OUTDOOR RECREATION IN THE PROVINCE OF QUÉBEC: AN ASSESSMENT - UQTR
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Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009)
OUTDOOR RECREATION
IN THE PROVINCE OF QUÉBEC:
AN ASSESSMENT
82
Denis AUGER
Abstract
The province of Québec is crisscrossed by several different
ecosystems and geographic regions, a wide variety of fauna and
flora and four very clear and distinct seasons which offer a variety
of different opportunities and experiences for outdoor recreation
and nature-based tourism. Presently, there is no accurate
assessment of outdoor recreation in Canada and specifically in the
province of Québec. The purpose of this paper is to try and profile
outdoor recreation in the province of Québec. The content of this
paper is based on several research techniques. The review of
existing literature on outdoor recreation provides the
background. It is also based on secondary data analysis through
review of documentation prepared by the government of Québec.
The Québec system is made up of more than 20 categories of land
managed by several levels of government. More than 4.7 million
people in the province of Québec participated in activities linked
to the outdoors in these territories. The organization, its
designated areas, network and data available to understand
outdoor recreation and outdoor recreation trends in the province
need to be reorganized.
Key Words: outdoor recreation, participation, trends, Québec,
parks, conservation
82
Denis Auger, Ph.D. Professor; Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières;
Département d’études en loisir, culture et tourisme.
The data used in this study was made available by the Société de la faune et
des parcs du Québec, the Ministère des ressources naturelles et de la faune,
the Ministère de développement durable, environnement et parcs, and Mr.
Pierre Bouchard of the Ministère des ressources naturelles et de la faune. This
paper would not have been possible without their help and support.
Auger Tourter.com
114
Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009)
T he province of Québec is the biggest in Canada. Its size is
approximately 1.7 million square kilometers (Tourisme
Québec, 2002). Interestingly, 92% of this territory is public
domain and under the management of the province. It is
characterized by its Nordic environment and its important
hydrographic basins such as the St. Lawrence and Saguenay rivers.
The province is crisscrossed by several different ecosystems and
geographic regions, a wide variety of fauna and flora and four,
very clear and distinct seasons which offer a variety of different
opportunities and experiences (Tourisme Québec, 2002).
Consequently, with this type of environment and these resources,
the province can offer a wide range of outdoor recreation
activities, some of which include: hunting, fishing, cross-country
skiing, downhill skiing, hiking, canoeing, rafting, etc.
The provincial government is directly involved in the provision of
several of these outdoor recreation activities by offering
recreational opportunities in parks and indirectly through policies
that encourage recreational participation on public or even
private land. They have to make decisions in 17 administrative
regions (see Map 1), therefore, information is needed to be able
to make appropriate development and management decisions.
O UTDOOR RECREATION PA RTICIPATION IN N ORTH
A MERICA
Data on participation and economic effects of participation in
activities taking place on sites where the Québec government has
an involvement is necessary to better plan and manage these
recreational opportunities. This information is important to
decision makers since it enables them to justify budgets and
activities for the development of such areas.
According to Cordell (1997, 1999), an estimated 94.5% of
Americans reported having participated in some form of outdoor
recreation activity. This figure is based on the information
gathered from a 1994-1995 National Survey on Recreation and
the Environment. Other studies such as Recreation Roundtable
(1999, 2000) have found that outdoor recreation is an important
part of Americans’ lives. More than three-quarters of Americans
(78%) were participating in outdoor recreation at least once a
month. This number has been rising for several years and
increased 11 points between 1999 and 2000.
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115Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009)
Abitibi-Témiscamingue (08)
Bas-Saint-Laurent (01)
Capitale-Nationale (03)
Centre-du-Québec (17)
Chaudière-Appalaches (12)
Côte-Nord (09)
Estrie (05)
Gaspésie – Ïles-de-la-Madeleine (11)
Lanaudière (14)
Laurentides (15)
Laval (13)
Mauricie (04)
Montérégie (16)
Montréal (06)
Nord-du-Québec (10)
Outaouais (07)
Saguenay – Lac-Saint-Jean (02)
Source: Gouvernement du Québec (2005)
Map 1 – Map of Québec Administrative Regions
Another study by Cordell (1999) mentioned that the number of
people visiting federal sites and areas increased by over 40% since
1986, with the major increase, some 222 million visitor days,
occurring in Forest Service, Corps of Engineers, and Bureau of
Land Management managed areas.
Furthermore, from a Canadian perspective, Environment Canada
(2000b) states that in 1996, 20 million or 84.6% of Canadians took
part in one or more nature-related activities in Canada. Eagles
(2001) indicates that visitation trends in Ontario provincial parks,
as measured in visitor days of recreation, have increased over the
last decade from approximately 61 million visitor days to nearly
90 million.
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116Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009)
Unfortunately, the most recent survey (Environment Canada,
2000a, 2000b) has changed drastically from the earlier versions
and trends are difficult to establish with the previous surveys.
The Environment Canada (1992) studies discuss the growing
importance of outdoor recreation activities in terms of how
Canadians spend their leisure time as well as the increasing
recreational demands placed on wildlife resources. A comparison
of the results of the 1991 survey with those from the previous
surveys shows there was a growth of participation in wildlife-
related activities. The number of participants in wildlife-related
activities increased by approximately 13 percent over the decade
(1981-1991). The study also discussed how the total expenditures
on wildlife-related activities increased by 32.9 percent for that
same period (Environment Canada, 1992).
Furthermore, since Canadian and Québec demographics are
changing, these changes are having an influence on recreation
and outdoor recreation participation (Foot, 2004). The
diversification of the population has very important implications
for the development of outdoor recreation resources (Carr &
Williams, 1993; Floyd, 1999) in order to insure proper
management of the resource. Outdoor recreation land managers
must react to the changing needs and values of the new and
diverse users (Gobster, 2002; Walker, Deng, & Dieser, 2001).
Thus, outdoor recreational decision makers will need to recognize
this shift in usage and participation, and they will need to develop
strategies to encourage participation.
Outdoor recreation is a large and expanding industry in North
America. Canadians and Americans spend millions of dollars on
nature-based leisure and travel. The money spent on these
activities has steadily increased over the years and decades.
Studies such as Cordell (1999) state that the total consumer
spending patterns on goods and services related to outdoor
recreation increased steadily between 1985 and 1995 (27.4 billion
dollars to 35.6 billion dollars).
As stated by Environment Canada (2000a), 20 million Canadians
spent 11.0 billion dollars in 1996 to pursue nature-related
activities. Furthermore, when taking into account U.S. visitors to
Canada, the amount spent increased by an additional 700 million
dollars with regard to activities such as wildlife viewing and
recreational fishing. The number would have been even higher if
U.S. visitors in Canada, had also been included in activities such
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117Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009)
as: sightseeing, camping, boating and hiking (Environment
Canada, 2000a).
As previously stated, not only are eco-tourism and outdoor
recreation important today for North Americans, but they will
continue to be important in the future. A study by Cordell (1999)
has developed a model that examines outdoor recreation trends
to the year 2050. The model predicts that days spent and
numbers of participants in winter, water-based, and developed
land activities will generally increase faster than population
growth. Furthermore, another study by Booker (2001) also
predicts, with the help of a model, that nature-based tourism and
outdoor recreation in Alaska is projected to increase steadily over
the next 20 years. However, trends and projections of outdoor
recreation in Canada are very difficult to find today. Considering
similar patterns with relation to spending and participation, it is
fairly safe to assume that similar trends can be expected in all of
North America.
O UTDOOR RECREATION RE SOURCES
Considering that outdoor recreation participation is an important
part of North American and, specifically, Canadians’ lives, and that
it seems to be growing, there is a need for areas in which to
practice nature-based tourism and outdoor recreation activities.
Nature-based tourism and outdoor recreation are land-use
activities (Wall, 1989) which are dependent on attributes of the
natural environment where the activity is occurring. Sessoms
(1994) even suggests that all activities of a recreational nature
resulting from interest in the environment and relationship to its
elements are outdoor recreation.
Furthermore, Hammit and Cole (1998) state, for wild recreation,
the importance of the environment and setting for the activities is
greater than in developed recreation situations. Douglas (1993)
says that outdoor recreation requires a lot of space, a suitable
climate and accessibility. Hammit and Cole (1998) also mention
that wilderness recreation occurs in wild lands that can be defined
as largely natural.
Typically, according to Jenson (1995), outdoor resources are
organized into three major categories: land resources, water
resources, and living resources. As stated by Zinser (1995),
recreational resources refer to the natural resources that are used
to obtain conscious enjoyment during leisure. In other words, it is
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118Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009)
a source of supply of recreational opportunities (Chubb & Chubb,
1981; Wall, 1989).
O UTDOOR RECREATION RE SOURCES IN THE P ROVINCE
OF Q UÉBEC
As previously stated, there is presently no accurate assessment of
outdoor recreation in Canada, specifically in the province of
Québec. There are bits and pieces available through several
ministries and organizations that oversee and offer outdoor
recreation opportunities in the province. The purpose of this
paper is to try and profile outdoor recreation in the province of
Québec. To do this, the paper will try to answer the following
questions.
What are the outdoor recreation resources in the
province of Québec?
What are outdoor participation practices in the province
of Québec?
What is the importance of outdoor recreation for the
province of Québec?
What are the implications for the future of outdoor
recreation?
M ETHODOLOGY
The content of this paper is based on several research techniques.
The review of existing literature on outdoor recreation provides
the background, and is based on secondary data analysis through
review of documentation prepared by the government of Québec,
specifically, «Le Ministère de Éducation, Loisir et Sport», «Le
Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune», «Le
Ministère du Développement Durable, Environnement et Parcs»,
«La Société de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec», and «La Société
des Établissements de Plein Air du Québec (SEPAQ)». The
information gathered from these sources provides information on
demand, supply and situation of outdoor recreation in the
province of Québec.
Data on participation and the economic impact of outdoor
recreation comes from a series of reports entitled «La faune et la
nature: Ça compte». These reports were published by the
Québec government in 2005. This is presently the best
information available for the province of Québec. However, it is
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119Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009)
important to note that even if the greatest care was taken to put
this information together, there are still real issues with the
validity and the reliability of the data. The data is already 5 to 10
years old and because it was gathered from a wide variety of
sources, it is not clear if all the sources gathered the information
using the same concepts, definitions and processes.
Part of the data comes from two Canadian studies on recreational
fishing undertaken between 1996 and 2000 in collaboration with
Statistics Canada, Environment Canada and Fisheries and Ocean
Canada. Furthermore, the data also comes from studies done by
«l’Institut de la statistique du Québec», «le Groupe-conseil
Roche», U.S. Fish and Wildlife, «Centre de recherche industrielle
du Québec», and «Société des établissements de plein air du
Québec». Finally, the data was completed from outfitter and
Controlled Exploitation or Harvesting Zones (ZECS) annual reports.
Some definitions (Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la
Faune, 2002)
Outdoor recreation: Activities related to nature: hiking,
camping, canoeing, kayaking, snowmobiling, etc.
Wildlife observation: Activities related to wildlife that
requires a trip but no harvesting of wildlife (ex:
photography).
Hunting and fishing: Traditional activities of strictly
harvesting (including catch and release) wildlife through
the acts of hunting and fishing.
R ESULTS
O U T DO O R R E CR E AT I O N R E SO U R C ES I N T H E P R O V I N C E O F
QUÉBEC
The province of Québec has a very complex territory classification
system, which is managed by private and public organizations.
From the public stand point, several levels of government are
involved which include the federal, provincial and local levels.
Each level has different ministries or departments managing
different categories of land. Furthermore, the actual classification
of land is very difficult to pin point the whole picture. There is no
master list that defines all categories of land.
In order to paint a picture of the situation in the province of
Québec all levels of government and all ministries or departments
need to be contacted. After this has been accomplished, a picture
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starts to emerge. The Québec system is made up of more than 20
categories of land (Table 1) managed by several levels of
government.
Of these territories, the Québec Government has identified four
(Provincial Parks, Wildlife Reserves, Controlled Exploitation or
Harvesting Zones (ZECs) and Outfitters) as being the main
categories of territories where outdoor recreation is practiced
(Table 2).
P R O V I N CI AL O R N AT I O N A L P A RK S
Provincial parks system, also called the Québec National Parks
system, in the province of Québec, was created in 1977. However,
provincial parks have existed in the province for more than 100
years (Parc du Mont Tremblant created in 1894). Initially, the
system was divided into two broad categories: conservation parks
and recreation parks (Ministère du loisir, de la chasse et de la
pêche (MLCP) 1982, 1982a, 1982b, 1982c, 1982d; Ministère des
Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune, 2004). However, the law
(«Loi sur les parcs») was amended in 2001 and now all Québec
provincial parks have the same proprietary goal; which is: «The
discovery and conservation of natural environments with
activities and services which are compatible with the mission of
these territories».
There are 23 parks in the Québec system and they cover a little
more than 7500 km2 (Map 2 and Table 2). They were created for
the conservation of Québec’s natural settings, flora and fauna.
Recreational activities such as fishing, hiking and camping are
permitted in the system, however hunting and trapping are not
permitted within park boundaries. Furthermore, exploitation
activities like mining, prospecting, and timber cutting are not
permitted.
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TABLE 1
CLASSIFICATION OF QUÉBEC TERRITORIES THAT HAVE A SPECIAL STATUS
Government Ministry or department Classification
level
Federal Environment Canada
Parks Canada National Parks
Canadian Wildlife Service Migratory Bird Refuges
National Wildlife Reserves
Provincial Ministère du Développement Durable, Écological Reserves
Environnement et Parcs Aquatic Reserves
Biodiversity Reserves
Natural Reserves on Private land
Forest Stations
Forest Education Centres
Crown Land
Société des établissements de Provincial Parks (Actually called
plein air du Québec (SÉPAQ) Québec National Parks)
Ministère de Affaires Municipales Regional Parks
Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et Exceptionnal Forest Ecologies
Faune Special agreements between the
Québec Government and private
land owners
Outfitters
Community Wildlife Areas
Developed Small Lac
Controlled Exploitation Zones
(ZECs)
Wildlife Reserves
Wildlife Refuges
Beaver Reserves
Trapping Areas
Special agreements with private
land owners negociated by the
Wildlife Foundation
Special agreements between
native Americans and the
Québec Government
Protected Wildlife Habitats on
Crown Land
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TABLE 2
S CO P E O F T H E M AI N T ER RI T O RI ES
W H ER E M O ST O UT DO O R R EC R E AT I O N T AK ES P LA C E
I N T H E P RO V I N C E O F Q U ÉB E C
Territory Number Area (km2)
Provincial Parks 23 7,545
Wildlife Reserves 21 66,886
Controlled Exploitation 86 47,877
Zones (ZECs)
Outfitters 686 25,470*
Source: Ministère des
Ressources Naturelles et de la
Faune (2002)
* Outfitters with exclusive
rights
Presently, the parks and the system are managed by the
provincial government, through the « Ministère du
Développement Durable, Environnement et Parcs ». The actual
management is done by a public corporation (Société des
établissements de plein air du Québec).
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Source: Gouvernement du Québec (2004)
Map 2 – Map of Québec Provincial Parks
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W I L D LI F E R ES E RV ES
The wildlife reserve system in the province of Québec is made up
of 21 reserves covering almost 67 000 km2 (Table 2 and Map 3).
The first wildlife reserve was created in 1895 (now called Réserve
Faunique des Laurentides) and since the beginning, these reserves
were created for the purpose of conservation and controlled
exploitation as the park system recreational activities are
encouraged and managed. However, wildlife reserves also allow
strictly controlled timber cutting and mining which is not allowed
in Québec parks.
The management of the wildlife reserves is assumed by the
Québec government, through its public corporation, the «Société
des Établissements de Plein Air du Québec». The basic principal
of the wildlife reserve system is to allow equal access to natural
resources. When demand exceeds supply, priority is given to
Quebecers and a random draw is used to select usage priorities
from the recreational perspective.
Source: Gouvernement du Québec (2005c)
Map 3 – Map of Québec Outfitters with exclusive rights
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C O N T R O LL E D E XP LO I T AT I O N OR H AR V E ST I N G Z O N E S (ZEC S )
ZECs are a unique land management approach. It is different from
anything else in the world, insofar as, the management of these
zones is entrusted to non-profit organizations. These
organizations are responsible for the management and
conservation of wildlife on the territories that are still public
property. They must manage the wildlife according to the
parameters set forth by the law on conservation and valorization
of wildlife. They must also coordinate with the «Ministère des
Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune» and timber companies with
regard to the cutting of timber and construction of roads with in
the ZECs.
The ZECs territorial infrastructure was set up to take over from
private clubs on public land which were abolished in 1978. There
are 86 (Table 1 and Map 4) ZECs in the province of Québec. There
are 64 hunting, fishing and recreational ZECs and in addition to
these territorial entities, the Government also created 22 salmon
fishing ZECs throughout the province. ZECs cover almost 50,000
km².
As stated by the Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la
Faune (2005), the ZEC concept is based on four broad objectives:
Wildlife conservation: Management organizations must oversee
the monitoring and control of wildlife harvesting in order to
ensure a balance between the demand by users and the wildlife
supply;
Access to wildlife resources: Organizations must see to it that
everyone has equal access to the territory and to the recreational
use of wildlife;
Participation of users: The participation of users constitutes an
essential element in the ZEC concept. These zones are democratic
entities, managed and administered by users acting on a
volunteer basis;
Operations must be self-financing: ZEC operations must be self-
financing. This is achieved through revenues from the sale of
membership cards and daily access rights, as well as the sale of
hunting or fishing packages or packages combining both these
activities.
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Source: Gouvernement du Québec (2005b)
Map 4 – Map of Québec ZECs
O U T FI T T ER S
The province of Québec has a network of outfitters that falls
under two broad categories: outfitters with exclusive rights and
outfitters without exclusive rights. The first category, outfitters
with exclusive rights, has the exclusive right of exploitation of
wildlife over a certain territory. The agreement for the rights and
the territory is done through a lease format that is signed with
the «Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune». The
outfitter only has rights over the wildlife for hunting, fishing
and/or trapping purposes. The wildlife on these territories must
be managed as it is in wildlife refuges or ZECs, according to the
parameters set forth by the law on conservation and valorization
of wildlife.
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The second category, outfitters without exclusive rights, does not
have this exclusivity agreement for hunting, fishing and/or
trapping of wildlife. Its clients participate in activities that occur
on crown (public domain) or private land.
The network of outfitters in the province of Québec includes 686
businesses, where 193 have exclusive rights (28%) and 493 do not
(Table 2). Outfitters with exclusive rights cover an area of over
25,000 km2 (Table 2 and Map 5)
Source: Gouvernement du Québec (2005a)
Map 5 – Map of Québec Wildlife Reserves
P AR T I CI P A T I O N I N O UT DO O R R E C R EA T I O N I N T H E P RO V I N C E
O F Q U É BE C
As presented in Table 3, the bulk of all days dedicated to wildlife
and nature activities are spent doing outdoor recreation activities
(51%). More traditional activities such as hunting and fishing only
represent 8% and 16% of wildlife and nature recreation activities
in the province of Québec. Furthermore, there seems to be a
difference between urban and rural settings for the types of
outdoor recreation activities that are practiced. Urban settings
such as Montréal, Laval and Québec City have the lowest
percentage for hunting and fishing days dedicated to the activity,
while more rural settings like Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Saguenay-
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Lac-Saint-Jean and Bas Saint-Laurent put more time into those
types of activities.
TABLE 3
P E R C EN T A G E O F D AY S D E DI C AT E D T O W I LD LI F E A N D N A T UR E AC T I V I T I ES
BY Q U É B E C A D MI N I ST R AT I V E R E GI O N
Region Hunting Fishing
Wildlife Outdoor Total
Observation Recreation
Abitibi-Témiscamingue 15.9 32.4 15.7 36.0 100
Bas-Saint-Laurent 19.0 13.3 24.2 43.5 100
Capitale-Nationale 6.9 13.4 26.0 53.7 100
Centre-du-Québec 3.2 18.7 28.7 49.4 100
Chaudière-Appalaches 13.8 17.6 20.8 47.8 100
Côte-Nord 18.6 15.1 20.8 45.5 100
Estrie 7.8 14.8 26.7 50.7 100
Gaspésie - Iles-de-la-Madeleine 18.2 16.9 20.1 44.8 100
Lanaudière 7.6 17.6 25.2 49.6 100
Laurentides 8.8 13.9 24.9 52.4 100
Laval 5.0 14.6 19.3 61.6 100
Mauricie 10.8 17.2 22.2 49.8 100
Montérégie 5.5 16.7 23.0 54.8 100
Montréal 3.2 11.1 27.0 58.7 100
Nord-du-Québec 21.9 3.5 10.7 36.9 100
Outaouais 8.5 16.7 32.8 42.0 100
Saguenay – Lac-Saint-Jean 13.0 21.7 21.2 44.1 100
All Regions 8.3 16.0 24.5 51.2 100
Source: Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune (2002)
More than 4.7 million people in the province of Québec
participated in outdoor activities (Table 4), and of these,
approximately 3.2 million people participated in nature and
wildlife related activities (hunting: over 400 000: fishing: over
800,000 and wildlife observation: over 1.2 million) and more than
2.3 million people did outdoor recreation activities like hiking,
kayaking and camping. The regions which have the most
participants are Montréal and the Montérégie with well over
800,000 participants. Interestingly, areas with a large urban
center do not keep their participants in the region. They tend to
practice their activities out of region, with the most notable being
Montreal, where only 180,000 of the 856,000 participants stayed
in the region to practice their activities.
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TABLE 4
N U M B ER O F P A R T I CI P A N T S (P RO V I N C E W I D E A N D W I T HI N T H E R E GI O N )
OF W I L DLI F E AN D N A T UR E A C T I V I T I ES BY Q U É BE C A D MI N I ST R AT I V E R E GI O N
Region Hunting Fishing Wildlife Observation Outdoor Recreation Total
Province In Province In region Province In region Province In Province In
wide Region wide wide wide region wide region
Abitibi- 21,624 17,337 40,868 37,078 21,972 15,843 51,713 44,075 136,177 114,333
Témiscamingue
Bas-Saint-Laurent 24,888 15,621 24,816 20,214 38,056 24,101 63,465 46,068 151,225 106,004
Capitale-Nationale 28,968 12,608 82,533 53,917 119,304 66,498 225,658 166,076 465,463 299,099
Centre-du-Québec 5,304 1,847 25,290 8,534 46,605 11,160 70,518 25,874 147,717 47,415
Chaudière- 28,968 13,163 44,647 18,871 65,376 26,298 108,128 53,789 247,119 112,121
Appalaches
Côte-Nord 17,544 17,080 19,791 18,194 20,975 16,937 37,610 33,014 95,920 85,225
Estrie 19,584 12,973 26,598 19,095 50,382 32,635 89,323 67,240 185,887 131,943
Gaspésie - Iles-de- 14,688 11,645 12,961 8,176 14,982 11,394 28,207 25,092 70,838 56,307
la-Madeleine
Lanaudière 18,768 4,649 49,711 25,321 61,518 23,414 129,283 46,609 259,280 99,993
Laurentides 37,128 16,943 66,105 41,734 104,183 51,690 173,944 108,806 381,360 219,173
Laval 9,384 966 27,369 2,367 47,223 4,925 101,076 8,166 185,052 981,458
Mauricie 17,544 11,488 39,708 33,124 50,467 30,947 101,076 72,169 208,795 147,728
Montérégie 59,976 20,471 139,540 47,376 221,407 105,452 465,419 251,530 886,342 424,829
Montréal 36,312 4,593 96,556 14,750 230,188 48,496 493,626 111,366 856,682 179,205
Nord-du-Québec 4,896 3,543 8,163 6,358 5,926 2,908 9,402 4,973 28,387 17,782
Outaouais 30,192 20,198 48,520 39,475 65,317 42,025 117,530 85,330 261,559 187,028
Saguenay – Lac- 32,232 19,818 60,415 55,675 47,919 33,788 84,622 67,920 225,188 177,201
Saint-Jean
All Regions 408,000 1169,977 813,591 450,258 1,211,800 548,511 2,350,600 1,218,097 4,783,991 3,386,844
Source: Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune (2002)
Overall, Quebecers spent approximately 71 million days
participating in wildlife and nature activities. This means that
participants, on average, had 14 days dedicated to their outdoor
activities of choice. Again, Montréal and the Montérégie have the
most recreation days with 10 and 12 million days respectively.
The number is significantly higher than the other regions,
specifically with regard to the outdoor recreation numbers where
they both have more than 6 million recreation days. Most rural
settings tend to keep their participants in the region to practice
their activities since the resources are readily available (Table 5).
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130Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009)
TABLE 5
N U M B ER O F R E CR E AT I O N D A YS (P RO V I N CE W I D E AN D W I T HI N T H E R E GI O N )
O F W I L DLI F E AN D N A T UR E A C T I V I T I ES BY Q U É BE C A D MI N I ST R AT I V E R E GI O N .
Region Hunting Fishing Wildlife Observation Outdoor Recreation Total
Province In Province In region Province In region Province In Province In
wide Region wide wide wide region wide region
Abitibi- 378,624 358,704 772,937 680,270 375,485 289,500 874,416 n/a 2,401,462 n/a
Témiscamingue
Bas-Saint-Laurent 408,204 327,223 289,099 225,069 527,735 405,833 947,284 n/a 2,172,322 n/a
Capitale-Nationale 479,196 250,879 928,450 538,293 1,798,215 868,543 3,789,136 n/a 6,994,997 n/a
Centre-du-Québec 59,160 27,360 376,300 122,060 577,115 173,135 947,284 n/a 1,959,859 n/a
Chaudière- 396,372 266,128 506,018 217,876 597,690 365,788 1,348,058 n/a 2,848,138 n/a
Appalaches
Côte-Nord 366,792 336,168 298,440 255,639 409,433 386,507 947,284 n/a 2,021,949 n/a
Estrie 236,640 164,964 450,697 323,059 813,723 556,590 1,493,794 n/a 2,994,854 n/a
Gaspésie - Iles-de- 254,388 210,968 236,890 142,220 281,871 227,753 619,378 n/a 1,392,527 n/a
la-Madeleine
Lanaudière 248,472 63,385 592,909 258,791 848,699 302,138 1,712,398 n/a 3,402,478 n/a
Laurentides 603,432 303,972 962,209 550,308 1,725,175 1,066,166 3,315,494 n/a 6,606,310 n/a
Laval 118,320 3,125 347,617 32,201 459,840 9,196 1,457,360 n/a 2,383,137 n/a
Mauricie 248,472 181,338 509,546 380,911 658,384 377,256 1,530,228 n/a 2,946,630 n/a
Montérégie 674,424 259,767 2,060,441 631,537 2,845,465 1,456,885 6,886,026 n/a 12,466,356 n/a
Montréal 354,960 21,526 1,215,060 171,879 2,964,797 569,244 6,412,384 n/a 10,947,201 n/a
Nord-du-Québec 94,656 44,233 131,447 103,909 46,293 38,562 109,302 n/a 381,698 n/a
Outaouais 420,036 267,642 820,498 618,865 1,616,130 921,201 2,149,606 n/a 5,006,270 n/a
Saguenay – Lac- 573,852 441,892 926,004 858,444 904,250 724,310 1,894,568 n/a 4,298,674 n/a
Saint-Jean
All Regions 5,916,000 3529,274 11,424,562 6111,331 17,450,300 6,219,129 36,434,000 n/a 71,224,862 n/a
Source: Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune (2002)
As stated in Table 6, almost 3 billion dollars are spent annually on
wildlife and nature activities. Interestingly, fishing and outdoor
recreation activities are the categories in which participants spent
the most money with 1.0 and 1.3 million dollars respectively. This
result is surprising, considering that there are almost triple the
numbers of outdoor recreation participants (2.3 million) than
there are anglers (813,591) and almost 3.5 more outdoor
recreation days (36 million) than there are fishing days (11
millions).
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TABLE 6
A MO UN T O F M O N E Y S P EN T A N N U AL Y (P RO V I N C E W I DE AN D W I T HI N T H E R EGI O N )
O F W I L DLI F E AN D N A T UR E A C T I V I T I ES BY Q U É BE C A D MI N I ST R AT I V E R E GI O N
( N U M B ER S I N T H O U SA N D S )
Region Hunting Fishing Wildlife Observation Outdoor Recreation Total
Province In Province In region Province In region Province In Province In
wide Region wide wide wide region wide region
Abitibi- 37,005 24,186 48,371 45,369 5,461 3,959 38,083 n/a 128,922 n/a
Témiscamingue
Bas-Saint-Laurent 15,727 11,540 22,423 20,566 13,046 9,811 25,389 n/a 76,586 n/a
Capitale-Nationale 17,885 8,314 91,718 71,536 31,554 22,531 105,364 n/a 246,524 n/a
Centre-du-Québec 6,475 3,877 25,700 23,477 8,192 5,683 26,658 n/a 67,027 n/a
Chaudière- 12,026 6,187 40,038 35,277 12,439 9,078 66,011 n/a 130,516 n/a
Appalaches
Côte-Nord 27,137 19,622 31,660 29,629 6,674 4,747 31,736 n/a 97,209 n/a
Estrie 12,026 7,702 41,370 38,548 12,743 9,044 44,430 n/a 110,571 n/a
Gaspésie - Iles-de- 6,475 5,079 15,604 13,956 4,551 3,375 13,964 n/a 40,596 n/a
la-Madeleine
Lanaudière 13,568 7,959 79,940 73,234 12,743 8,916 91,400 n/a 197,652 n/a
Laurentides 39,163 31,731 88,979 81,488 27,306 19,706 99,017 n/a 254,467 n/a
Laval 8,326 2,411 41,138 35,153 8,798 6,559 60,933 n/a 119,197 n/a
Mauricie 13,876 7,288 46,719 43,037 11,832 8,669 44,430 n/a 116,860 n/a
Montérégie 25,286 10,380 186,152 166,274 48,848 34,602 217,077 n/a 477,365 n/a
Montréal 17,269 6,581 120,496 100,204 55,827 40,521 255,160 n/a 448,754 n/a
Nord-du-Québec 4,317 1,681 12,909 12,208 910,227 713,324 3,808 n/a 21,945 n/a
Outaouais 13,260 7,594 81,920 76,511 23,665 16,705 62,203 n/a 181,050 n/a
Saguenay – Lac- 38,855 26,526 72,646 68,152 18,811 13,904 83,784 n/a 214,097 n/a
Saint-Jean
All Regions 308,684 188,658 1,047,793 934,619 303,409 931,134 1,269,456 n/a 2,929,343 n/a
Source: Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune (2002)
E CO N O MI C I M P O RT AN C E O F O UT DO O R R E C R EA T I O N I N T H E
P R O V I N C E O F Q UÉ B E C
Overall, outdoor recreation activities have an important impact on
the Québec economy. More than 7,000 jobs are created within
parks (589), ZECs (656), wildlife reserves (467) and outfitters
(5,933) (Table 7). The outfitters have the most employees since
they have the most entities (686), and they are private businesses
where the service aspect is particularly important. The region
having the most jobs is Northern Québec with nearly 1,900 jobs
and almost all employed by the outfitting industry. This can be
explained by the very important caribou hunting that occurs in
that region. For the other types of territories, the region that has
the most employees includes: 196 jobs in parks in the
«Laurentides» region, 140 jobs in Wildlife Reserves in the Québec
City region, and 149 jobs in ZECs in the «Gaspésie-Îles-de-la-
Madeleine» region.
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TABLE 7
N U M B ER O F J O B S CR E A T E D F O R EA C H O F T H E D I F F E RE N T T YP E S OF T E R RI T O RI E S
BY A D MI N I ST R AT I V E R E GI O N
Region Québec Wildlife ZECs Outfitters Total
Parks Reserve $ %
s
Abitibi-Témiscamingue 16 33 33 498 580 7.6
Bas-Saint-Laurent 24 34 54 53 165 2.2
Capitale-Nationale 64 140 60 113 377 4.9
Centre-du-Québec 0 0 0 6 6 0.1
Chaudière-Appalaches 8 0 17 53 78 1.0
Côte-Nord 1 12 56 807 876 11.5
Estrie 81 0 4 n/a 85 1.1
Gaspésie - Iles-de-la-Madeleine 53 13 149 148 363 4.7
Lanaudière 0 37 35 309 381 5.0
Laurentides 196 34 43 338 611 8.0
Laval 0 0 0 0 0 0.0
Mauricie 0 49 70 973 1,092 14.3
Montérégie 76 0 0 6 82 1.1
Montréal 0 0 0 0 0 0.0
Nord-du-Québec 0 21 0 1,857 1,878 24.6
Outaouais 0 54 26 576 656 8.6
Saguenay – Lac-Saint-Jean 70 40 109 196 415 5.4
Total 589 467 656 5,933 7,645 100
Source: Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune (2002)
More than 103 million dollars were paid in salaries to employees
in parks, wildlife reserves, ZECs and outfitters (Table 8). Outfitters
pay the most in salaries with almost 55 million dollars. They are
followed with parks with salaries of just over 21 million dollars. As
expected, the Northern Québec is the region where the most
salaries are paid, considering that they have the most employees.
The regions of the «Laurentides» and «Mauricie» come in second
and third place with nearly 12 million dollars in salaries.
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TABLE 8
W A G ES FO R E A CH O F T H E D I FF E R EN T T YP E S O F T E RRI T O RI ES BY A DM I N I ST RA T I V E R EGI O N
Region Québec Parks Wildlife ZECs Outfitters Total Spending
Reserves $ %
Abitibi- 568,320 896,714 745,691 4,594,870 6,805,595 6.6
Témiscamingue
Bas-Saint- 841,955 935,145 1,213,576 492,308 3,482,984 3.4
Laurent
Capitale- 2,294,327 3,855,870 1,330,550 1,039,316 8,520,063 8.3
Nationale
Centre-du- 0 0 0 54,700 54,700 0.1
Québec
Chaudière- 294,684 0 380,156 492,308 1,167,148 1.1
Appalaches
Côte-Nord 42,098 330,065 1,257,440 7,439,311 9,068,914 8.8
Estrie 2,883,695 0 87,728 0 2,971,423 2.9
Gaspésie - Iles- 1,915,447 345,875 3,319,058 1,367,521 6,947,901 6.7
de-la-Madeleine
Lanaudière 0 1,012,006 774,934 2,844,442 4,631,382 4.5
Laurentides 6,988,226 935,145 950,391 3,117,947 11,991,709 11.6
Laval 0 0 0 0 0 0.0
Mauricie 0 1,345,071 1,549,868 8,970,935 11,865,874 11.5
Montérégie 2,736,353 0 0 54,700 2,791,053 2.7
Montréal 0 0 0 0 0 0.0
Nord-du- 0 563,649 0 17,120,907 17,684,556 17.1
Québec
Outaouais 0 1,485,983 584,856 5,305,980 7,376,819 7.1
Saguenay – Lac- 2,483,767 1,101,677 2,427,152 1,805,127 7,817,723 7.6
Saint-Jean
Total 21,048,872 12,807,200 14,621,400 54,700,372 103,177,844 100
Source: Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune (2002)
Total management expenditures in the different types of
territories were approximately 149.5 million dollars (Table 9). This
amount can be sub-divided as follows: slightly more than 25
million for parks, 13.5 million dollars for wildlife reserves, 19
million dollars for ZECs, and almost 92 million dollars for
outfitters. Almost 20% of the total amount is spent by outfitters in
the Northern Québec.
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TABLE 9
A MO UN T O F M O N E Y S P EN T FO R T H E O P ER AT I O N
O F T HE D I FF E R EN T T Y P E S O F T ER RI T O RI E S B Y A D MI N I S T R AT I V E R E GI O N
Region Québec Wildlife ZECs Outfitters Total Spending
Parks Reserves $ %
Abitibi- 675,999 952,000 978,433 7,707,034 10,313,466 6.9
Témiscamingue
Bas-Saint-Laurent 1,001,480 992,800 1,597,898 825,754 4,417,932 3.0
Capitale-Nationale 2,729,033 4,093,600 1,738,301 1,743,258 10,304,192 6.9
Centre-du-Québec 0 0 0 91,750 91,750 0.1
Chaudière-Appalaches 350,518 0 499,945 825,754 1,676,217 1.1
Côte-Nord 50,074 353,600 1,643,874 12,478,054 14,525,602 9.7
Estrie 3,430,069 0 111,752 n/a 3,541,821 2.4
Gaspésie - Iles-de-la- 2,278,367 367,200 4,354,620 2,293,760 9,293,947 6.2
Madeleine
Lanaudière 0 1,074,400 1,013,782 4,771,021 6,859,203 4.6
Laurentides 8,312,284 992,800 1,239,649 5,229,773 15,774,506 10.5
Laval 0 0 0 0 0 0.0
Mauricie 0 1,428,000 2,026,109 15,047,065 18,501,174 12.4
Montérégie 3,254,810 0 0 91,750 3,346,560 2.2
Montréal 0 0 0 0 0 0.0
Nord-du-Québec 0 598,400 0 28,717,875 29,316,275 19.6
Outaouais 0 1,577,600 758,574 8,899,789 11,235,963 7.5
Saguenay – Lac-Saint- 2,954,366 1,169,600 3,172,216 3,027,763 10,323,945 6.9
Jean
Total 25,037,000 13,600,000 19,135,153 91,750,400 149,522,553 100
Source: Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune (2002)
D ISCUSSION
O U T DO O R R E CR E AT I O N RE SO UR C E S I N T H E P RO V I N C E O F
QUÉBEC
The province of Québec has one of the most pristine
environments in the world and the development of outdoor
recreation is very important. The province has already established
this through the development of an ecotourism policy Tourisme
Québec 2002), its sustainable tourism policy (Tourisme Québec,
2005) and its 2007 marketing plan (Tourisme Québec, 2007).
The province has more than 130, 000 km2 of designated outdoor
recreation areas which do not include the provincial crown land
covering more than 85% of the province. There are more than 800
designated areas where outdoor recreation may be practiced.
However, there is a major problem with the management of all
this land, since it is managed by a wide variety of public and para-
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public organizations, and the goals and objectives of these
organizations vary drastically. For example, the SEPAQ, which
manages Québec parks and wildlife reserves, manages these
public lands as commercial enterprises. This does not always
match very well with the original purpose of the existence of
parks which is the preservation and enjoyment of the citizens of
the province (MLCP, 1982). There needs to be a centralization of
the management of these resources and cohesion in the policies
that oversee the territories.
O U T DO O R P ART I CI P A T I O N AN D I MP O RT AN C E O F P R A CT I C E S I N
T H E P R O V I N CE O F Q U É B EC
The provincial study of the early 2000s has clearly established that
outdoor recreation in the province is very significant. There are
100,000s of people that participate in outdoor recreation and
spend millions of dollars in several regions and in all sorts of
different categories of land across the province of Québec.
However, there are two main difficulties with the results of the
study. First, the sources of information are very wide spread with
relation to the time span the data was collected and there can be
some problems with reliability and validity of the data.
Furthermore, and probably more importantly, this study seems to
be a one-time thing –a snap shot. To understand participation and
its trends, longitudinal data is indispensable. In the 1980s and the
1990s the province participated in a study on the importance of
nature and fauna to Canadians (Statistics Canada, 1982, 1988
1992, 1996), but they have decided not to participate in the study
anymore. To obtain data on outdoor recreation trends at the
present time the only sources of information are available from
the United States through their big national studies or the state
SCORP programs. The province needs to develop a systematic
approach to gathering data on outdoor recreation where they go
back to the 1980s program or develop a new one.
I MP LI CA T I O N S FO R T H E FUT U R E O F O UT DO O R R E CR E AT I O N I N
T H E P R O V I N C E O F Q U É B EC
First, the province needs to centralize and simplify its land
management. This would allow all decision makers to be on the
same wave length and would allow a clear understanding of the
territories in the province. Second, it needs to develop a
Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan (CORP) to allow an
integration of all outdoor recreation in the province of Québec.
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136Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009)
This plan needs to go much further than the present park strategic
plans that are not based on baseline data.
As stated by several American states (New York, 2003; Colorado,
2003; Maine, 2003), a CORP needs to be prepared on a regular
basis (every 5 or 7 years) by the Québec government to provide
the province with a strategic direction. A CORP would then be
used as a tool that could help with the planning and development
process of outdoor recreation resources in the province. It would
be the basis for all decision makers in all branches of the
provincial government, for recreation and environmental interest
groups and Québec’s population. Different stakeholders such as:
planners, researchers, administrators, legislators, educators,
special interest groups, the general public and private sector
entrepreneurs could then use this information as the basis for the
provinces decision making.
As presented by the South Carolina government (1995), the
minimum requirements for such a plan include:
A description of the methodology chosen by the province to
gather the data;
The importance for the opportunity for public participation
in the planning process;
Comprehensive coverage – it will be considered
comprehensive if it:
1. Identifies and describes outdoor recreation issues;
2. Evaluates demand for outdoor recreation;
3. Evaluates the supply of outdoor recreation
resources and facilities.
Recommendations for the province’s strategies, priorities
and actions.
A CORP is a process, it is not a snapshot of outdoor recreation at
one period in time, but an overview of trends over the years and
it should evolve with those trends. This allows the development of
a dynamic model which will constantly evolve with the changes in
society (New York, 2003; Colorado, 2003; Maine, 2003).
Stakeholders responsible for the management and development
of Québec’s natural resources need data provided by a CORP in
order to make educated and appropriate decisions with relation
to outdoor recreation resources in the province of Québec (New
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137Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009)
York, 2003; Colorado, 2003; Maine, 2003). Unfortunately,
presently there is virtually no information with regard to
attitudes, perceptions and participation trends of outdoor
recreation participants in Québec. Such a system would allow
managers and planners to make decisions based on real data and
would help in the management of the province’s outdoor
recreation resources and provide Québec’s residents and visitors
with an enhanced experience.
C ONCLUSION
It is clear from the data presented in this study that outdoor
recreation is very important for citizens of the province of Québec
and its economy. However, the organization its designated areas
network and data available to understand outdoor recreation and
outdoor recreation trends in the province need to be reorganized.
This will help in the planning and development process of outdoor
recreation in the province and allow it to be systematic and data
based.
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