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Pukorokoro
Miranda News
Journal of the Pukorokoro Miranda Naturalists’ Trust
November 2017 Issue 106
Plenty of places to hide
Volunteers erect two new birdwatching
hides including one on the Stilt Ponds
The forces Northern Big plans for
that created Shoveler Pukorokoro-
the Firth of makes a rare Kaiaua
Thames appearance coastal strip
Pukorokoro Miranda News | Issue 106 1
A TRIO OF HIDES: (clockwise from top left) The replacement for the old hide, now named the Wrybill Hide; the
new hide on the Stilt Ponds, to be called the Stilt Hide, which still awaits its wings; the hide formerly called the new
hide, now the Godwit Hide. Photos / Jim Eagles
Three hides from which to view the birds
There are now three hides at the Find- the brand new hide on the Stilt Ponds – who shrugged off the constant driz-
lay Reserve from which to watch the the Stilt Hide. zle, fastened the bits together and put
birds, including a fine new one on the Their arrival followed a huge effort up the new hides outside the Shorebird
Stilt Ponds which offers a great addi- by a small team of volunteers. The Centre to make sure it all worked.
tional viewing perspective. components of the two new hides were Then on Sunday, as the sun came
A working bee at the end of Octo- out, the remaining 10-strong team
Much thought was given to an
ber also built a replacement for the old borrowed a tractor and trailer from
appropriate collective noun for
hide which was blown over yet again in neighbouring farmer Andrew Davis,
the hammerhands. Suggestions
a storm some months ago back and this took the prefabricated sections down
included a board, a claw and a
time couldn’t just be rolled back into to the Findlay Reserve, where sites
tattoo. But the final choice was
position. Fortunately, the main hide, had been prepared, and fitted them
a clamour of hammerhands.
which had extensive renovations after together.
the same storm, is still going strong. cut out on Friday by a team of builders The whole exercise took a bit lon-
However, to simplify which hide is led by Adrian Riegen, Ian Higgins and ger than expected so the Wrybill Hide
which it has been decided to call the big Ralph Kast assisted by labourers Ray is still awaiting its windows and seats,
hide opposite the shellbank the Godwit Buckmaster and Jim Eagles. and the Stilt Hide needs its viewing
Hide, the replacement hide at the foot On Saturday that group was joined wings as well as windows and seats,
of the shellbank the Wrybill Hide and by nine hammerhands – plus two cooks but all three hides can now be used for
Cover: The new Stilt Hide, on the shores of the Stilt Ponds, is put together. Photo / Jim Eagles
2 Pukorokoro Miranda News | Issue 106
TEAMWORK: (from top)
Hammerhands in action; a test run
to ensure it all fits; the construction
team check out a new hide; the
components head down to the
Findlay Reserve; erecting the new
Wrybill Hide. Photos / Jim Eagles
viewing. As a tired but happy Adrian
said over a beer as darkness fell, ‘Fan-
tastic effort.’
Working bees
There have been several other working
bees in recent weeks. The Centre got
its annual spring clean from the effort
traditionally held before the mid-win-
ter potluck dinner. There was a great
turnout of helpers and, as well as a
much-needed tidy up, several signifi-
cant improvements were made.
Peter Fryer fixed the problem of the
shell at the base of the ramp into the
Centre constantly being worn away,
leaving a steep lip. The base of the
ramp is now boxed in and filled with
compacted shell which should ensure
longer- term stability. Peter also organ-
ised replacing worn roofing over the
front deck which sometimes saw an
unwary visitor catch water down the
neck. Gerry Romley cleaned out most
of the guttering around the building.
Meanwhile, Adrian fixed up the
Warren Viscoe godwit sculpture,
which marks the start of the trail to
the hides, by restoring its base.
A couple of weeks later a band of
intrepid workers turned out for the
annual mangrove-clearing exercise
at the hides. Thanks to the huge ef-
fort put in last year, and the stormy
winter which discouraged seeds from
getting established, there weren’t too
many mangroves to deal to. But it still
provided an oppor-
tunity for a few
enthusiasts to get
themselves covered
in mud (as shown
in Ann Buckmas-
ter’s cartoon).
Another group
spent several hours
weeding the area
round the hides
and keeping the
shellbank free from undergrowth. At
the same time, down at the Centre
Adrian, assisted by John and Stella
Rowe, fixed a design flaw in the
guttering and drainage in the central
courtyard.
Pukorokoro Miranda News | Issue 106 3
YOUNG BIRDERS: Participants at the Birds NZ youth banding camp based in the Shorebird Centre find out about
mist-netting and handling birds. Photos / Joe Dillon
Shorebird snippets
Training the next generation of birders
The Shorebird Centre is putting a lot week. She and Keith were involved in a programme on two days of the recent
of effort into educating the next gen- recent highly successful EnviroSchools school holidays which attracted 19
eration of bird conservationists. event involving 80 students from enthusiastic youngsters. Participants
Krystal Glen has resumed work Hauraki, Coromandel and Hamilton. produced some wonderfully colourful
as the Centre educator, following the As well as resuming her school signs asking people to look after our
birth of her baby, working one day a visits, Krystal also ran a children’s birds which are now on display in the
Centre.
Last month Ian Southey organised
a highly successful youth banding
camp for Birds New Zealand which
was held at the Centre. This saw 12
young people get some great hands-
on experience in catching and band-
ing birds under the expert eyes of tu-
toes like Gillian Vaughan and Adrian
Riegen.
Transported to the Himalaya
Guest speaker at
the potluck din-
ner, Sonam Tashi
Lama (below),
transported mem-
bers to the mys-
tical world of the
Himalaya and the
4 Pukorokoro Miranda News | Issue 106
Another new face at the Shorebird Centre
Chelsea Ralls (at right) has started
working three days a week as the new
assistant at the Shorebird Centre. She
takes over from Caitlin Speedy who
had only been there for a short time
when she was offered a fulltime po-
sition with an Auckland consultancy
that was too good to turn down.
Chelsea grew up in Paeroa, spend-
ing many hours soaking in the Miran-
da Hot Pools, fishing from Kaiaua and
swimming or floundering along the
coast. She hopes having a local knowl-
edge will be a good base for helping
visitors at the Centre but is also look-
ing forward to re-exploring the area
and finding new favourite spots.
Chelsea has always had a passion
for the natural world. She studied
biology, chemistry, earth and envi- road trip round New Zealand’s great chance. The people, the location and
ronmental sciences and then had ‘a outdoors which started with a day at the purpose of this organization real-
pretty diverse career ranging from en- Shakespear Regional Park learning ly check all the boxes in what I was
vironmental water testing and quality about the endangered Dotterel and looking for in my next job. I really
systems through to information tech- North Island Robin. ‘After that,’ she couldn’t be more excited. I’m lucky
nology and project management’ that says, ‘birds became a really strong to have the opportunity to learn here
took her across the globe theme of the trip, so when this posi- and I hope that some of my skills will
Later she took a year off for a tion became available I jumped at the come in useful.’
cute red fuzzball that is the Red Panda. sisters Wendi Lane (who did the job will do most of the work because Wen-
Sonam provided a rare glimpse into extremely well last year) and Trudy di subsequently realised an ambition
the work of the Red Panda Network (a member of the Council) to share to get a job driving the train at the
(RPN) in Nepal, the only organisation the job. However, it’s likely that Trudy Driving Creek Railway which is much
worldwide working on Red Panda
conservation.
What RPN accomplishes on a tiny
budget is astonishing. It has engaged
with local communities, educated
children, created nurseries to replant
forests, done forest fire management,
improved rural cook stoves and
herding sheds, installed camera traps
and caught poachers, monitored Red
Panda populations and organised eco-
trips to show them to wowed tourists.
Those who go on its adventures not
only have a marvellous experience but
also know that every penny goes into THE GUIDE SISTERS: Wendi and Trudy Lane practice their guiding.
the local community and Red Panda
conservation. If you are inspired to
support this grass roots organisation
What’s on at the Shorebird Centre
or go see a real wild Red Panda check 15-21 January, Miranda Field Course
out https://redpandnetwork.org. It’s 4 March, Farewell to the Birds
true magic! 11am University researcherJesse Conklin gives an update on godwit
genetics including some fascinating revelations on population genetics.
A flock of shore guides
20 May, Annual General Meeting
There should be no shortage of Sum-
11am Guest speaker Bruce McKinlay outlines his work as New Zealand
mer Shore Guides this season. When
representative to the East Asian-Australasian Flyway Partnership.
the usual fulltime paid position was
advertised there were 10 applications. 7 May, Drawing Techniques Course with Sandra Morris
The Trust subsequently appointed Details from the Centre.
Pukorokoro Miranda News | Issue 106 5
leg of the hugely popular trail – which
The small world of knots and birders already has branches running from
Thames to Waihi, Paeroa and Te
On 1 July 2011 Pavel Tomkovich Aroha – has been completed as far as
banded a male Red Knot, CKT, at the Pukorokoro Stream Bridge a short
Meinypilgyno in Siberia. CKT has distance away.
been seen on the Kaipara Harbour The final stage, from Pukorokoro
each year since 2012 by Tony Stream to Kaiaua, past the reserve and
Habraken. the Shorebird Centre, will be complet-
CKT paired with a female, DAW, ed when funding is available.
(shown at right) who was banded But the Hauraki Rail Trail Charita-
by Pavel on 4 June 2017. On 1 and ble Trust has signalled how important
7 October 2017 Tony saw DAW at it thinks the shorebirds will be to its
Pukorokoro success by putting a sign outside the
On 6 July 2017 a chick the reserve anyway. The birds and the Cen-
pair raised was also banded (the tre also take pride of place on the rail
picture at right shows the chick trail’s website advertising things to do.
being held in the fingers with CKT The trail is due to be officially
looking on). For anyone who wants opened on 18 November but for some
to know where it was banded, Adri- weeks now cyclists have been using the
an Riegen has provided the GPS route and visiting the hides and a lot
plot: 62.53°N 177.05°E more are expected this summer.
Unfortunately, one result is that
while the latest in a series of signs
warning about the carpark thieves has
stayed in place for now, a newish sign
asking cyclists not to ride their bikes
down to the hides was ripped off the
fence. However, Adrian has come up
with what he hopes will prove a van-
dal-resistant sign.
Online profile
The Shorebird Centre’s online profile
continues to grow slowly. At the time
of the latest Council meeting we had
1877 likes on Facebook, 515 Twitter
followers and 191 Instagram follow-
closer to her home on the Coromandel be here for a month from mid-Novem- ers.
Peninsula. ber. Plus, of course, there will be the
Dai Stacy, a birder from Wales who usual Trust members helping out. Top security?
has been a volunteer guide for the past PMNT will be trying out several secu-
two seasons, is returning again. And On your bike rity measures this summer in the hope
another international volunteer, Emilia There is now a cycle trail ending right of reducing the number of break-ins
Lai, who recently spent a year working outside the Findlay Reserve. at the hide car park. The gate to the
at the Broome Bird Observatory, will That is because the Kopu to Kaiaua car park will be locked overnight. An
CYCLISTS
THIS WAY: The
route map and
marker post at
the entrance
to the Findlay
Reserve indicate
that it is a major
stopping point
on the partially
completed Kopu
to Kaiaua
Cycle Trail.
6 Pukorokoro Miranda News | Issue 106
experiment of asking visitors to close
the gate behind them, to inhibit the
thieves from swooping into the car
park, grabbing loot and swooping out
again, has been operating reasonably
smoothly. Where possible volunteers
will be stationed in the car park on
busy days. There are also some secret
measures being trialled which won’t be
publicised at this stage.
A friend in high places
PMNT has high hopes of a good
relationship with the new Minister
of Conservation in the Labour-led
Government.
The Minister, Eugenie Sage, worked
for many years in the conservation
movement before entering Parliament
as a Green Party MP. She was, of LIGHTS, CAMERA, ACTION: Television cameras were at the Centre for
course, guest-speaker at this year’s Adrian Riegen’s talk on PMNT’s survey of migratory waders in North
annual meeting. And since them she Korea. TVNZ’s Sunday programme is interested in doing a documentary
has frequently ‘liked’ or commented on the project. As well as reporting on the results so far, Adrian was able to
on posts on our Facebook page. advise that although the original programme negotiated with the Nature
Conservation Union of Korea has now been completed, indications are
The gentle and noble art that it will be allowed to continue. Next year the PMNT team hopes to
Stuart Chambers (below) has used survey the coastline adjacent to the border with China, just opposite Yalu
the wonders of modern technology to Jiang, where there is a huge number of waders. The year after that we may
print an updated edition of his 2007 be allowed to survey the coastline close to the border with South Korea.
book, BIRDS OF NEW ZEALAND:
the colour guide to bird identification,
originally produced by Reed.
Winston Peters, North Korea,
The book sold out and was nev-
er reprinted. But Stuart has now had nuclear weapons . . . and us
copies produced through www.cre- Last time Winston Peters was Minister of Foreign Affairs one of his proudest
atespace.com. As a result it is availa- achievements was to negotiate access for a PMNT team to survey waders along
ble through Amazon (where an e-ver- the coast of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.
sion can also be downloaded), the Of course you might expect us to say that. But Winston seems to feel
Shoreboard Centre or Stuart. that way too. According to the South Korean Ambassador to New Zealand,
A particular feature of this guide is Winston recently told him that getting New Zealand birders to this little-known
that the page edges of the various sec- land was one of his greatest conservation achievements. And he said something
tions have different colours to make it similar during a televised election debate.
easier and quicker to use. Then. in his first interview with the NZ Herald after being appointed
Stuart says his aim in updating and Foreign Minister once again, Winston again turned to his success on our behalf
republishing it is to encourage peo- to illustrate what he hopes to achieve.
ple in what his mentor – and PMNT Under the heading ‘From Pyongyang to Miranda: Winston Peters’ bird-
founder – Dick Sibson called the ‘gen- watching diplomacy’ the Herald reported: ‘When Winston Peters was last in
tle and noble art of birdwatching’. North Korea he tried to get the country to give up its nuclear aspirations but
Anoth- instead came away with a bird-watching agreement.
er of Stu- ‘Peters was named as Foreign Minister again today and told media: “There
art’s books, are a number of things internationally which I think New Zealand has a
BIRDS OF capability of having a strong voice on. Even to the extent of we do not think
NEW ZEA- that North Korea is an utterly hopeless case. . . We need to better understand
L A N D : that region and make our contribution. Albeit as a small country, but as an
the locality informed one.”
guide, which ‘Peters said in 2007 he went to North Korea as Foreign Minister, part of a
a d v i s e s group that believed it might be possible to persuade the country to abandon
where best its nuclear development programme in exchange for substantial economic
to find differ- development aid. “We didn’t succeed, but it was worth trying. We did though,
ent species, funnily enough, get some success and ensured that 97,000 birds that transit
is also avail- North Korea to New Zealand – to Miranda – continue to get safe harbour
able at the because of those efforts. It was an unusual outcome, but maybe we can shoot
Centre. higher this time and might possibly be successful.”’
Pukorokoro Miranda News | Issue 106 7
WELCOME VISITORS: (from left) A Sanderling and a Curlew Sandpiper. Photos / JJ Harrison, John Woods
Arctic migrants arrive for their summer holiday
The weather forecasts for the south- A Marsh Sandpiper has also been re-
Recent sightings ern Yukon Kuskokwim Delta in late
August were favourable for godwit
corded regularly.
Of particular interest was the single
at Pukorokoro departures. Sure enough a few days
later on 4 September there were new
Sanderling – a very rare species for
Pukorokoro, reported near Kaiaua
birds at Pukorokoro Miranda. That by Graham Brind. Also the cause of
evening there were 770 in front of the considerable excitement was a cameo
hide, up from the 250 or so that had appearance in front of the hide on the
Arctic Migrants been here through the winter. Sunday evening of Labour Weekend.
5600 Bar-tailed Godwit Among the flock were many birds Taking a break from mist-netting and
70+ Juvenile godwits with marginal wing droop – evidence banding training we had a group of
of tired flight muscles and recent arriv- Young Birders engaged in a flag and
1100 Red Knot al. However, as it is not uncommon to band spotting session. As dusk settled
1 Eastern Curlew see extreme cases of this among birds over the bay, and most of us were
12 Pacific Golden Plover that have only just arrived, it seems packing up to leave, young George
2 Whimbrel likely these may have been here a day spotted a Shore Plover. While it was
4 Sharp-tailed Sandpiper or so. Certainly that would fit with too dark to get its band combination,
1 Curlew Sandpiper evidence from elsewhere in the country it is almost certainly a wandering bird
such as Nelson, where over 150 new from Motutapu Island in the inner
1 Marsh Sandpiper birds had been reported the day before. Hauraki Gulf.
1 Red-necked Stint Interestingly, a scan of the Pu- Meanwhile closer to home it has
korokoro flock revealed a heavy pre- been the year of the Dabchick. From
New Zealand species ponderance of females – perhaps 80% being an extremely rare species in this
of the new arrivals. area, it has become at times almost a
Wrybill
The next morning the total flock commonplace. Starting with a juvenile
Banded Dotterel had increased to over 900. On 9 Sep- bird on Widgery Lake for about three
SI Pied Oystercatcher tember there were 1540 and by the end weeks in late summer, to four birds on
71 Royal Spoonbill of the month 4200. Among the 4800 the Bittern Ponds across the road, to
1 White Heron birds counted on 3 October were 40 the two adults present in front of the
Black-billed Gull birds with pronounced wing droop, Centre through most of September.
three of them juveniles. By 7 October Then it became one bird, leaving us
Caspian Tern
the flock had increased again, to 5500 with the tantalising possibility the
White-fronted Tern and 6 juveniles. And so another sea- other one was nesting.
Pied Stilt son was underway, reassuring us that However no birds were seen
Hybrid Black Stilt the system is still working and these through most of October until one
New Zealand Dotterel extraordinary birds are still finding turned up during the hide-building
Variable Oystercatcher the means to perform these epic mi- weekend. It may be that falling water
grations. levels and/or depleted food supply in-
NZ Dabchick
Other birds to appear since ear- duces them to move on. We hope they
Shore Plover ly September include 1100 Red continue to be a regular presence for
Knot, 14 Pacific Golden Plovers, four these diminutive birds are a charming
Sharp-tailed Sandpipers, one Curlew showpiece for visitors.
Sandpiper and one Red-necked Stint. Keith Woodley
8 Pukorokoro Miranda News | Issue 106
GOOD SPOTTING: Janie Vaughan and her photo of the Northern Shoveler on the Stilt Ponds.
Northern Shoveler pays a surprise visit
There was a flurry of excitement in the birding world when word got out that Janie Vaughan had spotted, and
photographed, a rarely seen Northern Shoveler on the Stilt Ponds. Here’s her story of that sighting.
You too could find a vagrant to New a while. I was pretty sure that’s what bird, but first we wanted to confirm
Zealand, particularly if it’s as obvious it was having seen a number of them we were right, so first we went to the
as a male Northern Shoveler. in our northern travels. We are not Shorebird Centre to check our find in
Kevin and I had a little time to birders who peer at tertials, coverts or a field guide and tell Keith Woodley
spare, needed a walk and decided a carpels, just bird appreciators. Also (who wasn’t there).
visit to the shell banks, where we might there are only four species of shoveler A call to Gillian went unanswered
see the returned Marsh Sandpiper – ie those who have that beak – the but we did reach Ian Southey. Ian
would fill the bill. But as the mud in northern, the Australasian (some of asked some searching questions to
front of the hide was empty of birds which were also on the pond to make which I responded that it was definite-
we turned our attention to the Stilt comparison easy) plus others in South ly a shoveler, with white in the front
Ponds. (Later Gillian asked us, ‘What America and Africa. and white in the back, and, yes, it did
were you doing there so long after As the Australasian Shovelers were have a green head. Then we drove to
hide tide? ‘Finding a rare bird,’ is the moving the stranger around, it swam Auckland while Gillian and Ian came
correct answer.) south to feed by itself, head in the down to to view the bird.
After scanning the dozy ducks in water. We checked that the Panasonic You never know what you will find
the still water I said to Kevin, ‘It’s a Lumix had taken some OK photos. At when you have time for a short walk.
Northern Shoveler,’ and let him look the extent of its 400mm zoom the re- We never did see that Marsh Sandpip-
through his scope. ‘Well it’s certainly sults can be a little fuzzy but it is lighter er. And my suggestion to you, if you
a queer shoveler,’ was his reply. than the big guns and that suits me. see a rare bird, is: pay more attention
We watched the beautiful male for We wanted others to enjoy the to the detail than we did.
A bird more often seen in New Zealand dead than alive
The Northern Shoveler (Spatula clypeata) has the unfortu- the shooting season. Yet, ironically, they are apparently
nate distinction of being as likely to be identified in New not regarded as good eating.
Zealand by a duck hunter – after being shot – as by a birder. Northern Shovelers breed in temperate wetland regions
Until the latest appearance there had been only 11 ac- throughout the northern hemisphere but in winter they
cepted records of the bird in this country – just one female, migrate south to warmer climes near the equator. Howev-
probably because they are very similar to the Australasian er, vagrants have been reported in much of the southern
Shoveler , and 10 of the more distinctive males – plus a few hemisphere including South Africa and Australia as well
other sightings that were not assessed. as New Zealand.
There also seem to be no really good photos of them in The name of its genus, Spatula or spoon, and the popular
New Zealand, as witness the fact that all the pictures used name shoveler obviously refer to the distinctive bill, wider
on NZ Birds Online were taken in their native Northern at the tip than at the base , is lined with small, comb-like
Hemisphere, apart from a photo of a skin held by Te Papa. structures on the edge of the bill that act like sieves, allow-
That particular bird, shot at Lake Ngakawau, Horowhenua, ing the birds to skim crustaceans and plankton from the
in 1969, was the second New Zealand record. water’s surface.
The fact that the museum holds five other skins is in- Their conservation status is of Least Concern but, like
dicative of the manner in which they mostly get noticed, as most waterbirds, they are probably suffering from loss of
does the preponderance of reports having occurred during habitat in Asia. Jim Eagles
Pukorokoro Miranda News | Issue 106 9
IN RECOVERY MODE: The coastal strip from Pukorokoro all the way up to Taramaire and possibly as far as Kaiaua
may be restored as habitat for native species. Photo / Living Water
Pukorokoro coastal strip could become
a mosaic of different habitats
Birds like the Banded Rail, Bittern and Fernbird, reptiles such as the Shore Skink, insects like the Giant Dragonfly
and plants such as mimulus could all become more common along the coastal strip, and there could also be more
roosts for waders, if restoration plans are able to go ahead, writes Jim Eagles.
The long-held vision of restoring the of the Findlay Reserve – is in about and entomologist Peter Maddison,
coastal strip from the Pukorokoro a dozen blocks administered by the manager Keith Woodley and chair
Stream at least as far as Taramaire and Department of Conservation, Nature Gillian Vaughan has already scoped
possibly beyond continues to move Heritage Fund and Hauraki District. the planting options for the Findlay
closer to reality for the Pukorokoro There are also several small reserves Reserve.
Miranda Naturalists’ Trust. on the landward side of the road, in- But Keith says talks with staff from
That vision was beautifully spelled cluding the small block at Pukorokoro DOC and Living Water have indicated
out in a paper written by the Trust in owned by PMNT, plus the possible it would be worthwhile seeking to ex-
2013, and the subsequent Evaluation purchase of 23.5ha of the Coxhead tend the exercise to cover all the public-
of Restoration Management Require- farm by the proposed Pukorokoro ly owned land along the coastal strip.
ments at Miranda-Pukorokoro by Living Memorial Trust. ‘It is expected we could get substantial
Wildlands Consultants, as, ‘In various In recent months there has been buy-in and support from government,
appropriate areas between the Tara- increasing coordination over manage- local government, etc.’
maire and Miranda roosts, establish or ment of these blocks. For instance, the As a result the trust has produced a
enhance a mosaic of habitats that will Living Water Partnership has provided paper looking at specific development
encourage wader breeding, increase funding for pest trapping and fennel proposals for the Taramaire Wildlife
habitat for Banded Rail and Bittern, control on the Findlay Reserve to be Management Reserve which acts as a
lizards, invertebrates, and the rein- carried out by the contractors who also key connection between the shorebird
troduction of Fernbird and any other do the DOC land. roosts at the Taramaire Stream mouth
appropriate indigenous bird species.’ In addition, the DOC land is poised and the Findlay reserve.
Now several developments have for some redevelopment anyway Chair Gillian Vaughan says the
brought that closer to reality. First is when the Pukorokoro-Kaiaua leg of aim is to develop the Taramaire block
the fact that the Robert Findlay Wild- the extended Hauraki Cycle Trail is ‘to create ponds and a largely woody/
life Reserve is now owned by the Trust. completed. At that point DOC plans rush block to reintroduce a wetland
Added to that, most of the other land to plant the area to screen the trail, habitat that is currently missing from
on the seaward side of the East Coast remove fences and and cease grazing the Pukorokoro-Miranda area’.
Rd as far as Kaiaua – apart from the by cattle on several blocks. In the northern part of the block,
Dalton land immediately to the north A trust team led by council member around the Taramaire Stream mouth,
10 Pukorokoro Miranda News | Issue 106LOOKING FOR A HOME: Threatened species like Bittern, Shore Skinks and Fernbirds could find a home along a
rehabilitated coastal strip. Photos / Ray Buckmaster, Dylan van Winkel, Mary-Ann Rowland.
which is already a shorebird roost, Gillian said if all this could be Meanwhile other developments on
where NZ Dotterel and White-fronted done it would ‘create a system that the Findlay Reserve are moving ahead.
Terns regularly attempt to breed with would support both species currently The culvert draining the Stilt Ponds has
limited success, the Trust’s paper sug- in the area and potentially allow new been cleared, which has increased tidal
gests measures to enhance breeding species to be reintroduced. The key flow slightly, but silting of the stream
and roosting opportunities. This could aspirational species for the project is below the culvert is inhibiting optimal
be done by increasing predator control Fernbird. If they can be established it drainage.
in the area, enhancing the salt marsh would be a clear mark of success, as it Consequently the Trust is now in-
round the wader roost and seeking would mean not only had habitat for vestigating creation of a second outlet
to make conditions more suitable for them been created, but that predators from the ponds, probably reaching
Mimulus repens. would be under control.’ the sea close to the site of the old hide
In the central portion of the block, Existing inhabitants that would and managed by a sluice gate, in or-
which is mostly in rough pasture, the benefit include rare plants like mimu- der to improve its water management
Trust would like to investigate resto- lus and ileostylus, native lizards such options.
ration of the original habitat by: as Shore Skink, birds such as Bittern, Initial discussions with Waikato
•Seeing if there is any ability to Banded Rail, Grey Warblers, Shining Regional Council about getting a re-
restore the chenier plains. Cuckoo, Silvereye and Fantail, and source consent for the new outlet have
•Planting the likes of Saltmarsh native insects like dragonflies. indicated there should be no great dif-
Ribbonwood on the higher points and In addition the Trust would like to ficulties getting approval. Water from
rushes such as Oioi in the wetter areas investigate the introduction of more it could be used to periodically flood
and encouraging mistletoe to spread. rare species such as crakes and other adjacent low-lying areas.
•Enhancing saltmarsh communities native lizards. It also wants consider- If a second outlet is created the fill
in the low pan areas. ation given to establishing a walking from this could be used to create an
•If possible restoring some of the track through the area to the coast. additional raised roosting area on the
natural drainage, by having water Initial discussions with DOC staff eastern side of the ponds or, alterna-
channels along the roadside of the indicate strong support for redevelop- tively, material could be taken from
block and possibly also alongside the ment of the coastal strip and a project the raised area at the northern end of
cycle trail, as well as opening the low manager is likely to be appointed to co- the reserve.
stopbank at the coast to allow tidal ordinate the work. Three manageable Meanwhile, as reported elsewhere,
input on very high tides. areas opposite and to the north of the two new hides have been built, one
In the southern part of the Tara- Shorebird Centre have been identified replacing the old hide, the other over-
maire block, closest to the Shorebird for initial planting in stages over the looking the new roost on the ponds,
Centre, there are already ponds with next three years. The time lag is so meaning there are now three shelters
planting around them where Bittern that Carex divisa, the most significant from which to watch the birds.
bred in 2012, and the aim would be to weed species, can be eradicated prior All of that is in addition to other
extend the network of ponds, expand to planting. It will also give time for recent improvements including the
the plantings and seek to find a reliable funding to be arranged and sufficient upgrading and fencing of the car park
water source. plants propagated. at the reserve, installation of a special
Pukorokoro Miranda News | Issue 106 11gate with a keypad lock which will al-
low wheelchair access and the comple-
tion of the new path to the main hide.
In addition, the Living Water
Partnership, funded by Fonterra, has
started work to rehabilitate the wider
catchment area, including:
•Considering pest management in
the Upper Taramaire Catchment.
•Completing perimeter fencing of
the Te Kama or Thompson Block for-
est remnant and commence fencing of
the Taramaire and Rangipo Streams.
•Doing a water quality survey as a
base for on-going monitoring.
•Identifying freshwater mussel and
fish spawning sites.
Recently a meeting has been held
to set up a trust involving local land-
owners to run a catchment care group
to oversee stream planting, upper
catchment protect and water qualty
enhancement for the area.
No decision yet
THE WONDER OF SCIENCE: Bruce Hayward in discussion with an eager
about wetland on young scientist at the Thousand-species Bioblitz. Photo / Jim Eagles
Coxhead farm
PMNT is still considering whether to
be involved in a proposal to develop
Discovering the extraordinary
and run an area of wetland on the
present Coxhead farm over the road OUT OF THE OCEAN, INTO have shaped the northern part of
from the Findlay Reserve. As well as THE FIRE: History in the rocks, New Zealand including the little
the wetland the project would include fossils and landforms of Auckland, corner where the Centre stands.
a building to serve as a memorial to the Northland and Coromandel, by It’s an amazing story full of volcanic
attack on Pukorokoro village in 1863, Bruce W Hayward. Geoscience eruptions and earthquakes, of
a training centre for young people and Society of NZ, $49.50 mighty but long-vanished rivers and
an information centre on local wildlife. of tectonic movements which even
If it goes ahead the proposal (which Over the years geologist, marine today are tearing the Firth apart and
was outlined in detail in PM News ecologist and paleontologist Bruce pushing its floor even deeper.
103) would involve PMNT, Ngati Hayward has played a big part in Hayward says Northland, Auckland
Paoa, the Dalton Family Trust, Te efforts to show that the area around and Coromandel Peninsula have the
Whangai Trust and local landowners the Shorebird Centre is special for most diverse and complex geology
(at present represented by Council lots of reasons besides its birdlife. In in New Zealand. The region has
member Trudy Lane). issue 87 of PM News he wrote an been uplifted three times, pulled
Since it was unveiled at the start of article explaining why our chenier down once, tilted westward, eroded
the year the idea has been the subject of plain attracts global interest. When down to a coastal plain twice and
much discussion but the formation of PMNT held its hugely successful torn apart by the geologically recent
the body to run it has not progressed. Thousand-species Bioblitz, Bruce was foundering of the Hauraki Gulf and
Now, to bring things to a head one one of the scientists who came along plains. The region has also been
way or another, it has been decided to to identify the species found. And transformed by a greater diversity
create a Pukorokoro Living Memorial when the interpretative signs around of volcanic activity than any area of
Development Trust, including all the the Findlay Reserve were put up he similar size in the world.
parties, to seek funding for a detailed helped Keith Woodley create the This northern region exists as it is
investigation into the idea. panel describing the ancient origins today primarily as a result of tectonic
Chair Gillian Vaughan, who rep- of this arm of the Firth of Thames. uplift that has occurred in the last
resents PMNT at talks on the proposal, Now, in the latest of his many books, 5 million years or so. The uplift has
said the aim was to ‘see if all the parties he explains for the general public, been described as ‘block faulting’
can work together and to clarify the for the first time, what is currently because a number of huge blocks,
longterm aims so we can each decide known about the 300-million-years tens of kilometres across, have been
whether we want to be part of it’. of powerful geological forces which uplifted or downthrown to different
12 Pukorokoro Miranda News | Issue 106FAULTS ON ALL
SIDES: (At left) An
illustration from Out
of the Ocean showing
the Hauraki Rift in
which the Hauraki
Gulf sits; (below) the
cover of the book
which is now on sale
at the Shorebird
Centre
forces which created the Firth of Thames
levels in the Auckland region. varying degrees in the rest of the the Hauraki rifting about 3 million
Turning to PMNT’s primary area peninsula. years ago was preceded by upward
of interest in the Firth of Thames, Between those two ranges, the Firth arching of the earth’s crust along the
his book explains that the Hunua of Thames and the Hauraki Plains same north-south oriented belt. The
Ranges on the western side are a beyond lie in the Hauraki Rift, a rocks that underly the rift today are
west-tilted block rising to a height 250km-long depression stretching surprisingly hot compared with the
of 688m at the Kohukohunui peak. as far north as Whangarei, with surrounding areas, suggesting that
The block is underlain by basement the Hauraki Fault to the east and a bulge of the hot mantle may have
greywacke which has been exposed the Firth of Thames Fault to the pushed up the crust.
by the erosion of as much as 800m west. One and in some places two The hot springs at places like
of soft Waitemata Sandstone. faults – most notably the Kerepehi Miranda and Te Aroha have been
On the eastern side of the Firth, the Fault - run up the middle of the caused by warm water flowing
Coromandel Peninsula and Great rift and divide it into 2-3 grabens. rapidly to the surface through
Barrier Island are formed from Over the past 3 million years these fractures in the rock along block-
eastward tilted uplifted blocks that have subsided by up to 2.5km with related faults.
include the three highest peaks in the greatest movement along the As the rift sank it was progressively
northern New Zealand, Moehau eastern Firth. Some of the faults are filled up with sediment which flowed
(892m), Table Mt (846m) and still active and are a likely source of in from the southern end as it does
Camels Back (822m). Part of this infrequent earthquakes. today. Vast amounts of this came
elevation is the result of volcanic The Hauraki Rift is believed to have from the huge rhyolite eruptions in
cones which erupted there between been formed as a result of the the the Taupo Volcanic Zone, especially
12 and 7 million years ago. But the Pacific Plate being pushed under prior to 22,000 years ago when the
indications are that the western side the Australian Plate at an oblique Waikato River flowed into the Firth
of the range was uplifted by perhaps angle which is also causing rifting through the Hinuera Valley.
400-500m by the tectonic movement. in the Taupo Volcanic Zone. This More recently, of course, vast
The top of the Moehau Range has created a deep-seated extension quantities of shell have come into
is made of basement greywacke which is slowly pulling the two sides play and created the chenier plains
which has had the early Miocene apart. As a result the rifts’ floor is on which the Shorebird Centre sits . .
volcanic rocks stripped off. Similar subsiding along the faults. . but that is another story which has
developments have occurred to Hayward explains that the start of already been told. Jim Eagles
Pukorokoro Miranda News | Issue 106 13NEEDING A SILVER BULLET: Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment Jan Wright releases her report on
the state of our native birds which are gravely threatened by, among others, possums and Norway Rats.
Silver bullets or genocidal genes?
Ray Buckmaster considers some of the genetic solutions being considered as solutions to the plight of our native
birds and warns that we need to be careful that the cure isn’t worse than the disease.
Predator Free NZ 2050 set out a vision which cost $US 2.7 billion and was due to bioluminescent gene transfer
for our country. How we are to achieve completed by 2003. The technology from jellyfish.
it is not exactly certain. But a major developed in this project gives us the The approaches developed in the
part of that vision was ‘to develop a ability to modify the genomes of any human genome project are transferable
breakthrough science solution that organism. Those modifications are to the conservation arena without re-
could eradicate at least one small mam- able to be passed on to future gener- course to genetic engineering. There is,
malian predator from the mainland’. ations. for instance, a unique portion of rats’
The urgency is obvious. Earlier Moore’s Law suggests that things genome that makes them very suscep-
this year, Parliamentary Commission- technological become rapidly more tible to a poison called PAPP. This is a
er for the Environment Jan Wright, efficient and less costly as time passes. species-specific poison which does not
released TAONGA OF AN ISLAND When it comes to sequencing genomes, harm other animals (removing a major
NATION: Saving New Zealand’s birds human or otherwise, this is certainly objection to the use of 1080).
which notes that 32% of native birds true. In 2016 it became possible to The genomes of other pest species
are in serious trouble and a further determine an individual genome in a are being mined to locate parts of the
48% are in some trouble. Only two single day for around $US1000. genome that are both unique to the
of the 16 shorebirds are of no concern. So far there is only one case of per- species and connected to an import-
The report mentions a rapidly de- mission being given for a human inher- ant life function. A poison can then
veloping area of genetic research that is itable genetic modification to correct a be developed that targets that species.
known widely as Lifecode. This had its genetic error. Otherwise playing God, Such a substance could be available for
origins in 1953 when a New Zealand with the possibility of determining possum control around 2019. It is not
born scientist, Maurice Wilkins, was human evolution remains taboo. all plain sailing though. PAPP is 100%
part of a team that worked out the But genetic manipulation of crops effective against Norway Rats but they
structure of DNA, the core compo- and farm animals is more widely ac- find it unpalatable. Research to resolve
nent of chromosomes, and revealed cepted. In the pharmaceutical industry, this challenge is underway.
how it could store and pass on all the eight out of the 10 most important When it comes to modifying the
information, that is the Lifecode, for products come from genetically mod- genome of bird species at risk of extinc-
a living organism. ified organisms. There are even GM tion, suggestions have been made but
Then in 1990 a start was made on organisms available as pets: a mini-pig not acted upon. Species on the brink
determining the entire human Lifecode was developed in China; there are flu- of extinction often have little genetic
through the human Genome Project orescent zebra fish for your aquarium variability, making them less capable
14 Pukorokoro Miranda News | Issue 106of adapting to change. The Californian into the wild but there is some ur-
Condor is an overseas example. It was gency to apply the technology in the In need of a silver
at one stage reduced to a captive popu-
lation of 14 and an inherited condition,
Hawaiian islands. Avian malaria was
introduced into the islands when its bullet?
a lethal form of dwarfism, caused 9% carrier mosquito arrived along with
of the eggs to fail. whalers in the 19 th century. Since
A similar bottle-neck is found in that time the number of endemic bird
New Zealand Black Robins. All mem- species has fallen from 100 to just 42
bers of the two robin populations are because the endemic species evolved in
very closely related and beak deformi- the absence of avian malaria and had
ties sometimes turn up. For both con- no resistance to it.
dor and robin, more genetic diversity The CRISPR/Cas9 technology is
and a cut and paste operation involving very powerful, extremely cost effective
the replacement of a deficient gene by and doesn’t require elaborate equip-
a functional one, could be beneficial to ment. A supernerd could probably
species’ survival. install it with stuff he would find in
On the other side of that coin, the the kitchen. Black Robin. Photo / Wikimedia
technology is now developing that There seems to be little doubt
could lead to the complete eradication that we will before long be capable
of a pest species from an island, even of eliminating invasive mammalian
the large islands that make up the New predators from the planet. The real
Zealand mainland, maybe ultimately question to be answered is: should we
the permanent extinction of a target do so? Kevin Esselt of Massachusetts
species from the planet Institute of Technology makes the
In 2012 CRISPR/Cas9 was devel- point that the release of a gene drive
oped. It is a two-part technology which anywhere is like a release everywhere.
allows an original form of a gene to be Because of this the implementation of
replaced with another. In the case of gene drive anywhere in the world re-
the rat you might replace a standard quires a global consensus. As example,
gene with one that could result in de- koi carp are major disrupters of New
creased fertility, a distorted sex ratio or Zealand ecology but in Asia they are Shore Plover. Photo / Adrian Riegen
sensitivity to a chemical control agent. a significant food source.
In the normal course of events bad The scientific community has
forms of a gene decrease in a popula- come up with suggestions as to how
tion as the bearers of them have a lesser unintended outcomes of this nature
chance of survival. But this is where could be avoided. Theoretically, daisy
the second part of the process comes in chain drives can be developed that
and it is known as a ‘gene drive’. This breakdown after several generations
ensures that an individual organism have passed. It is also possible to create
modified by a gene drive will transfer reverse gene drives which could be used
the bad gene to all its progeny and to restore the original genetic situation
when their turn comes to reproduce should things get out of hand. It should
they will pass on the bad gene to all also be noted that there is out-and-out
their progeny. opposition to the use of gene drives.
The approach to eradicating a Jane Goodall, primate researcher, and
target species in this way is to initial- David Suzuki, environmentalist and
ly build up a laboratory population broadcaster, in a joint letter called gene
carrying these genetic modifications. drives ‘genocidal genes’. Wrybill. Photo / Jim Eagles
When introduced to the much larger We do have some time to think and
population of pest species they will consult over this issue. Professor Neil for biological control is well regulated.
interbreed and, generations later, the Gemmell of Otago University believes It is a framework that we might use for
entire population will have the bad that ‘it is possible that New Zealand guidance when considering protocols
gene. The population will have been might entertain the release of a gene around the introduction of gene drive
shrinking during this time and, theoret- drive by 2025’. technology.
ically, will crash into local extinction. A similar situation has arisen in the Certainly, the prospect of a pest free
Of course it is possible that nature past with the use of introduced species New Zealand has considerable allure.
might find a way to nullify the gene as biological control agents. Initially Imagine all those species pushed close
drive though this will be much less this was an uncontrolled and ill-con- to extinction being able to rebound
likely if not one but two or even three sidered process with significant off and reclaim the mainland. Predator
bad genes are installed. target impacts. We wouldn’t be having Free New Zealand 2050 gave us the
Currently gene drives have only problems with stoats if they hadn’t vision and it is one well worth working
been successfully installed in insects been introduced to control rabbits. To- toward. If not by this means, perhaps
and yeasts and have not been released day, however, introduction of species by some other.
Pukorokoro Miranda News | Issue 106 15Annual Accounts for 2016 have been finalised and audited
New Treasurer Kevin Vaughan has Income & Expenses 2017 2016
sorted out the accounts for 2016,
completed them in accordance
with the complex new rules Donations 251,979 16,217
required of charities and they have Grants 189,111 16,981
been approved – with the usual
Bequests 35,785 25,829
caveats - by PMNT’s auditors. Here
is his report. Flyway 28,896 32,914
Accomodation 24,661 23,800
Sales - Net 22,004 30,342
Members will be well aware that Subs 18,957 15,436
we are very late getting the annual Field Courses & Talks 16,249 19,209
accounts for 2016 completed.
A change in finance personnel and Interest 11,879 5,508
new reporting requirements set by the Land Lease 4,800 4,800
Charities Commission have given us
a few road bumps in our timetable. Total Income 604,321 191,036
At last the accounts are done and the
audit is finished. Our thanks to the
auditors Staples Rodway for their help Employees 108,648 91,183
in getting things completed. Flyway 31,570 19,239
The complete set of accounts now
runs to 28 pages – regulations are Magazine 18,324 15,887
a wonderful thing – so the numbers Depreciation 14,980 19,107
presented here are a brief summary. A
Aust Shorebird Conf - Net 8,136
full copy of the annual accounts can
be accessed via our website. Field courses 5,975 8,487
Financial highlights for the Ed Kit Development 5,356 3,391
year include the fund raising for
Auditors 5,225 3,785
the purchase of the Robert Findlay
Wildlife Reserve (donations and Repairs & Maintenance 4,251 15,654
grants of $400,000 thanks to Waikato Other 32,584 35,496
Regional Council, Foundation North
and members) and land and building
revaluations of $621,341.
All of this has given us a big bounce- Total Expenses 235,049 212,229
up on our fixed asset investment from
$804,184 to $1,813,949.
With some ups and downs, Surplus 369,272 -21,193
operational items (subs,
accommodation, courses, magazine)
are broadly in line with the prior year. Balance Sheet
We are a little disconcerted by the Cash & Bank 38,456 83,501
drop in the net shop revenue. To what Term Deposits 218,221 257,004
extent this is related to our accounting
shuffle will be identified in the 2017 Inventories 42,968 24,085
accounts. Receivables 16,837 19,662
Part time employment of an
Fixed Assets 1,813,949 804,184
Educator added to our employee costs
and we incurred expense in further Liabilities -78,127 -126,746
development of our Education Kit.
Flyway costs for the North Korean
work were sponsored by Living Water
Net Assets 2,052,304 1,061,690
and as a result came to a net expense
of only $2674. Revaluation Reserves 932,591 311,250
Our retiring treasurer Charles Gao
has done the job for the last five years. Accumulated Funds 1,119,713 750,440
Our thanks to him for his work over
that time. Total Funds 2,052,304 1,061,690
16 Pukorokoro Miranda News | Issue 106From the Chair
The web of conservation work
Chair Gillian Vaughan reflects on the extensive web of individuals and organisations
which links together on many levels to make up the conservation movement.
One of the things you find in the collaboration between different and all of the groups they belong
conservation community is that we groups is becoming so important. to, seems a bit like spiders’ webs, or
all wear many hats, and I’m not just With so many organisations pulling a more appropriate analogy might
talking about David Lawrie and his towards broadly similar goals, be a migration map. Each group is
bonnet. working together can make the best like a stopover site, connected by
Many members of Pukorokoro use of all of the hours, and all of the the people who are involved in more
Miranda Naturalists’ Trust will be effort, that we as individuals put in. than one of them. And we need all
members of other organisations, Each group has its own goals, its of those groups to be healthy to have
and will be active in different own mission, and that’s where the a healthy conservation community in
conservation communities, groups broad impact comes from. New Zealand.
like Supporters of Tiritiri Matangi, It’s important that PMNT runs The recent change of government
Birds New Zealand, Forest & Bird, its own advocacy and education will hopefully bring a renewed focus
or communities like Weka Watch programmes, that we work to keep on conservation in New Zealand, but
Kawakawa Bay, Friends of Kirks the birds coming. It’s also important as a volunteer I don’t think this is the
Bush or the National Wetlands that we do things like collaborate time to step back and let government
Trust. with Birds New Zealand on the take on the work.
Listening to Adrian Riegen’s talk recent youth banding camp, working I’m hoping it’s a time to
about the wader survey work in together to instil both skills and a consolidate the work that’s been
the Democratic Peoples Republic sense of our joint community to the done, make some of the gains
of Korea at the recent open day, I next generation. we’ve achieved recently just part of
was struck by the sheer effort that How far should collaboration business as usual, then refocus, work
goes into conservation, not just from go? It’s an interesting question. The at a higher level, take the chance
Adrian at the front of the room, but Trust’s Council is currently working to put all of those hours, all of that
all the others present. towards holding a strategy meeting, effort, into pushing towards greater
Looking around caused me me to starting to think about what the next goals.
realise how many organisations, both 10 years looks like and how that The greater the goals, the more we
small and large, would have been might be different from the last 10. are going to need to work together.
represented in that room, and from My feeling is the issue of how far The story of the effort to keep the
that I began considering the sheer we should go in collaborating with godwits coming is the story of
number of hours that are put into the others is going to be one of the key connections, between huge numbers
volunteer work that we do. questions we will have to consider. of different people, organisations and
It’s one of the reasons that Looking at the people connections, countries, at a lot of levels.
THE CONSERVATION NETWORK: Conservationists belonging to many organisations come together for projects
like netting and banding birds. Photo / Jim Eagles
Pukorokoro Miranda News | Issue 106 17g DWIT TIMES Kia ora e hoa (Hello my friend) I recently arrived back from raising chicks in Alaska to enjoy the summer of my second home. While in New Zealand I am known by a unique name that no one else in the world calls me - Kuaka. This is the te reo Maori name given to the Bar-tailed Godwit. I particularly like using it during Maori language month which has just finished. We Kuaka have an important role in Maori history. The saying ‘Ko te kaupapa waka ki te moana hoe ai, ko te kahui atua ki te rangi rere ai’ – ‘As the fleet of canoes paddle the ocean, the flocks of gods fly overhead’ is thought to mean that ancestors of the Maori followed the godwit migration, as they travelled south to Aotearoa. Although it is doubtful that they knew just how far north us godwits flew, early Maori knew that Kuaka travelled somewhere else to breed. This knowledge led to Maori proverbs used when talking about something that was unlikely to happen. ‘Kua kite te kohanga kuaka?’ – ‘Who has seen the nest of the godwit?’ Mother used to say this when I asked if I would ever sing like the Kokako. Now I realise she meant ‘Not likely.’ And she was right. Talking of Kokako, there are lots of birds that you know by their Maori names. The iconic bird of Aotearoa, the Kiwi, is a prime example. Other manu (birds) found at Pukorokoro also have uniquely New Zealand names: Australasian bittern – Matuku Banded dotterel - Pohowera Black billed gull - Tarapuka Caspian tern - Taranui NZ dabchick - Weweia NZ dotterel - Tuturiwhatu White-faced heron - Matuku-moana Red knot - Huahou Royal spoonbill - Kotuku-ngutupapa Pied stilt - Poaka Southern black-backed gull - Karoro White heron - Kotuku South Island pied oystercatcher - Torea Wrybill - Ngutu parore Variable oystercatcher - Toreapango White fronted tern - Tara Although they are protected today, Kuaka were a source of food for early New Zealanders. Hunters would set traps on the sandbanks where the godwits roosted at high tide. They would then dig a hole to hide in while waiting for the tide to come in and darkness to fall. I will leave you today with a terrible joke. How do you catch a godwit? Eat a marine worm and wait on the shellbank with baited breath! I must ask Adrian Riegen if he uses the fishy-breath technique … Ka kite ano (See you again) Godfrey Godwit (aka Kiwa Kuaka) 18 Pukorokoro Miranda News | Issue 106
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