NOISE/NEWS - Noise News International
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
NOISE/NEWS
Volume 28, Number 4
2020 December
INTERNATIONAL
A quarterly news magazine
and online digital blog published
by I-INCE and INCE-USA
■■ Listen to The Noise/News
podcast
■■ INTER-NOISE: Read the 2020
Report and the CFP for 2021
■■ Learn about current EU
research on noise control
■■ Delve into the history of the
early anti-noise movement
NOISE/NEWS
Editorial Staff
Eoin A. King, Managing Editor
+1.860.768.5953
Amnet Systems, Editorial Assistant
Luigi Maffei, European Editor
Yeon June Kang, Asia-Pacific Editor
Davi Akkerman, Pan-American News Editor
INTERNATIONAL
A quarterly news magazine in PDF
format with an Internet supplement
published by I-INCE and INCE-USA
Volume 28, Number 4 2020 December
Advertising Sales Manager
John Lessard, INCE Business Office
+1.703.234.4147
11130 Sunrise Valley Dr., Suite 350
Features Reston, VA 20191-4371
Produced by
The Institute of Noise Control Engineering of
NOISE/NOTES.......................................................................................................................................... 6 the USA, Inc.
Business Office
Series on Noise Research in the European Union............................................................................ 7 11130 Sunrise Valley Dr., Suite 350
Reston, VA 20191-4371
NEMO: Noise Monitoring of Individual Road and Rail Vehicles—The Challenges...................... 8 USA
The First International Anti-noise Conventions/Congresses: 1895–1912..................................... 14 Noise/News International is a quarterly news
magazine published in pdf format only by
the International Institute of Noise Control
How I Became a Noise Control Engineer������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������21
Engineering (I-INCE) and the Institute of
Noise Control Engineering of the USA, Inc.
INTER-NOISE 2021 Congress: Call for Papers.................................................................................. 25 (INCE-USA). Noise/News International is
available for free download to members of
INTER-NOISE 2020 Report................................................................................................................... 28 INCE-USA, the members of Member Societies
of International INCE and others. Thus,
the availability of NNI is a benefit to these
The Noise/News Podcast��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������32 members, and to the noise control engineering
community. Advertising sales are handled by
Vibratory Forces Acting on Supports of Machines with Rotating Elements�������������������������������33 John Lessard. Feature articles for this magazine
are selected by the editors. Responsibility for
editorial content rests upon the authors, and
not upon I-INCE or INCE-USA, the Member
Departments Societies of I-INCE, or their members.
Product information is published as a service
to our readers, and does not constitute an
President’s Column.................................................................................................................................. 3 endorsement by the societies or their members.
SUBSCRIPTIONS: The Member Societies
of International INCE and members of
International Representatives............................................................................................................. 37 INCE-USA will be notified by email when a
new edition of NNI has been posted on the
Acknowledgments................................................................................................................................ 40 NNI website and is available for download.
Anyone who wishes to be notified by email
of the availability of NNI for download
Conference Calendar............................................................................................................................ 40 may go to the NNI website and sign up as a
subscriber. Any problems related to sign-up or
Directory of Noise Control Services.................................................................................................. 41 other issues should be directed to the Institute
of Noise Control Engineering Business
Office, 11130 Sunrise Valley Dr., Suite 350,
Reston, VA 20191-4371. EDITORIAL
CORRESPONDENCE: Address editorial
correspondence to Eoin A. King,
PhD, INCE-USA Business Office,
11130 Sunrise Valley Dr., Suite 350, Reston,
VA 20191-4371. Telephone: +1.703.437.4073;
fax: +1.703.435.4390; email: kingea@tcd.ie
ADVERTISING: For information about
advertising, contact John Lessard,
INCE Business Office +1.703.234.4147;
email: jlessard@virtualinc.com
NOISE/NEWS
International Institute of
Noise Control Engineering
www.i-ince.org
Robert J. Bernhard, President
Luigi Maffei, President Elect
Marion Burgess, Immediate Past President
Paul R. Donavan, Secretary-General
Douglas Manvell, Treasurer
INTERNATIONAL
Vice Presidents
Catherine Lavandier, Europe-Africa
Yeon June Kang, Asia-Pacific
Davi Akkerman, Pan-America
Gijsjan van Blokland, Development and Outreach
Patricia Davies, Technical Activities
Stephen A. Hambric, Rules and Governance This PDF version of Noise/News International and its blog are published jointly by the
Joe Cuschieri, Communications and Webmaster International Institute of Noise Control Engineering (I-INCE) and the Institute of Noise
Board Control Engineering of the USA (INCE-USA). The PDF and blog formats mean that issues
Robert Bernhard, President
Marion Burgess, Immediate Past President can made freely available to our readers. These digital formats reduce publication time, save
Luigi Maffei, President-Elect printing costs, and allow links to be included for direct access to references and other material.
Li Cheng, INTER-NOISE 2017
Charlie Moritz, INTER-NOISE 2018
Antonio Perez-Lopez, INTER-NOISE 2019 I-INCE
Andre Fiebig, Director at Large The International Institute of Noise Control Engineering (I-INCE) is a worldwide consortium
J. Stuart Bolton, Director at Large of societies concerned with noise control and acoustics. I-INCE, chartered in Zürich,
John Davy, Director at Large
Switzerland, is the sponsor of the INTER-NOISE Series of International Congresses on
Noise Control Engineering, and, with the Institute of Noise Control Engineering of the USA,
publishes this quarterly magazine and its blog. I-INCE has an active program of technical
initiatives. It currently has fifty-one member societies in forty-six countries.
INCE-USA
Institute of Noise Control
Engineering of the USA, Inc. The Institute of Noise Control Engineering of the USA (INCE-USA) is a nonprofit professional
organization incorporated in Washington, DC, USA. The primary purpose of the Institute is
www.inceusa.org
to promote engineering solutions to environmental noise problems. INCE-USA publishes the
2020 INCE-USA Officers
Mike Bahtiarian, President technical journal Noise Control Engineering Journal and with I-INCE publishes this quarterly
Steve Marshall, Past President magazine and its blog. INCE-USA sponsors the NOISE-CON series of national conferences on
Christopher Morgan, VP - Board Affairs noise control engineering and the INTER-NOISE Congress when it is held in North America.
Paul Burge, VP - Board Certification
Hether Fedullo, VP - Conferences INCE-USA members are professionals in the field of noise control engineering, and many offer
Dana Lodico, VP - Honors and Awards consulting services in noise control. Any persons interested in noise control may become an
Steven Sorenson, VP - Membership associate of INCE-USA and receive both this magazine and Noise Control Engineering Journal.
David Herrin, VP - Publications
Mark Storm, VP - Public Relations
Andrew Barnard, VP - Student Affairs & Activities NNI and Its Online Supplement
Judy Rochat, VP - Technical Activities www.noisenewsinternational.net
Deane Jaeger, Treasurer
Randy Rozema, Secretary The PDF and blog versions of NNI allow for links to references, articles, abstracts, advertisers,
2020 INCE-USA Staff and other sources of additional information. In some cases, the full URL will be given in
Joseph M. Cuschieri, Executive Director the text. In other cases, blue text will indicate the presence of a link. The NNI blog contains
James K. Thompson, Editor, NCEJ
Jeffrey Fullerton, Chair, Awards Committee
additional information that will be of interest to readers, such as the following:
Michael John Lucas, Chair, Finance Committee • The current PDF issue of NNI available for free download
Rick Kolano, Chair, Long Range Planning Committee
Matthew Golden, Chair, Website Committee • Links to previous PDF issues of NNI
Beth Cooper, Representative to ANSI S12
Standards Committee • An annual index of issues in PDF format
George C. Maling, Jr, Managing Director Emeritus
John Lessard, Business Manager, INCE-USA • A conference calendar for upcoming worldwide meetings
Business Office
• Links to I-INCE technical activities and I-INCE technical reports
2020 INCE-USA Directors
Eoin Anthony King Pranab Saha
Herbert L. Singleton Paul Donovan
Kristin Cody Robert O’Neal
Matt Golden Courtney Schoedel
Jeanette Hesedahl Kerrie Standlee
Chad Musser Sam Shu
Thomas Reinhart
2
President’s Column
From the President of I-INCE: INTER-NOISE
Congresses—Looking Back and Looking Forward
We have had a chance now to close the door on low cost of virtual congresses. These challenges
INTER-NOISE 2020, including surveying the are increased for a global congress where the
registrants to get their feedback about INTER- participants are distributed across many time
NOISE 2020 as a virtual congress. First, let me zones. We learned a great deal from INTER-
emphasize my gratitude on behalf of I-INCE for NOISE 2020 that will be useful in the future. I
the tremendous job that the INTER-NOISE 2020 suspect that congresses will be changed for the
organizing committee and Korean Society for long term. The bottom line, though, is that the
Noise and Vibration Engineering (KSNVE) did to success of future congresses will depend very
pivot from an in-person format to a virtual format much on the willingness of contributors
in just three months (or so). The risks they took on to participate in a high-quality manner. We still Bob Bernhard
and the high-quality outcome were a result of much have more experiments to conduct and more to
hard work and talent. The noise control engineering learn.
community owes them a tremendous debt of
gratitude. Looking forward, INTER-NOISE 2021 will be the
50th INTER-NOISE Congress. The intention is to
In the end, INTER-NOISE 2020 ended up with 648 celebrate our beginnings in 1972 in Washington,
papers. Of these, 474 were presented as recorded DC, and to look forward. The congress will both
oral presentations and 169 as posters. Of the oral include historical perspectives of the first INTER-
paper presentations, 108 were part of live virtual NOISE Congress and look forward. The theme
sessions. The congress attracted 868 registrants, of the congress will be “Next 50 Years of Noise
including 327 students. The overall registrant Control.” The congress will be held on August
numbers are pretty typical of recent congresses, but 1–4, 2021. Given the continued uncertainty of the
the mix, particularly the high number of student pandemic and accompanying travel restrictions,
registrants, is unusual. Perhaps this is an indicator the INTER-NOISE 2021 Congress Organizing
of the desirability of an online format for students Committee has recently announced that the
who might otherwise not be able to attend due to congress is planning to have both in-person
travel costs. There were almost 30,000 views of the and online components—essentially a hybrid
recorded presentations and 2,000 exhibit visits of congress. They are using the feedback gathered
more than five minutes. Given all of the challenges, from INTER-NOISE 2020 registrants and best
short timelines, and lack of any best-practice practices adopted from other congresses to
models to follow, INTER-NOISE 2020 was a great plan the logistics. You will see announcements
success. My only disappointments are not being about INTER-NOISE 2021 soon, if you have
able to see all of you and not visiting the vibrant not already. I hope you will pass along your
city of Seoul. suggestions of how to make the hybrid congress
format a success. I also hope you will plan to
The I-INCE Board, led by President-Elect Luigi
participate either online or in person. It should be
Maffei, has completed a survey of the registrants
great fun to look back 50 years and look forward
of INTER-NOISE 2020. The main findings of the
50 years.
survey are that there are participants who prefer
the in-person format and others who prefer the Let me close with my best wishes and hope that
online format. Future congresses will have to you will all stay safe and healthy in 2021.
consider how they can combine the benefits of the
networking and knowledge transfer that happen Bob Bernhard
at in-person congresses with the convenience and President, I-INCE NNI
2020 December www.inceusa.org • www.noisenewsinternational.net • www.i-ince.org 3
From the President of INCE-USA
I am writing this message on the eve I would like to extend gratitude to on both gender and ethnic diversity in
of NOISE-CON 2020, a conference we Dr. Courtney Burroughs for running our leadership. We have established a
have planned three times—but more on these courses for INCE-USA over diversity (awards) committee to improve
that later. What a year 2020 has been for the last 4–5 years and carefully diversity of award candidates. An INCE-
everyone, and I truly hope that each of transitioning the program to these new USA diversity statement was released in
you and your families are healthy, safe, instructors. early December.
and employed! You should know that
INCE-USA officers, board of directors Our publications are as strong and I have another important change to report
(BOD), and staff have been busier than engaging as ever. Editor Jim Thompson with respect to the INCE-USA Annual
ever. Before COVID-19 hit, we had of our Noise Control Engineering Journal General Meeting (AGM). In the past,
moved to online BOD meetings, which (NCEJ) is working hard to publish NCEJ the AGM used to be held at our winter
has now become a usual (and required) issues as usual while moving the journal board meetings. Consequently, there was
bi-monthly event. Prior, the officers to open access. Eoin King, editor of Noise very little member attendance. However,
and BOD met twice a year in person. New International (NNI), has started a changing the date of the AGM required
I wanted to supplement our in-person podcast that highlights upcoming articles a change to our corporate calendar year,
meetings with online meetings in order in NNI. Meanwhile, conference planning which required a change to our bylaws.
to free up time during the in-person continues for next year’s INCE-USA- I am happy to report that the BOD has
meetings. However, the pandemic has hosted INTER-NOISE, to be held in approved these changes, and the fiscal
forced us to meet exclusively online, Washington, DC, on August 1–4, 2021. year will now run from October 1 to
which works for getting business It will mark the 50th anniversary of this September 30, allowing our AGM to
done but is less favorable to building international congress event. We are take place as part of our NOISE-CON
relationships and comradery. I would like just learning that Conference Chair Raj conferences, starting in 2021. I hope this
to thank all of our officers and BOD for Singh has announced that the program change will bring about greater member
their efforts as INCE-USA changes the will be a hybrid of live/in-person and engagement.
way we do business. virtual programming. I truly hope that
by NOISE-CON 2022, to be held in Our awards committee headed by Dana
I am happy to report that all of our Lexington, Kentucky, we will be back to a Lodico, vice president of honors and
programs continue as strong as ever. This full in-person event. awards, has been very busy as well. This
success is due to our active volunteers. year INCE-USA awarded two major
We were slated to have a blowout number On a more serious note, our treasurer, awards: The Laymon Miller Award for
of Board Certification examinees, with Deane Jaeger, and our executive director, Excellence in Acoustic Consulting was
a total of nearly 20 before COVID-19 Joe Cuschieri, are working very hard presented to Dougs Sturz, INCE Board
hit. The final count for examinees was every day to maintain INCE-USA’s Certified and principal consultant with
reduced to 13, but I believe that is still financial stability. The pandemic has Acentech for 42 years. The William
a record for Board Certification exams greatly restricted our ability to generate Lang Award for Distinguished Noise
in one sitting. I would like to thank Paul revenue from our conferences, but INCE- Control Engineer was awarded to
Burge and the certification board for USA has strong financial reserves to Ken Kaliski, INCE Board Certified
all the hard work converting the single- weather this storm. With the leadership of and member of the Resource Systems
location exam in New Orleans to seven Gordon Ebbitt, a small group of INCE- Group (RSG) for 34 years. INCE-USA
different places throughout the United USA members are working on strategic also announced a new $6,000 annual
States. If you are afraid of that eight-hour initiatives to move INCE-USA into the scholarship for any undergraduate or
exam, you can bypass it by taking the next decade. You will see more of that in graduate students studying in the field of
three courses in noise control engineering. the coming year. Meanwhile, we cannot acoustics, vibration, or sound, with an
This year we have fully transitioned to ignore the other events of 2020, and the award preference given to women and
three new instructors: Andrew Barnard, BOD and officers are working to make underrepresented minorities in the noise
Tyler Dare, and Corinne Darvennes. INCE-USA more diverse, with a focus control profession. A new Member’s
4 www.inceusa.org • www.noisenewsinternational.net • www.i-ince.org 2020 December
Choice Award is to be announced soon, with Young, Casey Lane, Darya Behnia, Carlo Fusaro,
the hope that there will be numerous member and Bob Olson.
nominations.
I am happy we are finding our way with our new
Finally, I hope you have been seeing all of our INCE Business Office management company,
posts, tweets, and email blasts, which are part of Virtual Inc., under the account leadership of
a concerted public relations (PR) effort headed by John Lessard. John is greatly assisted by Caitlin
Mark Storm, our vice president of public relations, McAuslin, who is the voice of and point person for
with guidance from our management company INCE-USA. Finally, as our past president Steve Michael Bahtiarian
Virtual Inc. There was never a better time to use a Marshall noted last year—and I will echo the
PR initiative than now, to get the word out about sentiment—INCE-USA’s successes this year were
NOISE-CON 2020. I hope everyone had a chance due to efforts from so many volunteers.
to attend and found value in this year’s conference. INCE-USA can only continue to be successful with
Yes, we will all miss seeing each other in person, continued volunteerism. I will end this message
but that too will return in another year. For one with a question: How can you help?
last time, I would like to thank Gordon Ebbitt
I wish everyone happy holidays and COVID-free
(conference chair), Kristin Cody (conference vice
2021.
chair), Paul Donavan, Steve Sorenson, Pranab
Saha, Patricia Davies, Micaela Lindstrom, and Michael Bahtiarian
Tony Xue. A big thanks to Virtual Inc. staff Regina President, INCE-USA NNI
2020 December www.inceusa.org • www.noisenewsinternational.net • www.i-ince.org 5
NOISE/NOTES
Eoin A. King, NNI Editor
NNI is on Facebook and Twitter. We frames and the car trunk, among other fundamental constants: the fine structure
try to keep our readers informed with modifications. constant and the proton-to-electron mass
noise news from all across the globe by ratio.
A Protest in Switzerland
highlighting interesting research and
Le News reported that over a weekend NOISE-CON 2020 Welcomed Nora
projects. Here is a roundup of some of the
in August, hundreds of motorcyclists Keegan
stories that have been making headlines.
protested in Bern over two parliamentary We had a special speaker at NOISE-
Follow @NNIEditor to stay up to date
initiatives aimed at silencing their CON 2020! We heard from 14-year-old
with all noise-related news!
bikes. The proposal sought to restrict Nora Keegan, who has been elevating
The Noise News Podcast motorcycles that made over 95 dBA the discussion of hand dryer noise from
Episode 2 of The Noise/News is now from Swiss roads—which would a common complaint to a documented
available wherever you get your restrict an estimated 10 percent of issue for children’s hearing. Nora talked
podcasts. Tune in for a conversation current motorcycles in Switzerland. about her studies on hand dryer noise,
with Dana Lodico, senior consultant of Regulators also want to introduce a her inspiration, her process and methods,
Illingworth & Rodkin Inc., and David noise radar system that could be used and her more recent activities. Here is
Bowen, principal consultant of Acentech. to fine users on the road for excessive an article from the New York Times that
We discuss all things related to product noise levels. discusses her work.
noise and a proposed new rating system
The Limit of the Speed of Sound Safe and Sound—Autonomous Vehicles,
(the PNR).
It seems that the fastest possible speed Safety, and Noise
Is There Such a Thing as Too Quiet? of sound is about 36 km per second! A A paper recently published in Applied
In this article from Bloomberg, we learn recent study was conducted by researchers Acoustics is working toward using sound
that in the new Rolls-Royce Ghost, early from Queen Mary University of London, to improve the safety of autonomous
test audiences reported that the car felt too the University of Cambridge, and the vehicles, particularly when human drivers
quiet—so quiet that it was disorienting Institute for High Pressure Physics share the road with these vehicles. The
and “bordering on nausea.” To address in Troitsk, and was published in the authors combine a direction of arrival
this, the car was redesigned to allow journal Science Advances. It showed that algorithm with LiDAR imaging to
a soft undertone of sound into the car, predicting the upper limit of the speed of identify the location of a noise source that
which involved changing the rear seat sound is dependent on two dimensionless is hidden from direct view. NNI
6 www.inceusa.org • www.noisenewsinternational.net • www.i-ince.org 2020 December
Series on Noise Research in the European Union Gijsjan van Blokland, Vice President, Development & Outreach, I-INCE Eoin A King, NNI Editor Noise has become a growing concern available, of which about €6.3 billion finished, mainly expectations across the European Union, chiefly was reserved for smart, green, and and intermediate results will be because of the clear links between noise integrated transport. Although the larger presented, but altogether, this series exposure and health. The World Health part of this budget was dedicated to other will give you an idea of what is cooking Organization has reported that about environmental topics, there are still a in the EU27 at the moment. We open one million years of healthy life are lost number of projects that focus on noise. the series with a presentation of the each year due to transportation noise project NEMO, which stands for Noise in Europe, while excessive noise in NNI plans to give the floor to these and Emission Monitoring. Hope you the workplace causes hearing loss and projects. Since many of them are not yet enjoy it! NNI tinnitus. A second concern refers to the functioning of the internal market. Smooth trade between EU members requires that product specifications are harmonized. For cars, lorries, and motorcycles, the type approval includes a maximum for the noise emission. Such is also the case for different types of machinery. A third concern is related to international transport between EU members. In order to allow smooth access of trains within different territory, the technical specifications for rail vehicles (mainly freight and high speed trains) crossing borders are harmonized through a series of Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSIs). These TSIs include noise emission. These concerns not are only expressed in regulatory activities but also are addressed by a series of subsidised research projects within the research program Horizon 2020. The European Union organizes and finances one of the world largest research and innovation programs through Horizon 2020. Over the period 2014–2020, funding of nearly €80 billion was made 2020 December www.inceusa.org • www.noisenewsinternational.net • www.i-ince.org 7
NEMO: Noise Monitoring of Individual Road and
Rail Vehicles—The Challenges
Gijsjan van Blokland (M+P), Bert Peeters (M+P), Irune Indacoechea
Vega (University of Cantabria), Maximilian Ertsey (Müller-BBM),
Truls Berge (SINTEF), Stefan Lutzenberger (Müller-BBM Rail),
Peter Liljenberg (GATE21), and Sonia Alves (Müller-BBM)
Introduction funding an initiative by a consortium
of 18 partners from 11 different
Harmful effects arising from the transport
EU-member states to develop a uniquely
sector are some of the most worrisome
European system for remote sensing of
problems in Europe. Transport produces
the noise and gaseous emission of road
almost a quarter of Europe’s greenhouse
and rail vehicles in real traffic. Such
gas emissions and is the main cause of
technologies can be applied to enforce
noise and air pollution in cities. Long-
low-emission zones in cities and to
term exposure to noise and pollution
detect manipulation with silencing and
may cause direct health problems, such
air cleaning systems.
as sleep disturbance, stress, asthma, high
blood pressure, and cardiac disease. In addition, innovative infrastructure-
According to the European Environment based solutions will be developed to
Agency (EEA), noise is associated with reduce the noise levels and improve
more than 12,000 premature deaths every air quality along urban and peri-urban
vehicle.” Generally, a noisy vehicle can
year. Hence, there is a need to design roads.
be characterized by one or both of the
and manage transport and mobility in a Our project is titled Noise and Emissions following conditions:
smarter way. Monitoring and Radical (NEMO), and
it has received funding from the EU’s 1. A vehicle in a poor or modified
New noisy vehicles can be partly
Horizon 2020 research and innovation condition.
controlled through a program of type
approval of new vehicles for both road programme under grant agreement No. This can be related to exhaust
and rail. However, existing vehicles may 860441. malfunction, use of an illegal silencer
be of an older type and may not be subject with no sound absorption, the rattling
This article will discuss NEMO’s work
to stricter modern noise requirements; sound from goods on a trailer, chains,
on remote sensing technologies for road
they may suffer from low maintenance, and so on. It may cause a sound level
and rail vehicle noise emission and the
such as leaking exhausts; or they may way above the certified type-approval
infrastructure related measures to reduce
have been tampered with. Rail vehicles level or the average vehicle noise
road traffic noise.
with a life expectancy of over 40 years— levels. The vehicle owner has the
especially those vehicles not subjected to prime responsibility.
the recently introduced type approval— Noise Emission of Road 2. A vehicle driven in a noisy way.
are one cause of excessive noise. Vehicles Typically, high acceleration, high
There are many challenges in the process engine speed, and/or low gears cause
What Is NEMO?
of detecting noise emissions of road more vehicle noise. In all cases, the
Horizon 2020, the European Union’s (EU) vehicles. One of the first steps is to driver is responsible for causing these
research and innovation programme, is find a consensual definition of a “noisy conditions.
8 www.inceusa.org • www.noisenewsinternational.net • www.i-ince.org 2020 DecemberNoisy vehicles can be referred to as
“high emitters.” A vehicle that has
been type approved, is well
maintained, and is driven under normal
conditions is never a high-emitter vehicle,
even if it is subjectively perceived as
annoying.
To detect a high-emitter vehicle, it is
important to distinguish between the
different noise sources from one single
vehicle (see fig. 1). The propulsion and
exhaust noises will be the most relevant Fig. 1. The noise emission from a pass-by vehicle has different components: tire-road-noise
parameters to classify a vehicle as a (influenced by the road surface, the tires, and the vehicle speed), propulsion noise (mainly
high emitter, whereas tire-road noise influenced by the engine type and the air intake), exhaust noise (high in case of poor
maintenance or noisy aftermarket replacement exhausts), and aerodynamic flow noise
and aerodynamic noises, if occurring,
(only dominant a higher speed, not relevant within urban environment).
can be treated as unwanted background
noise. So, in summary, a passing vehicle,
depending on the driving conditions (high
speed, high engine speed, or high engine
load), can be noisy while fully complying
with the type-approval regulations for that
type.
Figure 2 shows the variation in
noise levels that can be attributed
to the variations in driving
conditions.
Thus, the conclusion that a vehicle
is complying with the regulations
cannot be exclusively evaluated based
on the pass-by levels. To justify such
conclusion, a Noise Remote Sensing
Device (N-RSD) is able to normalize
the measured sound levels from a single
event to the sound level that the vehicle
will produce under type-approval
conditions. Fig. 2. Pass-by levels (LAmax at 7.5 m distance) of a series of passenger cars passing with
varying speed, engine speed, and engine load. Source: D. Moore, presentation for GRB
A perfect match between real-life Geneva, September 2009.
traffic noise measurements and
type-approval conditions will
surface, weather conditions, noise level, and the normalization of the
not be possible. One reason is that
background noise, and microphone measuring site.
type approval is based on multiple
position. (See the box on the next page
measurements of a single vehicle under
different driving conditions, while
for more on type-approval testing.) Engine Speed
the N-RSD will need to work with a The measurement inputs to the N-RSD As a first attempt to measure the engine
single pass-by and uncontrolled driving are the location of the vehicle, the speed (rpm) of a passing vehicle, an
conditions. Other deviations from the identification of the engine speed and algorithm based on a FFT analysis of
type-approval test include the road load, the estimation of the single-event the sound signal has been developed by
2020 December www.inceusa.org • www.noisenewsinternational.net • www.i-ince.org 9SINTEF. This algorithm has been tested
Type Approval of Road Vehicles on 7 accelerating vehicles (controlled
All common vehicles registered in EU member countries must comply with pass-by), including one motorcycle with
technical specifications concerning safety, exhaust emission, lighting, and so on. modified exhaust system (fig. 4).
These specifications are uniform over the EU-27 and enable free trade between EU Figure 5 shows an example of estimation
countries; a member state cannot force additional requirements. To facilitate trade in of the engine speed for a passenger car
and outside the EU, technical specifications are harmonized under the umbrella of with petrol engine, with high acceleration
United Nations Economic Commission of Europe in Geneva. These specifications over 30 m.
include a maximum permissible noise emission of the vehicle. A minimum level
is also defined for safety considerations, for example, to protect visually impaired The first results show that the algorithm
pedestrians. works when the vehicles are driven with
a high engine speed, as is the case for
The maximum emission is measured in a drive-by test, under precisely defined
high accelerating vehicles. The work
conditions of vehicle speed and vehicle acceleration. For passenger cars, the vehicle
will continue to validate the system with
speed at the microphone positions (see fig. 3) shall be 50 km/h. The required
different types of vehicles and to different
acceleration is composed of a weighted average of wide-open throttle (WOT) pass-
driving conditions and locations.
by and constant speed cruise-by tests, with different gear ratios. This weighted
average is assumed to represent the average maximum acceleration for that vehicle
type in urban conditions. For vehicles with high power-to-mass ratios, the target Classification Model
acceleration will be higher than for medium or low-powered
The data measured by the N-RSD system
vehicles.
are fed into a classification model. The
classification model will correct the
measured maximum noise level for these
differences as much as possible. Input for
the model, besides the noise measurement,
will be the vehicle speed, acceleration,
and engine speed. Using these values, the
noise level will need to be normalized
toward reference conditions equal or
close to the type-approval test. Technical
information about the vehicle and
engine, such as the power-to-mass ratio,
will be obtained from the license plate.
Besides the total noise level, the spectral
characteristics are important: separation
between rolling noise and propulsion
noise will partially be done by regarding
especially the lower frequency range, or
Fig. 3. Test site geometry and dimensions. Source: ISO362:2015. by identifying tonal components. These
data will be collected in a database to
The maximum allowed level for passenger cars under these test conditions was find the required relations between all
lowered from 82 dB at the introduction of this system to the current 72 dB. parameters and to compare each vehicle
Not all reductions were technical; some lowering of levels was caused by to a specific threshold, under reference
changes in the test procedure. For heavy vehicles, a different test procedure is conditions.
designed, with relatively high engine speed and vehicle load but at a lower vehicle
The advantage of using an unsupervised
speed of 35 km/h. Maximum noise levels were lowered over time from 92 to 80 dB,
monitoring system is the large amount of
but recently an increase to 84 dB was introduced to compensate for a change in test
data that will be available after a certain
procedure.
measurement period. This allows for
machine learning techniques to be applied
10 www.inceusa.org • www.noisenewsinternational.net • www.i-ince.org 2020 Decemberconditions and be able to identify more
vehicles that are too loud.
Challenges
In summary, the main challenges
addressed within the noise emission work
package will be
• the development of a horizontal array
to separate the emission from one
individual vehicle;
• continuous speed monitoring to
measure the momentary speed as
well as the acceleration (acceleration
combined with engine speed and
vehicle mass defines the engine
load);
• the determination of the engine
Fig. 4. Test of a motorcycle for engine speed detection. firing frequency from narrow band
spectral analysis (combined with
the number of this gives the engine
speed—when combined with the
vehicle speed, the gear ratio is to be
found);
• the development of a model that
normalizes the noise level to
reference driving conditions and
then classifies each vehicle as low,
medium, or high emitter given its
technical details.
At the moment, two configurations of
traffic stream and microphone locations
are studied. One configuration is beside
the road at the standardized position of
7.5 m from the center of the drive lane
(see fig. 6). The other consists of the
microphone array on a portal above the
road. The latter has several advantages:
First, it can also be applied with
Fig. 5. Example of engine speed estimation of an accelerating passenger car; the green multilane roads; second, an offset by the
line is the estimated engine speed, and the magenta line is drawn through dots indicating
passing vehicle from the center of the
“safe detections.”
lane has a minor effect on the distance
from the source to the microphone; and
and to tune the model to specific vehicle precision will be lower: it will be able to third, the body will shield part of the
categories, engine types, vehicle age, and identify only exceptionally high emitters, rolling noise. This configuration also
so on. As more data come in, the model which may already be helpful in tackling harmonizes with the configuration that
will become better trained and more annoyance. As the model is better trained will be developed in the NEMO part for
accurate. At first, the model will not be with more data, it will be more specific monitoring the gaseous emission of road
able to correct for all parameters, and the toward vehicle properties and driving vehicles.
2020 December www.inceusa.org • www.noisenewsinternational.net • www.i-ince.org 11Noise Emission of Rail
Vehicles
The noise issues from rail traffic
are dominated by freight transport.
First, since freight wagons are often
equipped with cast iron block brakes
that corrugate the rolling surface of the
wheel and thus cause excessive rolling
noise compared with the more silent
disc brakes used on passenger vehicles.
Second, on crowded rail lines, freight
traffic is scheduled in the night to avoid
disturbing the timetable for passenger
connections.
New rail vehicles designed for cross-
Fig. 6. Microphone locations being tested.
border operations in the EU-27, such
as freight wagons and high-speed
trains, have to comply with technical
requirements: the Technical Specifications
for Interoperability (TSI). The sound
emission is regulated in the TSI-noise.
Maximum levels are defined for wagons
and trains at a speed of 80 km/h, based
on the number of axles and length.
The specified limit values rule out the
applications of cast iron brake blocks.
Additionally, limits are set for self-
propelling vehicles for stationary noise
emission, sound levels during acceleration
from standstill and the sound levels in the
drivers’ cabin.
Freight wagons can be silenced
Fig. 7. Existing setup for pass-by measurements of trains. The microphone configuration
significantly by replacing the conventional
complies with ISO 3095. Light gates define the position of the front and rear of the train.
cast iron blocks with brake blocks made For the NEMO project, an identification system with both RFID readers and optical reader
of composite materials, such as the LL or are added.
K types. To stimulate the application of
these slightly more expensive materials, wagons compliant with the TSI-Noise operator has to rely on the declaration
railway operators apply a track access are allowed to operate on quieter routes of the operator of the train. Since the
charge that depends on the rolling noise from December 8, 2024, in the EU. The wagons in a freight train often originate
level (or actual on the type and material of enforcement, however, has practical from different wagon owners, mistakes
the brake system). restrictions regarding the enforcement of are often made, and enforcement is
the law. nearly impossible. Enforcement currently
In 2020, Switzerland has started to
requires a manual check of the documents
ban wagons with cast iron brakes; in Until now it has only been possible to
of each wagon. Monitoring, however, may
Germany the ban will start on December enforce the rolling noise levels for a total
support this task.
13, 2020. From that time, wagons train. If a train is composed of a mix
equipped with noisy brakes will not be of wagons and possibly a mix of brake It is the objective of the NEMO part on
allowed to be operated in both countries. systems, no monitoring is possible on rail vehicles to determine rolling noise
In the frame of the TSI-Noise, only the level of individual wagons. The line levels of individual wagons in a freight
12 www.inceusa.org • www.noisenewsinternational.net • www.i-ince.org 2020 Decembertrain and to identify the wagon based on (see https://www.laerm-monitoring. environment, the NEMO work package
its unique identification code (UIC). Such de/). This is the basis for the NEMO will develop two types of road surfaces:
will greatly improve the reliability of the system. NEMO will expand the system one specifically designed for urban traffic
NDTAC system and stimulate the further performance to contribute to quieter rail and one for peri-urban/rural roads. These
application of low noise technology (see traffic in Europe. surfaces will exhibit capabilities for noise
fig. 7). suppression and, in the case of peri-urban
roads, microparticle harvesting will be
Infrastructure Measures
especially pursued. To take advantage
Challenges to Measuring and for Noise
of the higher surface area provided by
Identifying Train Noise In addition to the already indicated the porous network, the extension of
The two major challenges that have to be noise and air pollution caused by road the environmental efficiency of the road
addressed in measuring and identifying traffic, the wear and tear from tires surfaces with NOx reducing capabilities
train noise are as follows: has found to significantly contribute will also be carried out.
to the flow of microplastics into the
1. The measurement of the emission of environment. In fact, according to Challenges to Optimizing
an individual freight wagon in a train. the Swedish Environmental Agency, Pavements
A train can be seen as a series of the most important emissions of
The NEMO work package on
wagons, each wagon with a series of microplastics in Sweden are road wear
infrastructure faces the following
two or more bogies, each emitting and abrasion of tires, with about 13,000
challenges with regard to optimizing
a specific noise level. First, all tons released every year. Although the
pavements with enhanced environmental
individual bogie emissions must be fate of this pollutant is uncertain, there
efficiency for noise, microparticles, and
assessed, and the wagons must be are estimations indicating a relative
reduction of exhaust emissions:
identified. Next, the noise emission contribution of 5–15 percent to the total
of all bogies belonging to the same amount of plastics ending up in the 1. To develop an effective noise-
wagons must be combined into a oceans. reducing surface that is durable under
wagon emission. Additionally, the Therefore, noise, exhaust emissions, and urban traffic conditions and that
parameter “number of axles/length” microplastics are increasing concerns that combines effective photocatalytic
has to be determined, since with need to be urgently addressed to reduce materials to improve air quality in
higher axle densities, higher emission the impact on human health and the high emission zones.
is allowed in the TSI. environment. In this sense, it is generally 2. To develop a road surface for peri-
2. The identification of the wagon. acknowledged that the type of road urban application that not only
surface determines for a large part the exhibits effective noise reduction
To attribute the sound emission to
sound emissions of the passing vehicles. but also has positive effects on the
a specific wagon, its UIC must be
In particular, porous surface types present pollution with microplastics from the
known. At the moment, not many
noise-absorbing capabilities, which have wear of tires, including the collection
wagons are equipped with a RFID
been demonstrated to have a reduction and measurement of retained
that can be read out. If that is not
potential for both light and heavy vehicles particles.
the case, the code written at the side
compared to a conventional smooth
shall be determined using optical 3. To develop a noise-reducing road
dense surface. Along the same line,
technologies. NEMO intends to use surface by optimizing texture and
porous asphalt mixtures are expected
industrial high-speed cameras and voids content and at the same time
to contribute to reducing microplastics
artificial intelligence to identify the limiting the increase of rolling
release to the environment by harvesting a
wagon number. resistance.
considerable amount of them within their
A version of such a system is at the
pore network. Read More
moment running on several spots Thus, to help mitigate the most worrying The NEMO project results are available
along major German rail lines emissions generated within the road on the website: https://nemo-cities.eu/. NNI
2020 December www.inceusa.org • www.noisenewsinternational.net • www.i-ince.org 13The First International Anti-noise Conventions/
Congresses: 1895–1912
Walter Montano, Technical Department, Arquicust, Gualeguaychu, Argentina
This is the first of a series of articles
documenting the history of global
actions seeking to control noise. These
are provided as contributions to the
upcoming 50th anniversary of I-INCE
and its international efforts to create the
environment for important discussions
on noise control at the INTER-NOISE
conferences. They are also contributions
to the International Year of Sound
2020–2021. It is easy to celebrate our
achievements in the current century,
but it is important to be aware of and
acknowledge the efforts of the pioneers of
former centuries.
physical characteristics. Philosophers, attached to a horsehair and so was
mathematicians, and physicists developed capable of drawing the sound wave on a
Introduction
mechanical devices using rotating mirrors, cylinder in dotted lines (New York Times,
During the nineteenth century and early flames, tuning forks, perforated wheels, “The Never-Tiring Edison,” July 12,
years of the twentieth century, there strings with weights, and so on. But all 1878, p. 8). There are many publications
were many news articles about anti- of these tools were inaccurate. Another about Edison’s pioneering work, but he
noise movements organized by groups in problem was the lack of standardized nonetheless did not have a metric for his
different US, Australian, and European units for one universal way to measure sound measurements.
cities. These movements were focused sound levels.
The inventor Hiram Maxim (1840–1916)
mainly on local problems. For some,
proposed “to measure” the sound level,
this stance was for religious reasons, It is believed that the first sound recording
as published in the San Francisco Call
as they wanted a silent environment in device was made by the French inventor
newspaper on August 11, 1895. This
which to pray to God. For others, they Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville,
came about because he was called to
opposed noise to avoid sleep disturbance. which he patented in 1857 as the
be part of a legal dispute about noise
However, the goal of this article is to phonautograph. A major limitation was
emission from an electric power plant
describe the effort and actions of three that this device could not reproduce the
(see fig. 1). Like Edison, Maxim was
anti-noise groups that were first to identify sound that had been recorded. It was not
seeking a standardized noise metric, and
noise as a global issue, taking the stance until 1877 that Thomas Edison designed
he proposed to compare the records from
that worldwide action was needed for its the first sound recording device, called
the phonometer for the power plant noise
control. the phonograph, which could reproduce
with the record from the sound of a lead
the sound that it had recorded. In 1878,
shot dropped from 1 m.
Edison developed a better version of
The Early Technology for his phonograph to measure the noise In December 1905, in Boston, a
“Sound Measurement” produced by the Metropolitan Elevated phonograph recording was admitted as
For centuries, musicians wanted Railway of New York. This new device, evidence for the first time in US courts.
to measure objectively sound’s the phonautograph, included a pencil The record was considered objective
14 www.inceusa.org • www.noisenewsinternational.net • www.i-ince.org 2020 Decemberp. 1547), and a letter to the editor of the
Times on December 5, 1895, is signed by
Charles Fox, ASSN president. The Lancet,
on May 28, 1898 (“Street Noises,”
p. 1481), remarked on the ASSN’s work
and the importance of this association.
The ASSN presented to the home
secretary, asking whether the government
would take measures to introduce a
Fig. 1. Hiram’s proposal for a system of noise measurement by means of a “unit of sound.” bill dealing with street noises (Times,
December 13, 1897, p. 4); however, there
are no references of ASSN after 1899.
The Street Noise Abatement
Committee
In March 1902, to take action politically,
the Betterment of London Association
(BLA) was formed (Saturday Review
of Politics, Literature, Science, and Art,
“Street Noises,” vol. 93, p. 359), and two
months later the Street Noise Abatement
Committee (Medical Record: A Weekly
Journal of Medicine and Surgery 61,
January 5–June 28, 1902, p. 662) was
created as an offshoot of the BLA.
Thomas Bowden Green and Sir Theodore
Martin (1816–1909) were among their
presidents.
Fig. 2. Articles from the Los Angeles Herald (January 22, 1906, p. 6) and Daily Chieftain It is interesting how advanced knowledge
(Vinita, Indian Territory, OK, January 5, 1906, p. 2). about the problems from noise was in this
period. In July 1907, these organizations
proof of a noise problem against the in the medical press in England about estimated the depreciation of property,
Boston Elevated Railroad. This case the existence of anti-noise groups. and many newspapers and others
evidently had a big impact, as there were Notwithstanding that there was no reliable reproduced their report on “Noisy Streets
many reports about it in US newspapers. instrumentation to measure sound levels, and House Property in London” (fig. 3;
Ten years after Maxim considered a they put much emphasis on the need Lancet 1907, p. 1481). Although the Street
possible way to visualize the sound “to measure” the annoying noise and to Noise Abatement Committee appears in
waves, a system using a phonograph, a counter its effect on mental disturbance, the Trades Directory of 1914 (“Societies,
photometer, and an oscillometer led to a neurasthenia, and other psychological Associations and Institutions,” p. 1923),
substantial fine for the railroad company disorders. there is no mention of it in the general
(see articles in fig. 2, published in 1906). media after 1911.
Unfortunately, the names of the people
who conducted these noise measurements The Association for the
are not known. Suppression of Street Noises Society for the Suppression
of Unnecessary Noise
In London in 1895, the Association for
London’s Earliest Anti-noise the Suppression of Street Noises (ASSN) In December 1906, the Society for the
Groups was created, and this event is mentioned Suppression of Unnecessary Noise was
From as early as the 1890s, an astonishing in December of the same year in the formed by Julia Barnett Rice (1860–1929)
number of articles were disseminated British Medical Journal (“Street Noises,” in New York City (New York Daily,
2020 December www.inceusa.org • www.noisenewsinternational.net • www.i-ince.org 15“Crusades on Noises,” December 4, 1906, her conference at Hotel Vendome, she February 5, 1907, in the Herald of
p. 8; New York Times, “Mrs. Rice Now reproduced sounds with an interesting Melbourne.
Attacks All Needless Noise,” December outcome: “After telling of her work
One important focus for Rice was the
9, 1906, p. 12; Thompson 2004, p. 121). Mrs. Rice turned on the canned noise to
reduction of noise levels near hospitals.
There was worldwide media coverage of show its result. She got it sooner than
She was medically trained, so she knew
the society. expected, for after about three selections
that noise could have a negative influence
irate office tenants in nearby buildings
To demonstrate how annoying the noise on people who are recovering and could
telephoned wild calls for help to the
from different sources could be, Rice induce mental disturbance. There are
Boston police. The canned noise was
involved students from Columbia Law many articles about Rice’s life and work
shut off hurriedly” (New York Tribune,
School (known as “night owls”) to help. that demonstrate she was a visionary.
“Canned Noise Effective,” November 14,
They recorded on gramophones dozens Among her proposals were acoustic
1908, p. 1).
of noise samples (“canned noise,” as zoning in cities, silent areas around
newspapers refer to them), and she used Figure 4 shows images extracted hospital and schools, anti-noise bills,
them for her presentations and meetings. from newspapers of different and special educational programs on the
On November 13, 1908, she opened countries; for example, “The Phonograph problems of unnecessary noises. She
a branch in Boston City, and during as Evidence” was published on advocated worldwide action against noise
by means of international meetings and
congresses.
As one can observe in figure 5,
humorists were aware of noisy cars
back in 1902 and knew the importance
of keeping quiet near hospitals. Rice’s
efforts led to the first bill to create silent
zones around hospitals in New York City
in 1907.
Rice also started an “international
rally,” visiting some European countries
Fig. 3. Articles from the Hawera and Normanby Star (New Zealand, July 24, 1907, p. 5), to discuss noise problems and how they
the Lancet (July 27, 1907, p. 270), and the British Medical Journal (“Noise in London,” affect human health, and she promoted
November 26, 1906, p. 1513.). the creation of local anti-noise societies.
Fig. 4. News articles about Rice’s anti-noise campaign from different countries.
16 www.inceusa.org • www.noisenewsinternational.net • www.i-ince.org 2020 DecemberFig. 5. Comic supplement of the New York Journal and American, February 9, 1902.
The First International
Anti-noise Convention
On August 11–14, 1909, the First
International Anti-noise Convention was
held in London at the Ritz Hotel. This
was organized by Julia Barnett Rice, and
there are some articles mentioning that
more than four countries “were present.”
However, the records are limited, and they
are mostly from German media. The only
Fig. 6. The German anti-noise society in the news: Washington Times (March 29, 1908,
names that are known for sure (according
sec. 2, p. 1) and La Liberté (Paris, March 19, 1911, p. 1).
to Lessing’s notebook) are Rice, Bowden
She traveled as far as Australia. The Critic Lessing had a controversial view about Green (from the London society), and
from Hobart (Tasmania) on September noise and modernism. He published two Lessing (Goodyear 2011). A resolution of
28, 1907, published the following: anti-noise articles in 1901 and 1902, and this convention was “that an international
“Casual chat. New York has a Society “in his opinion, which clearly revealed effort to suppress unnecessary and
for the suppression of unnecessary noise. Schopenhauer’s influence, the human objectionable noises should be made,
Its president Mrs. L. Rice, is setting out desire to make noise emanated from that the attention of legislative and
on a world tour. There is a very general an unconscious urge to repress self- municipal authorities should be directed
feeling that she should visit our fourteen consciousness and its awareness of the to the subject, and that the world’s Press
Parliaments—they are responsible for pain of existence” (p. 167). be requested to accord its powerful
a fearful amount of quite unnecessary support to a movement which cannot be
noise” (p. 7). She was also focused on He published the Der Antirüpel (The anti- otherwise than beneficial to the health and
organizing an “international anti-noise rowdy) magazine as the official organ well-being of the community, and which
convention,” and this took place in of his anti-noise society—after the first is particularly necessary to teachers,
London in August 1909. issue, the title was changed to Das Recht students, and the professional classes”
auf Stille (The right to quiet)—which (Evening Star, Dunedin, New Zealand,
served as a forum for every facet of his November 11, 1909, p.7).
noise abatement movement (Baron 1982,
The German Anti-noise
p. 170). In Lessing’s notebook, he described the
Society
different sound identities of German
The Deutscher Lärmschutzverband Lessing’s descendants have made and Austrian cities, which today would
society was created by Theodor Lessing available his personals notebooks be described as “city soundscapes”
(1872–1933) in Germany in 1908, (Goodyear 2011), and these provide (Goodyear 2011, p. 11). According to
inspired by Rice’s society (Goodyear his thoughts on noise problems. He Goodyear, “Lessing seemed frustrated,
2011). Lessing was a very well-known was not only concerned about noise in however, by the statements of the other
philosopher committed to improving Germany but also sought a worldwide conference participants as they all said
political and social problems, and noise fight against unnecessary noises (Baron that the noise in their cities was by far
was one of them (Baron 1982, p. 169). 1982, p. 175). the worst in the world” (p. 11). For the
2020 December www.inceusa.org • www.noisenewsinternational.net • www.i-ince.org 17You can also read
