Increasing the Students' Basic Vocabulary in French, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish through English Cognates - Ludolinguistica
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
Mosaic 21
Anthony Mollica languages’ endings and, as a result,
a word can easily be formed in
French, Italian, Portuguese and
Increasing the Students’ Basic Spanish. It is interesting to note
that even when a student creates
Vocabulary in French, Italian, an incorrect word from the English
into the target language, the
Portuguese and Spanish through listener – in spite of the error – will
still be able to understand its
English Cognates semantic meaning and hence
communication will still occur.
How can we, as teachers, facilitate the acquisition of new lexical In spite of this great source for
learning and expanding the
items? How do learners acquire a wider knowledge of vocabulary? students’ basic vocabulary, only a
The author suggests the use of cognates as one of several strategies handful of authors have written
in teaching/learning vocabulary. on the subject:
• for French: Péchon and Howlett
Introduction though it is essential to read for (1977: 33,5);
accurate comprehension, teachers
A s Robert Galisson aptly said,
“Jusqu’à preuve du contraire,
les mots restent bien utiles pour
should avoid excessive grammati-
cal analysis, word study or trans-
• for German: Banta (1981);
• for Italian: Mollica (1971, 2001)
lation. [...] Synonyms, antonyms, and Russo (2003);
communiquer.”And as Jana Viz-
definitions, diagrams, and gestures
muller Zocco (1985:13) correctly can prepare the student for a more
• for Spanish: Madrigal (1951),
points out, profitable and pleasurable reading Garrison (1990, Richmond
“It has been tacitly assumed by assignment. Word study should be (1992).
many instructors that reading lit- done only to help the student More recently, Means has
erary works is one of the best understand, not as goal in itself.” compiled three books on cognates
methods for students in advanced (Mollica, 1971:522). for French (2003a), Italian
courses to learn new vocabulary.” (2003b,) and Spanish ( 2003c).
Even from a quick glance at the
and observes that literature available, then, we could While a great emphasis has
“Given the fact that students in reasonably conclude that the more been put on cognates, deceptive
advanced language courses possess one reads, the more vocabulary cognates (faux amis, falsi amici,
a certain grammatical compe- one acquires. falsos cognatos, falsos amigos) have
tence, one of the most pressing ob- There exists, however, one un- not been neglected. The lengthy
jectives of such a course is to help explored goldmine: the intro- compilation for Spanish by Diego
them increase their lexical duction of cognates which could Marín (1980) and the books for
competence.” be presented even in the first lan- Italian by Marina Frescura (1984)
Stephen Krashen (1989:440), guage class and, a decade later, by Ronnie
too, concurs that Ferguson (1994), immediately
• to teach pronunciation, come to mind.
“[...] the best hypothesis is that • to show the affinity between
competence in spelling and vo- In teaching German voca-
English and the language being bulary, Banta (1981: 129) regrets
cabulary is most efficiently at-
learned, the lack of emphasis which teach-
tained by comprehensible input in
the form of reading, a position ar- • to expand the student’s voca- ers place on cognates and asks,
gued by several others.” bulary. “Do we make it sufficiently clear
Mollica has long held the view English-speaking students can to our students that German and
– and reflected that view in publi- acquire a great deal of vocabulary English are close relatives? Do we
cations (Mollica 1973, 1976; if they are made aware from the make them usefully aware of the
Mollica and Convertini, 1979,) – very first language class of the close linguistic community that is West-
that relationship which exists between ern Europe and all its wide-spread
English and certain French, Italian, former colonies? Do we really train
“The aim of the reading program them for intelligent guessing when
[...] should be the further devel- Portuguese and Spanish words.The
endings of some English words they meet new words? Not really
opment of oral and reading skills enough.”
in the study of good literature. Al- may be changed into the other22 Vol. 9, No. 2 , Summer 2007
The questions that Banta raises The endings are listed in -ary = -aire
for German are equally applicable alphabetical order for easy
to Romance Languages. auxiliaire, bréviaire, calvaire,
reference. An asterisk [*] at the
contraire, émissaire, honoraire,
Garrison (1990: 509-510) be- beginning of a word indicates a
interdisciplinaire, itinéraire,
lieves that a list of cognates can (slight) change in spelling in the
militaire, *missionnaire, néces-
be very productive on the very first target language. saire, primaire, salaire, secondaire,
day of an introductory class and secrétaire,
that FROM ENGLISH TO FRENCH -ate = -er
“It encourages timid students by
showing them that they already English Endings French Endings activer, agiter, animer, associer,
know many words in Spanish and compliquer, consolider, coordon-
-able = -able ner, dicter, formuler, illuminer,
that they can easily learn many
more. It provides a good first lesson acceptable, curable, formidable, imiter, inaugurer, narrer, insinuer,
in pronunciation, because impeccable, improbable. terminer
differences between the sound indispensable, inimi- table, Once again, teachers may wish
system of the two languages invariable, probable, responsable,
to separate these cognates from
become dramatically apparent vénérable
those with an accent by creating a
when cognates are compared.” -acy = -atie separate list:
And Roseanne Runte (1995: 9) aristocratie, autocratie, bureau- aliéner, atténuer, célébrer,
stresses, cratie, démocratie, diplomatie, coopérer, déléguer, délibérer,
“Language is more than grammar. ploutocratie, suprématie, techno- élaborer, énumérer, exagérer,
It is more than a way of structur- cratie, théocratie hésiter, méditer
ing thought. It is a way of signify- -cal = -que
ing our deepest feelings, our most
-al = -al
sincere beliefs. Each time I learn a animal, commercial, digital, fatal, analytique, astronomique, clas-
word which has no translation immoral, initial, local, mental, sique, clinique, critique, diabo-
into another language, I feel that I musical, national, oral, original lique, économique, elliptical,
have discovered a rare gift, a new fanatique, logique, magique,
This list can be broken down numérique, politique, rhétorique,
idea, a fresh insight.”
into one in which the French typique
The following lists show several words have an accent:
English endings which, if replaced See also -ic = -ique
décimal, électoral, fédéral, général,
by French, Italian, Portuguese or Note: musical remains the same,
*hôpital, idéal, légal, libéral, pénal,
Spanish endings, can form a word spécial musical.
in those languages. It is obvious
that these words derive from latin It should be noted that some -ct = -(c)t
or Greek and are easily found in English words which end in -al contrat, distinct, effet, exact,
Romance Languages but many are may end in -el in French. impact, indirect, instinct, objet,
also found in non-Romance -al = -el projet, respect, succinct
Languages as well. Because these
accidententel, annuel, artificiel, Note: dialect = dialecte, extinct =
words derive from Latin or Greek, éteint, imperfect = imparfait
they are often referred as essentiel, exceptionnel, formel,
“Europeisms”. naturel, officiel, professionnel, -ent = -ent
ponctuel, sensationnel, tradition-
Space restrictionsallow us to nel, universel absent, agent, apparent, continent,
give only a handful of examples diligent, dissident, imminent,
for each language and for each Again, teachers may wish to impatient, impudent, innocent,
ending. Nevertheless, a deliberate separate those words which have insolent, patient, talent
attempt has also been made to an accent in French, but these are
very few: Some words which end in -ent
provide different cognates for the in English end in -ant in French:
same endings in the various éventuel, matériel, véniel
languages in order to avoid -ent = -ant
repetition and to lenghten the list -ant = -ant
délinquant, inconsistant, indépen-
of examples. abondant, assistant, constant, dant, *insuffisant
distant, participant, protestant,
Because of space restrictions, we Note: efficient = efficace, obedient
restaurant, ruminant, vacant
limited the selection of the = obéissant, disobedient =
suffixes to the most common. Note: reluctant réticent désobéissant, student = étudiant,Mosaic 23
exponent= exposant, sufficient = division, expulsion, illusion,
-ly = -lement
suffisant occasion, permission, persuasion,
*accidentellement, admirable- précision, profession, télévision,
-ible = -ible ment, *annuellement, *cordiale- tension, transgression, version
accessible, compatible, horrible, ment, cruellement, *exceptionnel-
impossible, incompréhensible, lement, *fondamentalement, -tion = -tion
incorri-gible, irascible, possible, généralement, honorablement, action, admiration, attention,
terrible horriblement, *mentalement, aviation, circulation, conclusion,
*mortellement, *naturellement,
Note: credible croyable citation, condition, connotation,
probablement conversataion, convention,
-ic = -ique Note: amicably amicalement, correction, création, éducation,
académique, allergique, aristocra- absolutely absolument, comple- motivation, observation, ovation
tique, catholique, capitalistique, tely complètement
-ure = -ure
civique, didactique, égocentrique, -nce = -nce
énergique, excentrique, laconique, capture, culture, cure, figure,
pacifique panique, romantique, absence, alliance, assistance, fracture, investiture, législature,
sceptique confidence, différence, éloquence, littérature, miniature, nature,
existence, patience, présence, température
-ify = -ifier résidence, violence
-y* = -ie
amplifier, clarifier, classifier, See also -ncy = nce
codifier, crucifier, exemplifier, *preceded by any consonant
fortifier, identifier, intensifier, -ncy = -nce except “t”
justifier, modifier, purifier, rectifier, clémence, déficiance, émergence, académie, *amnistie, allergie,
solidifier ,vérifier fréquence, indécence, présidence, analogie, anarchie, autopsie,
-ine = -ine régence, urgence catégorie, économie, parodie,
polygamie, théorie
adrénaline, discipline, héroïne, -o(u)r = -eur
insuline, marine, médicine, Note: controversy = controverse,
acteur, couleur, dictateur, faveur, urgency = urgence, orthography
migraine, mine, sardine, vaccine, horreur, liqueur, mineur, moteur,
vaseline orthographe
odeur, orateur, professeur,
-ist = -iste projecteur, recteur, sénateur,
tracteur, visiteur FROM ENGLISH TO ITALIAN
antagoniste, dentiste, féministe,
finaliste, journaliste, opportuniste, Note: “ténor” remains the same English Endings Italian Endings
pianiste, radiologiste, socialiste, since its origin is Italian.
spécialiste
-able = -abile
-ory = -oire
accettabile, impeccabile, improba-
-ity = -ité accessoire, accusatoire, auditoire, bile, incalcolabile, incomparabile,
activité, adversité, antiquité, circulatoire, conciliatoire, conser- inestimabile, *insaziabile, variabile
célébrité, communauté, diversité, vatoire, contradictoire, déclama-
toire, dégoratoire, diffamatoire, But the English ending -able can
facilité, formalité, localité,
*dortoir, exploratoire, oratoire, also be -evole in Italian.
obscurité, priorité
territoire, victoire
-able = -evole
-ive = -if
-ous = -eux amichevole,*ammirevole,
ablatif, actif, adjectif, adoptif,
anxieux, curieux, délicieux, *caritatevole, *colpevole,
agressif, attractif, communicatif,
fameux, généreux, méticuleux, confortevole, considerevole,
contemplatif, créatif, explosif,
nerveux, odieux, précieux, convenevole, deplorevole,
fugitif, lucratif, négatif, offensif,
religieux, *vertueux durevole, favorevole, notevole,
positif, prohibitif, sédatif,
onorevole, ragionevole, socievole
Note: atrocious = atroce, conti-
-ize = -iser nuous = continu, ferocious = -acy = -zia
agoniser, angliciser, capitaliser, féroce, instanteneous = instan-
aristocrazia, autocrazia, burocrazia,
centraliser, civiliser, coloniser, tané, posthumous = posthume,
democrazia, plutocrazia, teocrazia
commercialiser, criminaliser, simultaneous = simultané
finaliser, formaliser, généraliser,
-sion = -sion -al = -ale
humaniser, maximiser, organiser,
animale, capitale, commerciale,
pénaliser, synchroniser, terroriser, *agression compassion concession
digitale, fatale, fondamentale,
visualiser confession confusion décision24 Vol. 9, No. 2 , Summer 2007
generale, *ospedale, *nazionale, -ify = -ificare Note: acclimatize = acclimare,
orale apostrophize = apostrofare,
amplificare, codificare, deificare, baptize = battezzare, criticize
-ant = -ante dolcificare, *esemplificare, identifi- criticare, eulogize = elogiare,
*abbondante, *costante, distante, care, intensificare, modificare, immortalize = immortalare,
incessante, partecipante, prote- *semplificare, solidificare recognize = ricoonoscere, satirize
stante, *riluttante, ristorante, Note: magnify = ingrandire, = satireggiare, etc.
vacante stupify = istupidire
-ly = -mente
Note: assistant assistente -ine = -ina generalmente, *intelligentemente,
-ary = -ario aspirina, caffeina, cocaina, mentalmente, naturalmente,
concubina, disciplina, dottrina, *probabilmente, *ufficialmente
contrario, diario, itinerario, neces-
eroina, ghigliottina, insulina,
sario, ordinario, *rivoluzionario,
medicina, mina, nicotina,
-nce = -nza
salario, sanitario, secondario,
*segretario, *volontario penicillina, saccarina assenza, alleanza, *conseguenza,
Note: airline =aerolinea, chlorine *esistenza, *esperienza, influenza,
-ate = -are = cloro, feminine = femminile, innocenza, *pazienza, presenza,
iodine = iodo, masculine = prudenza, residenza
attivare, agitare, alienare, alternare,
animare, arbitrare, assassinare, maschile, mine miniera, -ncy = -nza
associare, celebrare, *dettare, sanguine sanguigno
esitare, generare, imitare, clemenza, demenza, deficienza,
Some words ending in -ine in efficienza, emergenza, frequenza,
inaugurare, narrare English end in -ino in Italian. indecenza, presidenza, sufficienza,
-cal = -co -ine = -ino urgenza
alfabetico, comico, tipico, Note: agency =agenzia, fluency =
alpino, aquilino, bovino, canino,
analitico, biblico, botanico, fluidità, solvency = solvibilità
declino, divino, equino, felino,
classico, critico, cinico, economico, *fiorentino, genuino, libertino,
identico, ironico, magico, politico,
-o(u)r = -ore
marino, *porcospino, supino,
retorico trampolino, vaccino *attore, collaboratore, colore,
*dittatore, *direttore, favore,
-ct = -to, -tto -ist = -ista inferiore, *ispettore, liquore,
contratto, dialetto, distinto, minore, motore, odore, oratore,
antagonista, conformista, dentista,
effetto, *esatto, estinto, indiretto, posteriore
femminista, finalista, giornalista,
*istinto, *oggetto, *progetto, musicista, opportunista, socialista
*rispetto, succinto
-ory = -orio
-ity = -ità accessorio, conservatorio,
-ent = -ente declamatorio, derogatorio,
attività, *antichità, *ansietà,
delinquente, inconsistente, indipe- dormitorio, illusorio, laboratorio,
*crudeltà, difficoltà, dignità,
dente, insufficiente, intelligente, predatorio, territorio
facilità, estremità, eternità,
obbediente, resistente, studente, inferiorità, moralità, *onestà, Note: introductory = introduttivo,
sufficiente *oscenità, *ostilità, *realtà, vanità, investigatory = investigativo
-ible = -ibile varietà
-ous = -oso
accessibile, compatibile, *orrible, -ive = -ivo *ansioso, curioso, *delizioso,
impossibile, inaccessibile, incorri- *affermativo, *aggressivo, *favoloso, generoso, armonioso,
gibile, inimitabile, irascibile, possi- *aggettivo, *attivo, *collettivo, industrioso, *geloso, luminoso,
bile, terribile comparativo, compulsivo, *misterioso, nervoso, numeroso,
Note: sensible = ragionevole, decisivo, definitivo, eccessivo, odioso, *prezioso, prestigioso,
saggio, assennato; sensitive = evasivo, negativo, offensivo, religioso
sensibile *obbiettivo, passivo, primitivo,
relativo
-sion = -sione
-ic = -ico *adesione, *ammissione, confes-
-ize = -izzare sione, decisione, dimensione,
allergico, arsenico, automatico,
*cattolico, *didattico, domestico, alfabetizzare, analizzare, brutaliz- discussione, elisione, *esclusione,
*eccentrico, fantastico, erotico, zare, civilizzare, economizzare, *esplosione, *espulsione, *esten-
lunatico, magico, panico, familiarizzare, generalizzare, sione, illusione, pensione,
romantico idealizzare, legalizzare, sterilizzare, tensione, versione
terrorizzare, visualizzareMosaic 25
-tion = -zione oral, original, provincial, sensual, -ify = -ificar
sentimental
*azione, *amministrazione, *atten- codificar, exemplificar, identificar,
zione, benedizione, celebrazione, -ant = -ante intensificar, modificar, simplificar,
circolazione, conclusione, cor- abundante, constante, distante, solidificar
rezione, definizione, discrezione, elefante, elegante, incessante,
eccezione -ine = -ina
participante, protestante, *relu-
tante concubina, *doutrina, guilhotina,
-ure = -ura medicina, mina
*cattura, cultura, cura, figura, -ary = -ário
*frattura,* investitura, legislatura, -ine = -ína
contrário, diário, dromedário,
*letteratura, miniatura, natura, cafeína, cocaína, heroína
itinerário, necessário, ordinário,
temperatura revolucionário, secretário, volun- ist = ista
-y* = -ia tário
antagonista, conformista, dentista,
*preceded by a consonant other -ate = -ar feminista, oportunista, jornalista
than ‘t’. radiologista
agitar, activar/*ativar, alienar,
Note: the -i of the -ia is stressed alternar, animar, arbitrar, ity = idade
assassinar, associar, celebrar, *ditar,
agenzia, allergia, amnistia, *apatia, actividade/*atividade, adversidade,
*gerar, iluminar, imitar, inaugurar,
astrologia, autopsia, autonomia, agilidade, *ansiedade, atrocidade,
narrar
categoria, *gelosia, melodia, brevidade, cidade, *criatividade,
poligamia, simpatia, terminologia, -cal = -co facilidade, identidade, infinidade,
*teologia, *teoria peculiaridade, possibilidade
acústico, analítico, bíblico,
Note: The -i in the following -ia biográfico, idêntico, clássico, Note: clarity =clareza, difficulty =
endings in not stressed in nouns místico, numérico, político, dificuldade, nobility =nobreza,
such as: *prático, satírico, *teórico, típico, locality = lugar, penalty =pena.
accademia, cerimonia, efficacia, econômico
memoria, modestia, perspicacia
ive = ivo
-ct = -to
activo/*ativo, adjectivo/*adjetivo,
contrato, dialecto/dialeto, *efeito, adoptivo/*adotivo, *afirmativo,
FROM ENGLISH TO PORTUGUESE exacto/exato, *imperfeito, indi- *coletivo, *comunicativo, *descri-
recto/indireto, instinto, objecto/ tivo, *destrutivo, emotivo, evasivo,
Since there is a slight change in
objeto, *respeito passivo, sedativo
spelling in some words between
Portuguese and Brazilian [Portu- -ent = -ente -ize = -izar
guese], when two examples are
agente, ausente, competente, agonizar, baptizar, capitalizar,
given, they are separated by a [ / ].
continente, convalescente, delin- civilizar, cononizar, *comercializar,
The first word is Portuguese, the quente/delinqüente, diferente, economizar, finalizar, formalizar,
second is Brazilian. diligente, dissidente, eloquente/ generalizar, humanizar, legalizar,
English Portuguese eloqüente, excelente, *iminente, visualizar
Endings Endings *paciente, presente
Note: analize = analisar
Note: sediment = sedimento,
-able = -ável sentiment = sentimento, talent = ly = mente
*aceitável, favorável, incalculável, talento *calmamente, culturalmente,
incomparável, inevitável, inse- *fisicamente, *logicamente, nor-
-ible = -ível
parável, invariável, provável, malmente, *obviamente, oficial-
memorável, *respeitável, respon- admissível, compatível, horrível, mente, *ralmente, *rapidamente,
sável, sociável, variável inacessível, *incrível, infalível, *raramente, regularmente, *relati-
irascível, legível, *possível, tangível vamente, *simplesmente, *tecnica-
-acy = -acia mente, *tipicamente, *tradicional-
-ic = -ico mente
aristocracia, autocracia, burocracia,
democracia, teocracia acadêmico, alérgico, arsénico/
arsênico, católico, doméstico, nce = ncia
-al = -al elástico, excêntrico, fantástico, assistência, ausência, ciência,
animal, capital, comercial, digital, erótico, mágico, pânico/pánico, circunstância, correspondência,
editorial, federal, fundamental, romântico distância, desobediência, eloquên-
*geral, hospital, *nacional,oficial, cia/eloqüência, existência, expe-26 Vol. 9, No. 2 , Summer 2007
riência, residência, tolerância, academia, alergia, *amnistia, -nce = -ncia
violência autobiografia, caterogia, ceremô-
nia, diplomacia, eficácia, memória, ausencia, asistencia, ciencia,
Note: difference = diferença circunstancia, correspondencia,
paródia, poligamia, simpatia,
ncy = ncia *teoria desobediencia, diferencia, distan-
cia, elocuencia, existencia, expe-
clemência, continência, decência, FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH riencia, residencia, tolerancia,
deficiência, efficiência, emergên- violencia
cia, exigência, freqüência, incon- English Endings Spanish Endings
sitência, indecência, infância, -ent = -ente
presidência -able = -able
agente, ausente, competente,
aceptable, favorable improbable, continente, convaleciente,
-or = -or
incalculable, incomparable, inevi- diferente, diligente, disidente,
actor/*ator, colaborador, director/ table, inseparable, invariable, elocuente, excelente, inminente,
*diretor, *doutor, favor, horror, memorable, respectable, respon- *paciente, presente
humor, inspector/*inspetor, in- sable, sociable, variable
vestigador, *licor, menor, motor, Note: sediment = sedimento,
*orador, posterior -acy = -acia sentiment = sentimiento, talent =
talento, turbulent = turbolento
aristocracia, autocracia, burocrazia,
ory = ório
democracia, plutocracia, teocracia -ible = -ible
acessório, conservatório, declama-
tório, *derrogatório, dormitório, al = al admisible, compatible, horrible,
ilusório, laboratório, predatório, imposible, inaccesible, *increíble,
animal, capital, comercial,
purgatório, território infalible, irascible, legible, posible,
editorial, digital, *excepcional, tangible , terrible
fatal, federal, fundamental,
-ous -oso
general, hospital, *nacional, oral, -ic = -ico
*ansioso, curioso, delicioso, original, provincial, sentimental,
generoso, harmonioso, luminoso, académico, alérgico, arsénico,
total
meticuloso, misterioso, nervoso, católico, doméstico, económico,
precioso, religioso, virtuoso -ant = -ante elástico, erótico, excéntrico,
fantástico, mágico, pánico,
Note: analagous = análogo, abndante, constante, distant, romántico
atrocious = atroz, continuos = elegante, incesante, participante,
contínuo, ferocious =feroz, jealous protestante, reluctante, restau- -ify = -ificar
= ciumento rante, vacante
codificar, ejemplificar, identificar,
Note: assistant = asistente intensificar, modificar, simplificar,
-sion = -são
solidificar
adesão, admissão, confissão, -ary = -ario
decisão, dimensão, elisão, contrario, diario, dromedario, -ine = -ina
exclusão, explosão, expulsão, itinenario, necesario, ordinario, cafeina, cocaina, concubina,
extensão, ilusão conversão *rivolucionario, salario, *secun- disciplina, doctrina, eroina,
dario, secretario, voluntario guillotina, medicina, mina,
tion = ção
nicotina
acção/ação, admiração, atenção, -ate = -ar
atracção/atração, *comunicação, activar, agitar, alienar, alternar, -ist = -ista
destinação, edição, fracção/fração, animar, arbitrar, *asesinar, asociar, antagonista, conformista, dentista,
inflação, injecção/injeção, ob- celebrar, dictar, hesitar, generar, feminista, finalista, oportunista,
jecção/objeção, promoção, secção/ imitar, iluminar, inaugurar, narrar socialista
seção, tradição, tradução
-cal = -co Note: journalist = periodista,
ure = ura musicist = músico, radiologist =
acústico, analítico, bíblico,
captura, cultura, cura, figura, radiólogo
biográfico, clásico, idéntico,
fractura/*fratura, *investidura, místico, numérico,ˆpráctico, -ive = -ivo
legislatura, literatura, miniatura satírico, *teórico, típico
activo, adjectivo, adoptivo,
Note: nature = natureza -ct = -(c)to afirmativo, colectivo, comuni-
y* = ia cativo, conclusivo, descriptivo,
contrato, dialecto, efecto, exacto, destructivo, emotivo, esplosivo,
*preceded by a consonant other imperfecto, indirecto, instinto, evasivo, pasivo, sedativo
than ‘t’ objeto, proyecto, respetoMosaic 27
-ize = -izar -sion = -sión 2. Teachers may wish to mark
agonizar, analizar, bautizar,
with an asterisk those words
adesión, admisión,* confesión,
capitalizar, civilizar, conolizar, which in the new language
decisión, dimensión, elisión,
*comercializar, economizar, have a slightly different spelling
exclusión,* explosión, expulsión,
finalizar, fomalizar, generalizar, from the original English words
extensión, ilusión
humanizar, legalizar, visualizar and hence draw attention to
-tion = -ción them. Attention may also be
-ly = -mente drawn to those word by writing
*acción, admiración, atención,
*afirmativamente,anualmente, atracción, comunicación, conver- it in a different colour or by
artificialmente, automaticá- sación, destinación, edición, highlighting them.
mente, ávidamente, *claramente, excepción, fracción, inflación, 3. Teachers should indicate to the
eficien-temente, enteramente, *inyección, objeción, pensión, student that nouns can be
especialmente, *eternamente, promotción, sección, tradición turned into adjectives, into
finalmente, *fisicamente, verbs and even adverbs by
probablemente, regularmente -ty = -dad
changing some of the endings
-nce = -ncia actividad, adversidad, agilidad, of the word of the target
*ansiedad, atrocidad, *brevedad, language. This activity will
abstinencia,ambulancia, arrogan- *ciudad, claridad, creatividad, increase the students’
cia, *ausencia, *ciencia, coinciden- curiosidad, dificultad, facilidad, vocabulary fourfold. For
cia, elocuencia, existencia, identidad, infinidad, peculiaridad, example,
Francia, importancia, posibilidad
independencia, indi-ferencia, FRENCH
obediencia, observancia, Note: nobility = nobleza, locality
= lugar, penalty = pena noun: décision
presidencia, provincia, prudencia,
tolerancia -ure = -ura adjective: décidé, décisif
-ncy = -ncia captura, cultura, cura, figura,
verb: décider
clemencia, contingencia, decen- fractura, investitura, legislatura, adverb: décidément
literatura, miniatura, natura,
cia, deficiencia, eficiencia, emer-
temperatura
ITALIAN
gencia, exigencia, frecuencia, in- noun: facilità
consistencia, infancia -y* = -ia
adjective: facile
See also -nce =-nciaC *preceded by a consonant other
than ‘t’ verb: facilitare
-o(u)r = -or
academia, alergia, aristocracia, adverb: facilmente
actor, colaborador, director, favor,
ceremonia, diplomacia, eficacia, PORTUGUESE
horror, humor, impostor, interior,
memoria, modestia, parodia, noun: criação
inspector, interlocutor, investi-
poligamia
gador, licor, menor, motor, odor,
adjective: criador, criativo
orador, posterior -y = -ía
verb: criar
-ory = -orio Note: the -i of the -ia is stressed
adverb: criativamente
accessorio, acusatorio, conserva- amnistía, analogía, *anarquía,
torio, declamatorio, definitorio, *apatía, artillería, astrología, SPANISH
derogatorio, dormitorio, explora- autobiografía, autonomía, cate- noun: confusión
torio, ofertorio, oratorio, purga- goría, ecología, armonía, ironía,
torio, territorio fotografía, simpatía, teoría
adjective: confuso
verb: confundir
-ous -oso Pedagogical Applications
adverb: confusamente
*ansioso, armonioso, *celoso,
1. Teachers may decide to place 4. To increase the students’
curioso, delicioso, generoso,
these endings on bulletin vocabulary, and involve them
luminoso, meticuloso, misterioso,
nervioso, odioso, precioso,
boards and students add new in the use of the dictionary in
prodigioso, religioso, virtuoso words on a daily basis. One the creation of new words,
week could be words with the teachers may wish to give them
Note: analagous = análogo, English “ble” ending, the next
atrocious = atroz, continuous = a chart and ask them to
week, with the “al” endings, complete it. (See Figure 1).
continuo, ferocious = feroz, and so forth.
posthumous = póstumo, 5. Techers may decide to ask
simultaneous = simultáneo28 Vol. 9, No. 2 , Summer 2007
students to make up short
phrases in the very first class,
Substantivo Adjectivo Verbo Adverbio
thus giving the student a sense
___________ ___________ crear ___________ of power (in the knowledge of
decisión ___________ ___________ ___________ the new language) and a sense
of satisfaction:
___________ fácil ___________ ___________
Fr. un animal intelligent
confusión ___________ ___________ ___________ It. un professore competente
___________ descriptivo ___________ ___________ Pg. um animal inteligente
Sp. un restaurante famoso
información ___________ ___________ ___________
6. Teachers will discover that
Figure 1 students may not be familiar
with the meaning of many of
the “new” words in their own
ENGLISH FRENCH ITALIAN PORTUGUESE SPANISH language: “ruminant, “inde-
lible”, “mendicant”, etc. This
-able -able -abile -ável -able activity will also increase the
-evole students’ own language
-acy -atie -zia -acia vocabulary.
-al -al -ale -al -al 7. Teachers may want to identify
-el the “learned words” with the
ones more commonly in use.
-ant -ant -ante -ante -ante
“Mendicant” for “beggar”,
-ary -aire -ario -ário -ario “velocity” for “speed”, etc.
-ate -er -are -ar -ar
8. If the endings are presented in
-cal -que -co -co -co chart format (See Figure 2), the
-ct -(c)t -to, -tto -to -(c)to chart may be used for native
-ent -ent -ente -ente -ente students of French, Italian,
-ent -ant Portuguese or Spanish to
-ible -ible -ibile -ível -ible expand their English lexical
knowledge. For example, native
-ic -ique -ico -ico -ico students of Portuguese can
-ify -ifier -ificare -ificar -ificar make up words from Por-
-ine -ine -ina -ina -ina tuguese into English. Similarly,
-ino -ína native Spanish students may
-ist -iste -ista -ista -ista use the chart to expand their
French vocabulary; native
-ity -ité -it -idade -idad Italian students their Portu-
-ive -if -ivo -ivo -ivo guese, etc. The students’ task is
-ize -iser -izzare -izar -izar reduced to identifying the word
-ly -lement -mente -mente -mente in their native language. They
-nce -nce -nza -ncia -ncia can then easily produce it in
another or other languages.
-ncy -nce -nza -ncia -ncia
-o(u)r -eur -ore -or -or 9. Teachers wishing to expand the
lists of words found in this
-ory -oire -orio -ório -orio article should consult the
-ous -eux -oso -oso -oso following dictionaries in CD-
-sion -sion -sione -são -sión rom. These electronic dictio-
-tion -tion -zione -ção -ción naries allow the user to do a
-ure -ure -ura -ura -ura search by seeking out the
endings of words (nouns,
-y -ie -ia -ia -ia adjectives, verbs).
-ía
For French:
Figure 2
Le Nouveau Petit Robert de LangueMosaic 29
Française 2008. (Available from Frescura, Marina. 1984. Interferenze A Handbook for Teachers of Italian. Don
bookstores.) lessicali italiano/inglese. Toronto: Uni- Mills: Livingstone Printing, 1976. Pp.
versity of Toronto Press. 75-96.
For Italian:
Garrison, David.1990. “Inductive Strategies Richmond, Dorothy. 1992. Guide to Spanish
Dizionario Italiano Sabatini for Teaching Spanish-English Cog- Suffixes. How to Substantially Increase
Coletti (CD-rom). nates.” Hispania, 73: 508-512. Your Vocabulary with Common Spanish
Howlett, Fred. 1977. “Words, Words, Mere Endings. Lincolnwood, IL: Passport
For Portuguese: Books.
Words.” The Canadian Modern Lan-
Dicionário Editora da Língua guage Review/La Revue canadienne des Runte, Roseann. 2005. “Learning Languages
Portuguesa. Porto Editor Multi- langues vivantes. Vol. 35, 4: 636-653. in the Context of Canada’s Many
media. Howlett, Fred and Alain Péchon. 1997. Cultures.” Mosaic. The Journal for
“French in Disguise.” Mosaic. The Jour- Language Teachers. 2: 4: 8-11.
For Brazilian Portuguese:
nal for Language Teachers. vol. 3, 3:20- Russo, Antonio. 2003. The English-Italian
Novo Dicionário Aurélio da 23. Reprinted in Anthony Mollica, ed., Lexical Converter. An Easy way to Learn
Língua Portuguesa. 2 a edição Teaching and Learni ng Languages. Italian Vocabulary. Ottawa: Legas.
revista e ampliada. Rio de Welland, ON: éditions Soleil publishing Vizmuller Zocco, Jana. 1985. “Derivation
Janeiro: Editora Nova Frontera, inc., 1998. pp. 295-302. in the Advance Course of Italian.” Inter-
1986. (paper format). Krashen, Stephen. 1989. “We Acquire Vo- national Review of Applied Linguistics
cabulary and Spelling by Reading: Ad- in Language Teaching, 23, 1 (1985): 13-
For Spanish: ditional Evidence for the Input Hypoth- 31.
María Moliner Diccionario de uso esis.” The Modern Language Jour-
del español. Madrid: Edtitorial nal,73. iv (1989): 440-464. Acknowledgements: I am indebted to
Gredos, 1998. Avalaible both in Marín, Diego. 1980. “Los ‘falsos amigos’ Fernanda Adams, St. John the Baptist
Cd-rom and in book form. en español/inglés.” The Canadian Mod- School, Hamilton, and Irene Blayer,
ern Language Review/La Revue Brock University, for proof-reading the
Conclusion canadienne des langues vivantes, 37, 1: Portuguese and Brazilian examples.
65-98. I would also like to express my appre-
The introduction of cognates Means, Tom. 2003a. Instant French Vocabu- ciation to Frank Nuessel, Louisville
during the first few lessons of the lary Builder. New York: Hippocrene University, and Jana Vizmuller Zocco,
target language – or even at an Books, Inc. York University, for their critical reading
intermediate or advanced stage of Means, Tom. 2003b. Instant Italian Vocabu- of the manuscript.
language learning – will give lary Builder. New York: Hippocrene
students a sense of “word power” Books, Inc.
and will make vocabulary Means, Tom. 2003c. Instant Spanish Vo- Anthony Mollica is
learning/expansion from English cabulary Builder. New York: professor emeritus,
to French, Italian, Portuguese or Hippocrene Books, Inc. Faculty of Educa-
Spanish much more enjoyable and Mollica, Anthony. 2001. “Parole per tion Brock Univer-
pleasurable learning experience. parlare: Teaching/Expanding the Stu- sity and professor
dent’s Basic Vocabulary.” Italica, vol. (status only) Univer-
References 78, no. 4: 464-485. sity of Toronto at
Mollica, Anthony. 1971. “The Reading Pro- Mississauga. He has
Banta, Frank G. 1981. “Teaching German
gram and Oral Practice.” Italica, 48, 4 lectured in Canada,
Vocabulary: The Use of English Cog-
(1971): 522-5411. The article was re- the USA, Italy, Brazil, Slovenia and Greece.
nates and Common Loan Words.” The
printed in The Canadian Modern Lan- His latest publication is a revision of
Modern Language Journal, 65 (Summer
guage Review, 29. 1(1972): 14-21 and Teaching and Learning Languages which
1981): 129-136.
29. 2 (1973): 14-21. An expanded ver- is being used as a basic second-language
Ferguson, Ronnie. 1994. Italian False textbook in various faculties of education.
Friends. Toronto: University of Toronto sion appeared in Anthony Mollica, ed.,
Press.
the basic textbook for second-language teaching!
Revised and expanded
49 chapters • 45 contributors ´• 620 pages!
available from
éditions Soleil publishing inc.
soleil@soleilpublishing.com
BK-213Vocabulary Topics:
Cognates
ENGLISH ITALIANO ESPAÑOL FRAN ÇAIS
able ÿ abile ÿ able ÿ able
acceptable accettabile aceptable acceptable
adaptable adattabile adaptable adaptable
curable curabile curable curable
formidable formidabile formidable formidable
impeccable impeccabile impecable impeccable
impracticable impraticabile impracticable impraticable
improbable improbabile improbable improbable
incalculable incalcolabile incalculable incalculable
incomparable incomparabile incomparable incomparable
indispensable indispensabile indispensable indispensable
inestimable inestimabile inestimable inestimable
inevitable inevitabile inevitable inévitable
insatiable insaziabile insaciable insatiable
inseparable inseparabile inseparable inséparable
invariable invariabile invariable invariable
irresponsable irresponsabile irresponsable irresponsable
memorable memorabile memorable mémorable
negotiable negoziabile negociable négociable
undesirable indesiderabile indeseable* indésirable
variable variabile variable variable
venerable venerabile venerable vénérable
able ÿ evole ÿ able ÿ able
considerable considerevole considerable considérable
favourable favorevole favorable favorable
notable notevole notable (remarquable)
reasonable ragionevole razonable raisonnable
respectable rispettabile respectable respectable
sociable socievole sociable sociable
al ÿ ale ÿ al ÿ al
amoral amorale amoral amoral
animal animale animal animal
arsenal arsenale arsenal arsenal
capital capitale capital capitale*
commercial commerciale comercial commercial
decimal decimale decimal décimal
diagonal diagonale diagonal diagonal
digital digitale digital digital
editorial editoriale editorial éditorial
© 2002 Anthony Mollica, Faculty of Education, Brock University. E-mail: anthony.mollica@brocku.ca
Further reproduction is prohibited without the written permission of the Author. 1ENGLISH ITALIANO ESPAÑOL FRAN ÇAIS
electoral elettorale electoral électoral
equatorial equatoriale ecuatorial équatorial
experimental sperimentale experimental expérimental
fatal fatale fatal fatal
federal federale federal fédéral
frugal frugale frugal frugal
fundamental fondamentale fundamental fondamental
general generale general général
hospital ospedale hospital hôpital
ideal ideale ideal idéal
illegal illegale ilegal illégal
immoral immorale inmoral immoral
impartial imparziale imparcial impartial
infernal infernale infernal infernal
initial iniziale inicial initial
instrumental strumentale instrumental instrumental
integral integrale integral intégral
legal legale legal légal
liberal liberale liberal libéral
local locale local local
marginal marginale marginal marginal
martial marziale marcial martial
matrimonial matrimoniale matrimonial matrimonial
mental mentale mental mental
mineral minerale mineral minéral
multinational multinazionale multinacional multinational
municipal municipale municipal municipal
musical musicale musical musical
national nazionale nacional national
naval navale naval naval
neutral neutrale neutral neutre*
nominal nominale nominal nominal
numeral numerale numeral numéral
oral orale oral oral
original originale original original
ornamental ornamentale ornamental ornemental
papal papale papal papal
pedal pedale pedal pédal
penal penale penal pénal
postal postale postal postal
principal principale principal principal
provincial provinciale provincial provincial
racial razziale racial racial
radical radicale radical radical
sentimental sentimentale sentimental sentimental
special speciale especial spécial
terminal terminale terminal terminal
total totale total total
© 2002 Anthony Mollica, Faculty of Education, Brock University. E-mail: anthony.mollica@brocku.ca
Further reproduction is prohibited without the written permission of the Author. 2ENGLISH ITALIANO ESPAÑOL FRAN ÇAIS
al ÿ al ÿ al ÿ el
artificial artificiale artificial artificiel
conditional condizionale condicional conditionnel
conventional convenzionale convencional conventionnel
essential essenziale esencial essentiel
eventual eventuale eventual éventuel
exceptional eccezionale excepcional exceptionnel
formal formale formal formel
functional funzionale funcional fonctionnel
gradual graduale gradual graduel
immortal immortal inmortal immortel
impersonal impersonale impersonal impersonnel
individual individuale individual individuel
informal informale informal informel
intellectual intellettuale intelectual intellectuel
material materiale material matériel
ministerial ministeriale ministerial ministériel
natural naturale natural naturel
official ufficiale oficial officiel
personal personale personal personnel
potential potenziale potencial potentiel
professional professionale profesional professionnel
proportional proporzionale proporcional proportionnel
punctual puntuale puntual ponctuel
rational razionale racional rationnel
sensational sensazionale sensacional sensationnel
sensual sensuale sensual sensuel
sexual sessuale sexual sexuel
spiritual spirituale spiritual spirituel
superficial superficiale superficial superficiel
temporal temporale temporal temporel
textual testuale textual textuel
torrential torrenziale torrencial torrentiel
traditional tradizionale tradicional traditionnel
universal universale universal universel
venial veniale venial véniel
ant ÿ ante ÿ ante ÿ ant
abundant abbondante abundante abondant
constant costante constante constant
distant distante distante distant
elegant elegante elegante élégant
elephant elefante elefante éléphant
important importante importante important
incessant incessante incesante incessant
inhabitant abitante habitante habitant
intollerant intollerante intolerante intolérant
© 2002 Anthony Mollica, Faculty of Education, Brock University. E-mail: anthony.mollica@brocku.ca
Further reproduction is prohibited without the written permission of the Author. 3ENGLISH ITALIANO ESPAÑOL FRAN ÇAIS
participant partecipante participante participant
protestant protestante protestante protestant
reluctant riluttante reluctante (réticent)
restaurant ristorante restaurante restaurant
ruminant ruminante (rumiante) ruminant
vacant vacante vacante vacant
ant ÿ ente ÿ ente ÿ ant
assistant assistente asistente assistant
ary ÿ ario ÿ ario ÿ aire
contrary contrario contrario contraire
diary diario diario (journal)
dromedary dromedario dromedario dromadaire
emissary emissario emisario émissaire
itinerary itinerario itinerario itinéraire
necessary necessario necesario nécessaire
ordinary ordinario ordinario ordinaire
penitantiary penitenziario penitenciario pénitencier*
revolutionary rivoluzionario revolucionario révolutionnaire
salary salario salario salaire
sanctuary santuario santuario sanctuaire
sanitary sanitario sanitario sanitaire
secondary secondario secundario secondaire
secretary segretario secretario secrétaire
supplementary (supplementare) suplementario supplémentaire
voluntary volontario voluntario volontaire
ate ÿ are ÿ ar er
activate attivare activar activer
adjudicate aggiudicare adjudicar adjuger
aggravate aggravare agravar aggraver
agitate agitare agitar agiter
agregate aggregare agregar s'agréger
alienate alienare enajenar* aliéner
alleviate alleviare aliviar (soulager)
alternate alternare alternar (faire alterner)
amputate amputare amputar amputer
animate animare animar animer
arbitrate arbitrare arbitrar arbitrer
assassinate assassinare asesinar assassiner
assimliate assimilare asimilar assimiler
associate associare asociar associer
attenuate attenuare atenuar atténuer
autenthicate autenticare autenticar authentifier
capitulate capitolare capitular capituler
© 2002 Anthony Mollica, Faculty of Education, Brock University. E-mail: anthony.mollica@brocku.ca
Further reproduction is prohibited without the written permission of the Author. 4ENGLISH ITALIANO ESPAÑOL FRAN ÇAIS
celebrate celebrare celebrar célébrer
coagulate coagulare coagular coaguler
communicate comunicare comunicar communiquer
compensate compensare compensar compenser
complicate complicare complicar compliquer
concentrate concentrare concentrar conventrer
consolidate consolidare consolidar consolider
coordinate coordinare coordinar coordonner
coperate cooperare cooperar coopérer
delegate delegare delegar déléguer
deliberate deliberare deliberar délibérer
demonstrate dimostrare demostrar démontrer
derivate derivare derivar dériver
devastate devastare devastar dévaster
dictate dettare dictar dicter
dilate dilatare dilatar dilater
discriminate discriminare discriminar discriminer
dissimulate dissimulare disimular dissimuler
dissociate dissociare disociar dissocier
dominate dominare dominar dominer
donate donare donar donner
elaborate elaborare elaborar élaborer
eliminate eliminare eliminar éliminer
elucidate elucidare elucidar élucider
emancipate emancipare emancipar émanciper
emigrate emigrare emigrar émigrer
emulate emulare emular (rivaliser)
enumerate enumerare enumerar énumérer
enunciate enunciare enunciar énoncer
evacuate evacuare evacuar évacuer
exaggerate esagerare exagerar exagérer
exasperate esasperare exasperar exaspérer
expiate espiare expiar expier
expropriate espropriare expropiar exproprier
exterminate esterminare exterminar exterminer
fabricate fabbricare fabricar fabriquer
formulate formulare formular formuler
generate generare generar (engendrer)
gesticulate gesticolare gesticular gesticuler
graduate graduare graduar graduer
hesitate esitare hesitar hésiter
illuminate illuminare iluminar illuminer
illustrate illustrare ilustrar illustrer
imitate imitare imitar imiter
immigrate immigrare inmigrar immigrer
immolate immolare inmolar immoler
implicate implicare implicar impliquer
© 2002 Anthony Mollica, Faculty of Education, Brock University. E-mail: anthony.mollica@brocku.ca
Further reproduction is prohibited without the written permission of the Author. 5ENGLISH ITALIANO ESPAÑOL FRAN ÇAIS
inaugurate inaugurare inaugurar inaugurer
incarcerate incarcerare encarcelar incarcérer
incorporate incorporare incorporar incorporer
indicate indicare indicar indiquer
infiltrate infiltrare infiltrar infiltrer
insinuate insinuare insinuar insinuer
interrogate interrogare interrogar interroger
investigate investigare investigar (enquêter)
irrigate irrigare irrigar irriguer
irritate irritare irritar irriter
lacerate lacerare lacerar (déchirer)
legitimate legittimare legitimar légitimer
liquidate liquidare liquidar liquider
manipulate manipolare manipular manipuler
mediate meditare meditar méditer
narrate narrare narrar narrer
navigate navigare navigar naviguer
necessitate necessitare necesitar nécessiter
negotiate negoziare negociar négocier
numerate numerare numerar numéroter *
obliterate obliterare obliterar oblitérer
officiate ufficiare oficiar officier
offuscate offuscare ofuscar (assombrir)
operate operare operar opérer
originate originare originar (engendrer)
palpitate palpitare palpitar palpiter
participate partecipare participar participer
pentrate penetrare penetrar pénétrer
premeditate premeditare premeditar préméditer
prognosticate pronosticare pronosticar pronostiquer
proliferate proliferare proliferar proliférer
regulate regolare regular régler
relegate relegare relegar reléguer
ressuscitate risuscitare resucitar ressusciter
ruminate ruminare (rumiar) ruminer
satiate saziare saciar (rassasier)
speculate speculare especular spéculer
stimulate stimolare estimular stimuler
subordinate subordinare subordinar subordonner
terminate terminare terminar terminer
tolerate tollerare tolerar tolérer
triplicate triplicare triplicar (tripler)
venerate venerare venerar vénérer
vibrate vibrare vibrar vibrer
violate violare violar violer
ct ÿ to, tto ÿ to ÿ ct
contract contratto contrato contract
© 2002 Anthony Mollica, Faculty of Education, Brock University. E-mail: anthony.mollica@brocku.ca
Further reproduction is prohibited without the written permission of the Author. 6ENGLISH ITALIANO ESPAÑOL FRAN ÇAIS
dialect dialetto dialecto dialecte*
distinct distinto distinto distinct
effect effetto efecto effet
exact esatto exacto exact
extinct estinto extinto (éteint)
impact impatto impacto impact
imperfect imperfetto imperfecto (imparfait)
indirect indiretto indirecto indirect
instinct istinto instinto instinct
object oggetto objeto objet
project progetto proyecto projet
respect rispetto respecto respect
succinct succinto sucinto succinct
ent ÿ ente ÿ ente ÿ ent
absent assente ausente absent
adjacent adiacente adyacente adjacent
agent agente agente agent
antecedent antecedente antecedente antécédent
apparent apparente aparente apparent
cement cemento cemento ciment
competent competente competente compétent
component componente componente (composant)
continent continente continente continent
contingent contingente contingente contingent
convalescent convalescente convaleciente convalescent
decent decente decente décent
different differente diferente différent
diligent diligente diligente diligent
dissident dissidente disidente dissident
effervescent effervescente efervescente effervescent
efficient efficiente eficiente (efficace)
element elemento elemento élément
eloquent eloquente elocuente éloquent
eminent eminente eminente éminent
evident evidente evidente évident
excellent eccellente excelente excellent
exponent esponente exponente (exposant)
imminent imminente inminente imminent
impatient impaziente impaciente impatient
impertinent impertinente impertinente impertinent
imprudent imprudente imprudente imprudent
impudent impudente impudente impudent
incandescent incandescente incandescente incandescent
inclement inclemente inclemente inclément
incompetent incompetente incompetente incompétent
inconvenient inconveniente inconveniente inconvénient
indencent indecente indecente indécent
© 2002 Anthony Mollica, Faculty of Education, Brock University. E-mail: anthony.mollica@brocku.ca
Further reproduction is prohibited without the written permission of the Author. 7ENGLISH ITALIANO ESPAÑOL FRAN ÇAIS
indifferent indifferente indiferente indifférent
indulgent indulgente indulgente indulgent
inherent inerente inherente inhérent
innocent innocente inocente innocent
insolent insolente insolente insolent
iridescent iridescente iridiscente iridescent
mouvement movimento movimiento mouvement
omnipotent onnipotente omnipotente omnipotent
parlament parlamento parlamento parlement
patient paziente paciente patient
persistent persistente persistente persistent
precedent precedente precedente précédent
present presente presente présent
president presidente presidente président
prominent prominente prominente proéminent
prudent prudente prudente prudent
quotient quoziente cociente quotient
reticent reticente reticente réticent
sediment sedimento sedimento sédiment
sentiment sentimento sentimiento sentiment
talent talento talento talent
temperament temperamento temperamento tempérament
transparent trasparente transparente transparent
turbulent turbolente turbolento turbulent
vehement veemente vehemente véhément
ent ÿ ente ÿ ente ÿ ant *
delinquent delinquente delincuente délinquant
inconsistent inconsistente inconsistencia* inconsistant
independent indipendente independiente indépendant
insufficient insufficiente insuficiente insuffisant
obedient obediente obediente obéissant
resistent resistente resistente résistant
student studente estudiante étudiant
sufficient sufficiente suficiente suffisant
ible ÿ ibile ÿ ible ÿ ible
accessible accessibile accesible accessible
admissible ammissibile admisible admissible
compatible compatibile compatible compatible
comprehensible comprensibile comprensible compréhensible
credible credibile creíble (croyable)
horrible orribile horrible horrible
ignoble ignobile innoble ignoble
imperfeptible impercettibile imperceptible imperceptible
impossible impossibile imposible impossible
inaccessible inaccessibile inaccesible inaccessible
© 2002 Anthony Mollica, Faculty of Education, Brock University. E-mail: anthony.mollica@brocku.ca
Further reproduction is prohibited without the written permission of the Author. 8You can also read
