Lingua e traduzione inglese I - Mod. A "lingua e cultura" - Prof. ssa RAFFI - Portale docenti
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Lingua e traduzione
inglese I - Mod. A
"lingua e cultura"
Prof. ssa RAFFI
francesca.raffi@unimc.it
Testi (A)dottati, (C)onsigliati • (A) Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language Cambridge University Press, Cambridge University. 2003. • (C) Crystal, D. English as a Global Language Cambridge University Press, Cambridge University. 2002. • (C) Crystal, D. and Davy, D. Investigating English Style Routledge. Oxon, 2013. • (C) Halliday, M.A.K. and Matthiessen, C. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. Routledge, Oxon, 2013.
PRIMA LEZIONE • CHAPTER 8: THE NATURE OF THE LEXICON • CHAPTER 9: THE SOURCE OF THE LEXICON
WHAT IS A LEXEME? • Lexeme: the fundamental unit of the lexicon of a language. • Etymology: from the Greek, "word, speech”. • A lexeme is often (but not always) an individual word (e.g. love). • It may have a number of inflectional forms or grammatical variants (e.g. loved; loving; lover). • A lexeme can be made up of more than one orthographic word. • Come, coming and come in are all lexemes.
The headwords in a dictionary are all
lexemes
happy (the word in bold letters) is a lexemeAbbreviations
Acronyms: a word formed from the initial letter or
letters of each of the successive parts (e.g. RADAR –
RAdio Detection And Ranging) or major parts of a
compound term (e.g. MOTEL – MOTor HoTEL) .
Initialisms: an abbreviation formed from initial letters
(e.g. BBQ).
Acronyms like 'scuba' ("self-
contained underwater breathing
apparatus") are pronounceable as
words. Initialisms like 'FBI' (Federal
Bureau of Investigation) are not.Abbreviations – cont’d Clipping (clipped word, shortening, and truncation): the shortening of a longer word, often reducing it to one syllable (e.g. AD). Blends: a word which is made up of parts of two or more other words (e.g. BRUNCH) Latin abbreviations: etc.; et al.; etc…. J
Why does English have more
words than any other language?
The reason for this is historical
• English was originally a Germanic language, related to Dutch
and German.
• However, after the Norman Conquest in 1066 it was hugely
influenced by Norman French (the language of the ruling class)
and by Latin (the language of scholarship and of the Church).
• English is also very ready to accommodate foreign words.The sources of lexicon (1)
(and history strikes again… K)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YEaSxhcns7YThe sources of lexicon (1)
(and history strikes again… K)
The Anglo-Saxon base
• Germanic invaders settled in Britain in the fifth and sixth
centuries.
• The invaders all spoke a language that was Germanic and
displaced the original Celtic-speaking inhabitants.
• 100% Anglo-Saxon words?Parts of the body (arm, bone, chest, ear, eye, foot, hand, heart), the natural environment (field, hedge, hill, land, meadow, wood), the domestic life (door, floor, home, house), the calendar (day, month, moon, sun, year), animals (cow, dog, fish, goat, hen, sheep, swine), common adjectives (black, dark, good, long, white, wide) and common verbs (become, do, eat, fly, go, help, kiss, live, love, say, see, sell, send, think) (Jackson & Amvela 2000: 31).
The sources of lexicon (2)
Celtic borrowings
• Although the Celts were already resident in Britain when the
Anglo-Saxons arrived, there are few obvious traces of their
language in English today.
• Words that survive in modern English include brock (badger),
alongside many place names.The sources of lexicon (3)
Scandinavian borrowings
• The Norse invaders settled in Britain (9th century) and they had
a great influence on English (e.g. take, they).
• A good number of sc- or sk- words today are of Scandinavian
origin (scathe, scorch, score, scowl, scrape, scrub, skill, skin, skirt, sky).The sources of lexicon (4)
French borrowings
• 1066 and after: trilingualism in English, French, and Latin was
common in the worlds of business and the professions:
• Government: parliament, chancellor, government, country, crown
• Finance: treasure, wage, poverty
• Law: attorney, plaintiff, larceny, fraud, jury, verdict
• War: battle, army, castle, tower, siege, banner
• Religion: miracle, charity, saint, pardonThe sources of lexicon (4)
Other borrowings
• exploration, colonization and overseas trade led to significant
change in English and many words were absorbed from all over
the world. Examples:
Japan: samurai, kimono…
Australia: kangaroo, boomerang…
(and later) Italy: paparazzo, dolce vita…WORD FORMATION
• In linguistics, word formation refers to the ways in which
new words are made on the basis of other words.
• Word-formation can be viewed either diachronically (through
different periods in history) or synchronically (at one particular
period in time)
• Word formation is sometimes contrasted with semantic
change, which is a change in a single word's meaning.1. Abbreviations: a word or phrase is shortened (e.g. Dr.).
Remember?
• Acronyms: a word formed from the initial letter or letters of
each of the successive parts (e.g. RADAR) or major parts of a
compound term (e.g. MOTEL) .
• Initialisms: an abbreviation formed from initial letters (e.g.
BBQ).
• Clipping (clipped word, shortening, and truncation): the
shortening of a longer word, often reducing it to one syllable
(e.g. AD).
• Blends: a word which is made up of parts of two or more
other words (e.g. BRUNCH)
• Latin abbreviations: etc.; et al.; etc…. J1. Abbreviations: a word or phrase is shortened (e.g. Dr.).
2. Calque or loan translation: a word or phrase borrowed from another
language by literal, word-for-word or root-for-root translation (e.g. It goes
without saying).1. Abbreviations: a word or phrase is shortened (e.g. Dr.).
2. Calque or loan translation: a word or phrase borrowed from another
language by literal, word-for-word or root-for-root translation (e.g. It goes
without saying).
3. Morphological derivation: the process of forming a new word from an
existing word, often by adding a prefix or suffix (e.g. unhappy)1. Abbreviations: a word or phrase is shortened (e.g. Dr.).
2. Calque or loan translation: a word or phrase borrowed from another
language by literal, word-for-word or root-for-root translation (e.g. It goes
without saying).
3. Morphological derivation: the process of forming a new word from an
existing word, often by adding a prefix or suffix (e.g. unhappy)
4. Compounding: a lexeme that consists of more than one stem (e.g. cupcake)1. Abbreviations: a word or phrase is shortened (e.g. Dr.).
2. Calque or loan translation: a word or phrase borrowed from another
language by literal, word-for-word or root-for-root translation (e.g. It goes
without saying).
3. Morphological derivation: the process of forming a new word from an
existing word, often by adding a prefix or suffix (e.g. unhappy)
4. Compounding: a lexeme that consists of more than one stem (e.g. cupcake)
5. Conversion: change of a word from one word class to another (e.g. to friend
someone).1. Abbreviations: a word or phrase is shortened (e.g. Dr.).
2. Calque or loan translation: a word or phrase borrowed from another
language by literal, word-for-word or root-for-root translation (e.g. It goes
without saying).
3. Morphological derivation: the process of forming a new word from an
existing word, often by adding a prefix or suffix (e.g. unhappy)
4. Compounding: a lexeme that consists of more than one stem (e.g. cupcake)
5. Conversion: change of a word from one word class to another (e.g. to friend
someone).
6. Neologism: forming a new word by coining (e.g. quark)1. Abbreviations: a word or phrase is shortened (e.g. Dr.).
2. Calque or loan translation: a word or phrase borrowed from another
language by literal, word-for-word or root-for-root translation (e.g. It goes
without saying).
3. Morphological derivation: the process of forming a new word from an
existing word, often by adding a prefix or suffix (e.g. unhappy)
4. Compounding: a lexeme that consists of more than one stem (e.g. cupcake)
5. Conversion: change of a word from one word class to another (e.g. to friend
someone).
6. Neologism: forming a new word by coining (e.g. quark)
7. Back-formation: we remove part of a word - suffix or prefix (e.g. to
enthuse).BECOMING A
PROFESSIONAL
TRANSLATOR
(?)resources for translators! •ProZ.com: Freelance translators & Translation companies www.proz.com •TranslatorsCafé.com—Directory of Translators, Interpreters and Translation Agencies www.translatorscafe.com •Portal for translators and translation agencies www.translationdirectory.com •Find translators for your translation project www.traduguide.com
WORKING AS TRANSLATORS • UNITED NATIONS https://careers.un.org/lbw/home.aspx?viewtype=LCEFD&FId=7 • FREELANCE TRANSLATOR http://www.proz.com/ • VOLUNTEER AS TRANSLATOR/PROOFREADER http://translatorswithoutborders.org/volunteer/ http://www.ted.com/participate/translate/get-started
What you need to know
to become a professional
translator
• Saper fare un preventivo di traduzione
q Quanto tempo?
q Quanti soldi?
Utilità gruppi!
■ CARTELLA
■ PAROLA
■ REVISORE
■ and much more!
6What you need to know
to become a professional
translator
• Saper fare un preventivo di traduzione
q Quanto tempo?
q Quanti soldi?
■LA CARTELLA:
■Come si calcola?
■1 CARTELLA = XEuro 71 CARTELLA = 1.500 caratteri, spazi inclusi
NON SOLO
CARTELLE
PAROLA
■ cartella da 1500:
■ italiano = 212-218
■ inglese = 240-250
■ francese = 212 (?)
■ tedesco = 200 (ma varia da 170 a 240 circa)TARIFFE ENG ITA 1) QUANTE CARTELLERIESCOA TRADURREIN UN’ORA? 2) QUANTO TEMPO HO DA DEDICAREALLA TRADUZIONE (altri lavori in coda, ecc.)? 3) QUALI SONO LE MIE SCADENZE? E QUELLE DEL REVISORE? QUANTO TEMPOGLI/LE OCCORRE? ■ 1 h = 2 cartelle (3.000 caratteri spaziinclusi) ■ HO 10 CARTELLEDA TRADURRE= 5 h di lavoro
TARIFFOM ETRO
TARIFFETRADUZIONE:
http://www.turner.it/Tariffometro-italia.htm
NB: le tariffe variano molto fra Nord e Sud, fra Milano e altre città. Queste sono solo
delle indicazioni di massima. “LS” = lingua straniera (EN, FR, DE, ES). Per capire
qualcosa di queste tariffe, leggi le NOTE. Cartelle da 1500 battute, tranne dove
indicato. Le tariffe a riga e a parola (arrotondate e solo molto indicative) sono
estrapolazioni, non cifre riportate dal mercato: "Riga" = la cifra a cartella divisa 27,273.
"Parole" = le tariffa a cartella / 250 x 100 + 10% a sinistra, e / 200 x 100 + 10% a
destra. "Editoriale" = narrativa e saggistica ma le tariffe di quest'ultima variano
enormemente e possono arrivare vicine a quelle indicate per "cliente>traduttore".
Nota che le tariffe "alte" sono quelle minime: un testo finanziario può valere il doppio,
per esempio, e un piccolo sito o un depliant istituzionale può valere €50-120 a
cartella. Ricordati che ogni tariffa è il risultato di una trattativa - non di quello che sta
scritto qui.La "Qualità minima" è solo quello che dice di essere: pagando una miseria
si può anche ottenere una qualità eccelsa ma non sarebbe ragionevole aspettarsi
molto di più di quello che è indicato.VOCI DA INSERIRE IN PREVENTIVO: UN
ESEMPIO*
VOCIDI PREVENTIVO #
TIPOLOGIA DISERVIZIO TRADUZIONE ITA>ING
TIPOLOGIA DITESTO TECNICO-SCIENTIFICO/ACCADEMICO
N° DI CARTELLE 42 (1 cartella = 1.500 caratteri spazi inclusi)
CONTEGGIO Caratteri testo di partenza = 62.865
Calcolo: 62.865/1.500 = 41.9 = 42
TARIFFA/cartella*: (ITA>ING) 19,00 Euro
* comprensiva di revisionemadrelingua
TOTALE 798,00 Euro
TEMPISTICHE 1 (una) settimana
* le cifre proposte e le tempistiche sono puramenteindicativePER TRADUTTORI
FREELANCE SENZA PARTITA
IVA
Esempi Notula di pagamento per
prestazioni di lavoro autonomo
occasionaleHOMEWORKS
1) TRAD ENG>ITA + CONTEGGIO CARTELLE
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/26/distracted-boyfriend-
meme-sexist-swedish-advertising (fino a «from the city’s public billboards»)
• e-mail con allegato file Word: traduzione + numero cartelle sempre nel
file Word
• oggetto email: TASK 1 INGLESE I
• lavoro individuale NO IN GRUPPO
2) PENSARE A COMPOSIZIONE AGENZIE
• max 5/6 persone
• OK sia membri online/sia offline
MA
• membri all’interno stesso Gruppo: AL-MZYou can also read
