Saltwork training - saline Geosystems
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Saltwork training - saline Geosystems
“Scientific knowledge is in perpetual evolution; it finds it-
self changed from one day to the next”
Jean Piaget
page 2 www.saltworkconsultants.com
WhY?
Most geologists and geophysicists working in oil and gas prov- Want to know how and why this relatively small group of sedi-
inces, or base and precious metals systems, wherever salt or ments, their brines and their metamorphic products are so sig-
related brines are present, know that salt has played a role in nificant to so many aspects across the applied geo-industries?
forming the commodity of interest. We share this knowledge through our on-line and in-house train-
ing modules.
for more info please visit : www.saltworkconsultants.com
page 3 www.saltworkconsultants.com
SaltWork Training
What you will get
The catalogue outlines the various We can also integrate training with
training modules we offer across all ap- the specific problem sets that your
plied aspects of evaporite studies. Our staff are working with, including core,
course structure is modular so you, or wireline, assay, seismic and other data
your training coordinator, can construct sets. Introductory aspects of training
a training program that meets your par- by a hands-on use of these data sets
ticular needs. are also possible (e.g. an introduction
to wireline interpretation, followed by
The recommended online program wireline interpretation in carbonates).
length is three to five days, made up
of two to three days of the “understand- Talk to us and we will design a program
ings” module (1000 code #’s), followed for you.
by a more specialized one to three
days.Our advanced modules are suit- enquiries@saltworkconsultants.com
able for specific interests;
1) Oil & gas (2100 code #’s)
2) Potash (2200 code #’s)
3) Resources (23-2600’s codes)
page 4 www.saltworkconsultants.com
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a comprehensive coverage of Saline Geosystems
Understandings Non-potash salines
• What is an evaporite? • Lithium brines
• Brine evolution • Sodic Salts (soda-ash & salt cake)
• Ancient basins • Borates
• Evaporite that was
Metals and salts
Our Program
Oil and Gas
• Salt tectonics • Statabound copper
• Saline reservoirs • Pb and Zn
• Source rocks • High temperature saline ores
Geology of Potash Related topics
• Brine extraction • Solution Mining
• Geology • Meta-evaporites
• Potential problems • Dealing with saline geohazards
page 6 www.saltworkconsultants.com
UNDERSTANDINGS page 7 www.saltworkconsultants.com
What is an evaporite?
Evaporite beds are deposited Topics: Evaporation vs. cryo-
and then altered, with charac- genesis; Depositional tex-
teristic textures indicating the tures; Diagenetic textures;
original hydrological setting Gypsum and anhydrite; Saline
and ocean chemistry, as well clay authigenesis.
as the various diagenetic flu-
ids it was exposed to during
burial, re-equilibration and
uplift.
Dead Sea halite
Course No. 1000
Course 1000’s overview modules (2 days) are recommended as a common base to all courses
Brine evolution
Every evaporite sequence min- Topics: Marine, nonmarine &
eralogy and daughter product climate; Inclusion chemistries;
is controlled by brine evolution Isotopic signatures; Surface &
pathways. This evolution is pre- nearsurface brine; Basinal &
served in brine chemistries and metamorphic brine
typical isotopic signatures (S, O,
C, Cl).
Course No. 1025
page 8 www.saltworkconsultants.com
Ancient Basins
In evaporite geosystems, Topics: Eustasy, greenhouse,
the present offers a limited icehouse; Continental basins;
sampling of broader evaporite Marine-margin platfrom basins;
associations in the past. This Ancient basinwide systems;
reflects the limited climatic and Tectonic controls; Basin evolu-
tectonic spectrum seen in to- tion across time
day’s evaporites. Past systems
were more significant.
Course No. 1050
Potash Mine, Sicily
Evaporite that was
Although largely unrecognized, Topics: How and where salts
there are widespread indicators dissolve; Saline karst, present &
of evaporites in successions past; Breccias, which are salty?
where thick sequences of salt Nodules & pseudomorphs; Indi-
have long since dissolved in cators of fluid pathways
cross-flushing basinal waters.
Course No. 1075
Ablation breccia, Blinman
Gypsum, Naica, Mexico
page 9 www.saltworkconsultants.com
OIL AND GAS page 10 www.saltworkconsultants.com
Salt tectonics
Many of the world’s oil and gas Topics: Salt tectonics &
fields occur in halokinetical- basin-scales; Predictive salt
ly-influenced structures across models; Circum-salt diagenesis;
many of the world’s salt basins. Resefrvoir patterns and their
The module gives a predictive prediction
understanding of salt and how
it controls local and regional
salt tectonics, reservoir sedi-
mentation and diagenesis.
Course No. 2125
Zechstein
Halokinetic styles complexity
Saline reservoirs
Many giant and supergiant oil Topics: Physics of salt seals;
and gas fields are associated Bedded associations; Bedded
with salt. With carbonate res- seal examples; Halokinetic ex-
ervoirs, the proportion is more amples; Saline dolomite exam-
than 50%. This is especially so ples.
in the Middle East and the cir-
cum-Atlantic Aptian. Worldwide,
all supergiant fields in thrust
belts are evaporite sealed.
Course No. 2150
Dolomite crystals Black salt , Oman
page 11 www.saltworkconsultants.comSource Rocks
Oil in carbonate reservoirs, Topics: Organic geochemistry
sealed by evaporite salts, may of halotolerants and halophiles;
have been sourced in earli- Indicative biomarkers; The four
er less saline, but still related, main ancient evaporitic source
evaporitic (mesohaline) condi- rock systems; Time limits of the
tions. There halotolerants tend modern.
to flourish in mesohaline waters.
subject to “feast and famine” so
making source rocks
Course No. 2175
Hutt Lagoon, Australia Botryoccus brauni
Flamingoes, African rift valley
page 12 www.saltworkconsultants.comPOTASH page 13 www.saltworkconsultants.com
Brine Extraction (MOP vs SOP)
Brine extraction defines Qua- Topics:Marine vs. nonmarine
ternary production of muriate deposits; Extraction techniques;
of potash and sulfate of potash. Tectonics, climate & brines;
Depending on brine inflow Controls on muriate of potash
proportions, and the (evaporitic (MOP) vs sulphate of potash
versus cryogenic), the product (SOP)
is carnallite (Dead Sea or Wen-
dover) or sulfate of potash (Lop
Nur and Great Salt Lake).
Course No. 2225
Cane Creek, Utah, USA Wendover, Utah
Geology of Potash
The greater part of the world’s Topics:Potash deposits; Dia-
potash is conventionally mined genesis and ore; World potash
from ancient salt beds or basins in a tectonic and eustatic
diapiric salt masses Geologi- context ; Exploration criteria
cal characterisation of all the usinf the MgSO4 dichotomy and
world’s potash deposits shows time
early through late diagenesis
is a significant control on ore
quality
Course No. 2250
Potash Mine, Sicily
Sylvinite
page 14 www.saltworkconsultants.comPossible hazards
The high solubility of potash flood possibilities are not ac-
salts means there are particu- counted for from the sinking of
lar problems and hazards as- the first shaft and throughout
sociated with the utilization of the life of the mine.
bedded and halokinetic potash.
Pervasive natural karst typifies Topics: Keep it in the “salt;” Nat-
all past and present salt depos- ural or not; Identifying the prob-
its and effects of these natural lem
geohazards can be increased if
Course No. 2275
Solikamsk Sinkhole Nov. 2014 Patience Lake extraction
page 15 www.saltworkconsultants.comNON-POTASH SALINES page 16 www.saltworkconsultants.com
lithium brines
In the last two decades, Chile Quaternary lithium brines
has emerged as the world’s accumulations are latitudinally
largest lithium-carbonate restricted to cool arid belts
producer from a lake brine, within endorheic continental
largSodicely through the ex- brine sumps.
ploitation of Salar de Atacama,
Chile, followed by China with Topics:Brine chemistry; climatic
operations focused in the controls; Porosity limitations;
Qaidam Basin and small-scale Predictive models
operations at Lake Zabuye.
Course No. 2325
Lithium pans, Atacama Lithium saturation pond, Atacama
sodic salts
Natural sodium bicarbonate hydrology and tectonic set-
and sodium sulfate salts, tings. Utilizing this knowledge
as well as sodium chloride, enables the construction of
supply significant volumes predictive models.
of feedstock to the world’s
industrial chemicals industries. Topics: Soda-ash geology; Salt-
The various salts precipitate cake geology; Sodium chloride
with textures and mineral suites plants; Climate & brine state
indicative of their formative
Course No. 2350
Dampier Salt, NW Australia
Harvesting salt Onslow, NW Australia
page 17 www.saltworkconsultants.comBorates
Major commercial borate Kramer mine in Boron Califor-
deposits occur in a limited nia, in the Kirka ore district of
number of Neogene to Holo- Turkey, and Tincalayu in north-
cene non-marine evaporitic ern Argentina.
settings, related to volcanic
rocks and pyroclastic deposits Topics:Boron chemistry; Sites of
in closed-basin alkaline lakes enrichment; Tectonic associa-
fed by hydrothermal waters. tion; Predictive models
They are open-pit mined at the
Course No. 2375
Colemanite-ulexite Kramer Borax mine, USA
page 18 www.saltworkconsultants.comMETALS AND SALTS page 19 www.saltworkconsultants.com
Stratabound Copper
Sediment-hosted stratiform either with saline beds, or with
copper deposits worldwide the edge of a salt mass or its
rank second only to porphyry residues.
copper deposits in terms of
copper production and are the Topics: Low T Cu carriers; Giant
most important global source bedded ore; Giant halokinetic
of cobalt. Most are stratabound ore; Predictive textures
and are more or less con-
cordant or peneconcordant,
Course No. 2325
Chalcopyrite
Pb & Zn (MVT and Sedex)
Many larger carbonate-host- former platform sulfate levels
ed Pb-Zn deposits within the that altered in burial, so supply-
MVT and SedEx groups are ing CaSO4 to sulfate reduction
associated with salt-sourced fixation loci (BSR or TSR).
hypersaline ore fluids. They
tie to dissolving halokinetic Topics: Low T Pb & Zn carriers;
salt supplying and focusing Evaporitic MVT deposits;
metalliferous Cl-rich waters. Evaporitic SedEx deposits; Base
Precipitation sites are typically metals & diagenesis
Course No. 2350
Galena, Cadjebut, Australia McArthur HYC, Australia
page 20 www.saltworkconsultants.comHigh temperature saline ores
Metalliferous fluid indica- Mostly, this is because little
tors and ore deposits due to or no actual salt remains once
direct and indirect interactions these high-temperature interac-
between magma, evaporites, tions run their course.
and their hydrothermal and Topics: High-T saline system;
metamorphic daughters, which Meta-evaporite gems; Or-
at regional and local scales are thomagmatic ores; Paramag-
neither well documented, nor matic ores; IOCG deposits
well understood.
Course No. 2375
page 21 www.saltworkconsultants.comOTHER SALINE TOPICS page 22 www.saltworkconsultants.com
Solution mining
Salt solution mining is the for potash exploits folded and
mining of various salts, via disturbed beds or deep-lying
dissolution, to create a pur- salt strata, situations not easily
pose-built extraction or storage mined using conventional tech-
cavity. It requires pumping niques.
the brine liquor to the surface.
There, the extracted brine can Topics: Mining techniques; Res-
be concentrated or processed. idues and blinding; Operations
For example, solution mining & geology; Monitoring
Course No. 2425
Pembina salt cavern storage
Meta-evaporites
Evaporite salts can survive well lites. tourmalines, albitites, etc.,
into the metamorphic realm, do, along with various indicator
but are altered, recrystallised or textures.
transformed into new minerals
and brine solutions. And so, Topics: Metamorphism; Indica-
beyond the early greenschist tor minerals; Gems from brine;
phase, little of the original sedi- Case histories
mentary mineral phase remains
(except anhydrite), but scapo-
Course No. 2450
Tourmaline
Lapis Lazuli
page 23 www.saltworkconsultants.comSalty problems
All evaporites tend tSolution for liquid or waste storage, can
miningo dissolve and, when salt occasionally be susceptible to
beds or a halokinetic maMe- unexpected cavity enlargement,
ta-evaporitessses are uplifted collapse and ground subsid-
and so approach the surface, ence.
the rate of this dissolutions Topics: Collapsing brinefields;
tends to increase considerably. Leaky oilfield wells; Leaky cav-
Hence, salt in regions where it is erns; Safety issues; Solving the
mined, or used to create cavities problem
Course No. 2475
Sinkholes, Dead Sea Wink Sink, Texas
Tufa margin, Sleaford Mere, Australia
page 24 www.saltworkconsultants.comWho & What
Course materials
All our course can be run remotely using
Zoom or Microsoft Teams
Each participant in the course receives
a complete set of digital course notes.
This material is a series of hi-resolution
pdf files that give the participant a copy
of every slide presented during their
training course.
In addition, each participant receives a
digital copy of Dr. Warren’s 2016 book
PrincipaL Trainer “Evaporites: A compendium” published
by Springer in 2016.
Dr. John Warren is the leading expert
and technical coordinator for Saltworks.
This online set of course notes in hard
His career spans more than 30 years in
copy runs to more than 1800 pages
salty systems.
and has been cited as the most com-
plete summary of evaporites currently
Interests include; Wireline Analysis, available.
Carbonate and Evaporite Systems, Oil
and Gas, Economic Geology and Potash
exploration and development.
He has written four books on economic
aspects of evaporites, has contributed
related chapters in a number of books and
has published more than 60 scientific arti-
cles in applied aspects of saline geology.
page 25 www.saltworkconsultants.comSalt is born of the purest parents, the sun and
the sea .
www.saltworkconsultants.com
© SaltWork Consultants Pty Ltd 2020 (ACN 068 889 127)
Kingston Park, Adelaide 5049 AUSTRALIA
Phone: +614 0919 8210 (Australia roaming/SMS)
Web page: www.saltworkconsultants.com
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