Fisica & Evoluzione Umana - Claudio Tuniz - S.A.P.I.E.N.S Scienze per l'Archeologia e la Paleoantropologia: InterpretareE la Nostra Storia - INFN-LNF
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
S.A.P.I.E.N.S Scienze per l'Archeologia e la Paleoantropologia: InterpretareE la Nostra Storia
Fisica &
Evoluzione Umana
Claudio Tuniz
Frascati, 10 ottobre 2018
The science of human origins
data from many disciplines
• Anthropology • Oceanography
• Archaeology • Climatology
• Paleontology • Environmental science
• Paleo-neurology • Ecology
• Geology • Genetics
• Biology • Medicine
• Physics • Demography
• Chemistry • Evolutionary psychology
• Engineering
The science of human origins
areas of progress
• Exploration
✦ Satellite imaging, georadar, laser scan
• Caracterisation of fossils and archaeological remains
✦ Geo-chronometers
✦ Microscopies and spectroscopies with X-rays, neutrons, ions
✦ Microprobes (elements and isotopes)
✦ Paleogenetics, paleogenomics
• Paleoenvironment
✦ proxy data
✦ models
Hominin evolution
40K-40Ar 10Be/26Al
Potassium-argon dating
Principles
• 40K decays to both 40Ar and 40Ca
9
e into account the decay via different processes. Th
39
r– Ar process is based on the same idea as th
Principles
Ar method, except that neutron activation is use
39 39
estimate the amount of K by activation to A
• mineral
40 forms (e.g. from molten rock)
e ingrowth of Ar is a variant of the ingrowth Eq
• is actually a branching decay to C
since there “ argon-free 40
40
d Ar from • “K: have potassium
40
40 40 40 – lt
Ar ¼ Ar initial þ 0:105 Kð1 – e Þ ½
ere t is the age and
t is the “age” 0.105 is the branching ratio t
r. K–Ar dating has many applications, particu
0.105 is the ‘branching ratio’ to 40A
y during the Quaternary to the dating of bon
l
Argon-argon
• 40Ar/39Ar is measured
• 39Ar produce by reaction
39K(n, γ )39Ar
Ar - Ar dating • grains irradiated in reactor for 2 h (2.5 x1017 n / cm2 • gas extraction with infrared laser (50 W) • mass spectrometry
Human evolution
H. naledi
OSL, 234U/230Th
14C
40K-40Ar
10Be/26AlCosmogenic dating
Atmospheric production
14C
T1/2 5730 years
Surface production
26Al 10Be
T1/2 0.7 Myr 1.5 MyrRadiocarbon dating
14N(n,p)14C
Radiocarbon
CO2
Atmospheric mixing
Photosynthesis
N(0) Exchange
Food chain
t1/2 N(t)ln2
t = =ln
N(t) N(0).
2 . ln (
exp (-t ) )
N(0)t 1/2Cosmogenic dating
Atom counting system
CIRCE - Caserta, ItalyThe bone readers
X-ray 3D imaging
X-ray
detector
sample
X-ray tube
rotation
stage
planar radiographs slice reconstructionAustralopithecus sediba Lee Berger, 2010 Tuniz Manzi Caramelli - The Science of Human Origins 2013 i
x-ray imaging @ ICTP
X-ray source
Flat
Panel
SampleS.A.P.I.E.N.S
Scienze per l'Archeologia e la Paleoantropologia:
InterpretareE la Nostra Storia
Roma, March 2018 - PTA 22S.A.P.I.E.N.S Other Logo
Scienze per l'Archeologia e la Paleoantropologia:
InterpretareE la Nostra Storia
Reconstruction of Ceprano skull (400,000 years BP)
Objective: define its phylogenetic and
taxonomic position
Procedure: correct the deformation
that affected the specimen by a
computer-assisted procedure based
on geometric morphometrics and
Finite Element Analysis
23Virtual brain Romito skull
Italian Neanderthal child ~ 100 ka
1 cm
Tuniz, C. et al 2012. A new assessment of the Neanderthal child mandible from Molare, SW
Italy, using x-ray microtomography. Proc. Europ. Soc. Hum. Evol. 1, 1965 mm Tuniz, C. et al 2012. A new assessment of the Neanderthal child mandible from Molare, SW Italy, using x-ray microtomography. Proc. Europ. Soc. Hum. Evol. 1, 196
virtual paleoanthropology Tuniz, C. et al 2012. A new assessment of the Neanderthal child mandible from Molare, SW Italy, using x-ray microtomography. Proc. Europ. Soc. Hum. Evol. 1, 196
Roma, March 2018 - PTA 28
x-ray imaging @ Elettra
S.A.P.I.E.N.S
Scienze per l'Archeologia e la Paleoantropologia:
InterpretareE la Nostra Storia
Paleolithic fetus from Ostuni
27.000 years BP
30n-imaging @ ANSTO, Australia
S.A.P.I.E.N.S Other Logo
Scienze per l'Archeologia e la Paleoantropologia:
InterpretareE la Nostra Storia
Neutron micron CT
First application of neutron microtomography (n-microCT) to
paleoanthropological cases where X-rays have previously failed to
deliver sufficient contrast between different dental tissues of fossilized
specimen.
x-ray mCT
ICTP
South African cercopithecoid neutron mCT
maxilla embedded in hard breccia
rock ANTARES
32H. sapiens evolution
Mainstream theory • Evolved in East Africa 200.000 years ago • Out of Africa 60.000 years ago • Replaced all ‘archaic’ human species in Eurasia
Emerging facts and ideas • Accretion of modern human traits • Modern humans in China earlier • African multiregional origins • Interbreeding
Accretion of modern human traits
Jebel Irhoud, 300 ka Qafzeh, 95 ka
Scerri et al, Trends in Ecol and Evol 2018From brains to minds • Brain size and structure • Neural networks • Life history
Africa >100 - 50 ka
( OSL, uranium-thorium)
Scerri et al, Trends in Ecol and Evol 2018Australia 65 ka
(radiocarbon, OSL)
Clarkson et al, Nature 2018Europe 43.000 years
(radiocarbon)
Hohle Fels venus
Hohle Fels flute
Conard, 2009Europe 35.000 years
(radiocarbon)
H. sapiens
H. erectus
P. pygmaeus
H. floresiensis
100 millenni fa
Chauvet, FranceNo man is an island! • Extended mind (Bruner, Iriki)) • Emotions (A. Damasio) • Accumulation of cultural information (K. Laland) • Social structure (demography, resources, trade, conflict, inequality, division of labor) • Human self-domestication
44
You can also read
