Hacking the nintendo Wii remote

 
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Hacking the nintendo Wii remote
The Hacking Tradition

             Hacking the
             Nintendo Wii Remote
             The global hacking community has collectively reverse-engineered a
             significant portion of one of the world’s most sophisticated and common
             input devices. And they’re putting it to uses its designers never intended.

                               I
                              n November 2006, Nintendo released its      torials to demonstrate interaction techniques
                              fifth home videogame console, the Nin-      supported or enabled by the Wii remote. In just
                              tendo Wii. The company’s previous game      a few weeks, these tutorials have received over
                              console, the Gamecube, hadn’t fared         six million unique views and generated over
                              well in terms of market share against       700,000 software downloads. In this article,
                     the much higher-powered alternatives released        I will talk about the Wii remote’s technology,
                     by its competitors, Microsoft and Sony. At first     cover what’s involved in developing custom ap-
                     the Wii also seemed significantly underpowered       plications, describe intended and unintended
                     relative to its competitors. However, one year       interaction techniques, and outline additional
                     later it became the market leader of its console     uses of the device.
                     generation, selling over 20 million units world-
                     wide.1 This success is largely attributable to the   Inside the Wii remote
                     innovative interactive technology and game-play      Although the Wii remote’s official specifications
                     capabilities introduced by the console’s game        are unpublished, the global hacking community
                     controller, the Wii remote, shown in Figure 1.       has collectively reverse-engineered a significant
                        The Nintendo Wii remote, or Wiimote, is a         portion of the technical information regarding
                     handheld device resembling a television remote,      its internal workings. Much of this work has
                                        but in addition to buttons, it    been collected in online wikis at http://wiili.org
Johnny Chung Lee                        contains a 3-axis accelerom-      and http://wiibrew.org. The body of knowledge
Carnegie Mellon University              eter, a high-resolution high-     at these sites represents contributions from nu-
                                        speed IR camera, a speaker, a     merous individuals and constitutes the source
                                        vibration motor, and wireless     for most of the information presented in this
                                        Bluetooth connectivity. This      section.
                     technology makes the Wii remote one of the              Because many low-level details are available
                     most sophisticated PC-compatible input de-           online and, furthermore, are likely to be refined
                     vices available today; together with the game        and updated as more information is uncovered,
                     console’s market success, it’s also one of most      the following descriptions of each major Wii re-
                     common. At a suggested retail price of US$40,        mote component represent only higher-level de-
                     the Wii remote is an impressively cost-effective     tails relevant to building custom applications.
                     and capable platform for exploring interaction
                     research. Software applications developed for        Infrared camera tracker
                     it have the additional advantage of being read-      In the tip of each Wii remote is an IR camera sen-
                     ily usable by millions of individuals around the     sor manufactured by PixArt Imaging, shown in
                     world who already own the hardware.                  Figure 2. The camera chip features an integrated
                        I’ve recently begun using Internet video tu-      multiobject tracking (MOT) engine, which

Published by the IEEE CS n 1536-1268/08/$25.00 © 2008 IEEE                                       P ER VA SI V E computing 39
Hacking the nintendo Wii remote
The Hacking Tradition

                                                                                               Broadcom designed for devices that
                                                                                               conform to the Bluetooth Human In-
                                                                                               terface Device standard, such as key-
                                                                                               boards and mice.
                                                                                                 The remote isn’t 100 percent compli-
                                                                                               ant with the HID standard, but it can
                                                                                               connect to many Bluetooth-capable
                                                                                               computers.

                                                                                               Internal flash memory
     Figure 1. The Nintendo Wii remote game        Figure 2. The PixArt IR camera chip.        The onboard memory is approximately
     controller. (Copyright for all photos,        Integrated multiobject tracking             5.5 Kbytes. It’s used for adjusting the
     Figures 1–10, Johnny Chung Lee.)              minimizes wireless data transmission.       device settings, maintaining output
                                                                                               state, and storing data. Nintendo de-
                                                                                               signed it to let users transport and
     provides high-resolution, high-speed          providing a trigger-like affordance for     store a personal profile, called a Mii.
     tracking of up to four simultaneous IR        the index finger. The remaining seven       This memory allows data and identity
     light sources. The camera sensor’s ex-        buttons are intended to be used by the      to be physically associated to a given
     act specifications are unpublished, but       thumb. The remote design is symmet-         remote.
     it appears to provide location data with      ric, allowing use in either the left or
     a resolution of 1,024 × 768 pixels, more      right hand.                                 Expansion port
     than 4 bits of dot size or light intensity,                                               At the base of the remote is a proprie-
     a 100 Hz refresh rate, and a 45 degree        Vibration motor (tactile feedback)          tary six-pin connector used to commu-
     horizontal field of view. The integrated      A small vibration motor provides tactile    nicate with and power extension con-
     hardware object tracking minimizes            feedback. The motor is similar to those     trollers such as the Nintendo Nunchuk,
     the data transmitted over the wireless        used in cell phones. The motor state        Classic Controller, or a guitar control-
     connection and greatly simplifies the         has only binary control (on and off),       ler. These extensions provide alterna-
     implementation of camera-based track-         but you can vary the feedback intensity     tive form factors and additional input
     ing applications.                             by pulsing the motor activation—that        capabilities.
        These specifications outperform com-       is, by rapidly turning the motor on and        The port provides 3.3 V of power
     parably priced webcams, which typi-           off at different duty cycles.               and 400 KHz of I2C serial communi-
     cally provide 640 × 480 tracking at 30                                                    cation, to which a microcontroller can
     Hz. Webcams also require significant          Light-emitting diodes                       easily interface and effectively provide
     CPU power to perform real-time com-           (visual feedback)                           a Bluetooth-to-I2C bridge.
     puter-vision tracking. Specialized IR         Four blue LEDs at the bottom of the
     camera trackers, such as those from Nat-      remote are typically used to indicate       Batteries
     ural Point Systems (www.naturalpoint.         player IDs (1 to 4). Each LED’s state       The Wii remote uses two AA batteries
     com), can provide 710 × 288 tracking          is individually addressable. Similarly to   and has an operating time between 20
     at 120 Hz, but at a significantly higher      the vibration motor, pulsing the state      and 40 hours, depending on the num-
     cost of $180.                                 creates varying levels of brightness.       ber of active components. Approxi-
                                                                                               mately 8 bits of battery-level resolution
     Accelerometer                                 Speaker (auditory feedback)                 are available.
     Analog Devices manufactures the               A small speaker in the remote’s cen-
     ADXL330, a 3-axis linear accelerom-           ter supports in-game sound effects          Developing
     eter that provides the Wii remote’s mo-       and user feedback. The audio data           custom applications
     tion-sensing capability. It has a +/−3 g      streams directly from the host with         Although Nintendo offers a relatively
     sensitivity range, 8 bits per axis, and a     4-bit, 4 KHz sound similar in quality       inexpensive development kit for the Wii
     100 Hz update rate.                           to a telephone.                             console, its legal agreement severely
                                                                                               limits the types of applications you’re
     Buttons                                       Bluetooth connectivity                      permitted to develop using its tools. Al-
     The Wii remote has 12 buttons. Four           Communication runs over a wireless          ternatively, you can quite easily connect
     are arranged in a standard directional-       Bluetooth connection. The connection        the Wii remote to a personal computer
     pad layout. One button is on the bottom       uses a Broadcom 2042 chip, which            via Bluetooth and immediately begin

40   P ER VA SI V E computing                                                                                 www.computer.org/pervasive
Hacking the nintendo Wii remote
developing custom applications. The            bar” is a misnomer because the device        text of bowling, boxing, or playing ten-
remote’s compatibility with the Blue-          doesn’t contain sensors; rather, it con-     nis, baseball, or golf. The game appears
tooth HID specification manifests on           tains two groups of infrared LEDs. The       to register subtle variations in swing dy-
the host computer as a joystick.               Wii remote’s IR camera sees the two          namics and thus affect the simulation.
   Software libraries for connecting to        groups and provides a method of laser-       Though the motion recognition might
a Wii remote, parsing the input report         pointer-style input. The software can        not necessarily be accurate, the expe-
data, and configuring the controller are       transform the x, y coordinate dot pairs      rience is quite compelling. However,
available for nearly every major devel-        to provide an averaged x, y coordinate       the majority of existing games simply
opment platform on Windows, Mac                pair, a rotation, and a distance. The x,     employ shake recognition to trigger an
OS, and Linux. The open development            y, and rotation values correspond to the     event similar to a button press.
community has created these libraries,         controller’s yaw, pitch, and roll, respec-      As in other game consoles, the but-
and you can download them for free.            tively, and the distance is estimated us-    tons of the Wii remote are heavily
Because these software APIs are in ac-         ing the known physical separation of         employed for triggering input events.
tive development and might change rap-         the two IR groups and the camera’s           Frequently, games use the Nunchuk at-
idly, I won’t discuss them in detail. Visit    fixed field of view.                         tachment, which is designed to be held
http://wiili.org and http://wiibrew.org           Common Wii game interactions us-          in the nondominant hand and adds
for more information.                          ing the controller as a pointer include      more buttons, an analog joystick, and
   Accessing the data is usually as sim-       selection, navigation, aiming a weapon       another accelerometer for independent
ple as reading values from an array or         or tool, drawing, rotating objects, and      motion sensing in each hand. In total,
an appropriately named member vari-            push-pull interactions. Although the         the Wii remote with Nunchuck attach-
able of a Wii remote class object, such        remote is frequently used as a pointer,      ment provides 13 digital inputs, 12 ana-
as accelX = remote.accelerometer.x. The com-   no game currently makes a significant        log controls, and auditory, visual, and
puter receives input reports 100 times         attempt to ensure that the cursor’s on-      tactile feedback.
per second, providing low-latency data.        screen position accurately matches the
As the software libraries evolve, they         screen plane’s intersection with the ray     Remote interaction
might support event queues, derivative         defined by the axis of the Wii remote.       techniques without
values, and utilities that compute useful      Assumptions are made regarding the           the Wii console
transformation matrices or recognize           screen’s visual angle and the scale of       The Wii remote’s rich level of input
gestures, thereby simplifying applica-         movement. However, this doesn’t ap-          and output combined with the ease of
tion development.                              pear to have a significant impact on us-     PC connectivity have made it a popu-
   In many cases, the most difficult part      ers’ pointing ability in most contexts.      lar platform for exploring alternative
of this process is getting the Bluetooth       This might be because the game pro-          control schemes for existing applica-
pairing to occur successfully. Because         vides constant visual feedback of the        tions. Many initial projects in the de-
the Wii remote isn’t 100 percent HID           cursor position, which lets users rely       veloper community involved using the
compliant, it might work only with cer-        on relative movements rather than ab-        motion- and tilt-sensing capabilities for
tain Bluetooth chipsets and driver soft-       solute aiming.                               robotic control and synthesized musical
ware. However, once a pairing is suc-             Use of the accelerometer data within      performance. For example, see the Wii
cessful, the configuration is typically
quite reliable. After you’ve connected
the Wii remote and installed the soft-              The open development community has created
ware library, developing custom appli-
cations is straightforward.                       software libraries for connecting to a Wii remote
   The projects I describe in this article
are C# Windows software applications                 for nearly every major development platform.
using Brian Peek’s Managed Library
for the Wiimote. 2                             Wii games varies from basic shake trig-      remote’s use in making the iSobot per-
                                               gering, to tilt-and-balance control, to      form combat motions (www.robodance.
Wii console                                    simple gesture recognition. WiiSports,       com/Nintendo-wii-i-sobot.php) and in
interaction techniques                         the mini-game that comes with the Wii        composing music in the Kyma X devel-
Wii users hold the remote controller           console, might currently involve the         opment environment (www.youtube.
in one hand and point it at a television       most intricate use of the accelerometer      com/watch?v=ESDzYYl0__s).
that has a Wii sensor bar either above         data. WiiSports encourages players to          Software libraries to replicate the
or below the screen. The term “sensor          swing the remote in the imaginary con-       remote’s cursor-pointing capabilities

July–September 2008                                                                                       P ER VA SI V E computing 41
Hacking the nintendo Wii remote
The Hacking Tradition

                                                                                               Figure 3. Finger tracking. (a) The Wii
                                                                                               remote’s IR LED array illuminator.
                                                                                               (b) A reflector tag increases visibility for
                                                                                               tracking.

                                                                                               pairs to provide an on-screen cursor
       (a)                             (b)                                                     and then trigger events by pinching
                                                                                               them together.
                                                                                                  Attaching the retroreflective markers
     for controlling mouse input were also        nificant amount of near-IR light to be       to gloves or other wearable accessories
     among the early projects. As a result,       detected—for example, an IR LED.             can help create removable, highly reus-
     some people began using the device           However, instrumenting surfaces or           able markers. The onset of fatigue is
     for media navigation or to play mouse-       objects with active LED emitters can         very rapid in mid-air hand manipula-
     based PC games. However, these uses          be mechanically prohibitive or unde-         tion, so this approach might be practi-
     have been somewhat limited because           sirable due to battery weight and size       cal for only some application types or
     the Wii remote requires an IR sensor         constraints.                                 better used on more horizontal surfaces
     bar to enable pointer tracking.                 Hands and fingers are good examples       for productivity applications.
        My work has so far focused on how         of surfaces that benefit from minimiz-          The technique can also be used to
     custom IR emitters can extend the use-       ing tracking instrumentation. Camera-        track arbitrary objects such as sporting
     fulness of the controller’s IR camera be-    based motion-capture systems often           equipment, physical input devices, or
     yond merely distant pointer tracking.        employ a technique that uses special-        even animals. However, unintentional
     When you hold the Wii remote in your         ized markers to increase the visibility      IR illuminator reflections can generate
     hand, the camera sees the IR dot move-       of tracked points. The systems can fur-      spurious tracking data, complicating
     ments primarily in correspondence to         ther increase visibility by using retrore-   retroreflecting marker tracking. Thus, if
     the controller’s yaw, pitch, and roll. The   flective tags and colocating specialized     instrumentation of the object or surface
     tracking data is relatively insensitive to   light sources with the tracking camera       is acceptable, then active LED markers
     translational movement.                      rather than the tracked point. Vicon         will provide less tracking interference
        However, when the remote is sta-          motion-capture systems use this ap-          and tracking at longer distances.
     tionary and the IR emitters move, this       proach (www.vicon.com).
     property is reversed. Dot movement              Figure 3 shows the Wii remote LED         Interactive whiteboards
     corresponds primarily to translation,        array and the use of reflective tags to      and tablet displays
     and the tracking data is relatively in-      track fingers. This approach provides        By constraining the movement of IR
     sensitive to orientation. This is the ar-    simple, reliable tracking of multiple        emitters to a planar display surface,
     rangement that motion-capture systems        objects. It could work without the re-       you can map the Wii remote camera’s
     typically use. Thus, using the remote in     flective tags, but the tracking data can     coordinate system to the display’s co-
     this manner transforms it into a rela-       be noisy and the working volume is           ordinates. For example, if you point
     tively high-performing, commodity            small and adjacent to the front of the       the camera at a projected image on a
     motion-tracking system.                      Wii remote.                                  wall and then place an IR-emitting light
        The rest of this section explores proj-      You can trigger events by curl-           pen on the surface, you can use the IR
     ect applications of this configuration.      ing and extending the finger to make         camera data to compute which display
     Video demonstrations of all these ap-        points appear and disappear. The diffi-      pixels correspond to the pen’s location.
     plications are available on my projects      culty of hitting screen targets without      This lets you interact with the projected
     Web site at http://johnnylee.net. (For       a persistent on-screen cursor poses a        image as if it were an interactive white-
     a useful overview of general tracking        usability issue. One approach to re-         board system, as shown in Figure 4.
     technologies, techniques, and issues,        solving this is to have the software           To discover the correspondence be-
     see B. Danette Allen and her colleagues’     respond to a point’s disappearance           tween the camera and projector coordi-
     Siggraph course notes.)3                     rather than its appearance. This would       nates, you use a four-point calibration
                                                  be similar to making graphical buttons       process typical for any touch-screen sys-
     Finger and object tracking                   respond when you release the mouse           tem. First, you display four crosshairs at
     Because the Wii remote camera is             button events instead of when you            known locations in each corner of the
     sensitive only to bright sources of IR       press the mouse button. Alternatively,       projected display, then you activate the
     light, tracked objects must emit a sig-      you could track thumb and forefinger         pen at each of these crosshair locations

42   P ER VA SI V E computing                                                                                  www.computer.org/pervasive
Hacking the nintendo Wii remote
Figure 4. Interactive display. (a) Infrared
LED pens used as a stylus for (b) an
interactive whiteboard.

to register the corresponding camera
coordinates. From these four registered
points, you can compute a homogra-
phy, a warping matrix for mapping any
new point visible to the camera to the         (a)                               (b)
correct pixel location in the projected
image.4 This approach also works with
any flat display surface, such as an LCD
or plasma television. However, displays
that have a thick glass surface can cause
unwanted reflections that result in er-
ratic tracking behavior.
  The homography calculation is robust
against display orientation and mirror-
ing, so it supports a variety of camera-       (a)                                           (b)
projector geometric relationships. Ad-
ditionally, because the Wii remote can        Figure 5. Desktop VR. (a) Rigid IR emitters on glasses together with (b) the Wii
track up to four points, you can track        remote can render view-angle-dependent displays that simulate motion parallax
multiple pens simultaneously, creating        and a changing field of view.
multitouch interactive surfaces.
  The software that performs the four-
point touch calibration and mouse em-         the sensor bar: x, y coordinates, rota-      Because the software renders a cus-
ulation is available at my projects site,     tion, and estimated distance. If you       tom viewpoint for the person wear-
along with the video demonstration            place the Wii remote adjacent to the       ing the IR glasses, the perspective
of this work. The software has been           display in a known location and a set      will be incorrect for other observers.
downloaded more than 500,000 times            of wearable IR emitters on a user’s        Some method of using a split screen
as of 1 March 2008. Several educators         head, you can track the head’s location    or shutter-glass technology could sup-
are already using it in their classrooms      relative to the display and render view-   port multiple users simultaneously, but
as a low-cost interactive whiteboard          angle-dependent views of a virtual en-     implementing such an approach would
alternative for certain applications.         vironment. Figure 5 shows a system         depend on the display technology. The
  The approach’s primary limitations          implementation that uses glasses with      Wii remote’s horizontal field of view
are a maximum tracking resolution of          IR emitters. By responding to head         might limit the range of movement to a
1,024 × 768 and the high sensitivity          movement, the display can simulate         smaller usable volume than desired for
of tracking quality to camera position        the behavior of a window providing         certain applications. However, multi-
and occlusions. Thus, the Wii remote’s        motion parallax and a changing field       ple remotes could increase the field of
placement is key to obtaining good per-       of view, thus increasing the illusion of   view. Additionally, conflicting stereo
formance. Overhead or off-to-the-side         depth and realism.                         depth cues from each eye can weaken
placement will reduce the likelihood of          Using the known physical separation     the illusion. Combining head-tracking
obstructions but also reduce tracking         of the IR emitters, you can estimate the   with polarized or shutter stereo-vision
uniformity. If a rear-projected arrange-      head’s distance from the screen. Simi-     goggles could enhance the 3D experi-
ment is possible, it provides ideal track-    larly, using the display’s known physi-    ence. However, implementing stereo-
ing performance. Multiple Wii remotes         cal dimensions, you can calculate the      vision techniques can be difficult, de-
could also increase performance.              remaining values of vertical and hori-     pending on the display technology.
                                              zontal head displacement at the appro-
Head tracking                                 priate scale. Several game and data-       Spatial augmented reality
for desktop VR displays                       visualization companies are already        You can augment the appearance of
Two rigidly connected IR points pro-          exploring the use of this technique in     physical objects by using projected light
vide the same tracking capabilities as        future products.                           to present colocated information on

July–September 2008                                                                                    P ER VA SI V E computing 43
Hacking the nintendo Wii remote
The Hacking Tradition

                                                                                                  Figure 6. Foldable augmented reality
                                                                                                  displays projected onto (a) a foldable
                                                                                                  newspaper and (b) a foldable fan.

                                                                                                  controls, to support an even larger
                                                                                                  numbers of objects. The IR transmis-
                                                                                                  sion would be visible to the camera that
                                                                                                  provides location data, and we could
       (a)                                    (b)                                                 use the high-speed receiver to demodu-
                                                                                                  late the data.

     nearby surfaces. This field of research        the camera pose would enable registra-        IR glyphs
     is called spatial augmented reality.           tion onto surfaces in 3D space.               Because the Wii remote can track up
        For fixed objects, you can manu-                                                          to four points simultaneously, we could
     ally align projected imagery onto a            Other projects                                use spatial and temporal multiplexing
     surface’s physical features. 5 However,        I hope these few projects I’ve described      of IR emitters to create unique identi-
     projecting imagery onto moving ob-             so far have demonstrated the immense          fiers. This would let the remote discover
     jects requires very-low-latency, high-         utility the Wii remote provides. The fol-     the identity of an object it’s pointing at,
     resolution tracking to ensure sufficient       lowing are additional project concepts        which means it could control arbitrary
     registration quality to make the illusion      that haven’t yet been implemented, but        instrumented objects in the environ-
     compelling. The Wii remote’s low-cost,         could further increase the remote’s pos-      ment simply by pointing. The remote
     high-performing camera provides an             sible applications.                           could manipulate lights, electronic
     attractive option for this application.                                                      doors, vehicles, appliances, or other
     Unfortunately, the remote can track            3D motion tracking                            objects in the environment.
     only up to four points simultaneously,         By using two Wii remotes, we can ap-             If the identifiers are associated with
     which limits the number of objects you         ply stereo-vision techniques to acquire       computer displays, individuals could
     can track and the geometric complex-           3D tracking data from individual IR           use their personal Wii remotes to inter-
     ity of surfaces before you must make           emitters. Multiple remotes could cover a      act with any participating display in an
     significant assumptions.                       larger tracking volume and a wider range      intuitive and immediate manner. Using
        For example, four points are sufficient     of occlusion conditions. IR illumination      each controller’s unique identity, seam-
     to track a quadrilateral surface’s general     and reflective tags could support the as-     less file manipulation and management
     orientation. However, if the surface is        sembly of a low-end motion-capture sys-       across displays and computers would
     known to be square or is constrained           tem for a couple hundred dollars.             be possible through a centralized in-
     to a table surface, you can use fewer                                                        formation server.
     points to track the surface orientation        Tracking objects with ID
     and use the remaining points for input.        One limitation of camera-based track-         Laser tag
     Figure 6 shows examples of a display           ing is the inability to easily detect emit-   If IR emitters are attached to each re-
     projected to a foldable newspaper and          ter identity. Researchers have explored       mote, each remote can see the others’
     a folding fan. A video demonstration of        temporal variations in emitter behavior       locations. This would support a laser-
     this work is available at www.cs.cmu.          to communicate identity. However, the         tag-style interaction in which individu-
     edu/~johnny/academic.                          data rate of ID transmission is directly      als hold their own remotes. Your in-
        You can use a four-point homogra-           related to a camera’s frame rate, which       tended target could be discovered by
     phy calibration, similar to the interac-       has typically been in the range of 30         blinking each player’s IR emitter in
     tive whiteboard application, to regis-         Hz. The Wii remote’s 100 Hz refresh           some identification or hit-validation
     ter surfaces that are constrained to a         and several bits of IR dot size or inten-     pattern.
     plane. However, if you know the pro-           sity provide an opportunity for higher
     jector parameters, you could leverage          data rates resulting in faster recognition    Gesture recognition
     the epipolar geometry of the projector-        of a larger set of trackable and identifi-    The gesture recognition in Nintendo Wii
     camera pair and compute the funda-             able objects.                                 games, using either the accelerometer
     mental matrix.6 Given four points of              Alternatively, we could couple the         data or camera-tracking data, has been
     known geometric relationship, com-             Wii remote with high-speed IR receiv-         rather limited relative to what’s possible
     bining the matrix with a solution for          ers, similar to those used for remote         in contemporary research systems. We

44   P ER VA SI V E computing                                                                                    www.computer.org/pervasive
Hacking the nintendo Wii remote
might explore how to adapt gesture-                                                                                        the AUTHORS
recognition algorithms to the particular                           Johnny Chung Lee is a researcher in the Applied Sciences group at microsoft-
characteristics of the accelerometer and                           Hardware, although the work reported in this article was done while he was a
orientation data that the Wii remote’s                             phD student at Carnegie mellon university. His research focuses on exploring
                                                                   novel techniques that enhance the practicality and accessibility of interactive
camera provides. The data from these                               technology. lee received his phD in human-computer interaction from Carn-
inputs presents unique challenges for                              egie mellon university. Contact him at johnny@cs.cmu.edu.
recognition systems to properly param-
eterize variations in speed, size, and ori-
entation for a given gesture. A number
of developers are currently exploring
this issue, but it still remains an open
research problem. However, a robust           community’s energy and imagination                     www.cs.unc.edu/~tracker/media/pdf/
method for performing accelerometer-          will lead to countless more uses than I                SIGGRAPH2001_CoursePack_11.pdf.
based gesture recognition would be a          could possibly list here.                           4. E.W. Weisstein, “Homography,” Math-
significant contribution to a wide vari-                                                             World—A Wolfram Web Resource, http://
ety motion-sensing applications in both                                                              mathworld.wolfram.com/Homography.
                                                                                                     html.
the industrial and research domains.
                                              REFERENCES
                                                                                                  5. R. Raskar, G. Welch, and K.-L. Low,

T
                                               1. Nintendo, Consolidated Financial High-             “Shader Lamps: Animating Real Objects
                                                  lights, 24 Jan. 2008, www.nintendo.                with Image-Based Illumination,” Proc.
            he Wii remote’s rich I/O ca-                                                             Eurographics Workshop on Rendering,
                                                  co.jp/ir/pdf/2008/080124e.pdf.
            pabilities clearly support a                                                             Springer, 2001, pp. 89–102.
            wide range of potential ap-        2. Managed Library for Nintendo’s Wiimote,
                                                  blog, http://blogs.msdn.com/coding4fun/         6. R. Hartley and A. Zisserman, Multiple
            plications beyond its origi-                                                             View Geometry in Computer Vision,
                                                  archive/2007/03/14/1879033.aspx.
nal intended use. Its low cost and easy                                                              Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003.
Bluetooth connectivity have made it an         3. B.D. Allen, G. Bishop, and G. Welch,
ideal platform for the developer com-             “Tracking: Beyond 15 Minutes of
                                                  Thought,” Proc. 28th Ann. Conf. Com-          For more information on this or any other com-
munity to create custom control and               puter Graphics and Interactive Tech-          puting topic, please visit our Digital library at
tracking applications. I’m certain the            niques (Siggraph 01), ACM Press, 2001,        www.computer.org/csdl.

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