Fossil Fuel to Clean Fuel: A Change and its Impact on un-served Society - Mukt Shabd Journal
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Mukt Shabd Journal ISSN NO : 2347-3150
Fossil Fuel to Clean Fuel: A Change and its Impact on un-served
Society
N Ahmad, Scholar, Amity Business School, Amity University, Sector-125, NOIDA, Uttar
Pradesh, India
Dr. Anjani K Singh, Professor, Amity Business School, Amity University, Sector-125, NOIDA,
Uttar Pradesh, India.
Sanjeev K Sinha, Scholar, Amity International Business School, Amity University, Sector-125,
NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Abstract
Traditionally the fossil fuels were being used in the world for kitchen as well for warm up from
bitter cold during winter from very early days. Every successive government in India has tried to
increase the availability and usage of cleaner fuel. In 2016, Government of India had launched
Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana with an objective to bring about affordability and accessibility
for providing cleaner fuel to the families under below poverty line. This study is highlighting on
the awareness, usage of clean fuel and the benefits accruing to its beneficiaries. The study was
conducted in western Uttar Pradesh region. For collecting data, a set of questionnaires was
designed and total 175 question instruments were given to LPG distributors of Indian Oil
Corporation. Finally, 142 completed questionnaires were received and subsequently analyzed. It
was observed that beneficiaries under PMUY are aware about the usage of cleaner fuel for
kitchen. The study also depicts that usage of the cleaner fuel for kitchen is saving more times to
housewives as compare to traditional kitchen fuel. The time saved is also being utilized towards
other household activities. Further the housewives, children and elderly ageing people are being
saved from smokes, air pollution and pollution related diseases. Finally, this study also highlights
that this shift towards usage of cleaner fuel in marginalized families is fostering to healthy
society. This paradigm shift is also helping in passing on the clean environment to our next
generation.
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Keywords: Pradhan Mantari Ujjwal Yojana (PMUY), Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), Below
Poverty Line (BPL), Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs), Socio Economic Cast Census (SECC-
2011), etc.
Introduction
Each year in India, excessive indoor pollution claims over 20,000 lives (Lancer,2005;
MicroSave,2018). Around 100 million households still dependent on fossil fuels for cooking out
of total around 240 million households in India (ToI,2016). Globally about three billion people
lacks access to clean cooking fuel and in India alone there are about 830 million people who still
rely on traditional biomass (IEA,2015, WHO,2018). The fossil fuel includes biomass like animal
dung, dung cakes, crop wastes, coal and kerosene etc. The smokes from burning such fuels are
released into atmosphere which contains hazardous substance and carbon monoxide. This results
into alarming air pollution to households and surrounding areas. The air pollution created from
use of such un-cleaned fuel adversely affects the health of women, children and ageing people
residing in such households and nearby areas. This air pollution leads to respiratory diseases /
disorders like lung cancer, heart disease, stroke and chronic and obstructive pulmonary diseases.
Study highlighting the fact that the smoke inhaled by women while cooking on such unclean fuel
is equal to burning of 400 cigarettes in an hour. As per estimates around five hundred thousand
deaths occurs annually in India while number of people suffers from respiratory disorders due to
use of unclean cooking fuels (WHO,2009) Furthermore, the women folk and children take the
drudgery of collecting and storing such fossil fuel for cooking.
This fossil fuel is inefficient source of energy and its burning releases high levels of smokes,
PM10 particulate matters like NO, SO, PAHs polyaromatics, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide
and other air pollutants into the atmosphere (Ganguly et al, 2001, WHO and UNEP 2011). The
burning of biomass fuel causes a near permanent haze and smoke observed in sky over rural and
urban India especially during onset of winter and can be observed from the satellite pictures of
the country (WHO and UNEP, 2002).
A large section of Society especially the poor have been socially excluded from socio economic
development. They have limited access to the cleaner fuel like the CNG (Compressed Natural
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Gas) and LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas). The use of cleaner fuel has mainly spread to urban
and semi urban areas covering mostly the rich and the middle-class families.
The use of cleaner fuel by every household has been the target of every successive government
for a decade by slowly covering the urban to semi urban and then the rural through different
programs like Rajiv Gandhi Gramin LPG Vitrak (RGGLV), DEEPAM Scheme etc. But the pace
of coverage was very slow and inadequate. In order to reduce the social degradation and health
hazard, Government of India has come up with big bang mega action plan popularly named as
‘Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana’ by Notification(2016, March 31). This mega social inclusion
plan for covering every below poverty line household towards the use of cleaner fuel was started
on 1st April’2016 with an objective to cover 50 million below poverty line households over a
period of 3 years. The purpose here is to bring affordability to the poor and inculcate the habit
for use of cleaner fuel, leading thereby reduction in air pollution and health hazard, promoting a
healthy society. The government of India also continuing the government subsidy on use of
domestic LPG in India earlier distributed through reduced price system now through direct bank
transfer in the consumers’ bank account initiated by the current government.
More than 3 years have passed since the launch of the scheme and 80.34 million LPG
connections have been issued to the BPL women in India (Sept.2019). Study stated that it is the
largest social intervention schemes executed anywhere in the world in a challenging environment
(Barua &Kumar,2018).
The Scheme: Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY)
Since the availability of cleaner fuel is still a major challenge for poor households and health of
women and children is getting affected due to use of fossil fuel and the government is committed
to provide cleaner fuel to poor household. Government of India has initiated the scheme of
‘Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana’ (PMUY). This scheme was an objective to cover 50 million
below poverty line families over a period of 3 years.
As per the scheme deposit free LPG connections are being released in the name of women
belonging to the below poverty line family suffering from at least one deprivation under the
SECC-2011 (Socio Economic Cast Census-2011) data base. For covering initial cost of releasing
LPG connection cash assistance of Rs. 1600 is being provided by the government of India for
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each deposit free new connection released. The Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) are also
providing an option to such new consumers if she so desires to opt for EMIs to cover the cost of
cooking stove and 1st refill. The EMIs is to be recovered by Oil Companies from the subsidy
amount due to consumer on each refill. This criterion for PMUY connection by identifying one
or more deprivation under SECC-2011 has also been relaxed and now it is extended to all left out
poor families subject to fulfilment of terms and conditions (Business Standard, published 31st
Dec.’2018).
Review of Literature
Indoor Air Pollution
Smith KR, 1987 In the developing countries, even where cleaner fuel and most
sophisticated fuels are available the household often continue to use
the simple biomass fuels
Smith K.R., Liu Y, 1993 People also use coal extensively for domestice use in China, South
Africa, India and some other developing countries. Cooking for 3
hours a day with such fuel exposes the women to benzoapyne as
smoking tow packets of cigarettes daily
Thron, R.W., 1996 Air pollution contributes to a great extent in contamination of food
and water as well, which makes ingestion of several pollutant intake
Albalak R, 1997 Fire led to exposure to high level of pollution as evidenced by soot
found in prehistoric caves
World Bank 1998 Biomass fuel fuels are burnt indoors in open fires or poorly
fuctioning stoves (Chullahs). These cause high exposure to women
and their young children to air pollution.
Katsouyanni, K 2003 Gaseous pollutants contribute to a greater extent in composition and
variation of atmosphere and are mainly due to combustion of fossil
fuels
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World Bank, 2013 The Social inclusion as the process of improving the ability,
opportunity and dignity of people disadvantaged based on their
identity to take part in the Society
MicroSave,2017 PMUY connections reached needy segment 90% and almost these
benficiaries lives in kutcha house.Around 70% of the surveyed
house hold family members reached a highest education level of
upto 10th standard or less
WHO,2018 Every year in India, Indoor air pollution leads to an estimated 1.24
million premature deaths
Ashwini Dabadge, Ashok LPG connections do not necessarily indicate that households are
Sreenivas, Ann Josey, moving away from using solid fuels for cooking, but that the
Prayas(2018) connections are possibly being used for other purposes.
Health Impact of Indoor Air Pollution
Hurtado E, Ruel M, People in developing countries are commonly exposed to very high level
1998 of pollution for 3-7 hours daily over many years while using biomass fuel
Behera D, Das S, Young children are often carried on the mother’s back or lap while
Malik S, 1988 cooking are also exposed to air pollution
USEPA,1997 Many of the substances in biomass smoke can damage human health. The
most important are particles, carbon monoxide, itrous oxides, sulpfur
oxides
Smith KR, 1999 Study highleted that around 410000 to 570000 premature death occurs in
India among adult women and children under 5 years of age from
exposure to indoor air pollution on the basis of data on risk and exposure
studies carried out in the country
Gupta RC et al., In developing countries, non smokers, mostly women form a much larger
1998 proportion of patient with lung cancer. As assessed around two third of
women with lung cancer comes from developing countries like India and
they were non smokers.
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Chen BH et al, 1990 Due to the significant exposure of indoor air pollution the risk to acute
respiratory infections and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in lung
cancer has increased
Williams, R.W., The presence of smokes and pollutants in the air we breath reduce the
Delvin, R.B. , 2004 availability of oxygen and can effect the function of different organs
(especially the high oxygen consuming organs such as heart and brain)
and may result inot impaired concentration, slow reflexes, confusion,
lung inflmmation and blood coagulation
Objective of the Study
This study is focused on the beneficiaries, who have got deposit free connections under Prime
Minister Ujjwala Yojana. The objectives of study to understand the awareness on usage of LPG
as a kitchen fuel and highlighting pollution free environment and cleanliness. This study also
explores the health benefit due to smoke free cooking on LPG fuel and the experience of
housewives, ease of cooking and time saving on LPG fuel and its impact.
Methodology
This study is descriptive in nature and focus on beneficiaries under PMUY scheme. This study
was conducted in western region of Uttar Pradesh. A set of questionnaires (Annexure-I) was
developed and distributed to LPG distributors of Indian Oil in the western region of Uttar
Pradesh, India. Total 175 questionnaires were given to the LPG distributors for getting surveyed
from PMUY beneficiaries. The PMUY beneficiaries were identified randomly and out of 175
questionnaires, 142 filled questionnaires received from the respondents were fed, tabulated and
analyzed.
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Analysis and Discussion
Usage of Kitchen Fuel
Data depicts as in table 1 that 95 percent household were using animal dung, dung cake and
woods as a kitchen fuel. But it was found after the PMUY scheme, there has been paradigm shift
from different traditional kitchen fuels to LPG as kitchen fuel. Almost every beneficiary has used
first as a clean fuel for cooking purpose.
Table - 1 - Usage of Kitchen fuel
Usage of Kitchen Fuel No. of beneficiaries
Fossil Fuel Clean Fuel
Animal dung and cake dung 88 0
Woods 47 0
Coal 3 0
Biomass 4 0
LPG 0 142
Total 142 142
Awareness of clean fuel
The rural people especially the household women were completely unaware about the domestic
usage of cleaner fuel LPG. There were prevailing myths as well in the poor people like the
cooking on LPG is not safe, it is rich men’ fuel, costly, difficult to get and afford for the poor.
The awareness level of the poor household ladies has been tabulated in table - 2 given below.
The data revealed that 100 percent poor ladies were now aware about the advantage of clean fuel
LPG and support through government scheme.
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Table - 2 - Awareness of clean fuel
Awareness of clean fuel (%)
Awareness of clean fuel Pre PMUY Post PMUY
Cooking on LPG is Safe 0.00 100.00
LPG cylinders can be had easily from distributors 0.00 100.00
There is Subsidy on LPG for domestic usage 0.00 100.00
Subsidy on LPG is directly credited into user's Bank
0.00 100.00
account
LPG Fuel is also cheap after considering subsidy credit 0.00 81.70
Impact of Clean fuel
The survey results on these three aspects of smokes pollution, cleanliness and health related
benefits have been analyzed in table - 3 given below. This highlights that 100 per cent
housewives get benefited of their health issues after using clean fuel LPG.
Table – 3 - Consequences of kitchen fuel
Change in percent
Consequences of kitchen fuel Fossil Fuel Clean Fuel
Smoke trouble as smoke was filled up in the house 97.90 0.00
Smoke stain the utensils and houses while cooking on fossil fuels 98.60 0.00
Smoke was affecting health of women with troubles like cough,
90.10 0.00
respiration, chest pain, headache, eye itch and burning
Smoke was affecting the health of children and elders also with
79.60 0.00
cough, respiration, chest pain, headache, eye itch and burning
Time saving
This is another area where tremendous benefit is happening to household women by way of time
saving while cooking on clean fuel. As data revealed 7 hrs per day these women saved their time
and they are utilizing the saved times on other economic usage or on entertainment.
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Table – 4 - Time Saved during cooking
Time Saving during cooking Usage of fuel Daily basis
(Hrs.)
Fossil fuel Clean fuel
Collection of animal dung, making dung cakes, 3 0 3
collection of woods, remains of grains, drying and
storing etc.
Time in cooking including heat buildup for cooking 4 2 2
Cleaning utensils and house 3 1 2
Total 10 3 7
Utilization of Time
Now the women are utilizing their time for teaching their kids or as tutor to teach other kids and
stitching cloths. They are also using their time saved to watch television and other entertainment
activities. If we value the time saved in other economic usage taking the minimum daily wage
Rs. 318.42 for unskilled work in Uttar Pradesh as per UP minimum wage notification effective
1st Oct’2019 it is always beneficial for the people to use LPG fuel.
Table - 5 - Utilization of time on daily basis
In hours on daily basis
Before After
Time Utilizations PMUY PMUY Change
Teaching own children 0 0.54 0.54
Tutoring other children 0 0.20 0.20
Stitching, knitting cloths 0 1.48 1.48
Other household works 0 4.44 4.44
TV watching & entertainment 0 0.34 0.34
Total 0 7.00 7.00
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Cooking Experience on LPG
As reported, 93% of the respondents feel very good and delighted while cooking on LPG fuel
and almost all women liking to recommend other women to adopt and use this fuel for kitchen.
Table - 6 - Cooking experience
Pre Post
Survey results PMUY PMUY Change
Feeling good while experiencing cooking on LPG 0 93.00 93.00
Encourage other women to take LPG connection
0 100.00 100.00
Discussion on Results
Affordability
Affordability was the major concern for the poor households to shift from solid fuels to cleaner
fuels. These people do not afford to pay a higher price for LPG connection and the cost of LPG
refill fuel. This move of providing deposit free LPG connection to BPL families and continuing
subsidy on LPG domestic usage has provided a boost in registering for LPG connections. This
has also been reported by 81.70% of the respondents (Table - 2) that LPG fuel is also cheap after
considering the subsidy portion directly credited to bank account. Therefore, it’s always better to
continue subsidy on LPG for BPL families.
Women’s Empowerment
The women and children are not to suffer from the drudgery of collecting unclean fuels. The
women folk are also getting more time for other activities. This has also been indicated in the
survey results (table – 4) that 7 hours on daily basis (3 hours for non-collection of animal dung,
making dung cake, collection of wood and remains of grains, drying up and storing etc for
kitchen fuel; 2 hours due to faster cooking on LPG and 2 hours on account of lesser cleaning of
utensils and house). The time so saved is being utilized for other household chores, stitching,
knitting, teaching, tutoring children and for entertainment etc. This all is leading to women
empowerment in the family.
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Healthy Society
We all know that the smokes from burning solid / fossil fuel contain hazardous substances and
carbon monoxide. The air pollution causing respiratory diseases / disorders like lung cancer,
heart disease, stroke and chronic and obstructive pulmonary diseases etc. These all health issues
are being avoided or reduced to a greater extent due to usage of cleaner fuel LPG. This has also
been reported in survey results (table –3) 80% to 98% respondents have reported for no smokes
or smokes related trouble and reduction in diseases like cough, respiration, chest pain, headache,
eye itch and burning to household ladies, children and elderly ageing people. This smokes
reduction is ultimately leading to reduce diseases and promoting to healthy society.
Clean Environment
Passing on clean environment to next generation is a critical aspect for each successive
generation. We have overused the scars natural resources and polluted our environment with
toxic air and water pollutants. As a result, the eco balance is shattering, the water bodies like,
river, ponds are drying up and a lot of creations are getting extinct. The bringing affordability
and providing cleaner fuel through government schemes to rural BPL families is great steps in
reducing air pollution. The Swatch Bharat program is also being pursued vigorously by the
government for providing clean environment to our nation.
Entrepreneurial Growth
As indicated in the survey results reported by 81.70% respondents (Table - 2) that LPG as
kitchen fuel is also cheap after considering subsidy benefits and other economic benefit on
utilization of time saved. The perceptions of the poor people are also changing towards usage of
LPG as kitchen fuel. With passage of time the people’s shift towards cleaner fuel is bound to
increase. This ultimately may lead to more sales of LPG fuel and the growth to Oil marketing
companies. Further the time saved while cooking on LPG fuel is also being put for other
economic activities in household or elsewhere, which all will lead to enterprising growth and
economic growth of the nation.
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Conclusion
From the above discussion it is evident that the government initiative of giving deposit free LPG
connections at subsidized rates to BPL families through PMUY scheme is providing affordability
towards usage of cleaner fuel. The people’s perceptions towards the usage of cleaner fuels are
also improving. This is also reducing the air pollution and pollution related diseases to
housewives, children and elderly ageing people to a greater extent. The women are getting more
time due to avoidance of collecting, drying and storing of unclean kitchen fuels and further time
reduction due to faster cooking on LPG. The time so saved is also being utilized in other
household activities, stitching, knitting cloths, teaching and tutoring children and for
entertainment. The sales growth in LPG due to more domestic usage may lead to growth to Oil
marketing companies. The nation as whole is benefiting due to reduced air pollution, clean
environment and healthy society. However, the affordability is still an issue as the biofuels like
animal dung and remains of grains are cheaply available unless the BPL family develops the
capacity of using cleaner fuel.
Limitation and the Scope for further Research:
This analysis and study have been based on the survey results carried in the western part of Uttar
Pradesh province in India. Similar study may be carried out elsewhere or on over all areas to
arrive at over all beneficial pictures to the society.
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