Framework and Roadmap for E-Learning Industry: An Analysis
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Framework and Roadmap for E-Learning Industry: An Analysis
Suraya Hamid
Department of Information Science, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology,
University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Tel: 603-79676369, Fax: 603-79579249
suraya_hamid@um.edu.my
Rina Md. Anwar
Faculty of Information Technology, Universiti Tun Abdul Razak
Plaza CCL, Jalan SS6/12
47301 Kelana Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
Tel: 03-78092130, Fax: 03-78803439
rina@unitar.edu.my
ABSTRACT
E-Learning institutions today can benefit from a framework and roadmap on e-learning for
them to be ready for challenges and issues they may encounter in the near future. As many
new players are entering the market, both from the traditional academic institutions wanting
to extend their services as well as the corporate organizations attempting to establish their
learning organization concept, such a framework and roadmap would be very helpful. In this
paper, we discuss the development of a framework for future e-learning applications. The
framework was established by studying the visions, missions and goals of various e-learning
players and combining them into one solid framework complete with the suggested future e-
learning applications, by looking at least 8 years into the future (2007 to 2015). We believe
with today’s technologies coupled with the ubiquitous broadband via FTTx technologies,
mobile broadband such as 3G and beyond, and the Next Generation Networks (NGNs), e-
learning will become more liberalized.
Key Words: E- learning, framework, roadmap, sustainable growth1. Introduction Malaysian government has initiative to
In this paper, we attempted to foresee and assure the achievement of the e-learning in
evaluate a ten year (2007 - 2015) Malaysia. This has been highlighted in the
technology development in the e-learning 9th Malaysia Plan (2006-2010). This plan is
environment. This will be achieved by the actually the second phase of the Malaysia
establishment of a framework looking Vision 2020, which aim to make Malaysia
specifically at the future e-learning as a fully developed country by the year
applications for deployment of the e- 2020 [45]. It stated in the 9th Malaysia Plan
learning players anywhere in the world. that the use of Internet led to the growth in
This framework also suggests new e-learning as a potential source of online
technologies for e-learning players to education and training.
invest in the e-learning applications by
looking at the current and the nascent As a result, the Malaysian Institute of
technology discussed by many Microelectronic Systems (MIMOS) has
practitioners in the ICT industry. developed the Malaysia Grid for Learning
(MyGfL) which is to act as a repository
The methodology used in the development and directory for sharing the digital content
of the framework is by studying the [43]. MyGfL is a national e-Learning
visions, missions and objectives of both e- initiative to promote and support the
learning players in Malaysia and lifelong learning agenda in Malaysia to
internationally. Brief discussion of the accelerate the growth of K-Society through
common visions, missions and objectives the use of ICT. Beside MIMOS, the
and translating them into the framework Multimedia Development Corporation
and subsequently outlining the roadmap of (MDC) has also done a tremendous job,
e-learning for 2007 – 2015 is discussed in where a number of e-learning and smart
Section 4. school community projects have been
implemented. These were essentially
private sector-led initiatives to provide the
2. E-Learning Landscape in requisite ICT infrastructure, and
sponsorship of ICT facilities and training
Malaysia and Other Countries in selected schools. E-learning in schools
The e-learning in Malaysia was initiated by
was further aided with the use of smart
the government under the initiatives called
school courseware and Internet access via
Smart School and e-Learning for Life
the SchoolNet.
(ELFL) [1]. Smart School is a project
initiated by the Malaysian government to
A National e-Learning Consultative
develop and implement e-learning
Committee (NeLCC) was setup to provide
solutions to all schools in Malaysia.
direction and monitor initiatives pertaining
Contents have been developed at all levels
to orderly development and adoption of e-
and currently Science and Mathematics
learning practices. This is to ensure the
subjects are being converted to English.
coordination and coherent development of
The second initiative is e-Learning for
e-Learning initiatives in the public sector.
Life (ELFL), a joint initiative involving the
Along with the growth of e-Learning in
Asia-Pacific Development Information
Malaysia, a report on e-Learning in
Programme (APDIP), which is funded by
Malaysia was done in 2005 (David, Abtar
the United Nations Development
Kaur & Zoraini , 2005). Malaysia was on
Programme (UNDP), Coca-Cola Corp and
the Top 20 among the countries with
the Ministry of Education (MOE). ELFL
highest number of internet users. It shows
aims to bridge the digital divide in
that the Malaysian has the initiative to be
Malaysia by providing information and
the part on the Internet world. The growth
communications technology (ICT) access
of Information, Communication and
to marginalised communities.
Technology (ICT) in Malaysia also showsthe positive impact, where Malaysia is
ranked top five in terms of promoting ICT Multimedia University (MMU) uses E-
in Asia. Learning Campus Interactive System
(ELCIS) to facilitate students’ learning
The report also includes the e-Learning process and experience [11]. ELCIS offers
readiness in Malaysia for the year 2004. It the following features: Student and Class
shows that Malaysia is moderately ready profile, Course Registration, Finance
for e-Learning and among the countries in Information Kiosk, Academic Progress
Asia-Pacific, Malaysia is at Top 8 for the Report and Achievement, Virtual Library
E-readiness ranking. If we look at the and Multimedia Learning System (MMLS)
stages of E-readiness within the ASEAN developed in-house by the Centre for
region, Malaysia is now currently in the Multimedia Education Development of the
Embedding stage which is one stage university. All the effort is to fulfill their
behind Singapore. The embedding stage vision of “innovations and inventions are
contains the general acceptance of ICT by the building blocks of developing a
citizens, business and government, the knowledgeable human society”.
incorporation of e-business requirements
into policies, legislations and regulations Open University Malaysia (OUM) was
and also the efforts taken to enhance the established on August 10, 2000 as the
international standing. seventh private university in Malaysia [5].
To be a leader and innovator in open
E-Learning in Higher Educational learning is their vision, and their
Institutions has also shows the positive operations are based on the three following
impact. A lot of research in e-Learning has missions: to be the leading contributor in
been done and many seminars, conferences democratizing education; to develop
and workshops have been organized. quality education through multi-mode
Statistic in late 2004 shows almost 88% of learning technologies; and to develop and
the Institute of Higher Learning in enhance learning experiences toward the
Malaysia has implemented the e-Learning development of a knowledge-based
System. society. OUM adopts the motto
“University for All" which is consistent
At the tertiary education level, Malaysia with its philosophy on democratisation of
have many successful key players in education. This philosophy underlies the
providing e-learning such as University belief that education should be made
Tun Abdul Razak (UNITAR), Open available to all, regardless of time, place,
University Malaysia (OUM), Multimedia age and social economic background. A
University (MMU), Universiti Malaysia system called Learning Management
Sarawak (UNIMAS) and few others. System (LMS) is used by OUM to manage
UNITAR started its operation on 18 their e-learning processes.
December 1997 with the vision to be a
premier university providing e-learning In the Asia Pacific regions, countries such
globally [4]. UNITAR uses a sophisticated as Singapore, China, India and Japan have
system to support their teaching and implemented e-learning with many
learning called Virtual Online Instructional programs developed by their government
Support System (VOISS). VOISS consists and was used by many universities.
of a series of functions such as e-mail, Examples of the programs are: Asia E-
forum, FAQ, On-line Tutorial, Bulletin Learning Network in JAPAN, NASSCOM
Board, Virtual Library, and in India, and CERNET in China.
Announcements that have been
painstakingly developed to provide various
In Singapore, the e-learning applications
kinds of support to students and teaching
being used are based on technology such
staff.
as LMS, LCMS, Synchronous Tools,Authoring Tools, Video/Audio Tools, • Finland: Finnish Virtual University
Simulation Tools, Collaboration Tools, • Switzerland: Swiss Virtual University
Testing Tools. The following institute of • Syria: Syrian Virtual University
higher learnings (IHLs) in the republic are • Israel: The Israeli Open University
the key players in e-learning: • Turkey: Anadolu Open University
NanyangPolytechnic (NYP), National • South Africa: University of South
University of Singapore (NUS), Ngee Ann Africa
Polytechnic (NP), Republic Polytechnic • India: Indira Ghandi National Open
(RP), Singapore Management University University
(SMU), Singapore Polytechnic (SP) and
• Hong Kong: Hong Kong Open
Temasek Polytechnic (TP).
University
• Thailand : Sukhothai Thammathirat
PurpleTrain.com, the global e-Learning
Open University
provider, started out as Asia's first e-
• China: China Central Radio and TV
Learning provider in 1999 [46].
University
PurpleTrain.com is a 100%-owned venture
of Informatics Holdings Limited, a leading
training and education provider listed on
the Singapore Stock Exchange. 3. Review and discussion of major
PurpleTrain.com is one of the most well- telecommunication technologies
known players in providing a one-stop e- and e-learning applications and
learning services for business and IT services.
education programmes, corporate training This section offers brief analysis and
courses and education-related services. It discussion on the major telecommunication
has many renowned customers in the world technologies and e-learning applications
from universities and other corporate and services that support the e-Learning
company to join forces with their e- Roadmaps to be described in Section 4.
learning services. In a more global scale, e-
learning initiatives have also gaining quite 3.1 Broadband via wired and wireless
a strong foothold in many countries. The means
following are some of the examples of Broadband refers to telecommunication in
well-known e-learning institutions in which a wide band of frequencies is
various countries around the world. available to transmit information such as
multiple voice, video or data channels
• United States of America: University simultaneously. Because wide band of
of Maryland University College frequencies is available, information can
(UMUC) and University of Phoenix be multiplexed and sent on many different
• Canada: Athabasca University (Canada frequencies or channels within the band
Open University) and University of concurrently, allowing for more
British Columbia information to be transmitted in a given
• Argentina: Virtual University of amount of time. This promise of
Quilmes broadband is for sure a big boon for the e-
• Australia: Deakin University, Edith learning industry to grow much further and
Cowan University, and University of much faster.
Southern Queensland
• Germany: FernUniversitat, Bavarian Broadband can run on fixed or wired/cable
Virtual University as well as on wireless access. On the wired
• Spain: Catalonia Open University side, xDSL is the most widely used
• Netherland: Dutch Digital U (The technology in accessing the Internet on
Open Universiteit) speed of around 384Kbps to 2Mbps.
• United Kingdom: Open University
• Scotland: Interactive UniversityAnother wired broadband access, FTTx is environment, a learner in the e-learning
an access network infrastructure where an institutions could access his lecture notes
optical fiber runs from the telephone and download it onto his mobile device at
switch to the subscriber's premises - 384 Kbps while moving on foot, or if in
businesses or homes. x here stands for stationary mode, he will be able to access
home, business or office, which will be it at a much faster rate of 2Mpbs. 4G
translated for FTTh (fibre-to-the-home), meanwhile could achieve the highest speed
FTTb (fibre-to-the-building), FTTc (fibre- of data rates up to 20+ Mbps, which is also
to-the-curb) and etc. Fttx enables suitable for high-resolution movies and
applications such as interactive access, real-time video communications.
pay-per-view, video on demand,
subscription services as well as e-learning While wireless broadband Internet access
applications to be accessed must faster at using satellite transmission is not
lower costs. ubiquitous today, it could be a trend 3
years down the road especially with the
WiFi or wireless fidelity is also known as government’s intervention in bridging the
wireless networking for hotspot zone, digital divide between urban and rural
commonly using the IEEE 802.11b areas. On top of that, the costs of getting
protocol within shorter distance. Hardware broadband access via Internet potentially
that displays the WiFi logo with 802.11b be reduced over time. It enables Internet
compliance should interconnect access with download speeds of up to
seamlessly, a way of transmitting 512Kbps.
information in wave form that is
reasonably fast and is often used for
notebooks. Today’s and future computers 3.2 Next Generation Network (NGN)
certainly would be equipped with the WiFi Next Generation Network (NGN) is
ready processor. basically a packet-based network able to
provide services including
WiMAX is a standards-based wireless Telecommunication Services and able to
technology that provides high-throughput make use of multiple broadband, QoS-
broadband connections over long distances enabled (Quality of Service) transport
[38]. WiMAX can be used for a number of technologies and in which service-related
applications, including "last mile" functions are independent from underlying
broadband connections, hotspot and transport-related technologies [34]. It
cellular backhaul, and high-speed offers unrestricted access by users to
enterprise connectivity for businesses. An different service providers. It supports
implementation of the IEEE 802.16 generalized mobility which will allow
standard, WiMAX provides metropolitan consistent and ubiquitous provision of
area network connectivity at speeds of up services to users.
to 75Mbps. WiMAX systems can be used
to transmit signal as far as 30 miles. The concept of a NGN (Next Generation
Network) has been introduced to take into
The 3G (Third Generation) is the extension account the new situation in
of 2G that aims to provide universal, high- telecommunications, characterized by a lot
speed, high-bandwidth (up to 4Mbps) of factors: open competition between
wireless services supporting a variety of operators due to the total deregulation of
advanced applications and that is beyond markets, explosion of digital traffic, e.g.
personal communications services. These due to the increasing use of Internet,
networks must be able to transmit wireless increasing demand from users for new
data at 144Kbps at mobile user speeds, multimedia services, increasing demand
384Kbps at pedestrian user speeds, and from users for a general mobility, and etc.
2Mbps in fixed locations. In thisA major goal of the NGN is to facilitate 3.5 Learning Management System
convergence of networks and services. (LMS)
Learning Management System (LMS) is a
E-learning organizations could make full system that allows the local course
use of NGN in terms of enabling administrator to assign privileges, link
convergence of their networks and services learning resources and modules to
in facilitating delivery of their e-learning individual learners and groups of learners,
contents, applications and services. monitor individual and group performance,
collect assessment data and transfer it to
the student management system for
3.3 MPEG-7 reporting and recording purposes. In other
MPEG-7, formally named “Multimedia words, LMS allows the e-learning provider
Content Description Interface”, is a to manage their learning process.
standard for describing the multimedia
content data that supports some degree of Most of today’s LMS are proprietarily-
interpretation of the information’s built and can only operate proprietary
meaning, which can be passed onto, or contents. However, the trend is now
accessed by, a device or a computer code moving towards an open standard LMS
[40]. MPEG-7 is not aimed at any one built using widely accepted standards such
application in particular; rather, the as Sharable Content Object Reference
elements that MPEG-7 standardizes Model (SCORM), a series of e-learning
support as broad a range of applications as standards that specify ways to catalog
possible. launch and track course objects. Another
example of such open LMS standard is
MPEG-7 application in e-learning would Moodle, a free open source software
enable e-learning organizations to have package designed to help educators create
multimedia content or courseware that is effective online learning communities.
searchable and also fully interactive.
3.6 Virtual reality and augmented
reality Virtual reality is an artificial
3.4 Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPV6) environment created with computer
IPV6 is the next-generation Internet hardware and software and presented to the
Protocol that is emerging from the user in such a way that it appears and feels
standards process to carry web applications like a real environment. To “enter" a
into the 21st century and to replace the virtual reality, a user dons special gloves,
current IPv4. The key difference between earphones, and goggles, all of which
IPv4 and IPv6 is that IPv6 supports a 128- receive their input from the computer
bit address space to allow for many more system. In this way, at least three of the
devices to be uniquely addressed as the five senses are controlled by the computer.
Internet continues its exponential growth In addition to feeding sensory input to the
and expands into new types of devices user, the devices also monitor the user's
such as telephones, automobiles, and so actions. The goggles, for example, track
on. In this instance, home appliances of the how the eyes move and respond
future would be equipped with IP accordingly by sending new video input.
addresses that enable access to e-learning To date, virtual reality systems require
materials. For instance, students or e- extremely expensive hardware and
learners could access their learning software and are confined mostly to
materials and LMS via their home research laboratories. The term virtual
refrigerator and etc. reality is sometimes used more generally to
refer to any virtual world represented in a
computer, even if it's just a text-based or
graphical representation.Augmented reality is a special form of together. One would think that eventually
virtual reality and makes use of special as more and more such e-learning
head-mounted displays, or modified institutions exist, there will be more
optical instruments to superimpose competition in getting students and
meaningful virtual images onto the user’s learners.
view of the real world. The purpose of AR
is to enhance the environment that One of the ways to care for this is to
provides learning by overlays and deploy the most advanced technology and
additional inputs of information and keep in tab of technology-push that they
knowledge. could invest in and also to consider the
market factor.
E-learning using this medium would
certainly be beneficial to the students Hence, the roadmap that we offer below
especially in learning abstract concepts or could help them in strategizing not only in
topics that require special form of terms of growth, but also to be at the
simulation in order to further understand forefront in this industry.
the concept. Seamless virtuality with real
life over the network is the intended future 4.1 Framework of E-Learning
of these technologies. Broadband From a study of a various e-learning
technology for certain would enable this to institutions in Malaysia and abroad, we can
be achieved. summarize their vision, mission and goals
as shown in Table 1 below.
Table 1: Business Strategy of E-
4. Methodology of the E-Learning Learning Institutions
Framework & Roadmap
The methodology used in building the Vision e-Learning as a service
framework is by reviewing and available for everybody in
synthesizing visions, missions and goals of the world
various selected e-learning players and Mission e-Learning delivery using
combining them into one framework the latest technology
together with instilment of possible future Goals § The liberalization of e-
e-learning applications, by looking at least learning to enable everyone
8 years into the future (2007 to 2015). to access it
§ The technology is cheap
This will later be injected with the possible enough to enable people to
future technologies and how the e-learning access it
applications and services could be § The Return On
supported by these technologies. Brief Investment (ROI) is realized
reviews of each of the technology were through creative, modern
offered in Section 3. applications that is accepted
by many people
From the analysis made, e-learning § Learning organization
universities and institutions highlighted in concept is achieved
Section 2 have the same vision: that is to
liberalize education via the means of
technology that enable e-learning. The business strategy given above will
Nevertheless, the finding is that none of drive these e-learning institutions to
the organizations stated their vision to achieve competitive advantage with a
outdo one another in terms of competition. support from the e-Learning Roadmap
They mostly welcome collaboration with being outlined and discussed in Section 5.
other learning institutions and to growTo further visualize the framework, we use networking infrastructure must be
the Figure 1 below to explain the considered here as well.
framework in detail.
E-Learning delivery deals with the
mechanism on how to deliver the e-
learning experience to the learners together
with the supporting materials and
information from the Web and also other
knowledge repositories.
In short, the key takeaways from the
Framework above are as follows:
• Strategy drives E-Learning Delivery
and influenced by the E-Learning
Roadmap
Figure 1: E Learning Framework • Strategy drives Competence
Development of people (lecturers,
administrators, etc) and influenced by
The framework was built with 4 major the E-Learning Roadmap
components, namely the Strategy, • Infrastructure Development requires
Competence Development, Infrastructure people who are competence to deliver
Development and the e-learning Delivery. e-Learning and influenced by the E-
All of these components will make the e- Learning Roadmap
Learning Roadmap as the central focus for • E-learning Delivery requires
direction. infrastructure being developed and
influenced by the E-Learning
Strategy deals with the business direction Roadmap.
set by the e-learning institution via the • Therefore, all aspects fall back to the
establishment of their vision, mission and E-Learning Roadmap to guide them to
goals. achieve the growth strategy (or other
strategies) as required.
Competence development addresses how
the e-learning institutions would develop
the competency of its resources such as the
academic staff and also the administrators.
5. E-Learning Roadmap for 2007-
This could be development programme for 2015
them to be well-versed in using technology As can be seen below, the framework
to deliver education to the e-learners and above is being strengthened further by the
the pedagogical aspects of teaching via the development of the e-Learning Roadmap
Internet. For the administrators, managing for 2007 – 2015 (refer Figure 2 below).
distributed resources and learners would Coupled with the common vision, e-
certainly pose lots of challenges. To learning institutions can benefit from
overcome these situations, the understanding on what needs to be done by
administrators must be adequately trained. looking at the framework.
Infrastructure development highlights the While having a very ambitious and
development of solutions for the e-learning forward-looking vision is good, the
delivery. This could be investment in e- survival of these e-learning institutions
learning applications, tools and services. must also be supported by their
The solutions for telecommunication and understanding on the four main
components on the roadmap:• Bandwidth: as the future of one. It is quite difficult to prove the
telecommunications is dependent on effectiveness of e-learning. Many people
both fixed and wireless broadband, feel the traditional learning mode is better.
which is further characterized by its
different speed, we believe it plays a • Difficult to get online participation
major role as the influencer in how e- from learners
learning institution would invest in The successful of the e-Learning system is
terms of the other three subsequent to get the learners participate actively.
components Learners itself must have a very high
• Key technology: underlying interest towards the online system.
technologies that could be used in Otherwise, the e-learning system would
delivering e-learning to learners not be successful.
• E-Learning applications and tools:
the possible e-learning applications and • E-Learning readiness for the various
tools that could be developed and learner groups are in different level.
deployed by e-learning institutions in Different group of people will have
delivering e-learning to learners different perception of the e-Learning
• Market situation: the probable system. For the younger one, it is most
scenario on e-learning market probably they can accept the nature of e-
landscape, in terms of penetration of Learning, while for the elder, would have
local and global market, market problems in accepting the new concept of
competitiveness and the possible learning.
market forces influencing e-learning
expansion • Bandwidth Issues
The current content with multimedia
It is hoped that the future investments of e- components makes the downloading
learning institutions could be aligned to the process a little bit slow, especially for
four components being highlighted in this those who use dial up for the Internet
paper as to enable sustainable growth in connection. This can create frustration
their business. among the learners and make them
demotivated to get involved with the e-
Learning system.
• Computer Literacy
Currently in Malaysia, there is still a group
of people that is computer illiterate
especially in the rural areas. This can delay
the beginning and the implementation of
the e-Learning systems at their areas.
• Language Barrier
Most of the e-Learning content is in
Figure 2: e-Learning Roadmap for 2007
English medium, and this can demotivate
– 2015
learners who are not fluent in English. The
e-Learning content should take into
consideration of using the multilingual
content.
6. Issues and Challenges of e-
Learning • E-learning will become more than "e-
• Awareness training."
There is still a lack of awareness amongst Rosenberg (2006) mentioned that e-
the Malaysian people, especially the elder Learning must be reinvented [42]. Besidescontinuing providing a viable instructional situation for the next 8 years. The
option in a formal learning setting, it must application of the framework and the
also move toward informational and roadmap is set to drive the e-learning
collaborative solutions that focus more players to achieve their goals, among
prominently on the specific jobs people do others to sustain their growth strategy in
Rosenberg (2006). this competitive e-learning industry.
• E-learning will move to the workplace.
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