Scaling Blockchain for Telecom Networks: An Impossible Trinity - Nima Afraz School of Computer Science University College Dublin Online Webinar | ...
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Scaling Blockchain for Telecom Networks:
An Impossible Trinity
Nima Afraz
School of Computer Science
University College Dublin
Online Webinar | Friday, July 30 2021
The Impossible Trinity
A Concept Borrowed From Economics
Used to describe ‘‘a nding from empirical studies
where governments that have tried to simultaneously
pursue all three goals have failed.’’ By John Marcus Fleming,
1962.
1. Setting a xed currency exchange rate
2. Allowing capital to ow freely
with no xed currency exchange rate agreement
3. Autonomous monetary policy
Nima Afraz, PhD |July 30 2021
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The Triangle of 5G Applications
5G Requirements
• Capacity: Enhanced Mobile Broadband
(eMBB).
• Latency: Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency
Communication (uRLLC).
• Scale (No. of connections): Massive
Machine-Type Communication (mMTC).
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/telecommunications-security-bill-factsheets/factsheet-6-5g
Nima Afraz, PhD |July 30 2021
Vitalik’s Blockchain Scalability Trilemma
co-founder of Ethereum
‘‘There are three properties that a blockchain try to
have, and that, if you stick to "simple" techniques,
you can only get two of those three.’’
The three properties are
• Scalability: the chain can process more
transactions than a single regular node (think: a
consumer laptop) can verify.
• Decentralization: degree of diversi cation in
ownership, in uence and value in the blockchain.
• Security: the level of defensibility a blockchain
has against attacks from external sources e.g.
>50% Attack
Nima Afraz, PhD |July 30 2021
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Two of the Three
Three classes of "easy solutions" that only get two of the three:
Delegated
Proof of Stake
(DPoS)
and Similar
• Traditional blockchains - • High-TPS chains - These • Multi-chain ecosystems
These rely on every rely on a small number of scaling out by having different
participant running a full nodes (often 10-100) applications live on different chains.
node that veri es every maintaining consensus.This This is decentralised and scalable,
transaction, and so they have is scalable and secure but it is not secure, because an
decentralisation and (using the de nitions above), attacker need only get a consensus
security, but not scalability. but it is not decentralised. node majority in one chain.
Nima Afraz, PhD |July 30 2021
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Blockchain for Telecoms
Our Trilemma
• Scalability: The number of participants
(users or things) transacting on the
blockchain and the scale of veri ers.
• High Throughput: The rate of processing
automated transactions triggered by the
smart contracts has to keep up with the
arrival of the transactions.
• Ultra Low Latency: The latency imposed
on the system by the blockchain should
not hamper the operation of the network.
Nima Afraz, PhD |July 30 2021
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The Performance Trade-Offs
Transaction Transaction
Throughput Latency
Nima Afraz, PhD |July 30 2021
The Performance Trade-Offs
Transaction Transaction Node’s Geo Transaction
Throughput Latency Distribution Throughput & Latency
Nima Afraz, PhD |July 30 2021
Geographical Distribution
Propagation latency
Each transaction on the
blockchain might require
multiple rounds of
communication between the
nodes to reach consensus,
verify transactions and create
blocks.
Node’s Geo Transaction
Distribution Throughput & Latency
Nima Afraz, PhD |July 30 2021
Geographical Distribution
Propagation latency
Each transaction on the
blockchain might require
multiple rounds of
communication between the
nodes to reach consensus,
verify transactions and create
blocks.
Node’s Geo Transaction
Distribution Throughput & Latency
Nima Afraz, PhD |July 30 2021The Performance Trade-Offs
Transaction Transaction Node’s Geo Transaction
Throughput Latency Distribution Throughput & Latency
Computing Transaction
Cost Throughput & Latency
Nima Afraz, PhD |July 30 2021The Performance Trade-Offs
Transaction Transaction Node’s Geo Transaction
Throughput Latency Distribution Throughput & Latency
Computing Transaction Transaction
Cost Throughput & Latency Scale Cost & Throughput & Latency
Nima Afraz, PhD |July 30 2021What has often been coined as ‘the
blockchain trilemma’, refers to the
trade off in any network between
Scalability
scalability, decentralization and
security. Any two will succeed at the
expense of the third.
Scalability Security
Public/Private - Permissionless/Permissioned
/Futile
https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ie/Documents/Consulting/Blockchain-Trends-2020-report.pdf
Nima Afraz, PhD |July 30 2021
4How do they compare? (approx.)
LatencyAvg : 10 Minutes 12.5 Seconds Milliseconds
Throughput: 7 TPS 10-30 TPS Up to 20000 TPS
Nima Afraz, PhD |July 30 2021Could it be faster?
Hyperledger Fabric: A Distributed Operating System for Permissioned Blockchains
3500 TPS 32 vCPUs
Accelerating Throughput in Permissioned Blockchain Networks
11000 TPS 3.8 GHz quad core CPU
FastFabric: Scaling Hyperledger Fabric to 20,000 Transactions per Second
20000 TPS
Two IntelR XeonR CPU E5-2620 v2
1- https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.10228v1
2- https://arxiv.org/pdf/1901.00910.pdf
3- https://github.com/nexledger/accelerator/blob/master/whitepaper/Whitepaper-Acceleratoring%20Throughput%20in%20Permissioned%20Blockchain%20Networks.pdf
Nima Afraz, PhD |July 30 2021• Smart Cities • Smart Factory
Use Case • Smart Roads • Smart Energy Energy Local
Authorities Governments
• Distributed Identity
• Contract Enforcement
• Distributed Marketplaces
Application • Counter- t/ Fraud Prevention
• Blockchain as a Service (BaaS)
Cloud and Datacenter • Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
• FPGA-Based Hardware Acceleration
Hardware and Storage • Private Fabric Chaincodes
• Storage
Nima Afraz, PhD |July 30 2021 16
fiUse Case • Smart Cities • Smart Factory
• Smart Roads • Smart Energy Energy Local
Authorities Governments
Bringing Trust to Connected Communities
Smart Road
Smart Energy
Smart Factory
Nima Afraz, PhD |July 30 2021 17Use Case • Smart Cities • Smart Factory
• Smart Roads • Smart Energy Energy Local
Authorities Governments
Challenge: Interoperability
Nima Afraz, PhD |July 30 2021 18Use Case • Smart Cities • Smart Factory
• Smart Roads • Smart Energy Energy Local
Authorities Governments
Standardisation Common Infrastructure
WHAT IS EBSI? European Blockchain Services Infrastructure (EBSI)
This is the status of the EBSI network
Updated on 14 May 2020 – Latest information available here
The European Blockchain Services Infrastructure (EBSI) aims to
become a “gold standard” digital infrastructure to support the
launch and operation of EU-wide cross-border public services 24 Member State Nodes
leveraged by blockchain technology.
EBSI aims to establish itself in ‘virtually’ every public sector
24 nodes have been requested by Member State institutions from
ITU-T SG17/ISO TC 307domain that can benefit from blockchain technology. It will be
14 Member States, of which:
materialized as a network o distributed nodes across Europe,
leveraging an increasing number of applications focused on
specific use cases. • 16 nodes have been connected with all available services
• 3 nodes are currently in the process of connection
These use cases are identified and selected each year by the
Member States (European Blockchain Partnership) and •the5 nodes are in the preparatory stages to connect during Q2/Q3 2020
European Commission. • 8 nodes are in the process of being on-boarded
+
6 Commission Nodes
=
At least 30 Node TestNet Planned for 2020
https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/Workshops-and-Seminars/20200316/Pages/default.aspx 12
Nima Afraz, PhD |July 30 2021 19• Distributed Identity
Application • Contract Enforcement
• Distributed Marketplaces
• Counter- t/ Fraud Prevention
Distributed Identity Contract Enforcement Distributed Marketplaces Fraud Prevention
eSim Card Quality of Service (QoS) 5G Network Slicing SDN Security
Data Privacy Inter-Carrier Settlements Spectrum Allocation Equipment Supply Chain
Smart Vehicles Service Level Agreements (SLAs) Optical Access Sharing
Virtual Network Functions (VNF)
Nima Afraz, PhD |July 30 2021 20
fi• Distributed Identity
Application • Contract Enforcement
• Distributed Marketplaces
• Counter- t/ Fraud Prevention
Challenge: Scalability
Nima Afraz, PhD |July 30 2021 21
fi• Distributed Identity
Application • Contract Enforcement
• Distributed Marketplaces
• Counter- t/ Fraud Prevention
Solution: New Architectures
Hierarchal Blockchain
Sharding
https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/04/07/sharding.html
https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/3/772/htm
Nima Afraz, PhD |July 30 2021 22
fiCloud and Datacenter • Blockchain as a Service (BaaS)
• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
Blockchain-as-a-Service (BaaS) Market to Hit USD 24.94 Bn by 2027*
BaaS IaaS On-Premises
Pros: Pros: Pros:
• Lower on-boarding costs for: • Lower on-boarding costs for: • Full decentralisa on possible
• Server Administra on • Server Administra on • No vendor lock-in
• Blockchain Development • Allows interoperability • Members in charge of BC governance
• Plug and Play Deployment • Members in charge of BC governance
• Lowest cost for hos ng Cons:
Cons: • On-boarding costs for:
• Cri cised for being centralised Cons: • Server Administra on
• Limited interoperability (mul -cloud) • On-boarding costs for: • BC development/deployment
• Members not in charge of governance • Blockchain development/deployment • High TX latency in hybrid deployment
• Limited control on BC con gura on • Higher TX latency if deployed in mul -cloud
Nima Afraz, PhD |July 30 2021 23
*https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/blockchain-as-a-service-baas-market-to-hit-usd-24-94-bn-by-2027-rising-demand-for-decentralized-software-services-to-boost-market-growth-fortune-business-insights-301053885.html
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tiChallenge: Sustainability/Cost
Cloud and Datacenter
Solution: More Efficient Consensus
Sole reliance on the Consensus Can partially rely on
to provide trust reputation
Nima Afraz, PhD |July 30 2021 24Hardware and Storage Off-Chain Storage
The InterPlanetary File System
Non-transaction data, such as
pictures, PDF, personal
information could be stored off
the chain to
• Reduce the blockchain burden
• Comply with data Regulatio
Nima Afraz, PhD |July 30 2021 25
:
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;Hardware and Storage • FPGA-Based Hardware Acceleration
• Private Fabric Chaincodes
Private Fabric Chaincodes
Optimised Hardware/Infrastructure Using Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs)
https://github.com/Xilinx/hyperledger-fabric https://github.com/hyperledger/fabric-private-chaincode
Nima Afraz, PhD |July 30 2021Automation Self-enforcing Smart Contracts
Secondary Resource Sharing in 5G
Radio Spectrum 5G Network Slicing Optical Access Networks
Cognitive radio Technology enables secondary Wireless Virtualisation Technology enables on- PON Virtualisation Technology enables Inter-
redistribution of radio spectrum demand slice creation operator PON Sharing
TR-370 Fixed Access Network
Sharing - Architecture and Nodal
Requirements
https://comreg.ie
https://www.viavisolutions.com/en-us/5g-network-slicing
https://www.andcorp.com.au/fibre-optic-pon-importance-explained/
Nima Afraz, PhD |July 30 2021 28Distributed 5G Slice Brokering
A Collective of Participants (MVNOs, OTTs, etc.)
reach a consensus instead of a central BROKER
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9200915
Nima Afraz, PhD |July 30 2021 29Sneak Peek into our tool stack
Hyperledger Fabric blockchain Framework-Based Implementation
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9200915
Nima Afraz, PhD |July 30 2021 30Experiment Results
(a) Send Rate V. Latency (b) Send Rate V. Transaction Throughput
Ni a' D cke a d e i i g3
InputFig.
vs.4:Latency Input vs. Real Transaction Throughput
Benchmark Results: Send Rate V. Latency and Transaction Throughput
Ni a' D cke a d
2019-10-23 10:56:58 to 2019-10-23 11:01:04
e i i g3
Container Group A Interval a Node N e
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9200915
Container Group All Interval a Node N e
Received Net ork Tra c per Container
CPU Usage per Container
700%
700%
22.5
22.5000 MB
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600%Thank You!
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