Science that makes an impact - The stories behind some of our innovations - Eurofins
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Science that makes an impact The stories behind some of our innovations EDITION 5 | FEBRUARY 2021
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 2 THE FOREFATHERS OF 15 A PASSIVE REVOLUTION IN 27 20 MILLION TESTS A MONTH TO 36
PESTICIDE TESTING WATER SAMPLING HELP PROTECT THE WORLD AGAINST
PROTECTING TRANSPLANT PATIENTS 3 First multi-pesticide detection From spot-checking to continuous COVID-19
AND SAVING LIVES method in Europe environmental monitoring Innovation and action during a
Immunity at the heart of the matter global pandemic
30 YEARS OF DATA FOR LIFE 16 ALGAE, ALGAE, EVERYWHERE – 28
TACKLING GLOBAL 4 Building rich databases before Big Data TOXIC AND WHAT A STINK PROTECTING CROPS AND HUMAN 39
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE First rapid test for cyanobacteria HEALTH AT THE SAME TIME
Testing for multiple resistance genes FINDING ADULTERATION EVEN 18 toxins in water bodies Developing the first test kit to
WHEN NOT LOOKING FOR IT detect glyphosate
BUSTING THE IDENTICAL TWIN MYTH 5 Leading the way with non-targeted screening SOLVING OLD CRIMES 29
Milestone research proves genetic differences WITH NEW TECHNOLOGY WHAT DO PIZZA BOXES, 40
MODERN FARMING IS 20 Eurofins’ new DNA software heats up RAINCOATS AND FRYING PANS
NEW GENERATION OF NON-INVASIVE 6 PRECISION FARMING
PRENATAL TESTING METHODS cold cases HAVE IN COMMON?
Farming and herd improvement Detecting PFAS in the everyday products
Breakthrough genetic disorder determination testing – in six seconds LEADING THE WORLD IN 30 and our environment
SNIF-NMR® – HOW IT ALL BEGAN 7 GM FISH DETECTION
BEATING DRUG-ASSISTED 21 Fast, reliable testing for PROTECTING CANCER PATIENTS 42
Authenticity and origin testing to RAPE – FORENSICALLY
protect our food and drink genetically modified fish Identifying high-risk patients
Identifying knock-out drugs in hair following stem cell transplant
THE FUTURE OF BEES 8 NOT WANTED! DEAD OR ALIVE! 31
HIGH-FLYING INNOVATION 22 MOULD AND BACTERIA SEEKING OUT A SILENT KILLER 43
THE FUTURE OF LIFE Unconventional inspiration for
Breakthrough science for supporting Eurofins’ new molecular methods Developing the first test to identify Radon
DNA synthesis enhance mould analysis
better bee health ENSURING LIQUID GOLD IS THE 44
TESTING FOR TAILORED 23 FUELLING THE FIRST ASTRONAUTS 32 REAL DEAL
HELPING TO STOP ZIKA IN ITS TRACKS 10 CANCER TREATMENT
Rapid real-time Zika test results Fortifying food for space A unique method for fraud detection
Empowering cancer research in honey
A PIONEER IN DIOXINS DETECTION 11 through innovation TACKLING THE BIG PROBLEM OF 33
Detecting one part out of 1,000 billion TINY PARTICLES DETECTING A SILENT THREAT – 46
NURTURING CELLS TO GROW 24 Making microplastic testing TRANSPLANT REJECTION
is not the limit Culture media monitoring commercially available Optimising outcomes for
ACRYLAMIDE ON THE 12 with Spedia-NMR™ kidney transplant patients
TIP OF EVERYONE’S TONGUE SAFEGUARDING THE HEALTH OF 34
OUT OF THE BOX PRODUCT TESTING 25 THE WORLD’S MOST VULNERABLE BIBLIOGRAPHY 48
First to detect acrylamide in food When nothing is available, CONSUMERS – INFANTS
TESTING FOR TRACEABILITY OF 14 build your own robot Setting the new standard in
MEAT FROM FARM TO FORK DOWN INVENTING THE MOST SENSITIVE 26 infant formula testing
TO INDIVIDUAL ANIMALS HEAVY METALS DETECTION METHOD
Clarity and confidence for the food chain Testing for safety in soil, water,
food and pharmaceuticals
EUROFINS | TESTING FOR LIFE 1
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EUROFINS LABORATORIES HAVE REGULARLY BEEN THE FIRST IN THE WORLD TO DEVELOP NEW TESTING TECHNOLOGIES THAT HAVE HAD AN IMPACT ON LIFE
OVER 30 YEARS
800 LABORATORIES
50,000 EMPLOYEES
33 MILLION TESTS PERFORMED EVERY MONTH.
WE’RE HERE TO KEEP OUR WORLD SAFE.
Since its foundation in 1987, Eurofins has The complexity of our analyses, often searching
contributed significantly to the advancement of for the minutest traces of a substance, mean our
science in testing for life. We are proud of the activities in these areas necessarily sometimes
discoveries and advancements our specialists have take years of painstaking research and ongoing
made in myriad sectors, ranging from food to improvements of our numerous methods. In other
pharma to forensics testing. areas, we have responded overnight to global
health crises.
Our laboratories around the world are helping
to improve cancer treatments, fight the growing Wherever we are and however long it may take,
problem of antibiotic resistance, catch criminals, our work helps to make life safer.
safeguard the health of bees, ensure our food and
water is safe, determine paternity, and beat viruses This booklet presents a mere fraction of the
like COVID-19. Underpinning our work in these areas hundreds of stories from across our activities about
and more, Eurofins has one of the world’s largest our scientists’ great work to push the frontiers of
and most varied databases, rich with fingerprints of Testing for Life.
thousands upon thousands of foodstuffs and drugs.
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CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS | TRANSPLANTATION
Surgeons worldwide perform more than 100,000 solid
organ transplants annually, with successful transplantation
of hearts, lungs, livers and kidneys, saving and changing
SAVING
PROTECTING TRANSPLANT PATIENTS AND
thousands of lives. After complex surgery, the risks of
infection and organ rejection mean the patient’s fight for
recovery starts immediately; even anti-rejection medication
LIVES
can lead to serious adverse effects. Eurofins’ work in
immunity is helping to change patient recovery outcomes.
Immunity at the heart of the matter the science behind
Adverse reactions that can hamper patients helped decrease bacterial and ImmuKnow® is an immune cell
patient recovery are managed by fungal infections, particularly in the function assay that detects
understanding the exact state of a critical two-week post-surgery period. cell-mediated immunity in an
patient’s immune cell function and It also reduced immunosuppressant immunosuppressed population
using that knowledge to balance the drug use and improved patient by measuring the concentration
immune system. Experts at Eurofins survival by 13% in the first year post- of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Viracor developed ImmuKnow® assay, transplant. ImmuKnow® is cleared synthesis from CD4 cells following
a test that provides a biomarker to for use by the US Food and Drug stimulation. The technology
help doctors to evaluate a patient’s Administration. combines cell stimulation, cell
existing immunity levels and to selection, and quantification of
optimise treatment. Eurofins Viracor has developed metabolic markers (ATP) to measure
additional, innovative tests with fast, cell-mediated immunity. Since
In 2015, a study published in accurate results to help surgeons care the CD4 lymphocytes orchestrate
Transplantation showed that Viracor’s for their transplant patients. It now cell-mediated immunity responses
assay improves outcomes in solid organ works with approximately 60% of US through immunoregulatory
transplant patients. The study showed transplant programmes and has earned signalling, the measurement of CD4
that not only was ImmuKnow® able to its leading position in the field. activation reflects the degree of
detect the level of immunity provided immune function.
by cells in immunosuppressed patients, Eurofins is deeply committed to
but it ultimately improved patient contributing positively to global For references, please see bibliography
survival rates by helping to optimise health. With technological and medical
immunosuppression. This benefit is advances leading to continual increases
critical when balancing the risk of in the number of transplant operations
organ rejection caused by insufficient occurring worldwide, Eurofins is Disclaimer: ImmuKnow® is FDA
suppression and the risk of infection focused on the development of further cleared for the following Intended Use:
caused by excessive suppression. specialised and fast-turnaround tests Detection of cell-mediated immune
response in populations undergoing
that will play an important role in
immunosuppressive therapy for organ
The study also showed that using patient outcomes. transplant. Product Insert 2015. Eurofins
ImmuKnow® in solid organ transplant Viracor, Inc., Lee’s Summit, MO.
EUROFINS | TESTING FOR LIFE 3
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CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS | ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE SCREENING
TACKLING GLOBAL
ANTIBIOTIC
RESISTANCE
Testing for multiple resistance genes the science behind
The ABRx™ Antibiotic Resistance
Panel allows the molecular
identification of antibiotic-
resistant genes in patient samples.
It is focused on the detection of
Since the accidental discovery of penicillin by The CDC (Centres for Disease Control)
reports that each year, more than
of the most commonly prescribed
antibiotics.
17 gene types, within seven gene
classes which are associated with
Alexander Fleming in 1928, the world’s reliance two million people in the US alone resistance to three major groups
on antibiotics has increased dramatically. become infected with bacteria that
are resistant to many antibiotics,
With specimens taken directly from
the patient, the ABRx™ Antibiotic
of antibiotics (ß-lactams like
penicillins, cephalosporins and
Yet overuse and misuse across the world has and attributes at least 23,000 deaths Resistance Panel provides rapid- carbapenems, fluoroquinolones,
seen antibiotics become ineffective against to these infections. Even the World response results within one day. and macrolides). Offering the
Health Organization has warned that It also offers doctors and pharmacists direct detection of clinical samples,
an increasingly large number of bacteria, and the world may be entering a ‘post- clinically important and accurate without the requirement for
antibiotic resistance is now a globally ticking antibiotic era’ in which some of the patient-specific information to aid bacterial isolation, the ABRx™ Panel
most dependable medicines become their decision-making and ensure the has been validated on respiratory
time bomb. Eurofins is at the forefront of efforts useless and common infections once prescription of an effective antibiotic secretions, rectal/stool swabs, and
to tackle this crisis. again threaten to prove fatal. in each clinical case. urine specimens.
Knowledge of bacterial resistance Not only does this hinder the For references, please see bibliography
genes is key. In 2016, Eurofins worsening of symptoms and hospital
Diatherix launched the ABRx™ re-admissions, but detection results
Antibiotic Resistance Panel, an exciting can be used to define an antibiotic
development that sees diagnostic class avoidance strategy. Best of all,
tests able to simultaneously detect 17 the ABRx™ Panel tests are helping to
clinically problematic and prevalent slow the frightening pace of worldwide
genes that lead to resistance to some antibiotic resistance.
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GENOMICS / FORENSICS | NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING
Amid abandoned legal cases, high-profile acquittals of
serious crimes and paternity suit dismissals, scientists were
increasingly questioning the dogma that identical twins
could not be genetically differentiated. Only theoretical
BUSTING
approaches existed to solve this conundrum, until a Eurofins
breakthrough provided an answer to the puzzle of how to
tell identical twins apart.
THE IDENTICAL TWIN MYTH
Milestone research proves genetic differences the science behind
Monozygotic twins derive from one adult males as the potential father of The process involves ultra-deep
zygote (the fertilised egg) that splits a child. While one was found to carry next-generation sequencing.
into two, meaning that the basis of the an identical mutation to the child, the Researchers first read and decipher
two twins, at first, comprises exactly other was not. These results were used the genetic information found
the same genetic material. By pushing to prove conclusive paternity. in the DNA, before analysing the
the limits of genetics and forensics, data collected through intelligent
a multi-disciplinary team at the The first application of the test in a information technology. The focus
flagship Eurofins Genomics laboratory criminal case supported the Boston is on the appearance of specific
in Ebersberg, Germany, developed a Police Department and Suffolk County mutations, also referred to as single
world-first methodology in 2014 that District Attorney’s Office in a serial rape nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs.
showed what happens next. case. The authorities were confident
of the guilt of two male offenders; For references, please see bibliography
Using a whole genome sequencing however, one had an identical twin
approach, Eurofins demonstrated and could not be convicted. Eurofins
that rare mutations occur early in received saliva samples from both
the embryonic stage whenever a cell twins, and a crime scene sample.
divides as part of the development The test delivered a successful result
process. Eurofins also provided in just two weeks, successfully and
evidence that, because these changes unambiguously matching one of the
happen so early on, the mutations can twins to the crime.
be found in all the DNA of the person,
including the DNA of sperm (in the Through the use of state-of-the-
case of the male) or eggs (in the case art chemistry and ongoing process
of a female). refinements, Eurofins has already
cut the test costs by 50%, ensuring
Eurofins’ first test case used this new the accessibility of one of the most
understanding of embryonic genetic important tools in the search for
mutations to assess identical twin the truth.
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CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS | PRENATAL SCREENING
Prenatal tests are conducted during pregnancy
to provide information about the health of the
mother and her baby. Eurofins has pioneered
work to develop improved prenatal screening
NEW GENERATION OF tests for conditions that might affect the foetus,
NON-INVASIVE
and help inform healthcare decisions before
and after the birth.
PRENATAL TESTING METHODS
Breakthrough genetic disorder determination the science behind
For over 30 years, Eurofins NTD has held In 2017, Eurofins Genoma unveiled Eurofins Genoma has significant Based on quantitative real-time PCR rather than on
a leading position in the research and a step-change breakthrough in NIPT experience in performing genome-wide next-generation sequencing, the qNIPT foetal trisomy 21
development of prenatal screening technology, developing, for the first cfDNA screening, which can detect test from Eurofins LifeCodexx is not only cheaper, but also
protocols to help detect birth defects, time ever, a NIPT that screens for rare trisomies. The laboratory is able significantly faster. Due to different methylation patterns
genetic diseases and other conditions. both de novo – gene mutations, that to distinguish between trisomies that of specific gene regions of the maternal and foetal DNA,
For example, Eurofins NTD was among are not inherited – and inherited are likely confined to the placenta positive and negative samples can be distinguished and
the world’s first clinical laboratories to single-gene disorders. NIPTs are simple (resulting in a false positive result the test provides rapid results in two to three days under
provide an alpha-foetoprotein screening blood tests that were previously only which decreases the specificity of the highest quality standards.
programme. This test is known for its able to screen for aneuploidies, errors test) from true trisomies (which are
effectiveness in identifying a risk in the in cell divisions which see ‘daughter’ confirmed to be in the foetus). The GeneSafe™ test is intended for patients who had
foetus for open neural tube defects. cells having the wrong number of an abnormal ultrasound finding which was suggestive
chromosomes, and microdeletions, The test is also the first ever NIPT of some form of monogenic disorder. The technology
In December 2016, Eurofins LifeCodexx which are chromosomal deletions that to detect disorders with an increased screens for new mutations that are common and cannot
launched the worldwide first non- are too small to be detected by light likelihood associated with paternal be detected by standard carrier screening, as these
invasive prenatal test (NIPT) assay microscopy and can lead to genetic age, something particularly useful mutations are not present in the parents.
based on a quantitative real-time PCR disorders. More recently, NIPTs also as later-stage parenthood is
for prenatal testing of foetal trisomy screened for rare aneuploidies and increasingly common, especially While traditional NIPT screens for conditions typically
21 (qNIPT). The novel and proprietary segmental chromosome imbalances in developed countries. associated with advanced maternal age (e.g. Down
qNIPT assay allows for significant (gains and losses) in every chromosome syndrome), GeneSafe™ also screens for genetic disorders
cost efficiencies and speed over other in the foetal genome. Simple and safe to administer, this test that are associated with advanced paternal age (men
classical NIPT methods as it is based poses no risk to the foetus and works that are >40 years old), ensuring a more comprehensive
on polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Not only does this new Eurofins well as a complementary screen to screen for couples of advanced age.
the most widely used platform within test, GeneSafe™, identify prenatal traditional NIPTs, allowing healthcare
the molecular diagnostic space. This conditions which traditional prenatal professionals and patients to make For references, please see bibliography
test’s significantly lower cost and faster testing may miss, but it also detects more informed medical decisions.
processing time allows more pregnant over 40 severe genetic disorders that
women to opt for NIPT as a reliable and might occur in the absence of any
affordable prenatal testing method. family history of the condition.
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FOOD & FEED TESTING | SNIF-NMR®
Food fraud and the adulteration of what we eat and drink is
a global problem and one which is only worsening. Fraudsters
are substituting genuine, everyday ingredients with cheaper
alternatives that mislead buyers and consumers, and risk
allergies, side-effects and even severe harm to human health.
The desire to help put an end to such dishonest practices led
to the birth of the company that became Eurofins.
Authenticity and origin testing to protect our food and drink the science behind
SNIF-NMR
HOW IT ALL BEGAN
® Back in 1981, Professors G. and
M. Martin and their teams at the
University of Nantes developed a
pioneering process to detect the
chaptalisation (or over-sugaring) of
a variety of organisations, including
the European Union (EU) and the
International Organisation of Vine and
Wine (OIV) for wine; the Association
of Analytical Chemists (AOAC)
Atoms exist as different
isotopes. Sugar in sugar beet, for
example, comes from a different
biochemical pathway than
sugar in grapes, and therefore
wine, and the enrichment of freshly for fruit juices, maple syrup, and contains different proportions of
pressed grapes. In 1987, this SNIF- vanillin; and European Committee for hydrogen isotopes (1H and 2H).
NMR® method led to the creation of Standardization (CEN) for vinegar. SNIF-NMR® can measure the
Eurofins. The company has continued different hydrogen isotope ratios
to develop the process, now using it to In addition, Eurofins has committed at each position in a molecule,
check the authenticity of wines, spirits, significant resources to developing a thereby identifying the addition
fruit juices, flavours, sugar syrups, and comprehensive reference database of of sugar from another source.
vinegar. Together with other tests, the over 30,000 pieces of data for wine, The SNIF-NMR® process allows
technique makes it possible to verify fruit juice, natural flavours and other the quantification, with very fine
the geographical origin of products and products. The company continues to precision, of isotopic ratios across
decide, for example, whether vanillin pioneer and develop cutting-edge tools a molecule. A number of factors
was chemically-produced or whether it to empower customers to fight back affect these, including botanical
is natural – useful information as the against food and beverage fraud. origin, climate and geography
two have a huge price difference. and so the resulting isotopic
fingerprint provides in-depth
This technique is still state-of-the-art information about the origin of
30 years after its invention, and is a the molecule.
gold standard in its field. SNIF-NMR®
is the official method of analysis for For references, please see bibliography
EUROFINS | TESTING FOR LIFE 7
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AGROSCIENCE SERVICES | BEE HEALTH
THE FUTURE OF
BEES
Breakthrough science for supporting better bee health
THE FUTURE OF
LIFE
Honey bees travelling from flower
to flower are more than just a pretty
sight; the species is the world’s most
important, and most threatened,
pollinator. Environmental changes
including increased pesticide-
usage mean high levels of concern
globally about pollinator safety in
the present agricultural climate.
Eurofins is leading efforts to
support and protect bee health and
reverse the trend. Some of Eurofins’
innovative approaches in this area
are now becoming part of standard
industry protocols.
8 EUROFINS | TESTING FOR LIFEBACK TO CONTENTS
AGROSCIENCE SERVICES | BEE HEALTH
the science behind
Eurofins’ Agroscience Services division bees over hive entrances as a possible pesticide and can prove toxic to bees queens, perfect nutrition during larval Eurofins’ key role in safeguarding
developed an innovative method indicator of disorientation. The study actively collecting pollen and nectar. development, and appropriate mating bee health includes solitary,
for fully investigating the effects of design can also be adapted to include Finding a solution was imperative, with quality drones. Breeder queens honey and bumble bees. Quality
pesticides on the homing behaviour realistic field-exposure scenarios but previous trials proved labour- are selected from winter survivor bee breeding is aided by testing
of honey and bumble bees. Tiny radio and to observe delayed effects for intensive and complicated and were stock from the 1000+ colonies across queens and drones for fertility,
frequency identification transponders up to two weeks post-release. The affected by numerous factors including Eurofins’ Bee Health and Management reducing stressors and optimising
with unique identification numbers are Eurofins method provides data crucial wind direction. Eurofins developed a Solutions farms. nutrition. To aid selection of
permanently and harmlessly attached to understanding the impact of purpose-built dust applicator which disease-resistant bees, Eurofins
to each bee’s thorax. The transponders the insecticide and any direct links improved risk assessment methodology Eurofins also takes an innovative analysed the whole bee genome
are registered by scanners at the hive between test types and their impact on and opened up a range of field trials approach to breeding methods for using next-generation sequencing
entrance whenever a bee enters or bee health. Eurofins participates in an to investigate potential side effects on honey bees, using genome-wide to identify single-nucleotide
leaves, allowing their homing rate to international laboratory ring test aimed bees and other organisms. DNA analysis. Working alongside the polymorphisms (SNPs), small
be assessed. at developing a standardised test Institute for Bee Research in Hohen natural changes, in the bees’ DNA.
design based on this technique. Understanding about bees’ behavior is Neuendorf, Germany, and deploying Bee variants are sorted according
One sample of honey bees is fed aided further by Eurofins’ bee breeding next-generation sequencing technology, to the SNPs, using DNA chips
different doses of an insecticide Just as innovatively, Eurofins pioneered programme. By raising the fittest Eurofins selected bees with increased developed to characterise gene
compared to an untreated control a field application method to assess possible queens, Eurofins supports resistance to deadly natural parasites variations in bees with known
sample, and assessment is conducted the impact of abraded dust from the development of strong hives and and virus infections in combination parasite resistance, productivity
within 24 hours of release. Available pesticide-treated seeds on honeybees. standardised quality. With significant with the varroa mite. This guarantees and docility. This allows
data covers the duration of foraging Varying particle size makes the dust expertise in commercial queen breeding success, helping to develop beekeepers to identify the genetic
flights; the duration of return flights inherently more difficult to test than production for the beekeeping industry, healthy bee populations and to basis for these positive traits and
after treatment and during feeding liquid substances; however, abraded Eurofins is now able to produce maintain functional eco-systems. avoid time-consuming selection.
studies; the return rate or homing pesticide particles or contaminated mated sister queens, enabling proper
success, and any confusion by the dust contain high concentrations of trait-specific selection for breeder For references, please see bibliography
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CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS | ZIKA VIRUS
ZIKA
HELPING TO STOP Summer 2016 could be remembered as the summer of Zika,
with thousands of confirmed and suspected cases of the
virus, real fear among travellers to affected regions, and
withdrawal from the Rio Olympics by dozens of worried
athletes. Eurofins responded with the fast-track development
and emergency launch of a test to help stop the spread of
this heart-breaking and virulent virus.
IN ITS TRACKS
Rapid real-time Zika test results the science behind
The Zika virus was first linked to a Eurofins’ Zika assay tests human blood Eurofins’ real-time PCR test for
fast growing number of cases of serum, blood plasma, or urine (the Zika virus is designed to detect and
microcephaly (a condition resulting latter collected alongside a patient- measure ribonucleic acid (RNA).
in smaller-than-normal head size) in matched serum or plasma specimen) RNA is extracted from the specimen
newborns, particularly in Central and from individuals presenting Zika-virus and reverse transcription of viral
South America. Global concerns grew signs and symptoms. It also tests RNA to DNA is used. With the help
when travellers to these areas, and to those who have a history of living in, of the polymerase chain reaction
others endemic to the virus, began to or travelling to, affected areas. This (PCR), a laboratory method used
test positive for Zika. Spread primarily rapid-response test gives doctors and to make very large numbers of
through mosquitos, Zika virus can healthcare professionals a result within copies of short sections of DNA
also be passed on by some forms of just eight to twelve hours of receipt of from a very small sample of genetic
sexual contact. the sample by Eurofins’ laboratory. material, the number of DNA copies
obtained is amplified and enables
Determined to assist its clients and The assay’s exceptional sensitivity specific genes of interest to be
patients prior to the onset of the safeguards against cross-reactions detected or measured.
mosquito season, Eurofins Viracor with other viruses in the same family
became one of the first commercial (Flaviviridae), including Dengue, For references, please see bibliography
laboratories to develop and offer a Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, and
real-time polymerase chain reaction St. Louis encephalitis, or with other
(PCR) test for Zika to hospitals and viruses known to cause similar clinical
health care providers. Working in symptoms, such as Chikungunya.
partnership with the US Food and Drug
Administration, the company obtained
emergency use authorisation in July
2016, making the test swiftly available
for use during a declared public
health emergency.
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FOOD & ENVIRONMENT I DIOXINS & POPS TESTING
To protect human health, understanding the
levels of dioxins in the environment and the
food chain is imperative. Eurofins is at the
A PIONEER IN
DIOXINS
forefront of global efforts to limit our exposure
to dozens of dangerous chemicals.
DETECTION
Detecting one part out of 1,000 billion is not the limit the science behind
PCBs are a compound class of
chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons
which consist of 209 individual
components. They started being
commercially produced in 1929
but were recognised to be harmful
in the 1970s and have since been
banned or severely restricted.
It is estimated that around two
million tonnes of PCBs have been
produced, about 10% of which still
Dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls able to test for all the persistent analyses all of these. However, dioxin Eurofins has released more than 750 remain in the environment today.
(PCBs) are toxic chemicals that persist organic pollutants (POPs) identified analysis is extremely difficult to publications on dioxins and POPs Twelve of the PCBs are similar,
in the environment and accumulate in the 2001 Stockholm Convention. perform, and the requirement for testing to date. in terms of molecular biological
in the food chain. Even at the level One of Eurofins’ specialities within the detection of very low levels of behaviour, to dioxins and are
of 1/1000000000 to 1/1000000 this operation is the full analysis of substance (one part out of 1000 One of the sources of dioxins can be known as dioxin-like PCBs.
of a gram, they are considered to all 209 PCBs with maximum possible billion others) and the distinction waste incinerators and other “chimney
pose a serious hazard to humans separations in one method. This ability of each substance among the very industries”. These burn substances For references, please see bibliography
and the environment. National and is of particular importance for the similar dioxins and PCB molecules containing chlorine at very high
international treaties and directives fish oil industry, as PCBs and dioxins necessitates the use of highly temperatures, creating the conditions
have been passed to minimise or stop are lipophilic, i.e. soluble in fat, not in sophisticated techniques and for dioxins formation. For this reason,
their circulation. water, and therefore accumulate in fat advanced equipment. emission gases are sampled and
and oil at the end of the food chain analysed to check that filters and
Eurofins has led the way in testing in fish. Heavy investment in research and other technical means to avoid dioxin
and analysis to aid understanding development has helped Eurofins formation are properly functioning.
of the levels of dioxins and PCB to Dioxin analysis is important across a achieve a market leading position Eurofins companies are world leaders
which we are exposed. In 1985, the number of different matrices, including globally, and the company now in the area of sampling and analysis of
company was one of the first to start food and feed, human samples, analyses around 30,000 dioxin emission gases.
dioxin analysis and, by 2010, became animals, plants, air, industrial products, samples per year, performing the
the very first laboratory in Europe residues, sludge, and water. Eurofins highest throughputs worldwide.
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FOOD TESTING | ACRYLAMIDE
First to detect acrylamide in food
ACRYLAMIDE
ON THE TIP OF
EVERYONE’S TONGUE
12 EUROFINS | TESTING FOR LIFEBACK TO CONTENTS
FOOD TESTING | ACRYLAMIDE
Some rather unusual discoveries in Sweden in the 1990s led to the
finding that acrylamide is not only toxic, but also present in a high
number of foodstuffs. Acrylamide is understood to be probably
carcinogenic to humans and both the World Health Organization and
the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations view
the levels of acrylamide in foodstuffs as a major concern. Eurofins
has played a leading role in detecting and tracing occurrences of the
substance and working to increase understanding of its dangers.
the science behind
Soon after the walls of a new train methylolacrylamide. Concerns grew of potatoes – is heated to high Acrylamide, a colourless, non-
tunnel through a mountain range for both the local population and for temperatures in the presence of certain volatile crystalline solid, is a
in southwest Sweden were sealed in the construction workers who had sugars, acrylamide can form. High- raw material (monomer) in the
1997, fish in nearby waterways started been exposed, but tests conducted by temperature cooking methods such as production of polyacrylamide
to die and cattle showed signs of Stockholm University’s Department frying, baking or roasting were more polymer, used as a coagulant in
paralysis. An immediate investigation of Chemistry showed ‘relatively high’ likely to produce acrylamide, but only wastewater treatment and to
by the authorities saw the Eurofins background levels of acrylamide even when heated to a temperature above clarify drinking water, as well as a
team in Lidköping, at that time in their control group. This meant there 120 degrees Celsius (248 degrees grouting agent for the construction
AnalyCen AB, perform a large number had to be another exposure source. Fahrenheit). of dam foundations and tunnels.
of initial tests on water, soil and Potential contamination from the
sediment. The cause of the problems This source became clear during 1998, The team continued to work over environment meant that reducing
in fish and cattle was found to be a when Eurofins Sweden completed several years to further identify the the levels in food became even
significant leak of un-polymerised comprehensive feed and food analysis, causes of acrylamide formation, and to more critical and the European
acrylamide and methylolacrylamide making the breakthrough discovery refine the analytical methodology and Commission for Food Safety has
(acrylamide is the starting material that acrylamide was forming in heated advise food producers and consumers adopted a recommendation that
to produce the non-toxic polymer food. A partnership with Stockholm alike. Across Eurofins globally, there are acrylamide levels in food are
polyacrylamide). University saw a huge project involving now 20 laboratories able to perform monitored with a view to
extensive analysis and the frying, this analysis. The original team’s reducing them.
Further investigations showed baking and boiling of all kinds of commitment to staying curious, to
widespread contamination in creeks foodstuffs to better understand what exploring and to questioning has For references, please see bibliography
and groundwater across the area, was happening. The team discovered undoubtedly helped inform the whole
and the grouting material used in that when the amino acid asparagine acrylamide debate and supported the
the tunnel construction was found – found in many vegetables, and in food processing industry globally to
to contain both acrylamide and higher concentrations in some varieties refine its practices.
EUROFINS | TESTING FOR LIFE 13BACK TO CONTENTS
FOOD & FEED TESTING I MEAT TRACEABILITY
BSE was first identified in cattle in 1986 stored in a database and compared
and, unfortunately, necessitated the with control samples taken post-
TESTING FOR slaughter of over four million animals slaughter. Large-scale adoptions of
TRACEABILITY OF
in the UK alone. In 1996, the disease the technology for DNA traceability
MEAT
was acknowledged to have jumped projects included the Pays de la Loire
the species barrier to humans, via the region of Western France.
consumption of infected beef and beef
products. The first cases of a new variant Technologies have continued to evolve,
of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), and Eurofins is still leading the way
were registered and over 220 people in rapidly reacting in times of crisis.
are believed to have succumbed to the One such cutting-edge technology –
disease in Western Europe. Animal ID DNA Chips – was quickly
Clarity and confidence for the food chain the science behind
FROM FARM TO FORK
DOWN TO INDIVIDUAL ANIMALS
In addition to these human and animal developed and launched in the wake The Animal ID DNA chip technology
fatalities, the global news headlines of the horsemeat crisis in 2013. uses mitochondrial DNA targets to
resulting from the BSE scandal and other Consumers, retailers and producers enable the identification of 21 animal
food safety crises cause pressure across were demanding the verification of species in food and feed through a
the supply chain and highlight the very product composition, proof of its single test. Fully-accredited, it makes
real importance of being able to reliably compliance with relevant regulations, specific and cost-effective detection
trace the origin of meat products. and proof that it was entirely of a large panel of species possible
consistent with the claims on the label. for the first time.
The technology to achieve this lagged
behind until, in 2001, Eurofins developed Eurofins recognised that existing Eurofins TAG is based on the
its innovative patented method, analytical methods to detect single multiplex analysis of a set of 11
Eurofins TAG. For the very first time, species were no longer sufficient to microsatellite markers recommended
Food safety crises, from bovine spongiform genetic fingerprints were used for the meet these requirements; Animal ID by ISAG (International Society
encephalopathy (BSE, or “mad cow precise identification of cattle in the DNA allows the precise simultaneous for Animal Genetics). A unique
disease”), to the European horsemeat food industry that had been tested
free of BSE with each individual animal
identification of 21 specific animal
species in food products, including pig,
genetic fingerprint is obtained for
each animal and can be used for
scandal, have rocked the food industry and matched to one genetic profile. Simple to chicken, rabbit, cat, sheep and goat, as traceability studies of BSE-tested
driven consumers to demand safer food administer, reference samples were taken well as horse. animals of known origin or
from animals before they reached the paternity testing.
products and reliable information about slaughterhouse, and the information was
sources and production processes. Eurofins’ For references, please see bibliography
innovative testing approaches have helped
provide true “farm-to-fork” traceability and
much-needed confidence to the sector.
14 EUROFINS | TESTING FOR LIFEBACK TO CONTENTS
FOOD & FEED TESTING | PESTICIDE ANALYSIS
THE FOREFATHERS OF
PESTICIDE TESTING
First multi-pesticide detection method in Europe the science behind
The GPC technique is the most
notable step within the Specht-
Method and this was further evolved
and utilised for the clean-up of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,
ubiquitous environmental pollutants
Pesticides were launched in the 1930s, and the more effective. In 1964, he launched the exceeded. This makes significant generated mainly through the
ground-breaking S19 pesticide analysis contributions to consumer safety. incomplete combustion of organic
protection they afforded crops was lauded. test as the first ever multi-method in materials.
However, the hundreds of pesticides sold this area. In 1979 the first method using S19 was
published – for tobacco. This test’s real
worldwide, with more developed each year, Used to analyse the contamination in innovation was the first-ever use of
Their testing requires the removal
of fat without removing fat soluble
plus cases of the use of banned pesticides foodstuffs caused by insecticides and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), pesticides. To do this with a solvent
like DDT and other persistent organochlorine other toxic substances, the multi-residue allowing the separation of the pesticide
S19 method later evolved to become the analytes from the matrix, in particular
is not possible, however GPC works
instead on assessment of the similar
compounds, mean ongoing pressure to ensure official European enforcement method, fat, by size exclusion via a soft gel. molecular size of pesticides.
that foodstuffs are safe for consumption. and the laboratory that developed it – At first, around 200 molecules, mainly
part of the Eurofins family since 2000 organochlorine and organophosphorus Further developments have seen a
– is the recognised Competence Centre pesticides which were primarily used new extraction and partition step
It was only in the 1960s that concerns in the field of pesticide analysis. during that time, could be analysed; introduced into the well-established
for the impact of pesticides on human Eurofins is now able to analyse multi-residue DFG method S19,
health began to be raised, but the Demand for multi-residue methods in more than 900 pesticides and their replacing dichloromethane with ethyl
first methods devised for pesticide plant protection analysis is huge, but metabolites, processing over half a acetate/cyclohexane. In addition,
analysis were slow, expensive and more than half of existing pesticides million samples each year. working processes were further
imprecise. This all changed when Dr can be assessed with just one method. refined. The latest development is
Wolfgang Specht recognised that all Moreover, multi-residue methodology Thanks to Eurofins’ pioneering spirit, the reduction in use of solvents in
of the pesticides in use were relatively means not only detection, but also a portfolio of validated methods for order to protect the environment
similar, and that analysis of several direct simultaneous quantification, the analysis of residues in fruit and and save costs.
of them at the same time would be of residues in order to prove that vegetables, baby food, tea, and tobacco For references, please see bibliography
significantly more efficient as well as maximum residue levels are not is now available.
EUROFINS | TESTING FOR LIFE 15BACK TO CONTENTS
FOOD, ENVIRONMENT & PHARMA | PROPRIETARY DATABASES
DATA LIFE
30 YEARS OF
FOR
Building rich databases before Big Data
Many of the tests that Eurofins
performs around the world rely on one
of the company’s extensive proprietary
databases, not simply to compare
results to, but very often to obtain the
results themselves.
Eurofins’ DNA fingerprint database,
for example, contains unique identifying
characteristics (the “fingerprints”)
of foodstuffs and enables proof of
authenticity that had not previously
been available. Not only does this
prevent unscrupulous suppliers gaining
an unfair market advantage, but it also
prevents them endangering the health
of the consumer.
Eurofins developed its proprietary
For more than three decades, Eurofins has been considered DNA fingerprint databases for several
a leading provider of analytical services globally. The Group specific analytical requests (e.g.
performs hundreds of millions of tests each year to establish basmati / fragrant rice authenticity
or determination of different pine
the safety, identity, composition, authenticity, origin, nut species), using proprietary or
traceability, and purity of biological substances and products. published DNA fingerprint methods and
reference samples which were made
Its extensive databanks offer years’ worth of information available by authorities or via Eurofins’
about pharmaceuticals and food and their properties. laboratory network and its customers.
The databases allow identification of
pure and mixed samples, but also of
16 EUROFINS | TESTING FOR LIFEBACK TO CONTENTS
FOOD, ENVIRONMENT & PHARMA | PROPRIETARY DATABASES
the science behind
Information about the origin of a food product is often
encrypted in its chemical composition, and rapid developments
in science and technology over the last few decades allow
its analysis and interpretation. Two of the most important
techniques within DNA fingerprinting are DNA fragment
length analysis and microsatellite or short tandem repeat (STR)
analysis. DNA fragment length analysis considers changes
in the length of a specific DNA sequence to indicate the
presence or absence of a genetic marker. Eurofins used this
technique to successfully detect a species of poor-tasting pine
nuts which had triggered 39 biotoxin notifications in the EU
Rapid Alert System for food and feed. STR analysis is used to
compare specific areas on DNA from two or more samples.
This technique, again based on Eurofins’ extensive proprietary
the presence of as-yet unknown or records for each compound, meaning molecules absorb energy at different database of specific DNA fingerprints, was used by the company
unapproved species or varieties. The more than 1 million records are stored. frequencies, the collected spectrum to prove the authenticity of Basmati rice when the market was
testing methods meet the need for High quality and extensive datasets, can be used to identify the materials. flooded with cheap imitations.
traceability – a major requirement combined with modelling and mining QTA® uses near infrared (NIR)
of EU food legislation – and can be tools, place new drug candidates in spectroscopy and mid-infrared (MIR) The BioPrint project was started with the hypothesis that
adapted very fast to the needs of the the context of well-understood drugs. spectroscopy technologies in its the in vitro pharmacological profiles of new drug candidates
market, for example if new species or This allows scientists to anticipate qualitative analysis services. generated in Eurofins’ laboratory could act as a fingerprint,
varieties are approved by authorities adverse drug reactions and supports capturing information on the in vivo activity of the compound.
and reference material is available. lead compound characterisation and The QTA® methods provide a simple The company found that hierarchical clustering of the drug and
prioritisation (a lead is a possible interface for non-skilled users, reference compounds based on their in vitro pharmacological
Another hugely exciting step-change drug candidate but which may thereby overcoming the challenges profiles, achieved the grouping of many by their therapeutic
in proprietary databases came with the still have suboptimal structure and of traditional infrared analyses which areas or biological actions; for example, antidepressants
launch in 1999 of Eurofins’ BioPrint™ characteristics). have to be developed and maintained clustered with other antidepressants, and antifungals with other
databases to improve and optimise by experienced spectroscopists or antifungal drugs. Using this “fingerprint”, choices about a drug
the selection of drug candidates. A further development is an analytical chemometricians. candidate’s potential therapeutic use, and adverse reactions in
The database comprises a large and solution from Eurofins QTA that the context of all the drug and reference compounds present in
homogeneous set of experimental data, provides a major advancement in the Instruments at the testing site scan the database by performing simple profile similarity analysis to
generated in-house and containing way customers perform their infrared a sample and send the light spectra identify “neighbour” compounds.
more than 2,400 compounds, including (IR) analysis. IR spectroscopy allows for of the sample to the secure server via
marketed drugs, compounds which fast analysis, even outside a laboratory the internet. The analysis and data The backbone of the QTA® solution is a proprietary database
failed in clinical trials, and reference environment, for simple parameters interpretation are completed within developed using Chingometrics methods which cover all
compounds. and is widely applied for raw material minutes on the server, and the results Eurofins QTA applications. Chingometrics are unique data
checks. The backbone is a proprietary are returned in real time. Eurofins QTA treatment methodologies applied to calibration models for
Each compound has hundreds of database of (IR) spectra. Spectroscopy has developed customised testing spectroscopic qualitative analysis applications. The proprietary
pieces of information stored, with is the study of the interactions between methods for beer, hops, sugar cane database and algorithms are dynamically maintained for
the Bioprint™ database covering matter and electromagnetic radiation. juice, feed, fertilisers, and formulated superior accuracy and precision, with primary data generated
in vitro assays as well as in vivo When an electromagnetic wave passes pesticides. using industrial standard methods and stored in a highly-secure
characteristics such as drug reactions, through a molecule, the molecule central server.
pharmacokinetics and therapeutic absorbs the energy at a specific
indications. On average there are 400 frequency and, because different For references, please see bibliography
EUROFINS | TESTING FOR LIFE 17BACK TO CONTENTS
FOOD, GENOMICS, ENVIRONMENT | NON-TARGETED SCREENING
When you search for something
specific, that’s probably all you
are likely to find. By removing the
FINDING
ADULTERATION
constraints of targeted analysis
and searching without restriction,
Eurofins has opened up a whole
world of new possibilities.
EVEN WHEN NOT LOOKING FOR IT
Leading the way with non-targeted screening
Eurofins’ evolution of non-
targeted screening methods is one
of the company’s most exciting
developments. Teams from across
the company have pioneered wider
screening techniques covering a
range of sectors, from food and
pharmaceutical, to environment and
water. A very prominent example of
an unexpected, and hence missed
issue that evolved into a scandal
was the addition of the industrial
chemical melamine found in baby
milk in China in 2008. Another was
the addition of horse meat to beef
in Europe in 2013. Such fraudulent
practices were never expected and
so were not explicitly searched
for. Non-targeted screening tests
are enabling a whole variety of
industries to better guard against
health crises.
18 EUROFINS | TESTING FOR LIFEBACK TO CONTENTS
FOOD, GENOMICS, ENVIRONMENT | NON-TARGETED SCREENING
the science behind
High-resolution nuclear magnetic microbiome of food, pharmaceutical The first commercial project using Eurofins’ techniques are based on multivariate data analysis, multiple
resonance (NMR) testing is one and environmental samples, the test this technique, examining the origin analytical approaches and extensive use of computer models.
example for such an untargeted focuses on identifying the micro- of hydrocarbon pollution in soil, was
screening approach. Eurofins’ method organism communities present, launched in February 2017. In the NMR is carried out on the protons or carbon atoms of the molecules to be
is now able to provide additional helping to recognise a broad spectrum near future, the project is planned analysed, a full resonance spectrum becoming available within minutes.
insights to those offered through of bacteria. For example, the test can to be extended to involve chemical This technique allows the non-targeted detection of all organic compounds,
conventional approaches. This be used for the control of fermentation fingerprints of hydrocarbons in indoor and the NMR profile can be regarded as a unique fingerprint of the sample.
investigative technique allows the processes or the analysis of biofilms (a air and also of soil and sediment Databases of authentic samples allow the establishment of statistical models
detection of hidden anomalies, such thin microbial layer). The tests require pollutions with polycyclic aromatic for checking the integrity of foodstuffs.
as the addition of sugar to honey, or no assumption to be made about hydrocarbons.
the mislabelling of geographical or a given species of interest, and all Eurofins’ launch of its next generation sequencing test service has opened
botanical origins in the composition species included in the database can be And this is only the beginning. up non-targeted bacterial screening for food and feed testing. Used for raw
of a complex matrix. The approach identified in one test. Eurofins’ laboratories globally are or processed food matrices, it provides a view of flora in the product thanks
can be applied to liquids or extracts developing a whole range of other to bioinformatics and database tools. 16S rDNA is the commonly used and
from solid foods, requiring only limited These sophisticated testing methods non-targeted screening techniques. recommended DNA target region for bacterial species identification.
preparation of the sample. also have numerous applications in Eurofins’ insights are helping to ensure
the environmental world. Eurofins that consumers and the wider world ChemFingSOIL™ was designed to describe the hydrocarbon source archetypes
Another of Eurofins’ pioneering Vejen is working with the University at large are fully-informed about in soil by use of multivariate statistical analytical tools. Eurofins has, together
techniques is a new non-targeted of Copenhagen, Denmark, to exactly what is in the products we all with University of Copenhagen, patented the data processing method,
screening method, based on 16S develop an untargeted method, consume. with six archetypes validated and so described by the model: natural C5
rDNA screening and next generation ChemFingSoil®, for assessing hydrocarbons, petroleum / turpentine, engine oil / lubrication oil, gasoline
sequencing. Used to profile the environmental hydrocarbon pollution. / fuel oil, and pyrogenic hydrocarbons. Together they account for a vast
majority of the pollution found in soil samples tested. The model is built
on the chemical pattern of hydrocarbons in soil and is derived from GC
chromatograms, which provides a quantitative analysis of volatile and semi-
volatile organic compounds. Now an objective and quantified determination
of the contents of any soil sample can be given.
For references, please see bibliography
EUROFINS | TESTING FOR LIFE 19BACK TO CONTENTS
FOOD & FEED TESTING | PRECISION FARMING
the science behind
Four primary tests are used to
test milk:
(i) the Fourier Transform infrared test
(FTIR), using mid infrared spectrum
MODERN FARMING IS PRECISION
to predict within six seconds more
FARMING
than 18 different parameters,
including fat, protein, lactose,
urea, casein, ketosis, freezing point
depression, solids, adulterants;
(ii) flow cytometry for detection of
Farming and herd improvement testing – in six seconds somatic cells in milk. Flow cytometry
is a technique used for counting
and characterisation of particles and
Dairy farming has been undergoing evolution since the 1960s. Large and cells, and can be described as “the
highly-specialised farms are now the standard, and dairy farmers are measurement of cells while they
are flowing”. The test speed is six
ever-more focused on herd improvements and introducing value-added seconds per sample;
tests to their farm management. Through its highly- automated milk
(iii) flow cytometry for detection
laboratories, Eurofins is helping farmers produce increased and higher- of the total count of bacteria in
quality yields from healthier herds. milk. Bacteria are counted through
specific staining of the DNA and the
use of a fluorescent marker, and at a
Eurofins has expanded its services from to the effectiveness of this precision evidence quality and assess price. causing diarrhoea; Infectious Bovine test speed of 24 seconds per sample,
standalone testing to supporting the farming and precision testing, with the The somatic cell count – consisting Rhinothracheitus, which causes and lastly;
whole value chain at the farm, in order average yield increasing from 4,200 primarily of the white cells – are generalised systemic infections, and
to help dairy farmers to make informed litres per year to over 10,000 litres measured too, as increases in these Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (iv) diffusion testing for screening
decisions in favour of food safety per year for an average dairy cow in can be a sign of a response to – commonly known as BSE – a fatal for inhibitors in milk. This test
and animal welfare. The company has Denmark. pathogenic bacteria and lead to illness central nervous system disease. These looks for antibiotic residues in milk
developed a range of tests to provide or disease in the animal. all have significant implications for and is performed using 96-well
insights into the origin of milk, the Testing itself has also developed the animals’ welfare, fertility and yield, microtiter plates with agar and
total yield, cow’s health, feed efficiency, markedly, with initial tests providing Eurofins is also able to run bovine as well as creating potential issues a coloured pH indicator. Spores
environmental impact, quality, and only limited, simple analysis of fat diagnostics to measure factors around food safety and adherence to from the test organism Bacillus
adherence to all relevant regulations. content with moderate accuracy. such as beta-hydroxybutyrate, legislation. stearothermophilus var. calidolactis
Eurofins’ approaches have reduced Eurofins now offers multiple testing, which indicates ketosis or possible will have a reduced growth when an
test times from weeks to just days at high throughput in automated energy deficiency of the cow, and Eurofins is already working on more antibiotic is present in milk. Results
and hours, providing results for more specialised laboratories and delivers Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease), dynamic and interactive testing to are qualitative and either positive
than 20 different parameters for the approximately 200,000 results each which is a contagious and chronic include differential somatic cell count, or negative, and the test speed is 96
management of the farm. day from 30,000 milk samples. Tests disease reducing the milk yield. Other genetics, environmental information, samples per three-hour period.
can be conducted on an individual cow, factors covered in the diagnostics feed efficiency, and differentiation of
The dramatic milk yield increases or on the milk bulk tank, and routine include Bovine Viral Diarrhoea, which spores. For references, please see bibliography
achieved since the 1960s are testament tests now include fat and protein to is a highly contagious infection
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