the and resilient human settlements, Andean Region Initiative. The aim of 3 – Sustainable production and this initiative is a) to assess spillover consumption, and 4 – Data manage- effects in terms of the SDGs through ment and monitoring of the SDGs. global supply chains and trade, and b) to devise and implement meas- Launch of a binational conserva- ures to reduce negative effects and tion project increase positive ones. Linked to the network’s aforemen- tioned thematic areas 1 and 2, the Support to the SDGs localization SDSN Andes brought together and VNR processes a coalition of organizations to As part of the “SDGs Strategic develop the project “Conservation Thinking Group” lead by the and Management of Ecosystem “Fundacion Futuro Latinoamericano” Services in the Mira-Mataje and “Grupo FARO” (SDSN member Binational Watersheds”. This group organizations), the SDSN Andes includes the University of Nariño Secretariat provided inputs and (Colombia), the Regional Amazon commentary for the localization of Regional meeting of the SDSN Andes University IKIAM (Ecuador), the the SDGs in Ecuador, as well as for Pacific Environmental Research Ecuador’s 2018 Voluntary National attention will be put on the impacts Institute (Colombia), the National Review. of soy production in Argentina Institute of Biodiversity (Ecuador), due to growing interest in this Corporación Grupo Randi Randi LOOKING AHEAD commodity. Landscape from the Mira-Mataje watershed (Ecuador), and the bird conservation The SDSN Andes will continue the South America is NGO FELCA (Colombia). Now in its binational conservation project, one of the richest Mira-Mataje watersheds implementation phase, the project is engaging with governments, intersects with the Chocó Yachay Tech University sub-continents biogeographic region, one managed and coordinated by Duke communities, and other key actors “Biodiversity protection is not for for cultural of the world’s biodiversity University’s Nicholas School of the in the Mira-Mataje watersheds. Yachay University of Experimental and biological “hotspots” Environment and the SDSN Andes Technology and Research (known conservationists and scientists diversity Secretariat, with financial support In 2018 and 2019 the project will as Yachay Tech University) is develop an open online information an Ecuadorian public university alone, but for the private sector and from the John D. and Catherine T. platform (“wiki”) to summarize and founded in March 2014, whose aim MacArthur Foundation. The 3-year politicians; it should attract the same project seeks to enhance conserva- validate information (both collected is to position Ecuador as a center and generated by the organiza- of innovation and technological level of attention as economic crises South America tion in the watersheds through a) tions leading the project) on the excellence in Latin America. is one of the scientific knowledge of ecosystems and upcoming elections. Similarly, most important status and services, and b) territorial watersheds, thus promoting a bina- tional perspective. The platform will sustainable development is relevant contributors to governance and stakeholder partici- also seek to crowdsource knowl- COUNTRIES INCLUDED IN THE the world’s food pation. The primary outcome will be REGIONAL NETWORK to everyone; achieving the SDGs supply a binational management strategy edge, allowing external information contributions and commentary, and Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, must be shared across academic and integrated conservation action ensuring stakeholder buy-in and Ecuador, Perú, Venezuela plan. This project touches on several local contextualization. disciplines, sectors of society, and SDGs, in particular Goal 6, Target 6.5. FIND OUT MORE even national boundaries; it requires Additionally, the SDSN Andes will • Influence of Economic Structures on Initiative to analyze inter-country continue analyzing inter-country tapping into the power of networks”. influences on the SDGs influences on the SDGs. Next steps the SDGs - Effects from, to and within the Linked to the network’s aforemen- involve applying ISA’s Multi-Regional Andean Region – www.unsdsn-andes.org Yolanda Kakabadse, Former President of WWF-International, IUCN, tioned thematic areas 3 and 4, and Input-Output (MRIO) models to • Biodiversity protection and sustainable and Former Minister of Environment of Ecuador in collaboration with the Integrated assess spillover effects from, to, and management of ecosystem services – Sustainability Analysis (ISA) within the Andean Region. Particular www.unsdsn-andes.org 12 SDSN Networks in Action 2018 13
NEW ZEALAND & PACIFIC NEW ZEALAND & PACIFIC SDSN Australia, AUSTRALIA, AUSTRALIA, New Zealand & Pacific Hosted by the Monash Sustainable Development Institute RRMelbourne, Australia w ap-unsdsn.org @SDSNAusNZPac T he SDSN Australia, New Zealand & Pacific focuses on three main areas: fostering cross-sectoral action to support SDG localization, mobilizing university-sector action on the SDGs, and supporting the activ- ities of SDSN Youth in the region. It also supports regional contributions to global SDSN Solutions Initiatives. University Guide to the SDGs Photo: ©Harjono Djoyobisono In August 2017, the network released Getting Started with the SDGs in Universities, a practical guide to the important role of universities in SDG implementation, developed in collabo- ration with the Australasian Campuses Towards Sustainability (ACTS) and Australian Minister for International Development and the Pacific, The Hon. Concetta Fierravanti-Wells, and Chair of SDSN Australia/New Zealand/Pacific, John Thwaites, along with Australian and New Zealand universi- leaders from business and non-profit at the Australian SDGs Summit 2018 ties. The guide is now being used by universities, SDSN networks and other the second Australian SDGs Summit, aims to develop transition pathways organizations around the world. SDSN a high-level, multi-stakeholder forum and roadmaps to a sustainable food Photo: ©Stock photo networks have already produced to advance national implementation and land use system. Japanese and Spanish translations, of the SDGs. The Summit brought and a number of other translations together almost 300 stakeholders LOOKING AHEAD currently in the works. from government, business, civil The network is currently working society, academia, and youth to with the global SDSN to expand Coral reefs cover much of the coast of Australia and other Pacific Nations Input to National SDG Reviews 4.5 assess the country’s progress and the Universities Guide to include The average Indigenous The network played an important discuss further action. case studies from around the world household in New role in supporting Australia’s first and to develop a companion online Gigatonnes Zealand and Australia Voluntary National Review (VNR), Supporting Global Projects portal to share best practices. Sustainable development doesn’t just of biosequestration is required for Australia has a much lower income than non-Indigenous which was presented to the UN in The Monash Sustainable July 2018. This included helping Development Institute (through ‘happen’ or is the responsibility of to be carbon neutral by households capture the contribution of the ClimateWorks Australia) and COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES 2050 Australia someone else, somewhere else. Australian university sector to the CSIRO are partnering to deliver the INCLUDED IN THE REGIONAL NETWORK SDGs through a consultation work- Australian component of the FABLE It requires everyone to make a global shop with key stakeholders, collec- (Food, Agriculture, Biodiversity, American Samoa, Australia, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana effort. We will be leaving the next tion of case studies, and preparation Land Use and Energy) project, which Islands, Cook Islands, Federated States of of a summary statement. SDSN Youth generation our problems unless we helped lead youth input towards the Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, New address the SDGs – uncertain jobs, VNR, bringing together its member Monash Sustainable Development Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, organizations and young leaders Institute unaffordable housing and a degraded for a consultation, which illustrated One of the world’s preeminent Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn Islands, Réunion, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor- environment. the potential for Australian youth to interdisciplinary research and Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, lead on implementation of the SDGs, education institutes for sustainable Wallis and Futuna. John Thwaites, 0.03% demonstrated existing efforts, and development, the Monash 2018 Australian SDG Summit offered recommendations on how to Sustainable Development Institute FIND OUT MORE maximize impact. finds real solutions to the most The Pacific Islands significant challenges facing our • University Guide – Photo: ©Lauren Barredo Countries account for 0.03% of GHG emissions, world today. The institute sits ap-unsdsn.org/university-sdg-guide Australian SDGs Summit within Monash University, a leading but are at the front • Food Agriculture Biodiversity Land-use line of climate change In March 2018, the network partnered Australian university ranked in the impacts with key civil society and business top 100 globally. (Bio)Energy (FABLE) – www.unsdsn.org organizations in Australia to co-host • SDSN Youth – sdsnyouth.org Great Ocean Road, Victoria, Australia 14 SDSN Networks in Action 2018 15
SDSN Brazil BRAZIL BRAZIL Hosted by Conservation International RRRio de Janeiro, Brazil w www.sdsnbrasil.org.br SDSNBrasil S DSN Brazil is a national network governance of the metropolitan terri- Amanhã (Museum of Tomorrow) was aiming to translate the SDGs to tory, urban agriculture, resilience to the perfect fit for the 2018 Forum the Brazilian context, engaging climate change, and the participation “Sustainable City Rio” (Fórum Rio in a wide array of projects and part- of civil society. Cidade Sustentável 2018), co-organ- nerships that will set the country up ized by SDSN Brazil. Showcasing the for the challenges and opportunities Another part of SDSN Brazil’s urban power of innovation as a determining of the 2030 Agenda. work is the Metropolitan Approach tool in the transformation process for Rio de Janeiro (M.A. Rio), a of Rio de Janeiro as a sustainable Reflections on an Urban World scientific cooperation between the metropolis, the Forum mirrored One big focus of SDSN Brazil, ever network’s host institutions and the the Museum’s emphasis on mixing since its inception in 2014, is sustain- Politécnico di Milano, Italy. It presents science and art, and the need for able urban development. With the a metropolitan vision, aiming at change if mankind is to avoid climate network’s host institutions based the improvement of the Practice disaster, environmental degradation, in Rio de Janeiro, the second-most of the Metropolitan Discipline with and social collapse. The event bene- populous municipality in Brazil, many new competences of shaping and fited from the participation of officials of its actions have been rooted in re-shaping the metropolis. It adopts from the municipal public adminis- addressing the sustainable devel- an interdisciplinary strategy, inte- tration, the City Council, the Inter- opment challenges of the country’s grating various disciplinary knowl- American Development Bank (IDB), cities. edge and transversal management UN-Habitat, Metropolitan Chamber, The network has hosted several skills to deal with metropolitan PUC-Rio, the international climate alli- events to promote dialogues around complexities and fragmentation. ance C40 and Casa Fluminense, and sustainable cities and communi- It also intends to bridge the gap SDSN Brazil’s key stakeholders. ties, aiming to exchange knowledge between theory and practice by and experiences from the academic, defining tools that can meet Brazil’s LOOKING AHEAD scientific, and professional commu- metropolitan needs. SDSN Brazil will continue to engage nity that are directly or indirectly and activate its members, partners related to urban challenges. These A Peek into the Future of Cities and other stakeholders to address The panoramic views over Rio de Janeiro debates, lectures, round tables, As one of the world’s first museums sustainable development challenges. 3,000+ 86% and workshops help find solutions incorporating the ideas of sustain- To leverage this work, the network for integrated and participative able development, the Museu do will translate SDG Academy content Brazilian cities will required by law to into Portuguese, as well as identify The objectives of sustainable develop and implement of Brazil’s population live in the urban areas of the more universities for cooperation plans promoting people- development are an invitation oriented, sustainable country’s 5,500 cities and support the development of urban mobility by 2019 education initiatives with members made for the global community (the “2030 challenge”). Secondly, to change inequalities and the the network will continue their work on their Solutions Initiative course of the action of societies and nations. Accepting the invitation is 60% Mobility is responsible for on Metropolitan Governance and Sustainable Cities throughout the country. essential for development in times of 60% of GHG emissions of Brazilian cities uncertainty. Rodrigo Medeiros, Conservation International-Brazil SDSN Brazil Co-Chair Conservation International (CI-Brasil) is a Brazilian non-profit organization created in 1990 that works to ensure a healthy and productive planet for all. FIND OUT MORE • Rio Sustainable Cities Initiative – Museu do Amanhã (Museum of Tomorrow), location of the Fórum Rio Cidade unsdsn.org Sustentável 2018 16 SDSN Networks in Action 2018 17
SDSN Canada CANADA CANADA Hosted by University of Waterloo in partnership with the Waterloo Global Science Initiative w www.sdsn.ca @SDSNCanada RRWaterloo, Ontario, Canada S DSN Canada officially launched on May 7th and 8th, 2018, at the University of Waterloo. The two day event brought together 700 Photo: ©Michael Bennett, WGSI. CC 2.0 BY-NC 2.0 participants to discuss Canada’s chal- lenges and opportunities in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and included over 30 post-secondary institutions from across Canada, as well as students, members of the public, businesses, government representatives, and civil society organizations. The launch featured a keynote lecture by renowned devel- opment economist and senior UN Working sessions at the Generation SDG Summit #3 Advisor Jeffrey Sachs in addition to a series of collaborative workshops counsel and enable dialogue on Sustainable Development Policy exploring ways to develop trans- Canada’s role in accelerating action Implementation. April 2018; formational pathways for sustain- on the SDGs and catalyzing change RR The Legal Solutions for able development in Canada. The throughout the country. April 2018; Sustainability: Roundtable Photo: ©Mark Koch on Unsplash workshops explored four thematic RR Participation and support on Innovative International SDG areas: Education and Training for Waterloo Global Science Instruments for the Sustainable for Sustainability, Sustainable and Initiative’s Generation SDG Summit Development Goals in collab- Inclusive Cities, Canada’s Energy- which brought together a multi- oration with the Centre for Climate Nexus, and Doing Justice to disciplinary and multigenerational International Sustainable Life on Land and Below Water. group for four days of intensive Development Law and the discussion on the best ways to University of Waterloo’s School Lake Louise, Banff National Park Increasing awareness around the catalyze the most impactful and of Environment, Enterprise, and Toronto aims to 10.5% network coordinated actions to ensure Development. May 2018. become the first Along with its partners, SDSN effective implementation of the municipality in Canada has initiated a number of SDGs in Canada. April 2018; LOOKING AHEAD The establishment of SDSN Canada the Province of Canada has reached 10.5% of the 17% Aichi other events as a way to increase RR A keynote lecture by Jeffrey Sachs Building on the success of the Ontario with a awareness of this new network and at the University of Ottawa on the is a vital opportunity for Canada circular economy. biodiversity target generate new membership including; crucial role that universities can launch, SDSN Canada is now focused on engaging with universi- to make a coordinated effort to RR A dinner gathering of Canada’s play in implementing the SDGs ties and colleges from throughout leading business, government, and in Canada coupled with a panel leverage our collective strengths civil society leaders to provide discussion on Green Growth and the country. SDSN Canada is also looking at the feasibility of hosting a and expertise, and build on the Solutions Forum within the coming excitement and opportunity we have University of Waterloo in partnership with the Waterloo Global Science Initiative year, creating a Sustainable Cities Index for Canada, and developing to make a positive impact on our The University of Waterloo is home to Canada’s largest Faculty of Environment, SDG teaching case studies and other future for generations. Universities and has researchers and institutes across campus working on every facet of sustainability and social justice. Consistently ranked Canada’s most innovative course materials in collaboration with the SDG Academy. The network play, and will continue to play, an university, the University of Waterloo is home to advanced research and teaching will also prioritize the deepening of in science and engineering, mathematics and computer science, health, environment, relationships with the Government integral role in making progress on arts and social sciences. of Canada and will work to advise Photo: ©Mark Koch on Unsplash our SDG targets through the talents Waterloo Global Science Initiative (WGSI) has been catalyzing collective action since 2009. The conversations they host bring people with diverse viewpoints on and support federal SDG strategy and policy initiatives. of our researchers, graduates and together, prompting multi-disciplinary, inclusive collaboration to address sustain- able development challenges. By combining the results of these cross-cutting entrepreneurial enterprises. conversations with the science and technology of today, WGSI and their network FIND OUT MORE take answers from paper to the real world, addressing the UN’s Sustainable Feridun Hamdullahpur, • Learn more about WGSI’s Generation SDG President and Vice-Chancellor, University of Waterloo Development Goals in sectors such as energy, education, and beyond. Summit – www.wgsi.org City of Vancouver, English Bay 18 SDSN Networks in Action 2018 19
CARIBBEAN CARIBBEAN SDSN Caribbean Hosted by the University of the West Indies @CaribbeanSDSN RRKingston, Jamaica T he SDSN Caribbean focuses on Closing data gaps in Caribbean LOOKING AHEAD three shared regional priorities: Small Island Developing States climate change, energy, and the (SIDS) The SDSN Caribbean aims to blue economy, which is the use of The network supports the SDSN’s develop a state-of-the-art interac- the sea and its resources for sustain- SDG Index and Dashboards report tive website to share future results, able development. These priorities through an initiative to close data which would also help stakeholders are interlinked; climate change is a gaps in Caribbean Small Island track progress on the SDGs through major threat to the region due to sea Developing States (SIDS). The to 2030. The Network hopes to level rise, increased frequency and Caribbean team is working with expand the project to other SIDS by intensity of storm events, changes to government agencies, NGOs, and working with the SDSN Australia/ disease vectors, effects on agricul- academia to request data that are New Zealand/Pacific. The network ture, and more. When considered not currently publicly available is also actively seeking Solution along with overfishing, impacts on through international institutions, Initiatives in its three priority areas. Caribbean ecosystems and infra- as well as advise National Statistical structure jeopardize the tourism Offices on how to set up frameworks sector, a major part of the region’s for future reporting. Data gathered economy. Moving Caribbean states will be included in the annual SDG away from fossil fuels and investing Index and Dashboards report. Results in energy efficiency are therefore are also presented to countries at key components in supporting the multi-stakeholder events, and lead economy and achieving energy secu- to conversations on SDG prioritiza- rity and climate mitigation goals. tion as well as the sharing of best practices and successful programs between countries in the region. The Malecón in Havana, Cuba US$ 170bn worth of damage was 14.3% Average coral cover Jamaica is naturally and irrevocably caused to Caribbean nations during the 2017 in the Caribbean declined from over 50% in the Musicians in Havana, Cuba aligned to the Sustainable hurricane season 1970s to an estimated 14.3% in 2012. COUNTRIES INCLUDED IN THE Development Goals and at every REGIONAL NETWORK opportunity we reaffirm our Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin commitment to achieving them. Islands, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curaçao, Dominica, Furthermore, Jamaica will play its Aruba has Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, committed to going part in regional and international fora fossil free by 2020 Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, to promote attainment. Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, Saint Kitts Andrew Holness, Prime Minister of Jamaica, and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and speaking at ICSD in 2016 Jamaican Prime Minister Andrew Holness with Professor Jeffrey Sachs and participants at the the Grenadines, Sint Maarten, Suriname, Caribbean Action 2030 Summit Trinidad and Tobago, United States Virgin Islands, Venezuela University of the West Indies Established in 1948, UWI is the largest and longest-standing institute of higher FIND OUT MORE education in the English-speaking Caribbean. UWI enrolls over 45,000 students, • Caribbean Action 2030 – www. and their impressive network of alumni includes more than 18 current and former caribbeanaction2030.com heads of state, one Nobel Laureate, and dozens of Rhodes Scholars. • SDG Index – www.sdgindex.org Caribbean coral reef ecosystems are threatened by climate change, over fishing, and water pollution 20 SDSN Networks in Action 2018 21
SDSN Germany GERMANY GERMANY Hosted by the German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut w sdsngermany.de für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) @SDSN_Germany RRBonn, Germany A s a primary focus, the network addresses the structural chal- lenges of implementing the 2030 Agenda in Germany. Founded by leading knowledge centers, SDSN Germany pools the knowledge, experi- ence and abilities of academic, corpo- rate and civil society organisations to promote sustainable development at the national and international level. Shaping the Political Landscape in Germany Since its launch, SDSN Germany has Photo: ©DIE GDI been actively shaping the polit- ical landscape to more prominently feature the 2030 Agenda and call for the required changes. During the Workshop “The World in 2050” at SDSN Germany’s member and host institution German last general elections and now the Development Insitute in Bonn new legislative period in Germany, the network has been an outspoken actor for the SDGs on the national foundations in Germany and the EU LOOKING AHEAD and European level. With regard to for closer cooperation on this issue. the German Sustainability Strategy These events have been organized As one of the organizing parties of (Deutsche Nachhaltigkeitsstrategie), against the backdrop of upcoming the Science Platform Sustainability the network contributed to a peer European political events, such as the 2030, the network is leading the One of the powerhouses of the German export sector: the Hamburg port review of the plan of action outlined parliamentary election in 2019, the working group on mobility, one mCO2 100% in the document. Even though next Multiannual Financial Framework, of Germany’s great challenges. In 2016, Germany’s CO2 In the European Union, progress has been made, Germany and the new EU Commission. Together with its members, the emissions rose for the Germany yields the is falling short of its own targets network will develop new and inno- The European project needs to second consecutive year, mostly due to higher highest rate of recycled materials, with nearly and the Agenda has not yet become Sustainable Development on the vative solutions around the topic. the fundamental principle in policy Global Stage Additionally, SDSN Germany aims finally be connected with the emissions of the transport sector 100 percent in paper and making. Additionally, SDSN Germany On the international level, members to create a stronger connection organic waste concept of sustainable development. is one of the organizing parties of of SDSN Germany continue to between political processes at the the Science Platform Sustainability contribute to the work of the T20 European level with sustainable Sustainability is not an unrealistic 2030, and has supported dialogues think tank task forces under the development. A conference on how idea, but rather addresses central concerns of real life situations. ¹/⁶ ⅙ of Germany’s residents between Scientific Advisory Councils and the Federal Government. Argentine G20 presidency after last year’s German presidency. Moreover, SDSN Germany members have been the SDGs can be an opportunity to shape a sustainable future of the EU is planned for October 2018, Prof. Dr. Gesine Schwan, Humboldt-Viadrina Governance Platform, remained at risk of A European Voice for Change active in several initiatives of the co-hosted by the European Network Co-Chair of SDSN Germany being trapped in relative To continue the discussion on the global SDSN such as The World in of Political Foundations (ENoP). poverty in 2017 Source: www.armutskongress.de implementation of the 2030 Agenda 2050, FABLE and the SDG Index & in the EU, SDSN Germany has organ- Dashboards. ized events with key stakeholders FIND OUT MORE and has reached out to political • Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project • (DDPP) – deepdecarbonization.org Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) • The World in 2050 – unsdsn.org Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) is one of the leading think tanks • Food Agriculture Biodiversity Land-use for global development and international cooperation worldwide. DIE’s work (Bio)Energy (FABLE) – unsdsn.org is based on the interplay between Research, Policy Advice and Training. DIE is building bridges between theory and practice. • SDG Index & Dashboards – www. sdgindex.org 22 SDSN Networks in Action 2018 23
GREAT LAKES GREAT LAKES SDSN Great Lakes Hosted by the University of Rwanda, College of Business and Economics w cbe.ur.ac.rw/about-cbe/others/sdsn RR Kigali, Rwanda @UR_CBE S DSN Great Lakes strives to promote the implementation of the SDGs in the complex region of Central and Eastern Africa. Local Solutions Conference The SDSN Great Lakes flagship initiative is an annual confer- ence focused on local solutions to achieve the SDGs. Since 2015, these conferences have brought together hundreds of researchers Photo: ©New Times and academics from the region to present innovative and prac- tical projects that can help change lives for the better. Each year, the network selects one or more Participants brainstorming during the Local Solutions Conference 2017 themes, related to particular SDG challenges in the region, and holds an open call for institutions to Photo: ©Millennium Promise submit their projects. The projects, some still in proposal phase, are then reviewed by a panel and the best ones are selected to be presented at the conference. Public Lecture Series Student in the botanical garden of the Science University in Kisangani, DRC In 2018, the network launched a 12.5% The Democratic Republic The Rwandan government established a “One Cow per Poor public lecture series to raise aware- ness of the SDGs and share new research and innovation coming out Local Solutions Conference 2017 It is very important to collaborate of Congo contains 12.5% Family” poverty alleviation program of its member institutions. The first FABLE project (Food, Agriculture, members, starting with those in of the world’s remaining such talk was held at the University Biodiversity, Land, and Energy). All Rwanda over the coming year. Each to drive forward the SDGs. The tropical rainforest known as GIRINKA of Rwanda, College of Business and local network members were repre- member will choose a topic and University of Rwanda is strategically Economics entitled “Customizing sented and a delegate from Burundi organize a talk on that theme. the SDGs for Rwanda Development also attended the talk. placed to drive the SDG agenda Priorities.” The talk was given by In an effort to boost membership LOOKING AHEAD through research areas such as: August Professor Francois Naramabuye, engagement, the public lecture The next local solutions conference is 2017 a faculty member at UR and the series will be organized on a rota- food security, smart and green national coordinator of the SDSN tional basis between all network planned at the end of 2018 and the public lecture series will continue. The network cities, conservation, innovation and Kenya placed is also developing its governance and will entrepreneurship, education and a total ban on soon announce a new Leadership Council, plastic bags. UR College of Business and Economics comprised of members from academia, peace. UR should take a key role in the private sector, and civil society, to The College of Business and Economics (CBE) is one of the six colleges composing guide and support the activities moving leading the SDGs. the University of Rwanda (UR), the largest and only public university in Rwanda. forward. Prof. Nelson Ijumba, Deputy Vice-Chancellor, University of Rwanda The UR’s vision is to be a leading University that develops highly enterprising graduates prepared and dedicated to building a more just and sustainable society locally, nationally and globally, with appropriate innovations that advance quality COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES of life. The UR’s mission is to support the development of Rwanda by discovering INCLUDED IN THE REGIONAL NETWORK and advancing knowledge, and being committed to the highest standards of Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, academic excellence, where students are prepared for lives of service, and leadership, transforming communities through finding solutions. Kenya, Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda 24 SDSN Networks in Action 2018 25
SDSN Greece GREECE GREECE SPAIN Hosted by the International Center for Research on the Environment and the w www.unsdsn.gr Economy (ICRE8) and the Political Economy of Sustainable Development Lab @unsdsngreece (PESD) @SDSNgreece RRAthens, Greece S DSN Greece launched in 2017 practices. Through ICRE8, one of during the 3rd International the network’s co-host institutions, LOOKING AHEAD SDSN Mediterranean Conference the network has been involved in Together with The Economist (MED Solutions) in Athens. It aims a number of national and regional Events, SDSN Greece is co-organ- to revive the Mediterranean Climate projects relevant to the SDGs. izing the Second Sustainability Change Initiative (MCCI), an auton- Through the networks’ involve- Summit for South-East Europe and omous Mediterranean political initi- ment in the European Commission the Mediterranean. Together with ative to strengthen international Horizon 2020 program, issues like key thinkers, business leaders, poli- and regional agreements; while also environmental management, climate cymakers, scientists, advocates and focusing on national priorities for change mitigation and adaptation investors, the Summit will shed light SDG achievement such as respon- policies, disaster resilience, and on the main focus areas like green sible consumption and production, social innovation are being looked shipping and sustainable marine sustainable tourism, clean energy, at through the lens of the value of management, sustainable food-wa- and climate change. natural capital, providing analytic ter-energy nexus, sustainable energy frameworks for managing natural and security. SDSN Greece aims at connecting resources sustainably. Photo: © Marc Schlumpf Icarus Design all Greek universities and research The network is also working with centers that are active in the field of Climate Change Mitigation and Climate KIC Greece as part of the sustainable development to coordi- Adaptation EIT Regional Innovation Scheme nate their efforts towards achieving In view of the region’s vulnera- (RIS) that aims to boost innovative the 17 SDGs. Additionally, to support bility to climate change and its CleanTech Companies and Initiatives Greece’s sustainable development effects, experts of SDSN Greece are towards the reduction of brown coal following the economic crisis of exploring suitable mitigation and production and decentralized energy 2007-2008 the network aims to adaptation strategies for implemen- system, helping Greece to achieve a develop work streams that can tation in Greece and more generally low carbon economy until 2030. One of the many coastal areas of Greece support decision-makers on all levels in the Mediterranean region. Special In 2019, Greece will to promote change that reinvigor- attention is given to the interac- Greece’s desire for social, political launch a National Implementation Plan for the SDGs, consistent 30% of the Greek coastline is ates the principles of liberalism and good governance. tion of these policies with the rest of the economy and to developing potential low-carbon pathways that with the National affected by erosion The Value of Nature both mitigate climate change and and economic recovery and long term Growth Strategy One central topic for SDSN Greece stimulate the economy. In addition, prosperity should be aligned with is making the value of nature a the network is exploring adapta- central part of project design tion strategies to protect vulnerable sustainable development practices. and policy recommendations sectors and create new economic Prof. Andreas Papandreou, Professor in Environmental Economics, for climate change adaptation opportunities. Director of PESD, Co - Chair SDSN Greece The International Centre for The Political Economy of Sustainable Research on the Environment and the Development Lab (PESD) Economy (ICRE8) The Political Economy of Sustainable Official launch of SDSN Greece 2017 The International Centre for Research Development Lab (PESD) of the on the Environment and the Economy National and Kapodistrian University FIND OUT MORE (ICRE8) is a nonprofit private Research of Athens is devoted to the political Centre dedicated to interdisciplinary economy dimension of sustainable • Welcoming Remarks of SDSN Greece 18,000 km research on sustainable development development. In other words, it focuses Launch See the video on youtube and management of the Environment, on how institutions, the political • Sustainable development in times of crisis Despite this very long Energy, Economy, Eco-innovations and environment and the economy interact coastline, Greece is one and influence each other and thus form Session 1 - Greece as a case study – See the their electronic versions (hence E8). of the 20 most the underlying conditions that allow or video on youtube water-stressed countries prevent sustainable development. • ICRE8 – www.icre8.eu/ in the world • PESD – pesd.econ.uoa.gr/index.php 26 SDSN Networks in Action 2018 27
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