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THE AMALGAMATED PHOTO HISTORY NEWSLETTERS • VOL. 1-7 2020 Welcome to our December newsletter. May we wish to all a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year. Here we share the newsletters of photo Societies to offset the effects of the Covid pandemic. Martin Magid of Michigan sends along a file he has had for a long time from friend Nathan Zeldes. Cameraholics is an interest- ing newsletter from Queensland, Australia via webmaster Marcel Safier. The TPHS Newsletter from Rochester, N.Y. is from editor Eu- gene Kowaluk Permissions granted: Martin Magid –Michigan Marcel Safier – Australia Eugene Kowaluk _ New York
Nathan Zeldes and I met (virtually) because of his long-time membership in the Oughtred Society, an organization of slide rule collectors. Some months after I joined early in 2020, he asked what kinds of slide rules I collect. When I told him my main interest was devices that calculated camera exposures, he promptly sent the outstanding above article to me. It had been published in the Journal of the Oughtred Society shortly before I joined. Both Nathan and the Oughtred Society have granted permission for its use here. Nathan worked at Intel Corp. for many years as a physicist, engineer and manager. He is the founder and President of the Information Overload Research Group, and consults, lectures and writes on information overload. His hobby website, http://bit.ly/NZ-Hobbies, is a wonderful journey through his many interests. Nathan lives in Israel. Martin Magid Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, USA
Kaufmann’s Posographe
Nathan Zeldes, March 3, 2018
The device
The subject of this article is a mechanical analog computer that calculates two discrete
functions of six variables each. Now, to any scholar of computing history, this sentence brings
to mind large arrays of axles, gears, cams and so forth; but Kaufmann’s Posographe doesn’t
contain a single gear. In fact, it does its thing with only 11 moving parts – and it fits in your
pocket.
Fig. 1. The Posographe.
The Posographe (Fig. 1) is a small rectangular plate, about 13 x 8 cm, covered on both sides
with dense scribbles and drawings, with seven pointers fixed to its frame. The pointers can
slide on the frame, and are clearly interconnected internally – moving any of the six small
ones will move the larger one this way or that.
The purpose of this device is to calculate the Temps de Pose in photography – what we call
Exposure Time. The French phrase is aptly evocative of the photography of the 19th and early
20th century: it is the time you have to pose the subject, immobile, before the lens – for a time
that could easily stretch into minutes in those days. Absent electronic light metering, figuring
this time interval was a major challenge at the time, as the instruction manual1 eloquently
describes:
“Determining the exposure time required to obtain a perfect negative is one of the great
difficulties of the photographic technique. ... When looking at the collection of the
amateur photographer, one finds numerous photos that are washed out and without
details, hardly usable. Each of these, not to mention those that have been scrapped,
represents an unnecessary expense, a loss of time, and especially a very unpleasant
disappointment, which usually has no other cause than excessive or insufficient exposure
time”.
After surveying the limitations of existing solutions, notably printed exposure tables, the
manual declares:
“The Posographe has been established to completely remedy these disadvantages. It's a
truly automatic exposure table, in which the complex influence of the various factors is
translated mechanically by the interplay of suitably arranged levers and rods, whose
movements are derived from charts similar to those used in industry and laboratories, to
solve problems where the influence of various data cannot, as in the present case, be
represented by a simple formula and ordinary arithmetic operations”.
Each side of the device is a separate calculator, one for indoor photography and the other for
the great outdoors. On either side, the six input variables are entered by setting the six small
pointers to indicate the desired values on their respective scales; that done, the output
indicator will point out the “temps de pose” on its own scale. Or, rather, it will indicate four
values, since it has four pointers; you choose which one to look at based on the emulsion type
on the photographic plate in your camera.
2
Fig. 2. The two faces of the Posographe, for Outdoors (left) and indoors (right) photography.
The input variables are very detailed, yet endearingly colloquial. For outdoors, they include
the setting – with 31 values such as “Very narrow old street”, “Dewy foliage”, “Farmyard” or
“Open air market”; the state of the sky – including “Overcast grey sky”, “Blue with white
clouds”, or “Deep blue”; The month of the year and hour of the day; the illumination of the
subject; and of course the lens aperture (f-number).
For indoor photos, we have the colors of the walls and floor; the location of the subject
relative to the windows (depending also on the number of windows, and indicated by the little
diagrams); the extent of sky in the windows, as seen from the location of the subject (again
illustrated in little pictures); the sunlight level outside, and how much of it, if any, enters the
room; and the aperture.
So how does this little marvel work? All it takes is one look at the diagram of the inner
mechanism (Fig. 3), and you immediately get it. For a technically minded person, like myself,
seeing that diagram for the first time is a pretty mind-blowing experience, because the
mechanism manifests the utmost in ingenuity, and shows that frugality of design that is the
hallmark of true engineering elegance. The actual implementation can be seen in Fig. 4. The
brass plates are “beefed up” compared to the diagram, presumably because they are very thin
– about 0.5 mm – and their edges might snag against each other as they moved if they didn’t
already overlap. The cover plates holding the scales are made of 0.8 mm aluminum, and I had
slid them out to take the photo.
3
Fig. 3. Schematic of mechanism Fig. 4. The actual mechanism
The inventor
Of the man behind this device I now know much more than I did when I bought it, because
Jean-Louis Aubert, the inventor’s great-grandson, has recently put up a Facebook page
dedicated to his ancestor’s life and work2. I am indebted to Mr. Aubert for permission to use
photos from his page; and to Mr. Jean-Yves Moulinier, whose detailed article in issue 74 of
Declic3, a French journal devoted to the history of Photography, provided me with invaluable
information.
4
Fig. 5. Auguste Robert Kaufmann Fig. 6. Kaufmann with his Pathé-Baby movie
camera
Auguste Robert Kaufmann was born in Paris on October 2nd, 1885. His father, a broker, died
young, and his mother remarried; the family left Paris during the first world war to the more
tranquil town of Boullay-les-Troux, where Auguste Robert and his wife Henriette settled after
the war. Kaufmann himself had served in a logistics transport unit of the French army during
that war.
Kaufmann was an enterprising man; when he was 25 he already had a successful workshop in
Puteaux (a suburb of Paris), that produced award-winning motorized ride-in cars for children.
He subsequently developed and sold a tuner for violin strings. By 1922 he was advertising
himself as a general mechanical constructor, owner of a small firm for technical studies,
design, and construction. He was also an avid amateur photographer (see Fig. 6), which gave
him the incentive to develop the device presented here.
The development process
As soon as I saw how the Posographe works, the foremost question in my mind was how did
Kaufmann design this device – empirically, by trial and error, or analytically, by
understanding the math and designing his system of levers to execute it? We can get a good
answer from a letter Kaufmann had sent to Maurice d’Ocagne, a noted engineer and
mathematician and the inventor of Nomography, in September 1922. Kaufmann writes him:
“The mechanisms shown diagrammatically in figs. 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of page 14 of the manual
have been established by trial and error in referring to graphs representing results of practical
experiments”.
5
Some further references shed light on what this means. The manual says: “The Posographe's
indications are based on the best books dealing with exposure time. During the four years
required for its development, these have been verified and corrected by a great many practical
experiments, made in all possible conditions and with different commercial emulsions,
autochromes included”. (Autochrome Lumière was the first commercially successful color
photography process).
To sum it up, Kaufmann had used a systematic approach combining his training in mechanics
with his knowledge of photography. First he did an exhaustive literature search for the state of
the art in exposure time calculation; then he tweaked and improved the findings using
extensive tests. The result was the “graphs” he mentions, nomograms like Fig. 7, which
represented the solution to the problem in graphic form.
Fig. 7. A nomogram representing the relationship of exposure time to the variables
I’d love to know – but can’t – at which point exactly he had the “Aha!” moment when his
inventive mind realized that a nomogram can be converted to a set of mechanical linkages
that do the same calculation but are easier and faster to use. With this insight, he proceeded to
convert the graphs empirically to a mechanical movement, using the step by step approach
seen in fig. 8. In the process he considered the mathematical equations behind the solution –
the patent4 explains how the original (but unspecified) function of the logarithms of six
variables can be reduced stepwise to fewer variables, by successive combination of each
6
intermediate result – the motion seen as an arrow in each diagram of fig. 8 – with one added
variable at a time. He started (left diagram) by combining the month and hour, then added at
each step an additional variable until he had a movement proportional to the exposure time
(right).
Fig. 8. Stepwise development of the mechanical system (study for patent filing)
Of course, after all that work there did remain an element of heuristic knowledge; after all,
that had always been a key part of photography. This is seen in the little notes inscribed on the
faces of the Posographe, indicating modifications to the straightforward calculation. For
example, on the Indoor side we see “With a subject in sunlight [inside a room] use the
OUTDOOR table”, and “[Use] next darker zone for bays hung with network or lace curtains”;
and on both sides: “For very near subjects (bust, large heads, small objects, etc.) double the
exposure shown”. The manual adds its own corrective directives, for example “In the vicinity
of the equator, indicate July during the entire dry season and September during the rainy
season”.
Variations on a theme
The Posographe was made in multiple variants over its production life. The basic model for
still camera exposure time had versions differing in the range of apertures covered. There
was a model for cinematography, specifically for the popular Pathé-Baby amateur movie
camera (Fig. 9), that computed the lens aperture to use. There was a rare model calibrated for
tropical lands. And it came in different languages – French (Fig. 2), English (Fig. 9), Spanish,
German and Italian.
7
Fig. 9. The English version for use with the Pathé-Baby amateur movie camera
Photos courtesy of Gonzalo Martin5
Kaufmann was well aware that he had invented a general method for automating the
calculation of multi-variable functions. In his correspondence with d’Ocagne during 1922 he
proposes to discuss applications to firing tables for artillery and aviation (d’Ocagne’s
invention of Nomography had originally been used for that purpose during WW1). He also
notes that by adding to the mechanism cams and curved slides one could achieve greater
precision than that obtainable by the simple levers of the Posographe (which he estimates at
10% worse than that of other more laborious methods, and good enough for photography). In
reality, however, we know of only one actual application he addressed beyond photography:
the Uréographe Hamel, from 1925. This device calculated Ambard’s constant, a now obsolete
parameter which was used at the time to assess kidney function based on the amount of urea
in blood and urine. As can be seen in Fig. 10, this device had five input parameters and
applied the same principle as the Posographe but in a different internal configuration.
However, unlike the Posographe, there is no indication that the Uréographe had achieved any
commercial success.
8Fig. 10. The Uréographe Hamel
Commercial production
Kaufmann’s Posographe was patented in 1922 and was produced in a small but evidently
well-run workshop, at the same address where Kaufmann had produced his children’s cars 12
years earlier. It had sold (according to one late version of the manual) over 100,000 units by
1933, and had won multiple awards, from the first prize in the Lépine innovation contest in
1922 to two silver and two gold medals in various international and French expositions over
the next decade. Production continued after Kaufmann’s death in a car accident on
11/11/1927, first under the management of his widow Henriette and then, from 1934, by
Ateliers Cercelier, a company in Bezons.
It is unknown when Cercelier ceased production, but it is worth noting that modern exposure
meters using Selenium photoelectric cells started appearing commercially in the early 1930’s.
With devices that could indicate exposure time directly at a glance, the Posographe was
destined to disappear from the market. It does remain a lovely collectible and a reminder of
an ingenious, resourceful, determined innovator from times gone by.
91A tr a n s c r ip ti o n o f th e Fre n c h i n s tr u c ti o n m a n u a l is a v a i l a b l e at h tt p:// w w w .b r o c a n ti n a. c o m/p o s o g r .p df. 2Faccebook page dedicated to Kaufmann: https://www.facebook.com/posographe.kaufmann 3Declic web site: http://declic87.free.fr/publi.php 4Posographe patent: https://bases-brevets.inpi.fr/en/document-en/FR542107/publications.html 5https://photocalcul.com/
CameraholicA
Newsletter of Cameraholics
Photographic Collectors Club of Queensland
June 2020 Edition 54 Mystery Item
President: Nigel Wright Secretary: Hans Brantz Treasurer: Barry Hart
president@cameraholicsqld.com.au secretary@cameraholicsqld.com.au treasurer@cameraholicsqld.com.au
- Cameraholics - In the meantime you may be interested in
What’s New in May 2020
some other Cameraholics business.
Our Meetings.
Auction:
The way We have accumulated a number of auction
items. Where I thought it was interesting enough
and so as not to let “suppliers” wait for their
we were
money too long, I have agreed to pay them a
small sum (which I, personally, would be happy
to buy it for) on the understanding that if the
items will raise more at our auction, they will be
sent the surplus, less our expenses. All were
With the restrictions being eased we still do not know quite happy with such arrangement. The items
when our next meeting may be held. Mr. Bruce Kent
will be offered under consignments
from the Albion Peace Centre has advised that the
Hall is not yet open, but he will contact us as soon as (Owners’Name/Hans)
the hall will be available for meetings again.
Assuming that the hall is sufficiently large to observe Some people have been cleaning up and Nigel
“Social Distancing”, there are several issues to be will receive a donation from Scarborough, a
resolved, some are easy, some a little trickier à for Pentax Z10. Another is kept in Bribie Island until
example: restriction ease further. For some others I did
not think it worthwhile to travel 40 km for what
§ Will APC (Albion Peace Centre) provide a list of what
needs to be done or more specifically – was described as a Pentax SP 10. (read Espio)
§ do they require us to do any “deep cleaning” (floor!)
§ Do we need to wear PPE (Personal Protection Mystery Item April 2020
Equipment), Face masks / gloves The item shown in our previous CameraholicA
§ Who provides hand sanitiser.
§ Seating. Observing the social distancing, how to was provided by Barry and (first) correctly
ensure that we can we still hear each other? identified by Nigel as the front of a medical
§ Supper: what are the “Covid 19 Food handling” rules Nikkor Lens. The mystery item for this month is
and can we comply? discussed at the end of this CameraholicA
§ “Show & Tell” and Auctions. Inspection, handling and
sanitisation of Auction Items,
So you see, it is very important that we are clear as
to HOW we will go back into business.
With the political power play that is currently going on we
cannot hazard a guess as to when that will be.
In any case we hope to formulate an appropriate
agenda, maybe activities, to celebrate the event,
see each other again and hear about, as well as
inspect, each others’ treasures.
1We may have a New Member. David Vickers’ “Luftwaffen” Robot.
I received the following email a few days ago and
responded: You’re welcome and will let you know As written in our Anniversary Book,
when we start again David Vickers wondered
“Hi my name is Mark
if his “Luftwaffen Robot”
Richardson I have just moved
to tweed heads and am might have actually
interested in joining your club photographed his uncle,
Finally a serious
when it re opens I only collect who piloted de Havilland
Nikon its not the world largest Mosquitos during WW II.
Nikon Collector
in the Club collection but I am looking
forward to meeting fellow
collectors” When Winston Churchill
met Joseph Stalin
Cameras à If only they could talk during October 1944, he
needed to be kept in
Herbs Voigtländer Bessa 1 touch with the progress
My main collecting interest is of the war.
Voigtländer, and of course I am The answer was Operation “Frugal” mounted by
always on the lookout for a the PR Mosquitos of No 544 Squadron to which
particular camera I don't have, David’s uncle belonged.
and sometimes I get really lucky.
One Sunday around 2003 I was “Frugal” was a British programme
walking around the regular flea of special air mail flights operated
market in Kippa Ring when I by de Havilland Mosquito aircraft
spotted an old folder. At first from the UK to the USSR, Italy
glance I thought it was just and Egypt to carry diplomatic and
another Kodak but a closer look military communications (mail flights) during 'Tolstoy',
th
revealed it was a Voigtländer, quite nice cosmetically otherwise the 4 Moscow Conference (9/23 October
and working with a price tag - would you believe it - 1944). 'Frugal' was undertaken by aircraft of No. 544
Squadron from Benson to Ramenskoye in the USSR via
of just five dollars. Of course I grabbed it!
Memel, a journey which took an average of 6 hours 30
When I got home I studied it more closely and minutes. Vnukovo/Moscow later became the Soviet end of
consulted McKeown’s, and what I had bought was a the service. Some 27 flights were made in 14 days, these
1937 (which happens to be the year of my birth) carrying mail between Northolt and Moscow during the
Bessa 6x9 cm folder with Voigtar 4.5/11 cm lens and th
4 Moscow Conference, the average speeds from take-off
Compur shutter, the latter with speeds 1 second to to landing being 314 mph (505 km/h) on the eastward trip
1/250. It is quite conventional with the usual "look and 300 mph (483 km/h) on the westward trip. On his
down" viewfinder plus a folding "sports finder" and return from the conference, Prime Minister Winston
everything worked and still does. It's cosmetically Churchill sent a message thanking the squadron for the
nice too - a real bargain! punctuality of the service..
But here is the bonus. On the back of the camera These were daring operations which relied on
is a little metal plate with the words: co-operation with “Moscow” which, on HQ level
was often less than ideal due to their mistrust of
HANANIA BROTHERS
PHOTOGRAPHIC DEALERS
foreigners. This forced them to fly without such
JERUSALEM & HAIFA important information as Soviet wireless stations
and accurate maps. Fortunately the men of 544
So how on earth Squadron were all experienced PR aircrew
did it get from used to dealing with
there to a Kippa problems and navigating
Ring flea market? without aids in a hostile
A returned soldier environment. They were
most likely, but an all handpicked and it
Australian? A was also interesting to
British soldier who emigrated to Australia later? A
note that none of the
migrant? A tourist? I have tried to Google the history
of Hanania Brothers without much luck. They are still
crew members held a
in business and obviously have been around for a passport, but were
long time. issued with a specific
Oh if only that camera could talk! (free passage) “card”.
2Unlike HQ, the co-operation with the Soviet Can you rely on eBay and its prices?
ground staff was excellent, so much so that the Many of us have probably
last three Mosquitos to return to Britain bore been busy on eBay in the
goodwill messages to “the brave English ground last few weeks. There have
crew” hidden away in the fuselage (land gently lest been two interesting
bottles break), and slogans painted in Cyrillic on contributions from Nigel,
the noses of the aircraft. who researched the eBay prices during the panic
buying of toilet rolls a few months ago.
The very last “Frugal” flight was flown by David’s
uncle Fg Off H.R. Vickers and WO F.H. Mosely
The second contribution is a sales story from Barry
which returned to Benson via a stop in Naples who had a very interesting experience selling on
on Sunday 22 October 1944. eBay.
Now why is this in “CameraholicA” ?
CAN YOU TRUST EBAY by Nigel Wright
The German planes which Fg Off H.R Vickers
has encountered were likely to be equipped During the height of the "Toilet Paper Buying
with such Robot Cameras. Frenzy", I decided to do an ebay australia search for
toilet paper sold items and the results were
After inventing the camera already in 1934, Otto spectacular.
Berning, during WW2, produced his famous Robot
Luftwaffen Eigentum (Air Force Property) as a
special production of flight recognized cameras to
confirm “kills”. The Robot was chosen as it had
strong resistance to vibration and very low
temperatures. The most generally used version was
the black body with double spring mechanism and
the black Tele-Xenar 75mm. All issued cameras and
lenses were stamped with "Luftwaffen-Eigentum", as
well as featuring an "F" (indicating "Flieger") in front
of the serial number.
Most were used as the main gun camera, mounted in
the wings of the Me109, Fw190, and Me110! They
were triggered by the guns.
It mounted in the right wing of the aircraft, but could
also be used by the crew (handheld) in flight. In both I screen captured this insane sale, which had 30 bids
and emailed it to some friends. One friend replied
back and said it was fake. I said no way, I did the
search, I did the screen capture and I sent the email
and I knew I didn't alter anything, I even sent him the
URL to the auction in question. He said no not that,
the bidding is fake and he sent me to this you tube
video. (warning this 8:10 minute video contains
extreme course language).
situations the cameras were also employed
extensively for reconnaissance purposes. After the https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wfe2YbgUGTE
war many had the engraving “Luftwaffen Eigentum”
removed. The Robot company offered the owners of Well to say the least I was dumbfounded. So
the large number of such cameras modification into basically with ebay you can have someone bid on an
the Standard Model II auction and then have no expectation of payment.
Just think of how this can be used to manipulate the
ebay system. He told me this was called "Shill
Bidding" because when you create an ebay account
there is no requirement to prove a method of
payment or confirm payment option, so I did a search
on ebay and found this in their policy: Here is a bit of
information from the link supplied below
3Shill bidding is when someone bids on an item to ridiculous if they want to put stipulations on who is
artificially increase its price, desirability, or search allowed to "buy" an item just because you may know
standing. the seller.
Shill bidding can happen regardless of whether the Now if you watch that YouTube video then is it even
bidder knows the seller. However, when someone more insane that the best way to resolve this issue
bidding on an item knows the seller, they might have would be to ensure every ebay account created had
information about the seller's item that other to be linked to a payment method (ie paypal / bank
shoppers aren't aware of. This could create an unfair account etc). That way anyone bidding on *any* item
advantage, or cause another bidder to pay more than and won, would then be responsible for making
they should. We want to maintain a fair marketplace payment. It seems insane that ebay have chosen to
for all our users, and as such, shill bidding is take the impossible route, that being to try and police
prohibited on eBay. For more details on what auctions to prevent Shill Bidding, instead of just
constitutes shill bidding, please see our full policy ensuring every account created had a verified
guidelines below. payment method. That way anyone winning a bid by
over bidding is forced to pay. Sure the seller (if they
Can my employees bid on my listings? know the buyer) can probably refund the money via
other means, but it at least complicates things on
No, your employees can't bid on your items, and their end as the buyer at a minimum must have
you're not allowed to bid on theirs. Sellers with available funds to make payment.
employees should make sure their workers are also
aware of this policy. So it's important for everyone to have a think about
their usage on ebay because if you find yourself in a
Policy overview bidding war over an item; ask yourself, is that other
person you are bidding against actually real, or are
Shill bidding happens when anyone - including they actually going to pay?
family, friends, roommates, employees, or online
connections - bids on an item with the intent to Now I've never had an ebay account and I don't want
artificially increase its price or desirability. In addition, one, but it's worth asking the question. Has anyone
members cannot bid on or buy items in order to bid on an item but lost (been the second highest
artificially increase a seller's feedback or to improve bidder for example) and the seller has come back to
the item's search standing. them to negotiate? If so then maybe that winning
bidder was just someone inflating the price.
https://www.ebay.com/help/policies/selling-
policies/selling-practices-policy/shill-bidding- It also makes you question the results of "sold items"
policy?id=4353 search, as my toilet paper search revealed, how
many sale prices are not real sales! Yet those sold
This quite frankly makes ebay a complete joke. items prices become the basis for people to make
Basically they are saying it is against their policy to assessments as to the items value.
bid on an auction from someone you know, but then
also say in the policy overview "with the intent to eBay Barry’s Experience
inflate". So they can't even get their own definitions When things go wrong they go wrong in spades.
consistent. How insane is that. There is no way they On the 4th March I sold a Leitz ‘Elmarit-R’ 24mm f2.8
can police that at all and it makes a complete lens for $1,121.00 via ebay to a ‘Fabrice’ who lives in
mockery of their whole system if you ask me. Reunion, a French protectorate near Mauritius in the
Imagine if they actually enforced that? It would Indian Ocean. Fabrice also requested that I should
invalidate most of their sales because it also includes devalue the cost of the lens to help reduce the import
"online connections" in the definition of "anyone"! So duty. Being mindful of the risk of the possibility that
to our club members reading this, just think about the sale would be cancelled – rejected the request.
what items you have purchased from ebay and how This decision was fortunate considering what was
many were from people you know? going to happen. If I had complied with his request
this would have complicated the process and if the
Also how can ebay stipulate that and I quote "In ‘fraud’ was discovered I would have been fined and
addition, members cannot bid on or buy items in maybe the lens confiscated. The lens was posted
order to artificially increase a seller's feedback or to from the Newmarket Post Office on the 6th March.
improve the item's search standing". That makes no On the 7th March the buyer had checked the tracking
sense if you buy an item, you buy that item, unless details and enquired why the lens was listed as
this is ebays way of trying to say that buying an item “Return to Sender”.
does in no way indicate "payment" has been made This was a Saturday so all I could do was talk to the
for an item. That clause in their policy is utterly Newmarket Post Office and they in the typical way
4referred me to the Australia Post for details. had been opened and the lens had been inspected
So I waited until Monday and contacted Australia by DHL???.
Post who were able to inform me that the lens was Now with the lens returned I have had much difficulty
rejected due to it being a “Security Risk” and I should restoring my PayPal – Bank relationship, so far there
consult the “Country Guide” for advice in regard to has been three unsuccessful attempts, this has been
restricted items. The closest category was “Films : frustrated by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
Promotional, training, 8mm, 16mm & 35mm”. with all the phone support being suspended and a
I challenged this ruling but as far as they were heavy reliance on ‘chat’ sessions with a AI computer
concerned the decision had been made. that makes the problem resolution significantly more
difficult when dealing with complicated problems.
I contacted the buyer and informed him I would The penultimate chapter of this odyssey is to be
refund his payment when the lens was back in my reimbursed by Australia Post for the $110.00 DHL
possession. Naturally he requested a refund through fee. On the 25th April I submitted a summary of the
ebay via PayPal. A couple of days later I contacted ‘sad tale’ to Australia Post complete with a request
Australia Post who informed me the decision was for reimbursement of the $110.00 DHL fee – on the
reviewed and the lens was now going to be sent onto Monday the 27th April I received a phone call from
Reunion. With this delivery request in process to Australia Post with the usual apologies and
send the lens to Reunion and a request with ebay for requesting my bank details to cover the $110.00 DHL
a refund I could see a situation developing where the handling fee.. This refund arrived on the 30th April.
lens is delivered to Reunion and PayPal grant the
buyer a $1,121.00 refund. I contacted ebay to place On the 30th April I launched the $1,121.00 refund to
a hold on the potential refund until the lens is Fabrice that was finalised on the 6th May.
returned – their response was “there is nothing they The final chapter is to seek a ebay listing fee refund
can do”… due to a ‘no sale’ outcome.
Next call was to PayPal to halt any refunds This was initiated this on the 29th April and to my
requested by ebay but again they were not interested surprise the credit was granted on the 30th April, that
but they did suggest I should contact my Bank and is less than 24 hours, what a dramatic difference
put a hold on any requests from PayPal should be considering the procrastinated involved in all aspects
halted. So onto my Bank to suspend all transactions of this sorry tale.
from PayPal.
In summary an
As a precaution to any further complication I article that was
registered a complaint with the “Telecommunication posted on the
Industry Ombudsman” this Government department 6th March
keep an eye on Australia Post. managed to be
The response I was seeking was for Australia Post to the victim of a
refund the $65.90 for the aborted postage to reunion. succession of
errors by
On the 12th March I checked the tracking to discover Australia Post
the lens is now in Hong Kong so much for two and took until 24th April to be “Returned to Sender”.
requests to return the lens to me.
Again I contacted Australia Post to reverse the There was another story playing out at the same
process to guarantee the lens is returned to me. time..
The lens sat in Hong Kong with the last entry on the There was another interested party who had lodged
17th March “Please contact DHL” so I contacted them a bid but was outbid by Fabrice in Reunion.
to be told the only available contact is with Australia This person contacted me offering $1,250.00 – as
Post. Nothing happened until early April when I was tempting as this may have been I felt obliged to
contacted by Australia Post requesting my Bank continue with my commitment to Fabrice and posted
details to return $65.90 the postage cost to Reunion the Leitz Elmarit-R 24mm f2.8 lens to Reunion.
– this arrived in my Bank on the 8th April. Certainly during the 6th March to the 24th April saga I
considered it would have been much simpler to have
On the 17th April a month after the last DHL tracking ‘kicked’ my moral judgement out the window and
entry, I was contacted by DHL requesting $110.00 to have taken advantage the $1,250.00 offer….
cover the processing fee to return the lens to
Australia. On the 21st April – another frustration, the The moral of the story - remember “Nil illegitimo
DHL delivery person attempted a delivery and was carborundum” translated to “Don’t let the bastards
unsuccessful due to a “Door not answered” response wear you down”.
– interestingly we were home at the time. Having the “Telecommunication Industry
This was re-scheduled for the 24th April and this was Ombudsman” on your side is almost a guarantee of
successful, for reasons I don’t understand the parcel success…
5Buying Cameras. some regret that I can't afford to buy it from you at
any price.
Sourced from Andrews Antipodean Photographic
Around another 20% is worth my while to buy, clean
Emporium at Tyabb (Victoria)
up and resell. That is, someone might show up
looking for one in a few month's time, or sometime
next year! (It's a small market, even when you are
almost the only game in town). The last 5% is the
treasures, really good stuff that I really do want or
even need.
So you realise that you have a nice, old, unusual
camera in fair condition that you inherited and you
want to sell it. You checked eBay and see that three
or four sellers are asking up to $1200 for one. Wow!,
you think. And you come in and sit it on the counter,
expecting me to give you at least $1000 for it. That
sounds fair doesn't it? I'll make a quick 20% profit
won't I? And you are quite annoyed when I tell you I
Camera Trader Andrew Fildes reports: I'll buy but can only offer you $400.
only that which I can then resell and if I don't already
have a pile of them in stock. It seems sometimes that Well, that one on eBay didn’t sell for that price - and
the whole of Melbourne owns a Pentax MZ-50 with a it never, ever will. And the camera you are showing
Sigma lens on it and thinks it's worth at least $100. me is a slightly different and less collectible model,
No it isn't, even if it's working. It's essentially has a cloudy lens, a sticky aperture, bad slow
worthless - I give them away sometimes. It's cheap, speeds and a few marks on the outside. It'll cost me
unreliable, as common as grass...and dull. I want to at least $200 to get it serviced. And I have to sell it
buy cameras that are in good condition, working and with a guarantee, unlike that bloke on eBay or
sought after by users and collectors. Cameras that Gumtree! And then of course I have to pay my rent,
are fun or interesting to use or to look at. I will buy buy my lunch and, hopefully, make a small profit. So
$400 is what it is worth to me. I'm not trying to rip you
off - I really can't afford more and if you decline, at
least you got a free condition report. Most people
understand this and accept or decline a fair offer
gratefully and gracefully. But some don’t. Such is life.
Swappping my RB 67 set
(left over from the Fair )
for a series of sub
miniatures
(absolute win-win)
very old, non-working and damaged cameras if they
are unusual or collectible but condition affects price
of course. Perhaps one in three of the cameras I buy
needs an expensive service before I can resell it.
Deceased Estates. I often buy bulk lots off widows,
'old mates' and adult children who've inherited an
I sometimes explain to sellers that this is like any outfit or collection of unfamiliar equipment. My offers
other used and antique business. 75% of what I'm tend to be based on buying the whole lot, junk and
offered is without value. Some has what I call good stuff all in together. Condition is often quite
negative value - it costs me more to have it on the poor and the junk usually is just that - junk - so the
shelf than it can ever earn me. So I will say with offer is based on a quick assessment of what is in
there. There is no time to test it all except . couple of
S 6
w
akey or special items. Sometimes there is a little
treasure there but usually there is not and I often
realise afterwards that I've been a bit generous!
Then there are the less pleasant experiences in this.
While visiting a widow a good hour's drive from the
store, I was greeted with the apology, "You should
Let’s make OUR
have been here yesterday - my daughter dropped by next one
and decided that she'd like a few items as
mementoes of her father." Damn. The Best One Ever
Strangely the daughter had very, very good taste in
keepsakes - the Leica and the two Rolleiflexes! The
nice lady was a bit annoyed when she discovered
that the offer for the collection had now dropped from
well over a thousand to a couple of hundred - but she
seemed to be annoyed with me, not her daughter!
("But you said that..."). I wonder if those
'keepsakes' are on eBay yet.
Recommended: à It is a delight to visit his shop
at Tyabb on the Mornington Peninsula in Victoria
- The Mystery Item in this issue -
The Baby Pearl
is a Japanese 3×4 folding camera, made from
1934 to 1950 by Konishiroku (predecessor of
Konica). It takes 127 roll film.
Not quite as nice as my
Voigtländer Perkeo 34,
the Baby Pearl is a
vertical folder inspired
by the Zeiss Ikon Baby
Ikonta, but not a dead Next Meeting:
copy. It has incurved
struts and a folding No meeting until further notice.
optical finder. The body I will notify all members when we are ready to
edges are either black start up again. There has been little contact
or chrome finished. The name BABY PEARL is between Committee members
embossed in the leather covering at the front.
In the meantime you are again invited to keep
The back is hinged to the left and is locked by a in contact by providing contributions for the
sliding bar on the right — as seen by the next edition of CameraholicA. Short stories,
photographer holding the camera horizontally. anecdotes , tell us about your favourite
The film is advanced by a knob at the bottom camera, your least favourite one (and why)
right, and there are two red windows in the back any heroic failures or successes you have
to control its position. On most cameras, the scored - - - etc.
main release is on the shutter casing and the
folding bed release is close to the advance Hans Brantz
knob, but the last postwar examples have a Secretary
body release and bed opening button
symmetrically placed around the viewfinder .
7The
TPHSPhotographic –1–
N e w s l e t t e rHistorical Society August
August-October
– October 2020
TPHS —founded 1966—
Newsletter
MEETINGS
Upcoming Speakers
POSTPONED UNTIL
FURTHER NOTICE Bruno Chalifour, Ph.D., The Landscape of American Landscape Photography, 1960–
1990, an Introduction
7:30 PM, 3rd Thursday Michelle Finn, Rochester Postcard History & the Central Library’s Collection
Mary Panzer, LIFE Magazine and the Power of Photography — Behind the Scenes at a
Visual Studies Workshop New Book and Exhibition
31 Prince Street
(corner University Ave.)
Rochester, New York Contents
NOTE: Entrance in the
Nicole Champlin: Daguerreotypes from a Younger Perspective . . . . . . . 2
rear, only 7:15-7:35pm Nick Graver: Show & Tell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Held Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, Jack & Sharon Bloemendaal: Community News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
May, June, Sep, Oct, Nov Bruce Tyo: Seneca Camera Mfg. Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Bruce Tyo: The Object at Hand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Bruce Tyo: Unusual Camera Needs a Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
JOIN US Community News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Annual Dues, Jan 1 Community News — George Eastman Museum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Individual, $20
Family, $30
Payable to
TPHS
POB 10342
Rochester, NY 14610
USA
CONTACT US
www.TPHS.org
www.facebook.com/
TPHSRochester
tphs@rochester.rr.com
Copyright ©1966-2020
All rights reservedTPHS N e w s l e t t e r –2– August – October 2020
TPHS OFFICERS Daguerreotypes from a Younger Perspective —
Ariadna Romer Nicole Champlin (images via N. Champlin)
President
acertixo@hotmail.com Daguerreotypes are interesting pieces of history. I find them cool, not so much because they
capture clothes and hairstyles from back then, but because they show the evolution of technology.
Also, they’re shiny!
Nicholas M. Graver
I’ve always had an affinity for things that changed their appearances as you view them from
Vice President
different angles; I collect rocks and minerals for that very reason. Tilting the daguerreotype up
nmgraver@gmail.com
inverts the dark greys, and tilting it back down turns the silvery hues black. The fact that mercury is
often used in the process makes it even better. One of my favorite graphic novels series, Land of
Bruno Chalifour the Lustrous, centers around humanoid beings who are made of gemstones. See Land of the
Secretary Lustrous (TV series). In it, there’s an important character named Cinnabar who, like the mineral, is
bchalifour@me.com a source of mercury.
Jeff Schwartz
Treasurer
Schwartz977@gmail.com
Mike Champlin
Archivist, Librarian, & Social
Media
champlin101@yahoo.com
Sharon Bloemendaal
Program Coordinator
JBloem@rochester.rr.com
Jack Bloemendaal
TPHS Co-founder & My love for pretty materials certainly helped with choosing my first daguerreotype, which was a
Board Member-at-Large gift from Marilyn and Nick Graver. (Thank you!) I was presented with a plethora of options. I
JBloem@rochester.rr.com decided on one that has crisp, contrasting darks. What sets this one apart from the rest is the
inside of its casing. Next to the image of a lady is a material that looks purple at first, but shifts
between blue and pink as you tilt it.
Ken Johnson
Hospitality
kcjohnsonk@gmail.com
Eugene Kowaluk
Newsletter Editor &
photographer, except where
noted
EKPhoto@rochester.rr.com
Contributors
Bruce Tyo, Nicole Champlin
Not too many people my age know about them, despite their importance in early photography,
which is a shame. Whether it’s the history, the science, or just the fact that they shine, there are
many reasons to adore daguerreotypes. Something I never fully appreciated until I had one of my
own.TPHS N e w s l e t t e r –3– August – October 2020
Show & Tell — Nick Graver (images via N M Graver)
Long Service Award at Eastman Kodak Co. (right)
Late in the 20th Century, George Eastman's portrait was
phased out as the theme for long-service awards from the
Company. This approximately half-size model of a No. 2A
Brownie Camera with a hardwood base plate was awarded to
my former associate, Donna M. Schell, in 2001 for 15 years of
loyal service. It is labeled "JOSTENS, The Recognition
People," with their phone number. The 4-inch base holds the
3⅛-inch, highly detailed cast camera model.
Daguerreian Double Portrait (below)
This anonymous double portrait is fashioned in a unique
manner, never before seen by any of the visitors to our
collection in the last forty years. The case contains a charming
portrait of mother and young child. The front of the case has a
1/16th plate Daguerreian portrait of the girl (at a later age) set
flush in the lid. Obviously, anyone with a razor blade could
have mounted it there, but, so far, this is the only one we have
ever encountered or heard of.TPHS N e w s l e t t e r –4– August – October 2020
Show & Tell — Nick Graver (images via N M Graver)
Daguerreian Conservation 103 years ago!
It is unusual to learn who cleaned daguerreotypes over the last 160 years as very few ever signed their work. This sixth plate
image (family of three) was treated by Boston photographer Baldwin Coolidge who then labeled it as such, with a warning for it
to not be tampered with in the future for fear of dire results. He must have used the potassium cyanide formula popular in those
days.
Coolidge, 1845-1928, left engineering to take up photography in the 1870s. He was listed on Tremont and Boylston from
where he attached this label April 18, 1917. His portraits and scenic photos are held in various New England collections. He
operated the Photographic Program at the Summer Institute on Martha's Vineyard and was a judge for various photo. societies'
competitions. Credit, Ron Polito. Once again, no visitors have seen such an example.
Community News — Jack and Sharon Bloemendaal
Forty Years for Kodak Concert Band
Nursing home residents slowly arrive in wheelchairs or with canes, soon tapping their feet and appreciating the big-band music, Sousa
marches, show tunes, and even Wagner. The people at the home are thrilled to see 40 musicians "Live,” playing just for them.
The Kodak Concert Band began in 1980 and performs about 25 concerts every year in nursing homes and health care facilities. At one
time all members needed to be employees of Eastman Kodak Co. However, that soon included retirees, friends, and family. Today only one
member in the 40-piece band is still an active employee.
The band was led by Ron Bowks, who volunteered until his death in 2018. A former member of the Marine Corps Band, he was a
manufacturing engineer at EK. The present conductor is Andy Kittelson, a music educator in the Wayne Central School district.
For years the group met at Kodak Building 28, until EK management became worried about the liability of hosting non-Kodak
employees. The band is still “sponsored” by EK, with a stipend used to pay for rehearsal space at Hope Hall, a school in Gates.
TPHS members Jack and Sharon Bloemendaal play tuba and clarinet, respectively — Jack since 1992, Sharon since 2003.
Rehearsals are beginning again, and the band is planning on recording concerts for the nursing homes until COVID 19 restrictions cease.
The band became aware of a Kodak band in Harrow, England, which has played intermittently since the late 1920s. See the history of the
Harrow Band and the History of Kodak Harrow at the following links.
http://www.harrowconcertband.org.uk/bandhistory.html https://harrowonline.org/2016/04/27/a-history-of-kodak-in-harrow/TPHS N e w s l e t t e r –5– August – October 2020
Historical — Seneca Camera Mfg. Co. by Bruce Tyo (images via B. Tyo)
The Seneca Camera Manufacturing Company of Rochester, New York
Frank T. Day, then a superintendent at Eastman Kodak Co., Seneca’s operations suffered minor damage in a second
and four others organized the Seneca Camera Manufacturing fire at their State Street plant in 1912, however loses were
Company with a capital investment of $25,000, incorporating minimal and no employees were killed. The next year they
the assets of the Sunart Photo Co. in February 1900. They began the manufacture of their well received Scout series of
rented space on the third, fourth, and fifth floors of the Leary box and folding cameras. Seneca even tried a marketing ploy
Dye Works building at the corner of Platt and Mill Streets, in to increase sales with this line by printing boxes for the
what is now called the Brown’s Race Historic District, and cameras with a boy in a green uniform on the side of the
began to manufacture folding and Platebox cameras. carton in an attempt to imply that the new and highly popular
The company fared well at the beginning as camera Boy Scouts Program had endorsed the cameras, when they
builders, quickly building a reputation for high-quality cameras had not.
even though they were in direct competition with Eastman In 1914, Seneca began selling the Vulcan brand of roll film
Kodak, Gundlach Optical, and the Rochester Optical and for box cameras, recognized in camera stores by its white box
Camera Co. among others in the city. with red lettering, which was manufactured by the Defender
But their efforts were soon derailed by a disastrous factory Photo Supply Co. of Rochester. Defender was composed of
fire after only a year in business on March 1, 1901. It assets of Eastman Kodak Co. that George Eastman had spun
destroyed all the company’s drawings, parts, and sales stock off as part of an effort to defeat a monopoly suit against his
when the upper floors of the Leary Dye Works were destroyed company. Defender was later required to print on the side of
in a fire caused by a helper carelessly burning waste in a stove the box of all rolls of Vulcan film “Manufactured by Eastman
that ignited scrap on the floor in the woodworking department Kodak Co.” Seneca over the years also made cameras that
on the third floor. Gasoline fumes from the dye works on the used competitor’s material such as film packs from Kodak,
floors below quickly spread the fire and trapped employees at Vidil film from Ansco, and glass plates from Defender. Their
their workstations. Three were killed when they were unable to catalogs also featured lens, shutters, darkroom, and finishing
escape the building, three more were injured, and the total equipment as well.
loss to the owners and investors was estimated to be over The owners of Seneca Camera announced in April 1924
$40,000. that they were selling the company to a group of mid-western
The company and its one hundred employees quickly re- investors, actually Richard Sears and his company, who were
entered the business later that same year. Finding capital to combining the assets of Seneca with those of Conley and that
rebuild, Seneca Camera’s investors relocated to rented space camera manufacture along with some employees was
on South Clinton Avenue and then purchased the Bullard relocating to Rochester, MN. Some members of the sales
Camera Co. of Springfield, Massachusetts, the next year. force and a warehouse remained in Rochester, but everything
However, because of stiff competition from Kodak’s roll film was shut down by 1926. The investment group, under the
cameras, Seneca’s relationship with Bullard quickly soured Conley name continued to manufacture cameras until the
and they ceased making Bullard’s magazine camera in 1904. 1930s when they went bankrupt.
Seneca Camera had successfully struggled against the
Seneca manufactured a series of high-quality amateur
economic juggernaut of Eastman Kodak for twenty-five years
wooden bodied box cameras and folding cameras for the
by selling highly recognized box and folding cameras in direct
professional market. They were one of four firms to
competition with them and other builders here in the city, but in
manufacture the Seroco brand of folding cameras for Sears,
the end they just couldn’t survive in the highly competitive
Roebuck & Co., Chicago, as well as marketing their own
amateur photography market here in America in the decade
cameras through Sears’s mail order catalog. Their cameras
before the Depression and quietly disappeared without fanfare
were also offered in the Montgomery Ward catalog as well. In
from Rochester.
1908, Richard Sears, the owner of the Sears, Roebuck & Co.,
invested in the Conley Camera Co. of Rochester, Minnesota, Bibliography
and named them as the single source supplier for his catalog;
Democrat and Chronicle, Rochester NY, “A New Camera
Seneca was dropped as a vendor.
Company”, February 5, 1900, p. 8.
(Bibliography cont. on next page)TPHS N e w s l e t t e r –6– August – October 2020 Historical Corner — Bruce Tyo (cont.) Bibliography (cont.) Daily, Oswego NY, “Fatal Fire in Rochester”, March 1, 1901, p. 1. The Daily Gazette, Schenectady NY, “Rochester Loses Industry”, April 21, 1924. Daily Sentinel, Rome NY, “Perished in a Fire”, March 1, 1901. Democrat and Chronicle, Rochester NY, “Estimates of Losses, Camera Company’s Insurance Below Value of Property Burned”, March 2, 1901, p. 13. Democrat and Chronicle, Rochester NY, “Mystery of Fire Solved, Young Alva Jessup Makes a Confession”, March 4, 1901, page 10. Democrat and Chronicle, Rochester NY, “Puts Fire Out, but Causes $2,000 Loss”, 1912. Democrat and Chronicle, Rochester NY, “Seneca Camera Manufacturing Company Sold”, April 20, 1924, p. 20. The rarer 5x7 version of the Seroco Camera marketed by Sears, Evening News, Buffalo NY, “Dissolution of Kodak Trust Looks Roebuck & Co. Certain”, June 27, 1913, p. 13. The Geneva Gazette, Geneva NY, March 8, 1901 Historical Camera History Librarium, “Bullard Camera Company History”, www.historiccamera.com/cgi- bin/librarium2/pm.cgi? Kingslake, Rudolf, The Rochester Camera and Lens Companies, “Sunart and Seneca”, The Photographic Historical Society, Rochester NY, 1974. Seneca Camera Manufacturing Company, Rochester NY, “The Amateur Photographer’s Manual, Photography Self Taught”, Twenty-first Edition, p. 39. Seneca Camera Manufacturing Company, Rochester NY, “Seneca Cameras”, 1911. Tyo, Bruce, TPHS Newsletter, “The Mail Order Catalog Seneca Black Beauty 4x5 Folding Camera with its Wollensak lens and Stores and the Growth of Photography in America”, The shutter. Photographic Historical Society, Rochester NY, November 2017, p. 8. Tyo, Bruce, TPHS Newsletter, “The Sunart Mystery Resolved?”, The Photographic Historical Society, Rochester NY, January 2020, p.6. Here is a Seneca Camera advertisement from the Rochester City Directory, 1920. From a camera shop felt counter pad (via N. Graver).
TPHS N e w s l e t t e r –7– August – October 2020
Historical Corner — Seneca Camera Mfg. Co. by Bruce Tyo (cont.)
Seneca Senior Platebox 4x5 Camera of 1905.
Advertisement for the Seneca Scout Camera, one of their most popular
models after WWI:
Interior of the Seneca Platebox Camera showing an inserted
From left to right, the No. 3, No. 2A, and No. 2 Seneca Scout Cameras plateholder and additional storage for two more plateholders.
which were first introduced in 1913.TPHS N e w s l e t t e r –8– August – October 2020
Historical — The Object at Hand by Bruce Tyo (images via B. Tyo)
The Object at Hand
Antique dealers call them “smalls” and they are as much a
part of collecting photographica as cameras, flashes, and
darkroom equipment. A century ago, photographers,
professional and serious amateur alike, were able to use pre-
packaged developer and fixer agents packed in glass tubes
with porcelain or cork stoppers to prevent contamination. Sold
in sets of six or twelve, the contents of the tubes could be
combined with water in the field, and they could be used by
professional photographers to process film or paper on
location. Serious amateur photographers could use the kits to
make small batches of developer or fixer and not waste large
quantities of chemicals. This example is for MQ developer,
Metol and Hydroquinone (sometimes know as Quinol), which
was used to process three different types of Eastman Kodak
photographic paper. The cork cap appears to be missing from
this example which was found in a local antique mall.
Unusual Camera Needs a Home — by Bruce Tyo (images via B. Tyo)
Help us find a home for this rare and large camera. It is an
Agfa-Ansco 8×10 Studio Camera and base were found during
a recent appraisal and is available. Its collector is moving from
assisted living and into a nursing facility.
The camera is marked as having been made sometime in
the 1920s or 1930s. It appears that there were repairs to the
base but the camera with its Carl Zeiss Jena lens is intact.
There are 8×10 holders as well. Camera and base need a
thorough cleaning.
Purchaser must pick up and remove the camera from
storage in Clifton Springs at time of sale. Note that it weighs
65-75 lbs. and is approximately 4×5 ft.
For additional information and images, please contact
Bruce Tyo at brucetyo@twc.com.
Community News
“OCCS Annual Auction September 18 2020” via Nick Graver.
https://www.cbusauctions.com/new-events/91820
“These are the most-produced 35mm cameras of all time - Kosmo Foto” via DPReview.
https://kosmofoto.com/2020/03/these-are-the-most-produced-35mm-cameras-of-all-time/
“109-Year-Old Rode’s Camera Shop Burned Down in Kenosha” via Petapixel.
https://petapixel.com/2020/09/02/109-year-old-rodes-camera-shop-burned-down-in-kenosha/?
Community News — George Eastman Museum
“Our new exhibition, Gathering Clouds: Photographs from the Nineteenth Century and Today, explores the role that clouds
have played in photography, from the technological challenges of capturing clouds to the way they shape our perception of the
image we see.”You can also read
