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GPS Guide
Sustainable Public Management
www.cidadessustentaveis.org.br/gps
Updated with SDG
SUMMARIZED VERSION
CREDITS
Production and contents
1st version, launched in 2013:
Partnership between NEF (Future Studies Center) - PUC-SP
and the executive secretariat of the Sustainable Cities Program
Current version, launched in May 2016:
executive secretariat of the Sustainable Cities Program
Print
Agência Frutífera
São Paulo, May 2016.
Organization
The Sustainable Cities Program provides the city halls and civil society’s organizations with all contents, products, software,
training and services, made available on a free of charge basis.
No one is authorized to carry out any sales, or provide services or consulting services on behalf of the Sustainable Cities Program.
SUMMARY INTRODUCTION 4 GOVERNANCE 14 COMMON NATURAL RESOURCES 19 EQUITY, SOCIAL JUSTICE AND CULTURE OF PEACE 27 LOCAL MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABILITY 35 URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN 40 CULTURE FOR SUSTAINABILITY 44 EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABILITY AND QUALITY OF LIFE 48 DYNAMIC, CREATIVE AND SUSTAINABLE LOCAL ECONOMY 53 RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND LIFE STYLE OPTIONS 62 BETTER MOBILITY, LESS TRAFFIC 68 LOCAL ACTION FOR HEALTH 73 FROM LOCAL TO GLOBAL 78
INTRODUCTION
The world is going through a period of fast socio-e- hand, creative opportunities open up allowing a shared
conomic, environmental, technological and cultural volume of information, knowledge and practical expe-
changes, together with intense urbanization and a strong rience, through new technological tools in real time. The
feeling that a governance and value crisis is in place to spread of such virtual tools is leading to the formation of
achieve a vision of future able to face the challenges that large organized networks around the world seeking effec-
are posed at such a fast pace. Brazil is inserted directly in tive and innovative solutions to the complexity of the on-
this context. going process.
One of the most difficult questions that pose Since 2011, Rede Nossa São Paulo (Our São Paulo Ne-
a challenge to Brazil and a number of other twork), the Brazilian Social Network for Fair, Democratic
countries is: and Sustainable Cities and the Ethos Institute, in a part-
nership with several other organizations and national
how to balance and international networks, have provided a set of to-
economic development ols to help build this vision of the future combined with
transparent and participatory processes: the Sustainable
Cities Program. A program under constant construction,
but which has as its starting point the observation that
implementing a new development paradigm is possible,
necessary and urgent.
with environmental sustainability It is possible because the Sustainable Cities Program
and social justice, through transparent combines the idea of change with opportunities and expe-
and democratic governance? riences that are already available to be put into practice in
the construction of a new development model. It is neces-
To build such an answer, choices addressing the pro- sary because, in recent decades, a global consensus has
blem in fragments or parts are no longer appropriate – the emerged in the sense that our development model has
question is complex and must be addressed systemically been causing the systematic destruction of the planet’s
and horizontally. Nothing should be put aside momenta- resources, putting at risk the continuity of the human spe-
rily to try to resolve later. The global socio-economic cri- cies. And it is urgent because there is also a consensus that
sis needs to be resolved within the natural limits that the the ability to govern and tackle the socio-environmental
planet itself imposes, reversing trends of extreme climate crisis in the planet still fails to match the speed of the pro-
changes and depletion of natural resources, in addition cess of destruction of natural resources and of the climate
to overcoming the unacceptable social inequality. There- changes in progress.
fore, it should be considered that the temporal dimension
of the problem is real, and that there is no more time to The UN system has been acting more strongly in this
waste. direction, seeking to mobilize its nearly 200 Member Sta-
tes to acknowledge the severity of the diagnosis and com-
But, if on the one hand there is a social malaise about mit to agreements and targets that will give global and
the effects caused by this systemic crisis, on the other solid answers to humanity and the planetary crisis.
4 INTRODUCTION GPS Guide - Sustainable Public Management www.cidadessustentaveis.org.br/gpsIntroduction
The Sustainable Development Goals and COP-21
Approved at the United Nations The commitment was made by The process started in 2013,
Summit on Sustainable Develop-
ment (September 25-27, 2015),
the Sustainable Development
the 193 Member States
of the United Nations, including
following a mandate originated
from the Rio+20 Conference, the
SDGs should guide national policies
Goals (2030 Agenda) Brazil. These are based on 5 P’s: and activities of international coo-
combine 17 global objectives
People,
Prosperity,
Peace,
peration over the next fifteen years,
succeeding and updating the Millen-
nium Development Goals (MDGs).
and 169 goals
with the purpose of ending po-
Partnership and Planet.
Although global in nature and
The implementation of the SDGs
is a challenge that requires a part-
verty by 2030 and universally universally applicable, the SDGs nership with the active participation
promote economic prosperity, (Sustainable Development Goals) of all, including Governments, civil
social development and environ- converse with the policies and ac- society and the private sector.
mental protection. tions at regional and local levels.
These goals will be accompa- The Paris Agreement provides for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in
nied by a set of indicators for Gover- all regions of the planet and was agreed by consensus
nments, civil society and businesses
to review their actions and priorities
in favor of a new development mo-
del able to put mankind back on
by the 195 Participating States.
the planet and the planet back on Under the Agreement, global warming
mankind.
In December 2015, another key
UN initiative took place, the 21st
should be held below 2ºC
and it highlights the importance of efforts to ensure that the temperature rise
Conference of Parties (COP-21) of the on earth
United Nations Framework Conven-
tion on Climate Change (UNFCCC),
when a new global agreement to
combat the effects of climate chan-
will not exceed 1,5°C
above pre-industrial levels.
ge was approved by consensus.
GPS Guide - Sustainable Public Management www.cidadessustentaveis.org.br/gps INTRODUCTION 5Introduction
In the Brazilian context, the fundamental participation municipal and regional level – precisely where the muni-
of the cities in achieving the proposed challenges agreed cipalities have the central role of that governance.
in the SDGs and in the COP-21 stands out. One of the solutions that the Sustainable Cities Pro-
gram (and in particular this Sustainable Public Manage-
An example of that is the target to reduce ment Guide – SPMG) proposes is promoting, from the
municipalities, synergies between scientific-technologi-
by 37% ,
by 2025,
cal, socio-cultural and institutional advances, harmoni-
zing development processes and impacts at a local level,
making it sustainable. In addition, the objective is alwa-
ys to encourage citizen participation as a way of contri-
and by
by 2030,
43% ,
buting to the improvement of life quality in each region,
taking advantage of the exchange of information and ex-
periences in the local and global levels.
With this purpose in mind, improving the life quality of
the populations residing in Brazilian municipalities in line
the greenhouse gas emissions in Brazil. with global transformations, that Our São Paulo Network
initiated this movement in 2007, which was soon expan-
To achieve such results, it is of utmost importance that ded into the Brazilian Social Network for Fair, Democratic
cities may play a leading role in actions such as restruc- and Sustainable Cities, responsible for the promotion of
turing urban mobility systems and prioritizing planning the Sustainable Cities Program throughout the Country.
to reduce the use of fossil-based fuel in public transport, With this Sustainable Public Management Guide
among other initiatives. The Country also intends to zero (SPMG), which also counted on the collaboration of the
deforestation in the Legal Amazon and restore 12 million Center for the Study of the Future, PUC-SP University, we
hectares of forests by 2030, an area equivalent to the terri- offered the Brazilian municipalities a set of concepts, tools,
tory of England. The Sustainable Cities Program, with this goals, indicators and exemplary practices of public policies
publication, is brought up to date with the decisions agre- in various cities of the world so that the municipal public
ed upon by almost 200 countries, incorporating the goals management could improve and advance in innovative
and indicators of the Sustainable Development Goals and planning in line with the Sustainable Development Goals
the COP-21, mainly those which can be implemented at a of the United Nations.
The current management of cities
The reality of the cities: progressive urbanization
More than half of humanity now lives in cities – a per- ties, lack of basic sanitation, substandard dwelling, vio-
centage that is expected to reach 60% by 2030, according lence and impact of climate changes. Adopting this logic,
to estimates. In Latin America, Brazil is the most urbani- if it is in cities that global problems manifest themselves,
zed country, as a result of an intense structuring process it is also in cities that the human, technological and po-
in the cities started in the 1950s, which led to a concentra- litical resources needed to overcome such problems are
tion of 86,53% of its population in urban areas. concentrated.
According to the “World Urbanization Prospects 2014” As a way of providing cities with tools to face this situ-
report, by the United Nations, this percentage can reach ation, the 1988 Federal Constitution established a process
over 90% by 2050. to decentralize public policies, thus giving cities a leading
The accelerated unsustainable growth of cities is one role and allowing society participation as central platfor-
of the biggest challenges for the future of mankind. The ms in the redemocratization period consolidated with the
cities concentrate the most serious global problems, such Constitution.
as poverty, social inequality, pollution, mobility difficul-
66 INTRODUCTION GPS Guide - Sustainable Public Management www.cidadessustentaveis.org.br/gpsIntroduction
In fact, Brazilian municipalities took a leading role in educating, healthy and democratic cities that will provide
the decision-making processes. That is precisely the rea- citizens with good life quality and allow the society to take
son why it is necessary to establish new ways of planning, part in all aspects of public life.
governing, producing and consuming in the cities to en-
sure the construction of inclusive, prosperous, creative,
The management of cities requires a systemic approach
The development of modern urban planning requi- Strategic planning based on a systemic and participa-
res a systemic approach based on sustainability, which tive approach should, thus, consider the implementation
is able to capture the relationship between the different of the projects under a vision of short, medium and long
fields of interaction in the city: economic, cultural, so- terms, in order to ensure the continuity of programs, es-
cial, ecological, technological, tax, demographic, etc. pecially infrastructure works, which typically take longer.
The plan should involve the various municipal bo- It should also set goals that can be publicly monitored
dies related to these topics and make an integrated over time. Such guidelines should be included in the Mas-
analysis of the information. ter Plan and in the Multiyear Plan, as we will see below.o.
The Master Plan
Required by the Constitution for cities with torial factors relating to the city.
more than 20 thousand inhabitants, the Mas- The principles that guide the Master Plan
ter Plan is the instrument of the urban develo- are contained in the Statute of the City, where
pment policy. Its main goal is to provide con- the plan is defined as a basic tool to guide the
ditions for local development, by enabling an development
understanding of political, economic and terri-
The Multiyear Plan (MYP)
Also determined by the Federal Constitution, first year of management of the elected Mayor,
the Multiyear Plan specifies the annual expen- covering the four-year period of municipal ma-
ditures of the municipal administration that are nagement, effective as of the second year of the
intended for works and projects set out in the management, until the first year of the subse-
government action plan or in the Master Plan. quent management.
The Multiyear Plan should be drawn up in the
GPS Guide - Sustainable Public Management www.cidadessustentaveis.org.br/gps INTRODUCTION 7Introduction
The Sustainable Cities Program
The Sustainable Cities Program
was born at the initiative of the orga-
nized civil society, with the purpose
of contributing to the sustainabili-
ty of Brazilian cities, by seeking to
improve the quality of life and well
-being of the population in general.
The letter of commitment
In 2012, the Sustaina- The Program was joined by mayors
ble Cities Program laun-
ched a Letter of Commit-
ment for political parties,
candidates and mayors,
to guide public managers
and ensure that they will of285
Brazilian cities
in fact act towards the
sustainable development
including 22 cities
of cities.
and the Federal District,
In practice, this let-
ter represents a com- contributing to the creation of indicator observatories
105
mitment on the part of
managers to work on in of these cities,
administrative priorities
that take into account which managed to improve their to political parties and candida-
the economic, social, en- planning and implement innova- tes for municipal administrations
vironmental and cultural tive public policies in their mana- that are interested in being part of
variables, according to gements, exchanging experien- this unprecedented movement in
the local context. ces and taking part in a network Brazil in building fairer, more de-
of cities committed to sustainab- mocratic and sustainable cities. It
le development. will be a great opportunity to rai-
Considering the 2016 election se awareness among candidates
process and the incorporation of so that they make commitments
the SDGs in the new platform of aligned with the Sustainable Cities
the Sustainable Cities Program, Program and with the implemen-
the letter of commitment has tation and municipalization of the
been updated and is available SDGs.
88 INTRODUCTION GPS Guide - Sustainable Public Management www.cidadessustentaveis.org.br/gpsIntroduction
Sustainable Cities’ 12 Platform Themes
As already seen, the Sustainable Cities Program aims at contributing to the teams in charge at the city hall to develop
their Master Plan and establish Strategic Targets; and for such purpose, the Program is based on guidelines, indicators
and targets, organized into 12 platform themes:
Lo
cal
Ac
tio
nf
e
Be s
nc
tte rce
or
From Local
rna
rM u
eso
He
ob to Global
al R
ve
ilit
alt
y, L r
atu
Go
ess 12
h
Tra o nN
11
1
ffic mm
10 Co
2
Responsible Consumption 9 3 Equity, Social Justice and Culture of Peace
and Life Style Options
8 4
Lo
a ble cal
ain Ma
st na
7
Su
5
ge
nd 6 me
ea
Pla
nt
y
ilit
tiv Culture tow
rea y
nn
ard
ab
C for Sustainability
ic, sS
ing
ty stain
m
n am cono ust
ain
an
y
D al E ab
Qu or Su
dU
c ilit
Lo y
rba
ali
f
d L on
nD
an ucati
ife
esi
gn
Ed
The United Nations Sustai- The strategic planning for the Sustaina-
nable Development Goals that ble Cities Program
correspond to the local scope
were organized in 12 platform Cities well-succeeded in the conception and
themes as well as the respective the implementation of the Master Plan and of the
indicators used as bases for the Target Plan used the indicators, the project ma-
diagnosis and the planning of pping and the innovative knowledge already exis-
the municipal administrations. tent and verified whether they were aligned with
the future view of the municipality.
GPS Guide - Sustainable Public Management www.cidadessustentaveis.org.br/gps INTRODUCTION 9Introduction
Guiding questions to start the process
The questions listed below may serve as a focal point for the considerations of the planning team as a starting point.
They make up a check-up of the current situation, and in view of the answers, they allow a visualization of what has to be
done along the current and future administrations:
How can the Sustainable How can the promotion Is the government team
01 Cities Program help assess 02 of the Sustainable Cities 04 aligned with the commit-
the overall situation of the Program help mobilize the ments made and willing
city, overcome challenges and iden- municipal administration and the to use the tools offered by the Sus-
tify paths that could take it towards society at large? tainable Cities Program?
the desired future?
Will there be a team res-
03 ponsible for preparing the What kind of partnerships,
initial diagnosis, planning, 05 support and external agre-
implementation and monitoring of ements would be needed
the program? to develop the program?
Planning step by step
DIAGNOSIS
ORGANIZED DEFINITION OF VISION FOR GOAL
BASED ON THE
INFORMATION PRIORITIES THE FUTURE PLAN
INDICATORS
1 2 3 4 5
ORGANIZED INFORMATION DIAGNOSIS BASED ON THE Externally, one must see the city
1 2
- gathering, organization INDICATORS inserted in its region, its state and
of information on the indicators The diagnosis must express the Country, taking into account the
and preliminary diagnosis internal and external perspectives opportunities offered and the res-
Planning of the goals requires on the city. At an internal level, un- ponsibilities assumed in these three
data on the respective indicators, derstanding the view on the ope- levels. At the same time, it is neces-
which need to be gathered, organi- ration of the city individually, con- sary to project possible burdens
zed and analyzed beforehand. After sidering its strength points (which that the dynamics in regional, state
the data are organized, the next step indicators have already reached the and federal contexts could bring to
is the description of a diagnosis of goals suggested or are close to rea- the city.
the city. ching them) and weaknesses (which
indicators have values far from the
goals suggested).
10
10 INTRODUCTION GPS Guide - Sustainable Public Management www.cidadessustentaveis.org.br/gpsIntroduction
DEFINITION OF INDICATORS
3
Upon analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, oppor-
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES tunities and threats, in the light of a vision for the future of
The strengths The weaknesses the city, the team responsible will be able to identify whi-
of the city in each of the city in each ch indicators are most critical and require greater effort of
platform platform public management, in order to guide the city planning.
It is essential that the priorities listed may be determined
on a participatory basis and may be projected at the time
of their completion, so that they can stay in public policies
beyond one administration, are monitored by society and
OPPORTUNITIES THREATS can reach the improvement goals of that specific area.
The opportunities Situations that
for the city to stand may hinder
out positively in each or harm the VISION FOR THE FUTURE OF THE CITIES
4
platform Goal Plan Every city needs to have, as an aggregator of all
society, a vision for what is intended to be achieved ac-
cording to its vocation, which can be touristic, cultural,
historic, natural, scientific, industrial or a number of com-
binations. It is important to add the social players of the
The diagnosis must be done for each platform of the
territory to this planning for the future, so that the choice
Sustainable Cities Program, considering the proposed in-
of directions may have legitimacy and may be successful
dicators.
over the years.
EXAMPLE:
How to design a vision for the future?
Goal: Common Natural Resources
The different conceptions of the cities of tomorrow
are increasingly important in all levels. Currently, mana-
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
gement models are sought for sustainability with huma-
• Rich biodiversity • Small green area
nitarian features and that will balance economic and en-
• Different ecosystems per inhabitant
vironmental factors.
• Structured recycling • Low environmental
program awareness of the
A vision for the future of the city should be the result of
• Engaged civil society population and of
a collective imagination construction, described in clear
• Dynamic business hub the business sector.
terms, to encourage actions and show the direction of the
Goal Plan within medium and long terms. Such imagina-
tive exercise can be accomplished through appropriate
OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
methodologies, by bringing together specialized techni-
• Region becoming • Requirement for
cal teams, civil society and by holding meetings with resi-
the technological qualification of
dents and representatives of the Government.
hub of the state young manpower
• Geographic loca- • Low investment in
The visions for the future must come from realistic
tion allowing the education.
diagnostics, but they need to have optimistic projections.
development of
The objective is to engage broad segments with expecta-
wind energy
tions favorable to local planning.
GPS Guide - Sustainable Public Management www.cidadessustentaveis.org.br/gps INTRODUCTION 11Introduction
The following are examples of such visions:
• Being a city recognized nationally for the best health policy;
• Being among the highest HDIs of Brazil (and Latin America);
• Achieving all the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030, and for such
achievement, obtaining global recognition;
• Being a Latin American reference in sustainable urban mobility;
• Being a Brazilian hub in terms of well-being and life quality;
• Being a recognized destination for sustainable tourism.
5 GOAL PLAN DRAFTING C. Goal
Provide the city with the number of hospital beds that
The Goal Plan should point out the management prio- will meet the population’s needs adequately.
rities: strategic actions, indicators and quantitative targets Priority: high
for each of the sectors of the public municipal administra-
tion and should consider criteria, such as promotion of D. Vision for the future
sustainable development, social inclusion and respect for To become a city recognized for having a health policy
human rights. with level of excellence according to international stan-
dards.
ExAmplE:
EXAMPLES OF GOAL PLANS:
Platform: Local action for Health
• Barueri (SP)
A. Organized information http://indicadores.cidadessustentaveis.org.br/static-user/
INDICATOR: proportion of public and private hospital user_111_programa_metas_planometas_barueri.pdf
beds available per 1,000 inhabitants of the city.
• Petrópolis (RJ)
GOAL REFERENCE: according to the World Health
http://indicadores.cidadessustentaveis.org.br/static-user/
Organization: a minimum of 2.5 hospital beds for every user_115_programa_metas_apresentacao_completa_
1,000 inhabitants. plano_de_metas_pcs1.pdf
B. Diagnosis
• São Paulo (SP)
The city has only 1 hospital bed for every 1,000 inha-
http://www.nossasaopaulo.org.br/portal/arquivos/progra-
bitants, therefore, below the standard indicated by the
masdemetas/plano-de-metas-saopaulo-2013-2016.pdf
World Health Organization.
Benefits of the Goal Plan
The requirement for drafting a Goal Plan for the four providing greater predictability, election of priorities, eli-
years of management, to be complemented by demons- mination of waste and productivity gains. This will allow
tration of performance indicators and periodic accou- an enhancement of the ability to manage.
ntability to society, means, first of all, investing in the Further, the benefits of the Goal Plan also include:
improvement of public administration, in its democratic programmatic consolidation of political parties and their
modernization and in the search for efficiency and qua- electoral proposals; and the promotion of participation,
lity of the services provided to the population. The Goal transparency and broad social co-responsibility with re-
Plan will allow good planning and budget performance, gard to the implementation of public policies.
12
12 INTRODUCTION GPS Guide - Sustainable Public Management www.cidadessustentaveis.org.br/gpsSustainable Cities Program and the 12 Sus-
tainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Now, we will present, in details, each of the 12 platforms with conceptual and theoretical basis
on the several different management areas and their impact on sustainable development, linking the
SDGs with which the platform converses and contextualizing them in a municipal government level,
listing the linked indicators and outlining successful references, i.e. municipal public policies that are
already working successfully in cities in Brazil and in the world.
A source of information for planning, management and decision-making in the government, the
publication aims to contribute to the capacity of municipal administrators to implement goal plans
that include sustainable development.
All the material is available on www.cidadessustentaveis.org.brGOVERNANCE
What we understand as Governance
The concept of Governance is based on the linka- citizens. The dialogue between public managers and
ge between the political-administrative system, which society will be successful to the extent that it inclu-
governs the decision-making process in a government des the highest number of civil sectors, such as NGOs,
level, and the different social actors of the municipal, companies, unions, universities, media, among others.
state or federal territories. In this regard, Governance It should also provide for transparency, accountability
encompasses how the territory is organized politically and free access to information of public management.
and the participation of the various segments of ci-
vil society in decision-making spaces. A modern and
democratic management must combine the political According to the new UN’s development parame-
and political-party guidelines of the elected member ters, this platform of the Sustainable Cities Pro-
of government with direct performance mechanisms gram converses with the SDGs:
of society in administrative decisions, always respec-
ting diversity and building instruments that promote
equality in different levels.
The objective is to gradually replace the concept of
“government” by “public service”, in order to increasin-
gly establish partnerships between government and
Objectives and goals
General objective Specific Objectives
Strengthening decision-making processes by pro- Establishing strategic guidelines for the
moting the instruments of participative democracy, joint work of the government with the orga-
fostering equality in its multiple dimensions. nized society. This work can originate ideas
that value the positive aspects of the cities,
Every Mayor is elected to represent the citizens and, point out collective solutions agreed by
whenever possible, meet their expectations; howe- consensus for everyday problems, such as
ver, with the advancement of democratic moderni- flooding, lack of day-care centers or health
zation associated with the complexity of contem- centers as well as building the vision for the
porary society, the structuring of direct democracy future of the cities and their strategic mas-
mechanisms allowing the participation and opening ter plans.
of dialogue channels of the Executive with various
social segments and schools of thought is desirable. Transparency in information on the public
The purpose is to build broadly majority decisions policies, budget data and the choice of bu-
that strengthen the achievement of the priorities siness partners is the trust base for the par-
and common objectives of the city for short, me- ticipatory process.
dium and long terms.
14 GOVERNANCE GPS Guide - Sustainable Public Management www.cidadessustentaveis.org.br/gpsGovernance
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and specific objectives
Here, we highlight the incentive to policies aimed at women, with a focus on empowerment of girls and women to the full
exercise of citizenship and active participation in politics.
SDG 5: Gender equality
Achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls
In the 2014 elections there was a growth of The gender disparity in the Bra-
zilian political and political-party
46%
universe also takes place at a muni-
over
7
cipal level. In 2012, according to the
Secretariat of Policies for Women,
in the number of female ,000
31.9% of the candidates for the offi-
candidates when compa- were women.
ces of city councilors in the munici-
red to the 2010 election.
However, after the election, the wo- pal elections were women, and the-
men’s representation dropped sig- se were only 13.3% of those elected,
Of the 25 ,000 candidates
for offices in the Executive and Le-
nificantly: in 2014, 51 women were
elected for the National Congress.
This represents only 10% of the to-
which is virtually the same drop as in
the number of women’s representa-
tion in the general elections.
gislative branches throughout Brazil, tal representatives.
Thus, in pursuit of expansion of
political participation of all in deci-
Goal SDG 5 sion-making, there is the need for
building institutional tools and pro-
Goal 5.5 ensure full and effective participation of women and equal oppor- cedures to boost the political role of
tunities for leadership at all decision-making levels in political, economic and
public life. women.
SDG 10: Reduced inequalities
Reduce inequality within and among countries.
The search for an egalitarian and were given a refugee status by the the political world by strengthening
democratic society is directly related Brazilian Government from 2011 to their voice and decision-making
to social and political inclusion. This August 2015. It is the nationality with power.
goal is focused on the importance of the highest number of recognized
eliminating discriminatory laws, es- refugees in Brazil, ahead of Angola
pecially in dealing with immigrants. and Congo. Goal SDG 10
Brazil was historically formed as In this context, it is imperative
Goal 10.2 by 2030 em-
the country of arrival of important not just to welcome with dignity power and promote the social,
migratory flows. According to data those who arrive in the country, by economic and political inclusion
from Conare (National Committee fostering social and economic inclu- of all, irrespective of age, sex, di-
sability, race, ethnicity, origin, reli-
for Refugees), a body attached to sion programs and projects, but also gion or economic or other status.
the Ministry of Justice, 2,077 Syrians create strategies to include them in
GPS Guide - Sustainable Public Management www.cidadessustentaveis.org.br/gps GOVERNANCE 15Governance
SDG 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide
access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at
all levels
The full exercise of citizenship requires building strong, In 2005, the UN created the United Nations Conven-
transparent institutions with instruments of popular par- tion against Corruption, aimed at building rules and pa-
ticipation. Access to justice for all and the strengthening thways to recognize, prevent and punish crimes of such
of the bases that support the development of a Rule of kind. In Brazil, the dialogue with this convention takes
Law must be secured. place mainly through the Office of the Federal Controller
Social control mechanisms are strategic to ensure General (CGU), responsible for creating the Brazil Transpa-
good management. In addition to monitoring the work rent Scale (EBT), a methodology for evaluating the level of
carried out by the management and direct participation compliance with the provisions of the Access to Informa-
in building public policies, such tools allow monitoring tion Act (Law 12.527/2011).
and combating one of the greatest obstacles to good go-
vernance: corruption.
Goals SDG 16
Goal 16.3 - Promote the Rule of Law at the national Goal 16.7 - Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory
and international levels and ensure equal access to justi- and representative decision-making at all levels.
ce for all.
Goal 16.10 - Ensure public access to information
Goal 16.5 - Substantially reduce corruption and bribery and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with
in all their forms. national legislation and international agreements.
Goal 16.6 - Develop effective, accountable and transpa-
rent institutions at all levels.
16
16 GOVERNANCE GPS Guide - Sustainable Public Management www.cidadessustentaveis.org.br/gpsGovernance
Indicators and their benefits
The indicators can help to promote not only inclusion and social justice, but the necessary citizenship and participa-
tory governance.
Indicators related to Governance platform
1 Accessibility in public spaces
2 Access to justice
3 Access denied in the citizen information system
4 Municipal Conferences
5 Municipal Councils
6 Dada in open format
7 Deliberative participation spaces and public hearings in the city
8 Public officials investigated for corruption
9 Public officials who have suffered administrative action
10 Individuals who used electronic government
11 Regulated Access to Information Act
12 Mechanisms of direct democracy
13 Women in management positions in the municipal government
14 Women in charge of the Municipal Government Departments
OVERNANCE
15 Afro-Brazilian in management positions in the municipal government
16 Budget implemented and decided on a participatory basis
17 Agencies to control and combat corruption
18 Ombudsman
19 Gender equality in Municipal Councils
20 Participation of adolescents and youth in decision-making bodies
21 Queries answered in the citizen information system
22 People with disabilities employed in the municipal government
23 Regionalized public policies
24 Transparency Portal
25 Presence of Female City Councilors in the Municipal Council
26 Municipal lawsuits for corruption
27 Goal Program
28 Appeals and complaints recorded in the citizen information system
29 Systems to control and combat corruption
30 Smart and transparent systems for procurement and competitive bidding
31 Internet users by types of service of electronic government
GPS Guide - Sustainable Public Management www.cidadessustentaveis.org.br/gps GOVERNANCE 17Governance
How to do it?
To summarize the concepts presented about Governance, successful practical examples that can serve as reference or
inspiration for your city are presented below:
Erechim, RS Lisboa, Portugal
Municipal Ombudsman as a citizenship channel Participatory Budgeting is deliberative
In 2011, a new model of municipal ombudsman was imple- The Participatory Budgeting of Lisbon is a decision-making
mented in the city of Erechim, called “Active Ombudsman”. The process, giving actual decision-making power to citizens to
initiative represented the establishment of a more human dialo- submit proposals for their city and vote on the projects to be
gue channel between the demands of the community and the included in the Activity and Budget Plan of the City of Lisbon.
services provided by the city. The Active Ombudsman seeks city The proposals can be submitted online and in Participatory
citizens to hear their opinion about the service used and thus Meetings.
contribute to improve the quality and efficiency of public admi- In the participatory budgeting cycles of Lisbon, between
nistration. This after-service work stands out as an example of the years of 2008 and 2015, 5.208 proposals were presented,
innovation. 1.647 projects were voted and 88 projects were approved, with
Since the ombudsman reorganization, 138,499 after-servi- a total of 179.272 votes, and investments of € 28,825,668.00.
ce calls were recorded, and 11,555 claims were received – and http://cidadessustentaveis.org.br/boas-praticas/lisboa-participa
79.13% of these had a positive resolution by the city. In total,
there were 150,054 call records in five years of operation, repre-
senting an average of 150 calls a day.
http://www.cidadessustentaveis.org.br/boas-praticas/ouvidoria
-municipal-de-erechim-um-canal-de-cidadania
Get to know other initiatives related to the Governance platform on
http://cidadessustentaveis.org.br/boas-praticas
18
18 GOVERNANCE GPS Guide - Sustainable Public Management www.cidadessustentaveis.org.br/gpsCOMMON NATURAL RESOURCES
What we mean by Natural Common Resources
The concept of Common Natural Resources includes the practice of conscious consumption, reuse and recy-
the elements of the physical environment, such as water, cling of products and composting of waste. Examples are
soil and air, and the different terrestrial ecosystems whi- the policies that encourage the production of renewable
ch, in addition to being necessary to sustain human life, energies (wind and solar), the use of biomass fuels (such
contain different species of Brazilian fauna and flora, the as ethanol and biodiesel), and agricultural and cattle-ran-
variety of which is called biodiversity (http://www.mma. ching activities that do not engage in predatory exploita-
gov.br/ biodiversidade/biodiversidade-brasileira). tion and do not contaminate the environment.
Brazil stands out internationally for being one of the
countries with the highest flora and fauna biodiversity on
In accordan-
the planet, and to preserve this natural wealth, the cou-
ce with the new
ntry needs local public policies to streamline access to
UN development
and use of these resources, as well as protect its reserva-
parameters, this
tions and recover its degraded areas. It is imperative that
platform of the
a sustainable city be administered under guidelines that
Sustainable Cities
promote water resources and biodiversity and encourage
Program converses
reforestation, soil preservation and good air quality.
with the SDGs:
In this context, the promotion of public policies aimed
at the balance between urban interventions and environ-
mental preservation becomes necessary. It is recommen-
ded to work with its inhabitants and municipal entities
Goals and objectives
General objective
Fully assume the responsibility for protecting, pre- administrations must ensure their rational use in order
serving and ensuring balanced access to natural to preserve them over the years.
common resources.
More compact cities, occupying modest portions of
Most of the Brazilian municipalities have under the municipal territory and seeking an increasingly
their responsibility enormous territorial exten- harmonious relationship with all the natural environ-
sions, which make up significant portions of our ment (as well as encourage the adoption of sustaina-
natural wealth. With a high concentration of po- ble agricultural and cattle-ranching practices and the
pulation in cities, it is of utmost importance not recovery and protection of their natural resources) will
to neglect the municipal/regional territory as a certainly be the cities of the future. And only these will
whole, as it is vital to control the pressure on the be able to offer better life quality and water and food
natural resources that urban growth often causes. security, as well as avoid intense climatic changes and
The natural resources are finite and the municipal extreme events.
GPS Guide - Sustainable Public Management www.cidadessustentaveis.org.br/gps COMMON NATURAL RESOURCES 19Common Natural Resources
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and specific objectives
The care for the elements of the physical environment, fauna and flora, always in relation to the social interaction requi-
red and needed to match the parameters of sustainable development stands out.
SDG 2: Zero hunger and sustainable agriculture
End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainab-
le agriculture
Sustainable development has as The World Health Organization Sustainable agriculture practices
its premise the harmonic coexisten- (WHO) recommends are an important example of balan-
ce between natural ecosystems and a minimum of ce between rural, urban and respect
society. In this context, the promo- for the environment. In addition to
tion of public policies that provide
a balance between urban interven-
tions, rural development and envi-
12 sq. m.
of green area per inhabitant
providing better environmental con-
ditions for production in the field,
this modality ensures social benefits
ronmental preservation becomes in the city. for the urban environment itself, es-
necessary. The maintenance of gre- pecially in terms of food security.
en areas, particularly those close to Significant advance in this direc-
urban centers, is essential for good To maintain the recommended tion was obtained with the National
air quality, preservation of biodiver- standard, it is important that the School Feeding Program (PNAE),
sity and the quality of life of the inha- municipal government protect rural sanctioned in 2009.
bitants of the cities. areas, native forests and even urban
green areas, turning them into are- The law determines that, among
as of preservation, environmental other things, at least
protection areas or protected areas.
Environmental protection policies
should also be linked to those of
social inclusion, economic develo-
30% of the food for public
elementary and middle schools
pment of rural areas and reduced derives from family agriculture.
inequalities.
Goal SDG 2
Goal 2.4 by 2030, ensu- ase productivity and production, that flooding and other disasters and that
re sustainable food production help maintain ecosystems, that streng- progressively improve land and soil
systems and implement resilient then capacity for adaptation to clima- quality.
agricultural practices that incre- te change, extreme weather, drought,
20 COMMON NATURAL RESOURCES GPS Guide - Sustainable Public Management www.cidadessustentaveis.org.br/gpsCommon Natural Resources
Goal SDG 6: Clean water and sanitation
Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
The development of sus- According to the study “Water Loss: Challenges to the Advancement of
tainable societies requires Basic Sanitation and Water Scarcity” (2015), prepared by the Trata Brasil
concern for the preservation Institute,
of water resources and for an the average water loss against billing
extensive offer of sanitation, (Index that compares the volume of water available to be distri-
given that lack of sanitation buted with the volume that is billed by the company)
can lead to contamination of
soil, sea, rivers and other sour-
ces of clean water. In addition,
it is critical to have strategies
in the 100 largest cities
was 37
in the year 2013.
%
in Brazil
in place to monitor the ratio-
nal use of water by the indus- This is the result of leaks, theft, lack of or errors in metering,
try and agriculture, as well as lack of investment in prevention and maintenance in the distri-
secure the commitment of bution system.
these sectors to programs for
protection and restoration of
The situation of sewage collection in river beds, stream beds or mari-
watersheds.
and treatment is even more alar- ne outfalls. That causes all these
ming: : less than 50% of Brazilian resources to be contaminated and,
On the other hand, a lar-
households are connected to the often, their ecosystems to be des-
ge number of Brazilian cities
sewage network, as well as only troyed. Giving sanitation priority is
presents high rates of treated
38.7% of the total collected sewa- therefore one of the fundamental
water loss.
ge is treated before being dumped premises to build sustainable cities.
Goals SDG 6
Goal 6.1 by 2030, achieve Goal 6.3 by 2030, improve water Goal 6.5 by 2030, imple-
universal and equitable access to quality by reducing pollution, elimina- ment integrated water resources
safe and affordable drinking water ting dumping and minimizing release management at all levels, including
for all. of hazardous chemicals and materials, through transboundary coopera-
halving the proportion of untreated was- tion, as appropriate.
Goal 6.2 by 2030, achieve tewater and substantially increasing re-
access to adequate and equitable cycling and safe reuse globally. Goal 6.6 by 2020, protect
sanitation and hygiene for all and and restore water-related ecosys-
end open defecation, paying special Goal 6.4 by 2030, substantially tems, including mountains, forests,
attention to the needs of women increase water-use efficiency across wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes.
and girls and those in vulnerable si- all sectors and ensure sustainable wi-
tuations. thdrawals and supply of freshwater to Goal 6.b support and stren-
address water scarcity and substantially gthen the participation of local
reduce the number of people suffering communities in improving water
from water scarcity and sanitation management.
GPS Guide - Sustainable Public Management www.cidadessustentaveis.org.br/gps COMMON NATURAL RESOURCES 21Common Natural Resources
SDG 11: Sustainable cities and communities
Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
Major cities internationally re- the safety and welfare of the popu- ted in some municipalities, such as
cognized such as Vitoria-Gasteiz, in lation. Many cities have reduced or development of rural tourism and
Spain, and Lyon, in France, have de- even eliminated the sources of de- fostering of agricultural pluriactivity.
veloped projects for the expansion predation through proactive urban Territorial planning is the key to
of vegetation cover in the urban area planning, by implementing collecti- making cities more inclusive, safe,
and managed to ensure that the ve public spaces for leisure and con- resilient and sustainable. This tool
whole population’s access to green templation, with cultural activities adjusts the rural and urban areas
areas is within a radius of up to 300 and prioritizing urban parks. of the city and assists in mitigating
meters away from their homes. In addition, seeking to deepen the environmental impacts resulting
Another important factor of pre- the resilience of cities, strategies to from anthropic actions.
servation of green areas concerns qualify rural areas have been adop-
Goal SDG 11
Goal 11.4 strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage
SDG 12: Responsible consumption and production
Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
To achieve an effectively sus- natives for a change of habits. natural resources and mitigate
tainable management and the A recurring problem faced in climate change. The government
efficient use of natural resources, several municipalities is fires and must promote educational acti-
paradigms must be broken and forest burning, the vast majority vities with the entire community
the population must be re-educa- of which is man-made, for lack of and promote public policies to
ted by involving it in participatory care or lack of proper information. encourage a culture that is more
cycles, with practical experiences In this scenario, it is important ecological and organic.
showing more sustainable alter- to go beyond actions to protect
Goal SDG 12
Goal 12.2 by 2030, achieve sustainable management and the efficient use of natural resources.
22 COMMON NATURAL RESOURCES GPS Guide - Sustainable Public Management www.cidadessustentaveis.org.br/gpsCommon Natural Resources
SDG 14: Life below water
Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainab-
le development
The conservation of marine resources depends on the reduction of pollu- However, the Federal Constitu-
tion and acidification of the seas. In this sense, the regulation of fishing is es- tion of 1988 defines that sea beaches
sential to restore and ensure the balance of marine ecosystems, ensuring a and their natural resources, marine
maximum and sustainable yield. land, territorial sea, river beaches,
among others, are the property of
Brazil has
the Federal Government.
7.367
km of coastline, without which brings this exten-
A fact that poses a new challenge
for municipal management: develo-
ping mechanisms to protect these
sion up to over ecosystems and natural resources.
taking into account the coas-
8,5
tal cutouts (bays, coves, gulfs,
Thus, municipal and social parti-
etc.),
cipation mechanisms must be esta-
thousand km blished in policies related to access
Spread over
to the sea, use, management and
395 municipalities in 17 states
protection of marine resources and,
especially, small-scale fishing.
Goals SDG 14
Goal 14.1 by 2025, prevent including marine debris and nutrient least 10% of coastal and marine
and significantly reduce marine pollution. areas, consistent with national
pollution of all kinds, in particu- and international law and based
lar from land-based activities, Goal 14.5 by 2020, conserve at on the best available scientific in-
formation.
GPS Guide - Sustainable Public Management www.cidadessustentaveis.org.br/gps COMMON NATURAL RESOURCES 23Common Natural Resources
SDG 15: Life on land
Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably
manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation, and
halt biodiversity loss degradação da terra, e estancar a perda de biodiversidade
Sustainable development provides, in its essence, However, according to data
a link between natural ecosystems and society, indi- from the Ministry of the Environment,
cating that conservation policies should be linked to between August 2014 and July 2015
those who seek objective opportunities for social in-
deforestation increased by
clusion and reducing inequalities.
The preservation of terrestrial ecosystems, forests
and biodiversity requires the conservation of what 16%
currently exists and the reversal of damage previou-
sly caused to the environment. In addition, for being
Of the Atlantic Forest and its rich
linked to the maintenance of biodiversity, it sets speci-
biodiversity, only
fic goals to put an end to illegal hunting and trafficking
of species of wild fauna and flora. To enhance this
care, it is important to have as a reference, also, the
8%
of the original coverage is left.
20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets, adopted in the Conven-
tion of Nagoya, Japan, in 2010 ( www.cbd.int/nbsap/ That upslope is worrying, as it resumes a movement
training/quick-guides). that was being fought by Governments. What makes SDG
15 extremely important and relevant to our country.
There is clear concern for the speeding up of pro-
cesses such as deforestation and desertification, whi-
ch are issues close to Brazil, in view of the range of
municipalities responsible for segments of the Atlantic
Forest, Amazon Rainforest, Pantanal and Cerrado. Goals SDG 15
Goal 15.1 by 2020, ensure the conservation,
restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and in-
Our country includes: : land freshwater ecosystems and their services, in par-
ticular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in
line with obligations under international agreements.
60%
of the entire Amazon basin and
Goal 15.2 by 2020, promote the implementation
of sustainable management of all types of forests, halts
deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially
about increase afforestation and reforestation.
Goal 15.a mobilize and significantly increase fi-
50% nancial resources from all sources to conserve and sus-
tainably use biodiversity and ecosystems.
of the national territory is covered
by this biome..
24 COMMON NATURAL RESOURCES GPS Guide - Sustainable Public Management www.cidadessustentaveis.org.br/gpsCommon Natural Resources
Indicators and their benefits
The Common Natural Resources Platform indicators reflect the main points on the care for the environment, the
health of the population and the future generations. Monitoring and improving these indicators is a way to provide more
quality of life in the present and ensure its continuation in the future.
Indicators relating to the platform Common Natural Resources
1 Permanent and sustainable access to drinking water
2 Deforested area
3 Restored area of degraded forests
4 Protected watershed areas
5 Areas for Protected Areas
6 Assessment of supply/demand of urban water supply
7 Remaining native plant coverage
COMMON NATURAL RESOURCES
8 Sewage that does not receive any kind of treatment
9 Sewage treated before reaching the sea, rivers and streams
10 Afforestation and reforestation
11 Public expenses intended for the regeneration of natural resources, ecosys-
tems and biodiversity
12 Specific legislation on environmental issues
13 Participation of the city in the Basins Committee
14 Loss of treated water
15 Medium and long term plans for water resources
16 Forest burning and fires
17 Recovery of degraded soil
18 Sewage network
19 Reservations and protected areas
20 Rivers and streams rated as at least “in good conditions” according to official
criteria
21 Coastal area in conservation and scientific interest area
GPS Guide - Sustainable Public Management www.cidadessustentaveis.org.br/gps COMMON NATURAL RESOURCES 25Common Natural Resources
How to do it?
To summarize the concepts presented about Common Natural Resources, successful practical examples that can
serve as reference or inspiration for your city are presented below:
Quatro Pontes, PR Lyon, França
The “Water, Who Loves It Takes Care of It” City revitalizes rivers and creates parks
program recovers springs
The city of Lyon has been investing in preservation and cre-
A partnership between the city and the citizens prioritized ation of new green areas for over 10 years. The initiatives range
the recovery of springs in the region as an environmentally heal- from the conversion of vacant lots into urban parks, to larger
thy and sustainable consensus for water collection and supply. projects, such as the revitalization of river banks. In addition to
The initiative helps prevent pollution and shortage of water in the new initiatives, the maintenance of existing green infrastruc-
aquifers. ture is constant.
In two years, 19 springs were recovered. After the recovery, With all this attention to green areas, currently the city has
the water flow increased fivefold on average. 430 hectares of gardens, parks and green spaces, corresponding
http://cidadessustentaveis.org.br/boas-praticas/agua-quem to 32 sq. m. of green area per inhabitant. http://cidadessustenta-
-ama-cuida-recuperacao-de-nascentes-em-quatro-pontes veis.org.br/boas-praticas/lyon-cidade-mais-verde
Get to know other initiatives related to the platform Common Natural Resources on
http://cidadessustentaveis.org.br/boas-praticas
26 COMMON NATURAL RESOURCES GPS Guide - Sustainable Public Management www.cidadessustentaveis.org.br/gpsEQUITY, SOCIAL JUSTICE
AND CULTURE OF PEACE
What we mean by Equity, Social Justice
and Culture of Peace
The concepts of equity and social justice refer to equal The objective should be to build a society that is econo-
access to public services of health, education, culture, se- mically viable, socially fair and environmentally sustainable.
curity and housing and the real opportunities of profes-
sional occupation.
The effectiveness in this access promotes an environ- The According to the new UN develop-
ment of culture of peace, which means to say less social ment parameters, this platform Sustainable
inequalities, driving a set of values, attitudes, behaviors Cities Program converses with the SDGs:
and lifestyles that prevent conflicts and contribute to the
resolution of problems through dialogue and negotiation
between the parties involved.
Satisfactory fulfillment of such socio-economic parame-
ters, combined with sustainable development, is reflected on
the Human Development Index (HDI) of the United Nations
Development Program (UNDP). Therefore, more egalitarian
societies tend to produce superior results in the HDI ranking.
The economic and social inclusion process is also based on
the strengthening of freedom and individual rights.
Objectives and goals
General objective Specific Goals
Promote inclusive and The reduction in social differences is a basic condition for the well-being of
supportive communities. the population and enables the construction of a sustainable urban space.
Social inclusion and so- Bearing that in mind, the specific goals of this platform include: develo-
lidarity promotion poli- ping and implementing programs to prevent and overcome the condition
cies are fundamental to of poverty; ensuring equitable access to public services, education, health,
the development of our employment opportunities, vocational training, cultural and sports activi-
societies and should be ties, information and digital inclusion with internet access; promoting so-
adopted by municipal cial inclusion and equality between genders, races and ethnic groups and
administrations, so that respect for sexual diversity; increasing the security of the community and
cities may become more promoting the culture of peace; and ensuring the right to dwelling in social
fair and egalitarian. and environmental conditions of good quality.
GPS Guide - Sustainable Public Management www.cidadessustentaveis.org.br/gps EQUITY, SOCIAL JUSTICE AND CULTURE OF PEACE 27You can also read
