NRPjr Effects of music on Secondary School Students' Experience and Performance During 800m Running

NRPjr
    Effects of music on Secondary School
Students’ Experience and Performance During
                800m Running

                 Teu Jie Yong
              Mark Chng Cho Heok

Refine School Fitness
      Programmes
(eg. NAPFA, PE Lessons)

Cultivate Exercise
Habits Since Young

● Regulate emotions and moods

● Induce enjoyable state

● Promote rhythmic movement

● Develop ergogenic effect (enhance physical performance)

Asynchronous music                        Synchronous music

●   120 to 140 bpm                         ●   No specific bpm

●   Enhances mood                          ●   Improve exercise performance

●   Hinders feeling of pain and fatigue    ●   Rhythmic aspects of music allows
                                               body movements to sync with
●   Does not encourage                         music
    synchronisation of body movements
    and music

Aims and Objectives

● Effects on attentional focus and running enjoyment

● Attain similar study results as caucasians

Research question

With the application of music to the students’ run, will there
will be a significant effect on the students’ attentional focus
and their enjoyment experiences?

Dissociation   Association

Research Literature

  ● Females benefit more from the effects of music [1]

  ● Participants in the most preferred music condition were
    shown to have the highest levels of dissociation [2]

  ● The tempo and volume of the music affects a person’s
    dissociation and association processes [3]

Hypothesis
● Synchronous music can better aid in the runner’s
  dissociation process during their run compared to
  asynchronous music

● Music benefit female youths tremendously, enhancing
  their running experience through increase of heart rate
  and enjoyment levels, compared to males

Methodology and Procedure
●   Music selection
●   Lab tests (15 Females 11 Males)
●   Attentional Focus Scale (AFS)
●   Interest/Enjoyment scale survey
●   Heart rate monitor

Lab test procedure

● 3 music playlists consist of no music, synchronous music
  and asynchronous music condition

● Music volume is controlled

● Double-blind experiment

Lab test procedure
1. Participants use Brunel Music Rating Inventory-3 to select
   preferred music with different motivational music qualities
2. Run warm up of 2 minutes on treadmill with warm up playlist
   and rest 5 minutes after
3. Start running 800m on treadmill with music playlist 1 and rest
   for 10 minutes after
4. Participants have their heart rate measured, rate AFS and
   Enjoyment survey
5. Participants to repeat step 3 to 4 with music playlist 2 and music
   playlist 3

Heart Rate Sensor

Results and Discussions

Table 1

-   Highest AF observed in the Asynchronous Music condition
-   Lowest AF observed in the No Music condition
-   The AF scores in the three conditions were not different between females and
    males.
-   This result indicates that AF scores were not significant across the music
    conditions.

Discussion

● No significant interaction effect between asynchronous
  music and synchronous music
● Results were not significant between genders
● Data does not support hypothesis

Table 2

 -   Highest HR observed in the Asynchronous Music condition
 -   Lowest HR observed in the No Music condition.
 -   The main effect of the genders was not significant

Post hoc tests - There were significant HR differences between No Music and Asynchronous
Music conditions (p = .002), and between No Music and Synchronous Music (p = .02)
HRs between Asynchronous Music and Synchronous Music conditions were not significantly
different (p = .35)

Table 3

 -   Highest enjoyment level observed in the Asynchronous Music condition
 -   Lowest enjoyment level for the entire sample was observed in the No Music condition.
 -   Enjoyment levels were significantly different across the music conditions.
 -   The main effect of genders was not significant such that enjoyment levels in the three
     conditions were not different between females and males.

Post hoc tests- There were significant enjoyment level differences between No music and
Asynchronous Music conditions (p = .001), and between No music and Synchronous Music
conditions (p = .003). Enjoyment levels between Asynchronous Music and Synchronous Music
conditions were not significantly different (p = 1.00).

Discussion

● Results not significant between genders
● Heart rate increase with music application
● Enjoyment levels increase with music application

● Data does not support hypothesis
● Music provides positive influences on runners

Possible flaws and errors

●   Running pace was not fixed
●   A lag in recording of results may cause the results to be inaccurate
●   Small sample size

Conclusion

● Synchronous music does not provide greater positive experiences
  than asynchronous music

●   Both genders benefit positively from music application

References

[1]](Cole, Z., & Maeda, H. (2015). Effects of listening to preferential music on sex
differences in endurance running performance. Perceptual and motor skills, 121(2),
390-398.)

[2]Effects of music on enjoyment in exercise ( Allison K. Dyrlund, Steven R. Wininger)

(Dyrlund, A. K., & Wininger, S. R. (2008). The effects of music preference and
exercise intensity on psychological variables. Journal of music therapy, 45(2),
114-134.)

[3] Copeland, B. L., & Franks, B. D. (1991,March)https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-
8760(95)00007-F

Special thanks to:

Dr Masato Kawabata & Miss Bern for their patient guidance throughout this one year, fellow NRP
researchers that have helped us along the way, and finally to participants and everyone else that
has helped us in this project in one way or another.

THANK YOU

Males

Females