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Opening the Tap: State of Finance for Natural Infrastructure for Water Security in Peru, 2021 Natural Infrastructure for Water Security
Authors:
Lucas Benites Elorreaga and Gena Gammie
Collaborators:
Mia Smith, Omar Valencia, Renán Claudio Valdiviezo, Sydney Moss, Óscar Angulo, Fernando Momiy Hada
Production and Editing: Gabriel Rojas Guillén
Supervision and review: Doris Mejía Photo: Carlos Alberto Vergara Manrique de Lara
Formatting: Antonio Luya Cierto
Design and layout: Diana La Rosa
Cover photo: Juan Patiño
Content
Edited by: Forest Trends Association Prologue 6
RUC: 20606691204
Av. Ricardo Palma 698, Miraflores
Executive Summary 8
Lima, Peru
1st edition, February 2022
Introduction 11
Acknowledgements
Current Context 13
We appreciate valuable contributions from the following people who helped guide the methodology, collect information, and provide
context for the results of this report: Albert Bokkestijn (Helvetas), Aldo Cárdenas (TNC), Alonzo Zapata (SEDAPAL), Anthony Moreno Challenges and Bottlenecks 20
(formerly MEF), Carmela Landeo (Celepsa), César Medianero (MIDAGRI), Daniel Morales (MINAM), Daniela Rojas (APCI), Dirk ten
Brink (formerly USAID), Doris Rueda (MINAM), Fernando León, Fernando Maceda (Nestlé), Ítalo Arbulú (PRODERN), Luis Acosta
(SUNASS), Martín Orellana (MEF), Nancy Zapata, Pamela Aquino (Aquafondo), Paul Viñas (Naturaleza y Cultura Internacional), Rafael New Trends and Opportunities 24
Galván (advisor to the Canadian government), Yéssica Armas (Forest Trends and formerly CONDESAN), Luis Marino (MINAM), Susana
Saldaña (MINAM), Miguel Bernuy (MINAM) and Carlos Rojas (MINAM).
Annex 1
Scope, Method, and Definitions 28
Annex II
Database of natural infrastructure for water security
This publication "Opening the Tap: State of FInance for Natural Infrastructure for Water Security in Peru, 2021" is made possible by projects and initiatives included in the study 32
the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the
Government of Canada. The contents are the responsibility of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID, the
United States Government or the Government of Canada.
Acronyms
APCI Peruvian Agency for International Cooperation (“Agencia Peruana de Cooperación
Internacional”)
ARCC Authority for Reconstrucción con Cambios (“Autoridad para la Reconstrucción con
Cambios”)
CONDESAN Consortium for the Sustainable Development of the Andean Ecoregion (“Consorcio para
el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Ecoregión Andina”)
COVID Coronavirus Disease
IOARR Investments in Optimization, Marginal Expansion, Rehabilitation and Repositioning
(“Inversiones de Optimización, Ampliación Marginal, Reposición y Rehabilitación”)
MEF Ministry of Economy and Finance of Peru (“Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas”)
MERESE Compensation Mechanisms for Ecosystem Services (“Mecanismos de Retribución por
Servicios Ecosistémicos”)
MIDAGRI Ministry of Agricultural Development and Irrigation of Peru (“Ministerio de Desarrollo
Agrario y Riego”)
MINAM Ministry of the Environment of Peru (“Ministerio del Ambiente”)
NDC Nationally Determined Contribution
PRODERN Program for Sustainable Economic Development and Strategic Management of Natural
Resources (“El Programa de Desarrollo Económico Sostenible y Gestión Estratégica de los
Recursos Naturales en las regiones de Ayacucho, Apurímac, Huancavelica, Junín y Pasco”)
SEDAPAL Water utility servicing Lima, Peru (“Servicio de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado de Lima”)
SPDA Peruvian Society of Environmental Law (“Sociedad Peruana de Derecho Ambiental”)
SUNASS National Superintendence of Water and Sanitation Services of Peru (“Superintendencia
Nacional de Servicios de Saneamiento”)
TNC The Nature Conservancy
USAID United States Agency for International Development
2 Natural Infrastructure for Water Security Opening the Tap: State of Finance for Natural Infrastructure for Water Security
Photo:inFiorella Inés Villanueva3Berrospi
Peru, 2021
About the Natural Infrastructure
for Water Security project
The Natural Infrastructure for Water Security (NIWS) project works to
scale the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of ecosystems and
ancestral technologies, in order to reduce water risks, such as droughts,
floods and water pollution in Peru.To achieve this objective, NIWS works
to improve the enabling conditions for scaling natural water infrastructure
approaches, improve the information generated and used for decisions
on natural water infrastructure, and develop, secure financing, and
facilitate implementation of natural infrastructure projects. Throughout
these components, NIWS works to reduce gender inequalities in water
resource management and natural infrastructure solutions.
NIWS is funded and supported by the United States Agency for
International Development (USAID) and the Canadian Government. It is
implemented by a consortium led by Forest Trends, with local partners
the Consortium for the Sustainable Development of the Andean
Ecoregion (CONDESAN) and the Peruvian Society for Environmental
Law (SPDA), international experts from EcoDecisión, and researchers
from Imperial College London. It began implementation in December
2017 and is programmed to conclude in June 2023.
4 Natural Infrastructure for Water Security Opening the Tap: State of Finance for Natural Infrastructure for Water Security in 2021 Núñez5Oporto
Peru,Mauricio
Photo:
Foto: Juan Patiño
Photo: Julio Angulo Delgado
Prologue
In Peru, policymakers and water managers are The beginnings of this multisectoral effort instruments such as Compensation Mechanisms As part of the Natural Infrastructure for Water
increasingly recognizing the indispensable role can be seen in resource allocations from for Ecosystem Services (MERESE, for its Spanish Security (NIWS) project funded and supported
natural infrastructure and ancestral technology sanitation and agriculture sectors shown in acronym) promote the participation of local by USAID and the Canadian government, Forest
play in managing water risks.As this report shows, this report. There are also signs of longer-term communities in this new approach, including Trends works with the Peruvian government,
investments in the maintenance and restoration commitment, as the agriculture, sanitation, both upstream communities who provide civil society, water users, communities in upper
of natural infrastructure that play key roles for energy and environment sectors have included ecosystem services through the conservation, watersheds, academia, and the private sector to
water security, from forests and grasslands to climate change adaptation measures in Peru’s recovery and/or sustainable use of ecosystems, bridge gaps and address bottlenecks that limit
amunas (pre-Incan canals that support aquifer Nationally Determined Contribution, and the as well downstream communities that benefit the adoption of natural infrastructure within
recharge), are growing at an accelerated rate. Authority for Reconstruction with Changes from these services. the Peruvian water sector; improve knowledge
Financing for natural infrastructure for water has developed an unprecedented investment generation and information management to
security in Peru grew by a factor of 13 between portfolio in natural infrastructure. We recognize that significant efforts are still needed support science-based decision making; and
2014 and 2020, reaching the equivalent of USD to consolidate this vision.A gap between investments implement initiatives that can serve as models for
10.2 million executed in 2020, despite impacts This silent revolution in the way Peru planned and executed remains despite improved replication across Peru.
of the COVID-19 pandemic on public resources values nature has been possible due to the capacities of the executing entities. In addition, there is
and the ability to execute activities in the field. transformative vision and new regulatory a need to strengthen the monitoring and evaluation We renew our commitment to continue working
framework promoted by multiple sectors across of hydrological benefits of these interventions, with the entities that have contributed to the great
These numbers are only the tip of the iceberg. the Peruvian government over the last ten years. the incorporation of a gender approach, and advances highlighted in this report, as well as others
While financing was mostly executed by On one hand, the regulatory framework now compensation to communities who carry out who are just joining the effort, to strengthen natural
regional governments and public ministries recognizes natural infrastructure as an asset, positive land and water management practices. infrastructure for water security in Peru.
in 2020, water utilities have also begun to allowing a new approach to public investment
invest and develop projects, recognizing that and spending that goes beyond previous
fulfilling their mission to provide public water investments in biodiversity and landscape Michael Jenkins Fernando Momiy Hada
supply also depends on natural infrastructure. conservation. On the other hand, new legal President, Forest Trends Director, Natural Infrastructure for Water
Security Project, Forest Trends
6 Natural Infrastructure for Water Security Opening the Tap: State of Finance for Natural Infrastructure for Water Security in Peru, 2021 7
Photo: Juan Carlos Casafranca Sayas 15
Executive Summary 10
Millions of Dollars
Private Sector
National Government
Local Government
Current Context
5 Regional Government
International
In 2020, USD 10.2 million1 was invested in natural infrastructure for water security in Peru. 83% of these
Development Agencies
investments came from public Peruvian sources, and 17% were from international development agencies.
0
» Between 2014 and 2020, finance for natural infrastructure for water security in Peru grew rapidly, increasing 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
13x overall, and reaching the high point of this period in 2019, just before the COVID-19 pandemic, when
USD 13.1 million was invested. Figure 1. Finance (USD) for natural infrastructure for water security in Peru executed between 2008-2020, by type
of financing source. Source: prepared by the authors.
» Public financing led investments in natural water infrastructure in Peru; within this field, regional governments
took the lead with almost 86% of the public funds executed in 2020, followed by local governments with 9%,
and the national government with 5%. Challenges and Bottlenecks
» In 2020, 86% of the public financing was concentrated in six regions: Cusco, Ica, Huancavelica, Junín, Piura, » The exponential growth in financing of natural water infrastructure has also been
and Apurímac. accompanied by an execution gap: the last years of the period studied showed consistently
lower execution of investment than had been planned and budgeted. This gap closed slightly
» Of the projects analyzed, the most common objective driving investment was promoting water infiltration in 2020 when 91% of planned amounts were executed, although this could be because the
(mentioned by 56% of projects), followed by increasing the natural capacity for water regulation (41%). total planned amount for 2020 was smaller than previous years.
» The most common interventions financed through these projects included reforestation or afforestation, » A critical factor contributing to this execution gap is the complexity of the public investment
followed by infiltration ditches, rustic water and soil conservation practices (often known as water sowing and system used to finance actions in natural infrastructure in Peru, which involves several
harvesting), and the construction of permeable micro-reservoirs (known in Peru as qochas). extended bid and contract processes during project development. According to our analysis,
public financing of natural infrastructure for water security by regional governments and
» International development agencies have been investing in natural water infrastructure since the beginning of ministries in Peru takes an average of 4.5 years to progress from an approved project profile
the period studied (2008-2020), playing a key role in laying the groundwork for the transformative change to physical execution.
documented in this report. In recent years, subnational governments have overtaken international funding
sources as the leaders in natural water infrastructure financing; their participation is responsible for the » Even though the finance tracked in this report was justified by hydrological objectives, the
exponential growth documented in this study. projects executed in 2020 lack precision in the description, quantification, and monitoring
of expected hydrological outcomes. In almost all cases – except, notably, the most recently
» The extraordinary growth tracked in this report reflects an evolution in Peru’s public investment system and developed initiatives by the drinking water sector – monitoring and evaluation of hydrological
regulatory framework that recognizes and promotes investments in nature that go beyond a traditional nature results is absent.
conservation approach, towards one in which ecosystems are also understood as assets for managing water
and water risks. This evolution took place through a series of legal and regulatory shifts, driven by multiple » The project descriptions analyzed did not demonstrate any consideration for gender
sectors, over the last ten years. differences in their design. This omission reflects a broader gender bias in the water sector
and represents a risk to the efficacy and sustainability of the investments.
1
All values are reported in United States Dollars (USD) and based on the 2020 exchange rate of 3.5 Peruvian Soles to 1 USD.
8 Natural Infrastructure for Water Security Opening the Tap: State of Finance for Natural Infrastructure for Water Security in Peru, 2021 9
Introduction
New Trends and Opportunities Peru is on the front lines of the water and climate the conservation of nature: natural infrastructure
crises. Between 2016 and 2017, the country was hit is an asset for water risk management beyond the
» While regional governments led financing by successive states of emergencies – first droughts traditional conservation of ecosystems, and should
of natural water infrastructure in recent and forest fires in Northern Peru and then floods be recognized as the base of a critical supply chain
years, we are starting to see new key and landslides along the Pacific coast– with the latter that safely delivers water where it’s needed. Both
players enter the field, like water utilities. resulting in damages valued at over USD 3 billion.2 public good providers, like central governments,
Their entry marks a recent trend in Climate change has caused an accelerated melting of and water users are starting to recognize the
the expansion of financing of natural Peru’s glaciers, large natural reservoirs that have stored importance of natural infrastructure in meeting
infrastructure beyond providers of public water over thousands of years, and deforestation of their water resource management objectives and
goods such as regional and national riverbanks and upper watersheds for human activities to act accordingly by investing directly in natural
governments, to incorporate downstream add further urgency to address water and climate risks. infrastructure projects.4, 7
beneficiaries of ecosystem services.
Natural infrastructure—like forests, grasslands, and This report shows how Peru has begun to act
» As new actors entering this field do not wetlands—buffers the effects of climate variability based on this new way of thinking about nature
have much experience in formulating, and its extremes that cause droughts and floods.3,4 and water resource management. It describes how
executing, or managing natural In addition, natural infrastructure improves the much is being invested in natural infrastructure
infrastructure investments, their successful performance of gray infrastructure by reducing for water security in the country, who is investing,
incorporation will require additional suspended solids in water and their sedimentation, where they are spending, and what actions they are
capacity building and new partnerships. and offers additional benefits such as food security, financing. This report also summarizes key changes
recreational opportunities, and climate change in the regulatory framework that have allowed
» As this new field develops, Peru is mitigation.5 Ancestral techniques for water regulation, this remarkable change to take place and identifies
building new capacities and fine-tuning especially in Peru,6 have long played a key role in challenges and opportunities for growth in the years
the regulatory framework for natural the effective management of natural infrastructure to come.
water infrastructure that is helping to and represent an enormous untapped potential to
address some of the challenges identified. address modern water risks in Peru.4,7 Annex 1 of this report details the scope, methods,
For example, new implementation and key definitions used to prepare this study.
mechanisms are now available that could Understanding the role nature plays in reducing Annex 2 lists the projects and initiatives in natural
significantly accelerate the formulation of water risks has led to a new way of thinking about infrastructure for water security analyzed.
public investments.
2
Redaccion EC. “Daños de El Niño: US$3.124 millones hasta ahora, Macroconsult”. El Comercio. 24 March 2017.
3
Bonnesoeur V., Locatelli B., Ochoa-Tocachi B.F., 2019. Impactos de la Forestación en el Agua y los Suelos de los Andes: ¿Qué sabemos?
Resumen de políticas, , Forest Trends, Lima, Perú.
4
Molina A., Vanacker V., Rosas Barturen M., Bonnesoeur V., Román F., Ochoa-Tocachi B.F., Buytaert W, 2021. Infraestructura natural para la
gestión de riesgos de erosión e inundaciones en los Andes: ¿Qué sabemos? Resumen de políticas, Proyecto “Infraestructura Natural para la
Seguridad Hídrica”, Forest Trends, Lima, Perú.
5
IPBES (2019): Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental
Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. S. Díaz, J. Settele, E. S. Brondízio E.S., H. T. Ngo, M. Guèze, J. Agard, A. Arneth, P.
Balvanera, K. A. Brauman, S. H. M. Butchart, K. M. A. Chan, L. A. Garibaldi, K. Ichii, J. Liu, S. M. Subramanian, G. F. Midgley, P. Miloslavich, Z. Molnár,
D. Obura, A. Pfaff, S. Polasky, A. Purvis, J. Razzaque, B. Reyers, R. Roy Chowdhury,Y. J. Shin, I. J. Visseren-Hamakers, K. J. Willis, and C. N. Zayas
(eds.). IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany. 56 pages.
6
Willems B., Leyva-Molina WM, Taboada-Hermoza R., Bonnesoeur V., Román F., Ochoa-Tocachi BF, Buytaert W., Walsh D., 2021. Impactos
de andenes y terrazas en el agua y los suelos: ¿Qué sabemos? Resumen de políticas, Proyecto “Infraestructura Natural para la Seguridad
Hídrica”, Forest Trends, Lima, Perú
7
Ochoa-Tocachi, B. F., Bardales, J. D., Antiporta, J. et al. “Potential contributions of pre-Inca infiltration infrastructure to Andean water security”.
Nat Sustain 2, 584–593 (2019).
8
Bennett, G. and Reuf, F. (2016). Alliances for Green Infrastructure: Investments in Watershed Services 2016. Washington, DC: Forest Trends.
10 Opening the Tap: State of Finance for Natural Infrastructure for Water Security in Peru, 2021 11
Photo: Juan Patiño
Current Context
In 2020, more than USD 10.2 million was Financing for natural infrastructure for water
invested in natural infrastructure for water security is still in development and relatively small
security in Peru, 83% came from Peruvian public compared to other public and private spending.
financing (Figure 2). This compares to 17% from For example, the annual public budget for the
international development agencies, reflecting the environmental sector in 2020, as defined by
current leadership of the domestic public sector in official public classification, was USD 0.9 billion,
nature-based solutions for water in Peru. more than 80 times the total investment in natural
infrastructure for water security in the same year.
2020
However, the growth in financing in this area is
4%
7% 0.4 M extraordinary. Between 2014 and 2020, the
0.8 M
Millions of Dollars annual execution of financing of natural
7%
2.7 M 17 % International
infrastructure for water security in Peru
1.7 M Development grew by a factor of 13 (Figure 3). Before
Agencies 2014, public financing of natural infrastructure
Regional Government
interventions for water security was not
Local Government
significant; however, as of 2014, this trend began
72 % National Government
to change, coinciding with initial changes to the
7.3 M
legal framework (Box 1). The growth between
2016 and 2019 is the most remarkable, with an
average annual growth rate of 110%, in contrast
Figure 2. Finance (USD) for natural infrastructure for to the average annual growth rate of public
water security in Peru executed in 2020, by financing investments in the environmental sector at the
source. Source: prepared by the authors.
same time, which was around 3%.
14 M
Millions of Dollars
12 M
International
10 M Development
8M Agencies
6M Regional Government
4M Local Government
2M National Government
0 Private Sector
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Total
Figure 3. Evolution of financing (USD) of natural infrastructure for water security executed in
Peru. Source: prepared by the authors.
12 Natural Infrastructure for Water Security Opening the Tap: State of Finance for Natural Infrastructure for Water Security in Peru, 2021 13
Photo: Infraestructura Natural para la Seguridad Hídrica
Millions
of Dollars
2M
Other regions:
Amazonas USD 0.4 M
Ayacucho USD 0.3 M
San Martín USD 0.3 M 0.2 M
Huánuco USD 0.2 M
Amazonas
Photo: Orlando Rogelio Silva Palma
Piura
0.8 M
2020
San Martín
Figure 4. Public
finance (USD) for 9%
natural 0.8 M
5%
infrastructure for
water security
executed in 2020, by 0.4 M
level of government. Cusco
Source: prepared by Millions of Dollars Huánuco 2M
the authors.
86 % Regional Government
7.3 M Local Government
National Government Junín
0.9 M
Huancavelica
This remarkable growth in finance for natural companies in Lima invest through Aquafondo, and 1.1 M
infrastructure can largely be attributed to the growth the hydroelectric company Celepsa invests through
of financing from regional governments over the last the Nor Yauyos Cochas Landscape Reserve. The
decade, despite decreases in 2019 and 2020. In 2020, private investments we analyzed primarily focused Ayacucho
regional governments led the execution of public on infiltration ditches, followed by the restoration of Ica
funding for natural infrastructure (86%), followed by grasslands, wetlands, and infiltration channels.
1.9 M
local governments (9%) and the national government
(5%) (Figure 4). In 2020, public financing of natural
Regions without investment:
infrastructure for water security was
Áncash, Arequipa, Cajamarca, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima,
The private sector has been investing in natural concentrated in six departments: Cusco, Ica, Apurímac
Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Puno, Tacna,
infrastructure for several years, although the total Huancavelica, Junín, Piura, and Apurímac. 0.5 M
Tumbes, Ucayali
amount of its financing — USD 1.2 million during the full These departments represent 86% of the
period analyzed— is still considerably lower than public public financing of natural infrastructure for
sector financing. Private companies usually work with water security in Peru across different levels of
Figure 5. Public finance (USD) of natural infrastructure for water security executed in 2020, by region.
partners to implement their projects; for example, many government (Figure 5). Source: prepared by the authors.
14 Natural Infrastructure for Water Security Opening the Tap: State of Finance for Natural Infrastructure for Water Security in Peru, 2021 15
Photo: Paul Vallejos
The amount of public financing executed per Number of Projects
project in 2020 ranges widely, from USD 1,700 Public financing was most frequently
to USD 1.5 million, the majority of which was 40 38 directed at reforestation and afforestation
executed by just six large projects. Figure 6 efforts, followed by infiltration ditches,
30 28
shows the total amount of public financing of natural practices for sowing and/or harvesting water,
infrastructure for water security executed in 2020: 20 qochas (reservoirs, often permeable, for water
20
each project is represented by a different colored Percentage of 14 Infiltration
retention and aquifer recharge), and amunas
column and the width of the columns represents total investment
Regulation
(ancestral infiltration canals) (Figure 8).
10
the amount of financing. Six projects (30% of Recharge
projects) concentrate 66% of the financing, while Erosion Control
This distribution contrasts with investments in
0
the remaining 70% of projects only account for 34% natural infrastructure for water security globally,
of total financing. On one hand, this distribution Figure 7. Frequency of hydrological objectives which tend to focus more heavily on forest
suggests that this area of public investment is very included in public investments for natural water conservation. In Latin America, the most popular
infrastructure in Peru executed between 2008 and
sensitive to the execution of a few projects —if a intervention for watershed conservation is
2020. Source: prepared by the authors.
few major projects were discontinued, the annual reforestation, followed by sustainable grazing.9
financing would be dramatically reduced. On the
other hand, the fact that there are so many projects
Figure 8. 50
with such small levels of execution suggests that Frequency of 43
high transaction costs impact this sector. interventions included in 40 Reforestation and afforestation
public investments in
0% 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 % 29 Infiltration trenches
Of all the public projects analyzed between natural water 30
infrastructure in Peru 23 Water sowing and harvesting practices
2008 and 2020, promoting water infiltration executed between 2008 20
66% of investments in 34% of investments Qochas (rustic, often permeable
was the most common hydrological objective. 30% of projects in 70% of projects and 2020.
The projects also mentioned increasing the Source: prepared 10 7 microreservoirs)
by the authors. 4
natural capacity for water regulation, responding Amunas (ancestral infiltration canals)
Figure 6. Distribution of public financing of natural 0
to water scarcity in the dry season or excess
infrastructure for water security executed in 2020, by
in the rainy season; groundwater recharge; and
project. Source: prepared by the authors.
erosion control (Figure 7). 9
Bennett, G. & Ruef, F. (2016). Alliances for Green Infrastructure: State of Watershed Investment 2016. Washington, DC: Forest Trends.
16 Natural Infrastructure for Water Security Opening the Tap: State of Finance for Natural Infrastructure for Water Security in Peru, 2021 17BOX 1. REGULATORY CHANGES THAT OPENED THE TAP, 2013-2020
The Ministry of Economy and The FRAMEWORK LAW FOR THE
The extraordinary growth in finance for natural infrastructure documented in this report was enabled Finance (MEF) and MINAM published MANAGEMENT AND PROVISION OF
by a series of key regulatory changes implemented by visionary leaders across the environmental, GUIDELINES FOR THE SANITATION SERVICES was published,
drinking water, and public finance sectors in the last decade.These changes allowed public investment to DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC specifying that water utilities are authorized to
flow to efforts to restore and conserve ecosystems as natural assets that provide critical services for INVESTMENT PROJECTS develop, evaluate, approve, and execute MERESE
water management, much as it does for built infrastructure. FOR BIOLOGICAL projects and are responsible for their operation
DIVERSITY AND and maintenance costs, even when the projects
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES. have been executed by third parties.
2013 2014 2015 2016
The MODERNIZATION OF The COMPENSATION The Ministry of the Environment MINAM approved the The Ministry of Housing, Construction and
SANITATION SERVICES LAW MECHANISMS FOR (MINAM) published REGULATION FOR THE Sanitation (MVCS) approved the
established a new tariff for ECOSYSTEM SERVICES GUIDELINES FOR PUBLIC MERESE LAW, to promote, REGULATION FOR THE
environmental compensation (MERESE) LAW established a INVESTMENT POLICY regulate and supervise the design MODERNIZATION OF
mechanisms to be charged to users by pathway for using public funds for FOR BIOLOGICAL and implementation of MERESE, SANITATION SERVICES LAW,
water utilities, which should be included the conservation of ecosystems DIVERSITY AND which establish actions for the further clarifying that water utilities are
in the utilities’ long-term planning that contribute to water security. ECOSYSTEM SERVICES conservation, recovery, and authorized to develop, evaluate, approve, and
instruments, known as Optimized (2015-2021), which established sustainable use of ecosystems execute MERESE projects and are
Master Plans, with the approval and specific objectives and lines of through voluntary agreements. responsible for their operation and
supervision of the national water utility action to promote public maintenance costs.
regulator, SUNASS. investment in this area.
2020 2019 2018 2017
MINAM approved the SIMPLIFIED MEF approved MINAM published MINAM issued GUIDELINES MINAM approved the MEF issued the SUNASS published the
TECHNICAL DATASHEET GUIDELINES FOR THE GUIDELINES FOR FOR INCORPORATING TECHNICAL REGULATION FOR RAPID
FOR INVESTMENT IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECT CRITERIA ON DATASHEET FOR THE NEW HYDROLOGICAL
PROJECTS IN THE INVESTMENTS IN DEVELOPMENT FOR NATURAL STANDARD NATIONAL SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC TOOL
RECOVERY OF WATER OPTIMIZATION, ECOSYSTEMS, INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS FOR MULTI-YEAR to help water utilities
REGULATION ECOSYSTEM
MARGINAL SPECIES, AND AND RISK AND/OR SIMPLIFIED PROGRAMMING identify opportunities to
SERVICES,, which provides a specific
EXPANSION, SUSTAINABLE USE OF MANAGEMENT TO INVESTMENT AND INVESTMENT use MERESE to manage
instrument to design and evaluate public
REPLACEMENT AND BIODIVERSITY, a key ADDRESS CLIMATE PROJECTS FOR THE MANAGEMENT, water risks they face
investment projects in natural
REHABILITATION instrument on which other CHANGE UNDER RECOVERY OF INVIERTE.PE, which through coordination with
infrastructure related to ecosystem
(IOARR),, which opens a policies for natural RECONSTRUCTION ANDEAN explicitly recognizes that any local actors.
services that provide water regulation.
simplified, much more agile infrastructure are based. WITH CHANGES, which ECOSYSTEMS, with the reference to infrastructure
pathway for investment in was a result of coordination objective of streamlining the also includes natural
natural assets. between MVCS, MIDAGRI, the project development process infrastructure.
Council of Ministers, the National for public investments in
Center for the Estimation, natural infrastructure.
Prevention and Reduction of
Disaster Risk, and the National
Institute of Civil Defense.Photo: Héctor Armando Arrunátegui Ochoa
Challenges and Bottlenecks
In 2020, the financing for natural water infrastructure Even in this context, the public sector budgeted USD agencies involved in developing, evaluating, and executing execution of investment than had been planned and
in Peru slowed down, due in part to the redirection 9.4 million for natural water infrastructure investments natural infrastructure investments. budgeted (Figure 9). This gap could simply reflect that
of public spending towards public health needs, like in 2020, and 91% of that was actually executed the implementation capacities are catching up with
the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Between – suggesting that resource diversions to cover The exponential growth in financing of natural water the large growth of planned financing. Improvements
March 2020 and December 2021, the Peruvian public health needs did not overcome the growing infrastructure has also been accompanied by an in capacities and processes may lead to improved
government issued at least five Emergency Decrees momentum to prioritize investments in natural assets execution gap: recent years show consistently lower efficiency in the future.
to prioritize and facilitate public health spending for water management. Moreover, the improvement
by regional governments, as well as an Emergency in the execution gap compared to the previous two
Decree to allow water utilities to use earmarked years suggests that capacities for managing natural 24 % 64 % 34 % 72 % 96 % 74 % 83 % 55 % 83 % 91 %
resources, including their MERESE funds, to cover infrastructure investments in line with growing demand
operating and maintenance costs for water and are improving over time. However, this execution 12.3
11.9
sanitation services since the economic impacts of the efficiency could be a result of the lower total amount
pandemic affected the general public’s ability to pay planned for the year and could be anecdotal if the 10.2
their fees. trend is not confirmed over the longer term. 9.4
8.8 8.5
7.2
6.6 Execution
efficiency
Challenge #1: Delays in Project Execution 5.3
Millions
3.4 of Dollars
The gap between allocated and executed A number of bottlenecks in public investment development 2.6
2.1 Allocated
funds is due, in part, to bottlenecks in the contribute to delays in project development,approvals and 1.61.5 1.6
Executed
public investment process that slow down mobilization —such as lengthy processes for hiring and 0.70.5 0.8 0.9
0.2 0.1 0.1 0.20.10.1 0.50.2 0.3 0.2
the development and evaluation of projects. contracting the development of project profiles, detailed 0.1 Not executed
According to our analysis, Peruvian public investments designs, and implementation.These bottlenecks, while not 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
in natural water infrastructure take an average of specific to natural infrastructure, may be accentuated in
Figure 9. Allocated vs. executed public financing (USD) of natural infrastructure for water security in Peru, between
4.5 years to go from an approved project profile to this field because they intersect with technical capacities 2011 and 2020. Source: prepared by the authors.
physical execution. that are also in early stages of development in the myriad
20 Natural Infrastructure for Water Security Opening the Tap: State of Finance for Natural Infrastructure for Water Security in Peru, 2021 21Challenge #2: 10,000,000
Inconsistencies in the
1,000,000
Estimation of Project
Benefits 100,000
Estimated 10,000
Despite having specified hydrological Number of
objectives, the projects analyzed lack a Beneficiaries
(Logarithmic Scale) 1,000
consistent approach to describe, quantify,
and monitor their hydrological benefits. 100
Peru’s public investment system does not
currently require the quantification of hydrological 10
benefits related to improved ecosystem services Estimated
for these types of investments, mainly because of Project Budget 1
the practical difficulties associated with this type
(Millions of Dollars) 0 2M 4M 6M
of estimation. As a result, the identification and
Figure 10. Number of beneficiaries estimated ex ante compared to the total project budget, for public natural
quantification of the benefits and beneficiaries of infrastructure for water security projects, between 2008 and 2020. Source: prepared by the authors.
projects has been inconsistent. Of the financing
destined for natural infrastructure for water
security in 2020, there is a very large variability
when comparing the ex ante estimates for
project budget and number of beneficiaries. For
Challenge #3: Lack of a Gender Approach
example, one project with a budget of USD An approach to project development address public policies prioritized by
23,000 is estimated to serve 2,000 beneficiaries, and implementation that recognizes the Peruvian government is lost.
while another of USD 2.8 million is only estimated gender inequality—and differentiated
to serve 850 beneficiaries (Figure 10). Even needs, knowledge, and roles between The projects analyzed do not
though the projects are very different, a normal men and women—is essential for the explicitly include a gender approach,
distribution should be expected for the project efficacy and sustainability of financing. which puts their efficacy and
budget per beneficiary, however, the standard In most communities in the upper sustainability at risk. Although many
deviation is very high, approximately ± 1075. watersheds where many natural women have been great agents of change
infrastructure projects intervene, most in favor of the implementation of natural
In almost all cases – except, notably, for the young men and women travel outside infrastructure for water security, a gender
projects recently developed by the drinking the community for work or education, approach is not documented within the
water sector – the monitoring and evaluation leaving primarily older women at projects: the projects do not mention the
of hydrological results is completely absent. A home.10 Not involving these women in difference in water risks for women and
number of actors, including the Ministry of the the development and implementation men; the differences in knowledge and
Environment (MINAM), the national water utility of natural infrastructure investments uses for natural infrastructure between
regulator (SUNASS), the Initiative for Hydrological misses important opportunities to women and men are not explicitly stated
Monitoring of Andean Ecosystems (iMHEA), and benefit from their valuable knowledge in the description of the interventions; and
the Natural Infrastructure for Water Security and participation. In addition, a key women and men are not differentiated
project, are promoting monitoring and evaluation opportunity to close gender gaps and among the beneficiaries.
through the generation of technical and
methodological tools as well as new capacities, in
order to address this need. 10
Carrillo, P. 2020. Brechas de género en la gestión de la infraestructura natural y el agua en el Perú. Forest Trends.
22 Opening the Tap: State of Finance for Natural Infrastructure for Water Security in Peru, 2021 23
Photo: Liz TasaLima $ 4,925,391
New Trends and Cusco
Lambayeque
$ 764,439
Opportunities
$ 252,416
Huancayo $ 167,143
Cajamarca $ 165,409
San Martín, Lamas
Huallaga, El Dorado, Picota $ 165,371
In the last six years, international development agencies and the development of key elements of the Total:
Cañete $ 126,916
have executed an average of USD 1.6 million per year technical-regulatory framework11 presented in Box 1. USD 7.8 Million
Tacna $ 120,818
in direct interventions in natural infrastructure in the Since 2017, the Natural Infrastructure for Water Security
field; while there is some fluctuation year-to-year in this project, funded and promoted by the development Chincha $ 116,465
financing, the contribution of international donors has agencies of the United States and Canada, has invested Ica $ 110,757
been relatively consistent over the period studied. For even greater resources in strengthening these enabling Abancay $ 97,509
example, the largest project financed by international conditions and mobilizing a new generation of scaled Coronel Portillo $ 95,959
development agencies in natural infrastructure investment in natural water infrastructure. Jaén $ 68,206
in execution in 2020 was the “Conservation and Tambopata $66,110
sustainable use of Peru’s high Andean ecosystems While the environmental sectors of regional Ayacucho $ 65,886
through Payment for Environmental Services for rural governments are currently leading financing of natural Huaura $ 63,613
poverty alleviation and social inclusion” project funded infrastructure for water security, there have recently Ilo $ 58,570
by the International Fund for Agricultural Development been new actors entering the scene with modest Huánuco
In this regard, water utilities are a case study
$ 49,610
and executed by the Ministry of the Environment. amounts. Among public sources, as shown in Figure of particular interest. In the last decade, water
Moquegua $ 39,098
11, since 2016 we have seen financing implemented utilities have experienced a dramatic change:
Huaral $ 36,568
While outside of the scope of this study, it should be noted for natural infrastructure not only by the environmental from being prohibited to invest in activities
Huancavelica $ 35,953
that international donors have added a new emphasis in sector, but also by the agriculture and sanitation sectors.12 that take place above their intake to being
Pisco $ 34,659
recent years that has supported the rise of Peruvian-led Their entry indicates an incipient trend to expand required to implement a MERESE tariff (i.e.,
investments by investing in the enabling conditions for financing of natural infrastructure beyond providers of Jauja, Concepción, allocate a percentage of the fees they collect)
Chupaca $ 29,771
scaling and enhancing the impacts of natural infrastructure public goods (i.e., regional and national governments to ensure the sustainability of their water
Rioja $ 25,063
finance. The German and Swiss development agencies investing through the environment sector) and include sources under the supervision of SUNASS.
Chimbote $ 22,857
were early movers in this space, supporting some of the downstream beneficiaries of the watershed services This new regime was pioneered by the
Bagua $ 16,798
first public investments in natural water infrastructure provided by nature. cities of Moyobamba and Cusco13 and made
Tarma $ 16,310 official through the 2013 Modernization of
10 M Sicuani $ 16,278 Sanitation Services Law and its regulations
Barranca $ 16,129 (Box 1).
8M
Bagua Grande $ 13,914
Millions
6M Andahuaylas $ 13,188 According to information provided by
of Dollars
Vista Alegre $ 10,234 SUNASS based on Optimized Master Plans
4M
Sectors: Iquitos, Yurimaguas,
of 40 water utilities with active MERESE
$ 9,700 tariffs, projected MERESE revenue for the
2M Agricultural Requena
Quillabamba $ 8,319 period 2015 – 2019 was USD 39 million;
Environmental
0 Otros $ 17,431 SEDAPAL was expected to have the most
Sanitation
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 MERESE revenue during that period, at USD
Figure 12. Estimated MERESE revenue (USD) of the 40 25 million.14 Taking a yearly average, we
Figure 11. Financing (USD) in natural infrastructure for water security executed between 2011 and 2020, by water utilities in 2019, by location. The annual revenue is
based on rates established by the water utilities on a five-year
estimate that the total MERESE revenue of
public sector. Source: prepared by the authors.
basis. Source: prepared by the authors, based on information the 40 water utilities together in 2019 was
provided by SUNASS. USD 8 million,15 as shown in Figure 12.
11
Coxon, C., Gammie, G., and Cassin, J. 2021. Mobilizing funding for nature-based solutions: Peru's drinking water tariff. Jan Cassin, John
Matthews, Elena Gunn (Eds.). Nature-Based Solutions and Water Security: An Action Agenda for the 21st Century (pp. 241-262). Elsevier. 13
Coxon et al. (2021).
12
In this case, sector (Función in Spanish) is an official public classification that refers to a category of public spending. 14
This estimation is based on an ex-ante calculation of the water utilities' rates.
15
The year 2019 is used because the collection of water fees –and therefore also MERESE tariffs—was disrupted in 2020 by the pandemic.
24 Natural Infrastructure for Water Security Opening the Tap: State of Finance for Natural Infrastructure for Water Security in Peru, 2021 25Photo: Carlos Palacios Núñez
Despite this impressive ability to raise new Although water utilities have been gradually improving 0.5 M
0.50
funds for natural water infrastructure, so far their implementation processes, their budget planning 0.4 M
the water utilities have executed less than 1% of still far exceeds execution capacity. For most water 0.35 Millions
0.3 M of Dollars
the estimated MERESE revenue. This represents utilities, significant amounts of planned financing have 0.26 0.26
an important opportunity—if the water utilities had yet to be executed; the most efficient among them has 0.2 M Allocated
0.15 0.17 0.17
executed all the funds anticipated for 2019, it would have only achieved 70% execution (Figure 14). 0.1 M Executed
0.03 0.03
resulted in an increase of 77% of the public investment 0.0 0.0 0.0 Not executed
0
on natural infrastructure for that year (Figure 13). A great opportunity that has presented itself in
Ayacucho Cusco Junín San Martín
the last two years is the incorporation of natural
infrastructure interventions in the field by the Authority Figure 14. Total allocated vs. executed financing (USD) of natural infrastructure for water security by water
12 M utilities in 2018. Source: prepared by the authors.
for Reconstruction with Changes (ARCC). The ARCC
10.2 M
10 M has ten projects in advanced stages of development,
8M
7.8 M representing more than USD 203 million, which are
expected to be implemented in the coming years and infrastructure.16 The guidelines define how IOARRs, monitoring equipment for natural and ancestral
6M
increase total public financing for natural infrastructure which apply broadly to gray infrastructure, can infrastructure, including for hydrological monitoring.
4M
by an order of magnitude. also be used for natural infrastructure. The IOARR
2M implementation mechanism has enormous potential On the other hand, direct contracts with local
0 The ongoing fine-tuning of the regulatory to accelerate investment in specific natural assets land users, as an alternative to financing through
Estimated MERESE Total public investment in framework has created new implementation by simplifying the design and justification required large public investment projects, represent an
revenue collected by natural infrastructure for mechanisms that represent important for a given intervention in natural infrastructure. For important opportunity to directly compensate
water utilities in 2019 water security in 2019
opportunities to accelerate the process of example, a regional government can use IOARR to land users, benefit local communities, and align
formulating public financing. For example, in quickly respond to wildfires and restore affected areas. their interests with effective natural infrastructure
Figure 13. Estimated MERESE revenue (USD) collected
December 2019, the Ministry of the Environment The use of IOARR allow public institutions to avoid management practices. This contract mechanism is
by water utilities vs. the total public investment in
approved guidelines for applying the Investments the extensive bureaucratic processes and approvals still being developed and will likely require additional
natural infrastructure for water security in 2019.
Source: prepared by the authors. in Optimization, Marginal Expansion, Rehabilitation associated with public investment projects. IOARRs changes to the regulatory framework to facilitate its
and Repositioning (IOARR) mechanism to natural also enable public entities to quickly acquire or replace implementation.
16
R. M. No. 410-2019-MINAM. El Peruano. Lima, 31 December 2019.
26 Natural Infrastructure for Water Security Opening the Tap: State of Finance for Natural Infrastructure for Water Security in Peru, 2021 27Photo: Renny Daniel Díaz Aguilar
Annex 1
Scope, Method,
and Definitions
Approach and objectives » Evaluate the impacts of the interventions. low quality, and the deterioration of the resilience We consider it important to include these practices,
The objective of this study is to characterize the financing of freshwater systems. Water security takes into given their historical use in Andean culture to
of direct interventions in favor of natural infrastructure This study follows a similar methodology and format consideration all uses and users of water, as well as all manage natural spaces (using mixtures of abiotic and
that intend to contribute to water security. used in a series of international studies produced by activities and entities affected by water risks. biotic actions) to ensure the provision of ecosystem
Forest Trends that cover ecosystem services markets services such as water regulation and erosion control.
The study seeks to: and investments, such as the State of Forest Carbon Scope
» Describe the current state and trends of Finance, State of Watershed Investments, and State of All financing projects and initiatives considered in this For example, a financing initiative to secure water for
financing for the recovery, protection, or Biodiversity Investments. report must explicitly state the following selection a community that builds a qocha for storage, reforests
sustainable use of natural infrastructure as a criteria in their primary design documents: the water catchment, and provides sedimentation
strategy to manage water risks, specifically: Definitions 1. Implementation of direct interventions in favor of control, would be included. Among others, the
• who is funding the interventions, Natural infrastructure is the network of spaces that natural infrastructure that following factors do not impact the decision to
• how much is executed, preserve the values and functions of the 2. Seek to contribute to water security, whether in include or exclude a given financing initiative:
• where the interventions take place, and ecosystems, and provide ecosystem services. part or by its entire definition.
• what specific measures are executed. » Sector (the project can be from any public level/
Direct interventions in favor of natural Practices for “sowing and harvesting water” are sector or private).
» Analyze the factors that contribute to the trends infrastructure include all physical actions performed included in the scope of the study if their design » Category, production unit, or any other technical
observed, and to recover, maintain, or sustainably use natural explicitly includes biotic elements (i.e., vegetation). criteria beyond the two criteria referenced above.
» Identify opportunities and challenges for growth infrastructure. For example, the construction of a qocha for the » Quality of design or execution. In other words,
capture, storage and infiltration of water would the study does not question whether the
The study does not intend to: Water security is the ability to maintain acceptable not be considered if it is not associated with other interventions will successfully generate the
» Rate the quality of the design or execution of the levels of the following four water risks: scarcity practices such as pasture management, replanting hydrological ecosystem services as designed.
interventions, or (including droughts), excesses (including floods), natural pastures, reforestation with native species, etc.
28 Natural Infrastructure for Water Security Opening the Tap: State of Finance for Natural Infrastructure for Water Security in Peru, 2021 29The main unit of analysis is the project but can vary
due to the nature and objective of the financing.
For public investments:
» When the entire public investment project
is about investing in 1) interventions in favor
of natural infrastructure, 2) to provide water
security, the entire public investment project is
considered as the unit of analysis. This includes
public investment projects implemented under
MERESE, as well as other mechanisms.
For other public spending:
» Public spending, executed outside of public
investment projects, may also be considered
as long as they verifiably comply with the two
primary selection criteria.
For financing by the private sector or international
development agencies:
» All projects, programs, and initiatives that meet
the selection criteria are analyzed according
to their defined unit – in general, these are
usually projects.
For all projects:
» When a project or program (public
or private) is primarily about natural
infrastructure for water security, intangible
actions like capacity building (training,
organization, management instruments, legal
clearances, etc) will be considered if they
complement physical actions.
30 Opening the Tap: State of Finance for Natural Infrastructure for Water Security in Peru, 2021 31
Photo: Sharon Castellanos Tuesta Photo: Frank Egoavil GranadosAnnex II
Database of Natural Infrastructure for Water
Security Projects and Initiatives Included in
the Study
Project Initial Date Amount Amount executed
Budget
Number Name Entity Category of Financial Region executed in 2020
ID/APCI (USD)
Code Execution (USD) (USD)
1 2398144 RECUPERACIÓN DEL SERVICIO ECOSISTÉMICO DE REGULACIÓN HÍDRICA EN LA GOBIERNO REGIONAL ECOSISTEMAS 1/8/2019 SAN MARTÍN 1 595 603 464 397 255 238
MICROCUENCA JUNINGUILLO, DISTRITO DE MOYOBAMBA - PROVINCIA DE MOYOBAMBA - DE SAN MARTÍN
REGIÓN SAN MARTÍN
2 2394643 RECUPERACIÓN DEL SERVICIO ECOSISTÉMICO DE REGULACIÓN HÍDRICA EN LA GOBIERNO REGIONAL ECOSISTEMAS 1/7/2018 CUSCO 460 631 521 376 256 498
MICROCUENCA DE HUAYLLAHUAYCCO DE LA COMUNIDAD CAMPESINA DE DE CUSCO
PATACANCHA, PATACANCHA - DISTRITO DE HUANCARANI - PROVINCIA DE
PAUCARTAMBO - DEPARTAMENTO DE CUSCO
3 2399797 RECUPERACIÓN DE LOS SERVICIOS ECOSISTÉMICO PARA LA REGULACIÓN HÍDRICA EN EL MUNICIPALIDAD SISTEMA DE 1/12/2017 CUSCO 423 981 372 608 0
SECTOR DE CAN CAN Y MONITOREO EN EL SECTOR MILLPU EN EL DISTRITO DE PROVINCIAL DEL SANEAMIENTO
CHINCHERO - PROVINCIA DE URUBAMBA - REGIÓN CUSCO CUSCO URBANO
4 2334603 RECUPERACIÓN DEL SERVICIO DE REGULACIÓN HÍDRICA EN LA SUBCUENCA ALTA SAN GOBIERNO REGIONAL - 1/10/2018 PIURA 2 804 677 1 128 741 838 256
PEDRO ARENALES DE LOS DISTRITOS DE FRIAS, SAPILLICA, LAGUNAS Y PACAIPAMPA, DE PIURA
PROVINCIA DE AYABACA, DEPARTAMENTO PIURA
5 2191829 RECUPERACIÓN DEL SERVICIO AMBIENTAL DE PROVISIÓN HÍDRICA EN EL BOSQUE MUNICIPALIDAD - 1/6/2015 PIURA 1 329 053 18 085 0
ANDINO EN LA CABECERA DE LA CUENCA DEL RÍO HUANCABAMBA, PROVINCIA DE PROVINCIAL DE
HUANCABAMBA - PIURA HUANCABAMBA
6 2344101 RECUPERACIÓN DEL SERVICIO ECOSISTÉMICO DE REGULACIÓN HÍDRICA EN LAS GOBIERNO REGIONAL - 1/7/2017 PIURA 342 831 235 801 0
MICROCUENCAS DE LAS COMUNIDADES CAMPESINAS DE LUCARQUI, JORAS, CUYAS, DE PIURA
SOCCHABAMBA, ARAGOTO, CHOCAN, MOSTAZAS, SAMANGA, SANTA ROSA, SICCHEZ,
MARMAS Y COOPERATIVA LA TINA DE LOS DISTRITOS DE AYABACA, SUYO, SICCHEZ Y JILILI,
PROVINCIA DE AYABACA, DEPARTAMENTO PIURA
7 2378489 RECUPERACIÓN DEL SERVICIO DE REGULACIÓN HÍDRICA EN LA CUENCA DE MUNICIPALIDAD - 1/4/2018 CUSCO 341 751 847 186 0
PACHATUSAN, EN LAS LOCALIDADES DE PATABAMBA, CCAJYAPATA, KEHUAR Y DISTRITAL DE OROPESA
PATACANCHA, DISTRITO DE OROPESA - QUISPICANCHI - CUSCO
8 2306031 RECUPERACIÓN DE LOS SERVICIOS ECOSISTÉMICOS DE PROVISIÓN Y REGULACIÓN MUNICIPALIDAD - 1/12/2016 CUSCO 243 662 122 182 25 210
HÍDRICA EN LA MICROCUENCA DE POMACANCHI, DISTRITO DE POMACANCHI - DISTRITAL DE
ACOMAYO - CUSCO POMACANCHI
9 2223165 MEJORAMIENTO DE LOS SERVICIOS AMBIENTALES PARA LA CAPTACIÓN Y FILTRACIÓN DE MUNICIPALIDAD - 1/12/2014 CUSCO 140 261 113 0
AGUA EN EL ACUIFERO DE MISMINAY, EN EL SECTOR DE MISMINAY DE LA COMUNIDAD PROVINCIAL DE
CAMPESINA DE MULLAKAS MISMINAY DEL DISTRITO DE MARAS, PROVINCIA DE URUBAMBA URUBAMBA
- CUSCO
10 2216437 RECUPERACIÓN DEL RECURSO HÍDRICO MEDIANTE REFORESTACIÓN EN PARTES ALTAS Y MUNICIPALIDAD INFRAESTRUCTURA DE 1/5/2013 SAN MARTÍN 22 857 429 0
FRANJAS DE LAS QUEBRADAS ASANZA, LIMON, ATUNRARCA Y PALLCANA, DISTRITO DE DISTRITAL DE SAN RIEGO
ALONSO DE ALVARADO - LAMAS - SAN MARTÍN ROQUE DE CUMBAZA
11 2430118 RECUPERACIÓN DE LOS SERVICIOS DE REGULACIÓN HÍDRICA EN LA CABECERA DE LA GOBIERNO REGIONAL - 1/11/2018 HUANCAVELICA 6 333 392 77 471 0
CUENCA DEL RÍO ICA, EN SEIS DISTRITOS DE LA PROVINCIA DE HUAYTARÁ - DE HUANCAVELICA
DEPARTAMENTO DE HUANCAVELICA
N/A = Not Available.
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