Facing facebook's failure - Plus: The (Browser) Cookie That Ate the World Smartphones Threaten Our Schools - Techonomy
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FALL 2018
facing
facebook’s
failure
Plus: The (Browser) Cookie That Ate the World
Smartphones Threaten Our Schools Also, some
good news:
Companies
Striving
$15 USD to Do Right
Life-changing technology
for a healthier world.
At Johnson & Johnson, we believe technology has the power to transform the delivery
of health care around the world. That’s why we are a proud sponsor of Techonomy.
Because changing health care changes everything.
© Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc. 2018
1
Techonomists Take Center Stage
Arati Prabhakar Bernard Tyson Padmasree Warrior Marc Benioff
Jack Dorsey Stacy Brown-Philpot Mark Zuckerberg James Park
Patrick Collison John Chambers Jessica Rosenworcel Sen. Cory Booker
Marissa Mayer Peter Thiel Jaron Lanier Bill Gurley
Techonomy has a history of bringing together eminent
leaders for deep conversation about how tech alters the world,
and how we can all be more effective. “Harnessing tech for responsible
growth” is our theme this year, reflecting our passion
for a better, fairer, more sustainable and inclusive world.
Be a Techonomist. Join the conversation online at www.techonomy.com
and at our event in New York City, May 14 & 15, 2019.
TECHONOMY _ 2018
2
3
Meet Team
Techonomy
We work steps from Times
Square, a place where you
can find people from just
about anywhere in the world.
It’s the perfect home for
Techonomy Media. We want
to see the world through as
many different lenses as
we can as we seek to
understand how the world
is changing and how we
can help make it better.
Our mission—at our events,
online, and in print—is to
infuse more humane thinking
into technology and busi-
ness. Let’s create responsible
growth: thinking through the
impact of emerging tech, the
potential of business to drive
progress, and the conse-
quences of getting
the choices wrong.
KIRSTEN CLUTHE
PROGRAM DIRECTOR
CAITLIN HAMILTON
DIRECTOR OF
EXECUTIVE RELATIONS
AUDRA HEINRICHS
EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT
JOSH KAMPEL
CEO
MARY KAN D’ANDREA
EDITORIAL COORDINATOR
DAVID KIRKPATRICK
FOUNDER/EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
PHOTO: REBECCA GREENFIELD
WINNIE MARION
SUMMER INTERN
JEFF PUNDYK
CHIEF STRATEGY OFFICER/
EDITORIAL DIRECTOR
TECHONOMY _ 2018
4 CONTENTS
he (Browser)Cookie that Ate the World
22 T by Janet Guyon
ill Technology Kill Education? by Catherine Steiner-Adair
28 W
32 Can Companies Be Good? by Jeff Pundyk
36 What’s the Purpose of Purpose? by Mike Arauz
ashington Just Doesn’t Grok Tech by Tam Harbert
38 W
ech Giants Aim for Healthcare
50 T
by Abigail Christopher
p 28
p 38
ON THE COVER
6 7
Andela Brings Is Yeast the
FALL 2018 African Tech Talent Future of
To The World Manufacturing?
9 10
At Novozymes, Science Fiction
Sustainable Invades
facing
facebook’s
Development Is the C-suite
failure
Plus: The (Browser) Cookie That Ate the World
Good Business
Smartphones Threaten Our Schools Also, some
good news:
Companies
Striving
$15 USD to Do Right
02 Techonomy’s Team
Cover by Rohingya Muslims
flee violence in 12 Voices from Techonomy NYC 2018
Mike McQuade
Myanmar. 14 Offstage at Techonomy NYC
Publication Design
by Rob Hewitt 54 Techonomy NYC (our May conference)
TECHONOMY _ 2018
EDITOR’S LET TER 5
FA C E B O O K FA I L :
SPECIAL SECTION
16 Facing Facebook’s Failures Tech, for
Good or Bad
by David Kirkpatrick
20 An Iranian Rights Campaign
Struggles With Social Media OUR LENS HERE IS TECH-DRIVEN CHANGE,
by Kambiz Foroohar but these days it’s easy to get blinded
and lose our way. In some ways much of
21 Five Ways Facebook Can Do the tech industry seems to have done
that, as this issue of Techonomy Magazine
Right by Its Next Billion demonstrates.
by Bhaskar Chakravorti Our belief is that tech is the key to
more rapid progress for mankind, and
for achieving the U.N.’s Sustainable
p 20 Development Goals for 2030. But
alongside transformative progress, tech
has also caused serious social harm.
Facebook made terrible errors it is only
belatedly trying to remedy. And those
smartphones that have transformed our
daily lives? They are also putting our
schools in crisis. Since government fails
to understand tech, effective legislative
remedies seem unlikely. You’ll read about
all these topics.
Still, business is starting to step into
the breach, as our own Jeff Pundyk ex-
plains. And articles here about companies
like Amyris, Andela, and Novozymes may
restore your hope for humanity’s future,
hard as that is these days.
We’re also proud to publish
ideals-driven articles by leaders from our
new partners at Copperfield Advisory,
PA RT N E R I N S I G H T S Ascent Leadership Networks, and The
Second Shift. We have now become part
of Clarim Holdings. So we’re entering
a new phase, more dedicated than ever
43 Resilience is Key to Modern Leadership to the proposition that tech and business
must be forces for good.
46 Fake News is a Business Crisis Too Enjoy our magazine, come to our
conferences, and send us your ideas, so
we can improve and learn together.
47 Tech Bridges the Gender Equality Gap
48 The Marriage of Power and Leadership
DAVID KIRKPATRICK, editor-in-chief
TECHONOMY _ 2018
6 C O M PA N I E S D O I N G G O O D
“BRILLIANCE IS EVENLY DISTRIB-
UTED,” said Andela co-founder
Christina Sass onstage at Techonomy
NYC in May 2018. She was talking
about people. Her company aims to be
the answer to a software development
and programming talent shortage,
widening the search so employers can
P H OTO : A N D E L A / M O H I N I U F E L I
find employees in new places. In the
process, Andela is creating economic
opportunity in developing countries.
According to Code.org and sta-
tistics from The Conference Board,
there are more than 544,000 open
computing jobs in the United States,
more positions than the nation’s
universities and colleges can hope to Tolu Komolafe, one of Andela’s most senior developers and co-founder of the Ladies
fill with recent graduates. Andela’s in Tech organization, at work in EPIC Tower in Lagos, Nigeria.
response is to identify talented young
people in Africa, train them in soft- budding developers are then con- part of our team.”
ware development, and place them in tracted out to companies across the Andela has attracted $81 million
jobs at companies around the world globe, working remotely. At times the in funding from investors including
without requiring them to move. developers head to lengthy, on-site South African-based venture capital
Andela offers a window into a visits at their contract companies in firm CRE Venture Capital, the Chan
promising possible future for work: the United States, Europe, and else- Zuckerberg Initiative, and Spark
a distributed workforce that is more where, building work relationships Capital, among others. And the
diverse and creates economic oppor- and solidifying ties. company is swimming in qualified
tunity where there was little before. Andela serves as the employer of applicants, enabling it to hire only
Founded in 2014 and record but assigns each the most talented coders. It now has
venture funded, Andela worker full-time to the more than 1,200 employees, many
serves as a recruiter, filling Techonomy.com client. Some now have based in African urban hubs, includ-
open developer roles at Christina Sass spoke at already worked for their ing Lagos, Nigeria; Nairobi, Kenya;
partner companies. But it Techonomy NYC. companies for more than and Kampala, Uganda, with more to
does so by turning to the You can see her talk two years. come. Andela’s Kigali, Rwanda office
largely untapped talent here: techonomy.com/ Since July 2016, Andela is slated to open in January 2019.
nyc18
pool of Africa, home to has partnered with The This company’s aspirations go
some of the world’s most inter- Zebra, a car insurance comparison beyond its own profits. Andela hopes
net-savvy populations and sophisti- site, which has brought 13 engineers that the jump-start it gives trainees
cated tech enclaves. onto its team in Austin, Texas. “In will not only give them work experi-
Using tests and boot camps, the addition to [their] technical contribu- ence but inspire them to found local
company selects coders and pro- tions, they’ve also brought an energy or global startups of their own.
grammers and then trains them for that is infectious,” Meetesh Karia,
six months. These young coders CTO of The Zebra, says of the Andela MARY KAN D’ANDREA is Techonomy’s
often have educational backgrounds engineers. “They’ve become a core editorial coordinator.
in computer science, though they
Andela Brings African
generally lack the practical experience
needed to turn their studies into a
career.
With Andela, they don’t get your
usual workplace training experi- Tech Talent To The
ence. On top of receiving a computer,
salary, and professional training, the
package includes subsidized housing
Rest of The World
and regular meals. The company’s by Mary Kan D’Andrea
TECHONOMY _ 2018
C O M PA N I E S D O I N G G O O D 7
JOHN MELO BELIEVES THAT THE
path to sustainable development is
to create environmentally friendly
products that are so appealing that
demand forces the replacement of
traditional manufacturing methods.
He hopes this will eliminate pollu-
tion and environmental degradation,
as he builds synthetic genomics
firm Amyris, where he is CEO. “For
the average consumer in 10 years,
P H OTO : C O U RT E SY O F A M Y R I S
sustainably made products should
become the new normal, and harmful
products will be the exception.”
Amyris achieved prominence
in the genomics field long before
consumers heard its name. The
company’s first endeavor, funded by
a $42.5 million grant in 2004 from
the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Amyris labs near Berkeley, California
was to find an alternative means of
producing an antimalarial drug that from the livers of sharks, led to the development of a sweetener based
until then had required isolating launch of the company’s Biossance on natural sucrose but that has no
chemicals from a rare tree. skincare line. “[It] has become the calories. “Your taste receptors think
But the yields from that process fastest-growing skincare brand in you’re eating sugar,” Melo says. It
had been unreliable. the U.S. by delivering may sound too good to be true, but
Amyris’ solution offered a sustainably sourced Melo is confident Amyris has the
Techonomy.com
some of the first proof that moisturizer that is healthy science perfected. He says the product
synthetic genomics—re-en- John Melo spoke at for the consumer,” says will start shipping commercially
Techonomy NYC. You
gineering the genomes of Melo. He claims the shift to this year. The hard part will be
can see his talk here:
living things to produce techonomy.com/nyc18 yeast-generated squalene scaling up manufacturing to create
desired compounds in a is saving as many as 3 mil- thousands of tons per year in giant
safe, reliable manufactur- lion sharks per year. vats of special yeast.
ing process—could be commercially Synthetic genomics might sound “So why does biotech matter?”
viable. Amyris scientists fine-tuned a like a niche field, but Melo says the asks Melo. “Because with biotech
strain of yeast to produce artemisinic potential for creating more sustain- and fermentation you can have
acid, a precursor component to the able products is huge. Strides in the sustainable and healthy products
antimalarial drug. lab are helping to drive further prog- for everyone on the planet.”
The yeast-derived compound went ress. Each new, sustainably grown
to market in 2013. Since then, Melo product requires company scientists MEREDITH SALISBURY is a journalist
estimates, steady availability of the to engineer and perfect a new strain focused on genomics and life sciences.
drug has saved the lives of 1 million of yeast, but the time they take to do
children each year, reducing the that is getting much shorter. DAVID KIRKPATRICK is Techonomy’s
death toll by more than 60 percent. Now the company is finalizing editor-in-chief.
Today, Amyris is working to ex-
pand the portfolio of compounds its
strains of yeast can generate. But its
focus remains on products that have Is Yeast the Future of
Manufacturing?
traditionally been extracted from
rare or difficult-to-access sources
in nature. Yeast-based manufac-
turing of squalene, a skin-softening Amyris is betting it is.
emollient previously extracted
by Meredith Salisbury and David Kirkpatrick
TECHONOMY _ 2018
9
TO HEAR NOVOZYMES CEO Peder
Holk Nielsen tell it, humans are on
the verge of making the transition
from a petroleum-powered era to
what he calls the “Age of Biology.”
The Danish company he leads focus-
es on adapting enzymes for commer-
cial utility, replacing manufacturing
processes that previously relied
on fossil fuels. “Through the use
of nature’s own technology, we can
produce a wide variety of bio-based
chemicals, materials, pharmaceu-
ticals, food, feed, and fuels,” Holk
Nielsen says. “We will replace our Tremella mesenterica is a fungal par- Mycologists from Novozymes, Sara
polluting past and oil dependence asite used to make enyzmes. Enzymes Landvik, left, and Mikako Sasa look
with a green future based on renew- are used across a range of industries, for wood-degrading fungi on dead
including in laundry detergents where trunks in Hareskoven Forest, near
able inputs.”
they enable low-temperature washing. Copenhagen. Novozymes’ enzymes
It’s an audacious goal, but one originate from either bacteria or fungi.
the company has already begun to
C O M PA N I E S D O I N G G O O D
demonstrate as feasible. An enzyme
engineered by Novozymes scientists
is now widely added to laundry
detergent to make it possible to clean microbes that help plants grow, while world—they are also clear business
fabrics without hot water. By reduc- using others to improve yields in drivers for the decades to come.” He
ing the required water temperature animal husbandry and farming. All contends that more robust devel-
from 140 degrees Fahrenheit to 80 this makes for good business: Novo- opment practices will lead to more
degrees, Holk Nielsen says, this prod- zymes brought in $2.2 billion in 2017 sustainable societies, potentially
uct alone has dramatically lowered revenue and employs nearly 6,500 helping to stabilize economies and
the energy consumption needed for employees. environments.
P H OTO : N O V OZ Y M E S / C A R ST E N S N E J B J E R G
a common task. Depending on the The Novozymes agenda dovetails That outlook lets Holk Nielsen see
power source, it also reduces gen- nicely with the United Nations’ Sus- potential where others see looming
eration of carbon dioxide (CO2) that tainable Development Goals, which catastrophe. “Some of the world’s
contributes to climate change. Holk Nielsen credits with helping most pressing challenges—climate
Holk Nielsen estimates that in to establish “strong momentum in change, dwindling natural resources,
total, the company’s products have the private sector” for innovative rising population—represent some of
reduced global CO2 output by 76 approaches like his. “Increasingly, the biggest future business opportu-
million tons. That’s the equivalent of companies are realizing that they nities,” he says.
getting 35 million cars off the road. can do well—by doing good,” he says.
Other Novozymes programs involve “We believe the Global Goals are not MEREDITH SALISBURY is a journalist
boosting crop output by applying only necessary and important for the focused on genomics and life sciences.
At Novozymes,
Techonomy.com
Sustainable
Peder Holk Nielsen spoke
at Techonomy NYC in
Development Makes
May 2018. You can see his
talk here: techonomy.com/
nyc18
for Good Business
by Meredith Salisbury
TECHONOMY _ 201810 ST R AT E GY
IN 1961, PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY
called for a moon shot. Sensing a
crisis in national confidence, he laid
down a challenge: put Americans on
the moon and return them safely to
Earth before the end of the decade.
Just a little more than eight years later,
Apollo 11 landed on the moon.
Kennedy’s call to action was a strat-
egy that was rooted in science fiction.
The idea of landing on the moon
captured the national imagination
precisely because it was so audacious,
like something out of Flash Gordon.
Now corporate and societal leaders
need a similar aspirational mindset to
inspire their organizations—and
to help imagine a future that can seem
unimaginable. They are turning to
science fiction.
“We’re all struggling with what will
the future become and be like,” said
Brenda Cooper, the CIO of the city of
Kirkland, Washington, in a recent
podcast. “Scenario planning is be-
ginning to be written out as a science
fiction story.” Cooper should know.
She is also the author of nine science
fiction and fantasy books.
Technology is disrupting our
notion of what’s possible in ways
that would have seemed far-fetched
only a short time ago. More and
more, reality can be read as science
fiction, and what seemed outlandish
in the past can be seen as a portent
of what has now actually happened.
People first heard of the flip phone
on Star Trek, the smartwatch in Dick
Tracy Sunday comics and self-driv-
ing (and self-cleaning) cars in Isaac
Asimov and Arthur C. Clarke stories.
Something like artificial intelligence
goes back at least to 1872, in Samuel
Butler’s novel Erewhon.
Science Fiction The very term ‘moon shot’ has
been adopted by Google and others
to mean a project that addresses a
Invades the C-suite huge problem or proposes a radical
solution. It is meant to free employees
to aspire to what might otherwise
Faced with an unimaginable future, seem impossible. Google’s moon
corporate strategists are drawing on their shots, some successful and some not,
imaginations to help guide them. could come right out of science fiction:
by Jeff Pundyk Illustration by Toma Vagner
TECHONOMY _ 2018ST R AT E GY 11
Google Glass and other augment- military is chiefly fighting “opera- The session was led by sci-fi writers
ed-reality glasses, a balloon-based tions other than war,” it is critical who created a comic-book vision of
internet service, driverless cars, an to reward creative thinking and the future meant to inspire Lowe’s
ambitious neural network, and even a new ideas, he told a roomful of West executives.
life extension project. Point cadets earlier this year. Leiter says executives have always
“Great strategists dream about the And, of course, science fiction had to be futurists, but now technolo-
future as part of their job,” says Mark does come to life. Customers at select gy is in the foreground of every strat-
Leiter, a consultant and the former Lowe’s hardware and home equip- egy debate. He recently interviewed
chief strategy officer for Nielsen. ment stores, for example, can now 45 fellow chief strategy officers in the
“Their nightstand is stacked high enter the Holoroom, like something course of writing a book about strategy
with books by futurists and science out of the sci-fi thriller Minority as business moves at breakneck speed.
fiction writers. Strategy is where Report. Its purpose is a bit more “Many executives don’t feel they
fiction meets nonfiction. We now just prosaic, though; Lowe’s interactive are futurists,” he says. “Yet when
assume science fiction becomes real system aims to teach DIY skills to the future arrives, they are rarely
faster than we imagine.” home remodelers and tinkerers. The surprised.”
Science fiction-style storytelling, virtual reality tool emerged from Science fiction master Arthur
Cooper says, can relieve the fear a Lowe’s strategy session aimed at C. Clarke famously said that “any
of change—or at least animate the addressing a big opportunity: how sufficiently advanced technology is
inevitability of change in ways that to win a piece of what the compa- indistinguishable from magic.”
are engaging. That’s why Max Brooks, ny calculates is $70 billion in lost Perhaps, but Clarke also knew that
the author of the zombie novel World spending when people reject a home with a little imagination we can make
War Z, lectures at West Point’s Modern improvement project because they a pretty good guess at what that next
War Institute. In a time when the U.S. cannot imagine how it will turn out. trick will be. ●
From roofing to building materials, from waterproofing to
aggregates, people around the world depend on Standard’s
products to protect what matters most in their daily lives.12 T EC H O N O M Y N YC
1
5
3
4
2
1. “Create your own opportu- 3. “[Airbnb is] taking a big 4. “We have made a world
nities. Don’t wait for opportu- commitment and making a that is wealthy and a world
nities to be handed to you.” big pledge to house 100,000 that is really teched up, and
ANJALI SUD, CEO, Vimeo displaced people over the we’re destroying the planet.”
next five years.” JEFFREY SACHS, Director,
2. “I’m going to start KIM RUBEY, Global Head of Center for Sustainable Devel-
again…I’m not going to go Social Impact and Philanthropy, opment, Columbia University
into voluntary or involuntary Airbnb
retirement.” 5. “If you’re in San Francisco
MARTIN SORRELL , S4 Capital or Silicon Valley, you should
try to get a U-Haul…They’ve
created a culture and a soci-
ety that frankly isn’t open. It’s
far too expensive, and it’s not
what the future is going to
look like.”
More at Techonomy.com AMY NELSON, CEO, Venture for
See more about the America
conference including video at
techonomy.com/nyc18
TECHONOMY _ 2018T EC H O N O M Y N YC 13
7
8
6
6. “No one should be above 7. “I think we should all worry 8. ”What I try to do is decon-
the law—no individual, no when a single company struct that myth that you get
government, no company.” effectively owns the public to have it all, all at once.”
BRAD SMITH, President and square of the 21st century.” GINA HADLEY, Co-Founder,
Chief Legal Officer, Microsoft CHRIS HUGHES, Co-Founder, The Second Shift (which helps
Economic Security Project executive women re-enter the
(and Facebook co-founder) economy for part-time and
temporary work)
Voices on Tech,
PHOTOS: REBECCA GREENFIELD
Business, and Society
at Techonomy NYC 2018
TECHONOMY _ 2018Offstage at
14
Techonomy NYC
Some of the best conversations are impromptu
Author Rich Benjamin moderated
T E C H O N O M Y N Y C , M AY 2 0 1 8
two sessions. Attendees joined
speakers for an evening reception.
Techonomy.com
See more about the
conference including
video at techonomy.
com/nyc18
PHOTOS: REBECCA GREENFIELD
Conference host David Kirkpatrick talks
leadership with Johnson & Johnson’s Healthcare expert Will Greene (foreground)
Lowinn Kibbey at the speaker dinner. contributes frequently to Techonomy from
his base in Singapore. He traveled across
the world to participate in Techonomy NYC.
TECHONOMY _ 201815
Advertising pioneer Martin Sorrell chats
during a break with Merit Janow, dean of
Columbia’s School of International and
Public Affairs.
T E C H O N O M Y N Y C , M AY 2 0 1 8
SELFIE: LER ATO MOTSAMAI
Petrolink’s Lerato Motsamai snaps
a selfie with presidential candidate
Andrew Yang. The result is at right.
Yang’s campaign centers around
providing for displaced workers in
an automated age.
TECHONOMY _ 201816
TECHONOMY _ 201817
NEVER BEFORE HAS ONE COMPANY’S aggregating more power globally. as so critical to the future of my
managerial failure had such a This is a very profitable company.” country. It is intertwined with
devastating impact on the world. Facebook received repeated elections and democracy. It is the
Facebook’s presence is truly warnings for at least six years primary driver of news and infor-
global, as are the consequences from informed observers around mation. It has no equal here.”
of its failure to anticipate how its the world that things were going There is tragedy and irony in
platform could be misused and wrong. But it mostly disregarded this company’s history. Face-
abused. But never before, either, them. Gaining more users in book empowers those who use
has a single company been asked any and all geographies was the it. That’s why so many of us
to fix a global political problem. company’s overarching priority, found its emergence heartening.
Racists, autocrats, and purvey- and it succeeded. The service has (I wrote a generally laudatory
ors of hate have found Facebook grown at an incredible pace. It is history in 2010, entitled The
the perfect medium for peddling now a dominant medium of com- Facebook Effect.) But the compa-
poison, normalizing it, and munications, typically the most ny’s leaders—particularly its
gaining adherents. Facebook is dominant, in about 190 countries. all-powerful leader Mark Zucker-
a broadcast platform for anyone, It expanded at full tilt into in- berg—have been so enamored of
including those who would break numerable areas where it lacked how it gave ordinary people new
the rules, fake the news, lie, and local expertise. But how could tools and contributed to building
mislead the community. Societies it possibly ensure its rules were communities that they over-
around the world are reeling from being followed when nobody at looked how much it also could
the consequences. Politics and the company spoke the local lan- undermine or even destroy those
democracy are under duress. And guage or understood the nuances communities. The company badly
thus far, Facebook does not have of the local culture? It couldn’t. underestimated what it would
an effective way to fight back. Yet Facebook suddenly became take to govern a “community” of
What mystifies many is why what amounts to the global town 2.25 billion people. Facebook does
Facebook did not act sooner. “I square. Sanjana Hattotuwa, engender connection, friendship,
am disappointed in how slowly a longtime human rights and community building, and user
they acted,” says Wael Ghonim, digital activist based in Colombo, empowerment for billions. But
the Egyptian citizen who, as a Sri Lanka, is appalled at Face- that does not reduce the gravity of
Google employee, helped catalyze book’s persistent failures, which the disastrous epidemic of misuse.
the Facebook-driven revolt there have periodically led to chaos Finally, this year, Facebook
during the Arab Spring in 2011. and bloodshed in his country. recognized just how badly its
“They should have been paying But, he says, “I remain engaged platform was being abused by
more attention as their system was with Facebook because I see it evil politicians and the worst
facing
facebook’s
failure
by David Kirkpatrick Illustration by Mike McQuade
TECHONOMY _ 201818 FA C E B O O K ’ S FA I L U R E
kind of rabble-rousers. The company had zero—zero— oversight capability Hattotuwa. “I get fucking pissed
insists it is going all out to remedy on the platform in my language. I off when Sheryl Sandberg and the
the weaknesses it has identified and started telling them that back then.” company constantly repeat that they
improve oversight. Activists en- But Facebook didn’t listen, even were slow to respond. That suggests
gaged in countering online hate and as Hattotuwa and the Centre for they had identified the problem and
disinformation mostly agree that it is Policy Alternatives where he worked for some reason did not do what they
trying hard to address the problems. began periodically issuing well-doc- should have. But I saw no response at
But nobody except Mark Zuckerberg umented and detailed formal reports all until this past March. That to me is
and Sheryl Sandberg seems to believe about system abuses. One in 2013 a moral failure.”
the measures being adopted now are was on Islamophobia, a second in Asked about Hattotuwa saying
sufficient. 2014 on extreme nationalism, and a Facebook didn’t remove the call to kill
Facebook only finally began admit- third in 2015 on Facebook’s negative mothers and babies, Debbie Frost, who
ting there was a serious problem after impact on Sri Lankan elections. “We for over a decade has headed Facebook
the U.S. presidential elections, and never heard back from the company,” communications and public affairs
even then only reluctantly, and slowly. Hattotuwa says. He was not alone outside the United States, acknowl-
The public heat grew unbearable once in raising warnings. Other activists edged the company’s failure. “I can’t
it became clear that false Russian and experts in Vietnam, the Philip- explain that to you,” she says. “I wish
government-sponsored propaganda pines, India, the Balkans, and Mexico, we had done a better job and not been
and paid advertising on Facebook had among other places, were warning so slow and had paid closer attention.
flowed unimpeded, and may have even that Facebook was being weaponized. He’s exactly right. Only recently have
helped alter the election’s outcome. “It was like giving knives to toddlers,” we been deploying the full weight of
(The new book Cyberwar: How Russian says Hattotuwa. our integrity efforts to do a better job.”
Hackers and Trolls Helped Elect a President Over time, he says, the company’s Sri Lanka was particularly vul-
makes this argument.) The scrutiny response actually became worse nerable to voices of hate because of a
of Congressional investigations, than nothing. By 2018 Facebook had history of ethnic division and a horrif-
hearings, and the probing of Special finally hired at least some moderators ic recent civil war. But its experience
Counsel Robert Mueller forced the in Sinhala, the language of the mostly was not unique. In Myanmar, India,
company to pay attention. Buddhist people who constitute and Indonesia there have also been
For all that, Facebook’s public rhet- Sri Lanka’s majority. But they were repeated incidents of ethnic violence
oric has up until recently implied that not doing their job. A series of false and killings encouraged by incendi-
this was primarily a U.S. problem. and incendiary posts on Facebook ary and dishonest posts on Facebook.
In fact, it is a momentous crisis in demonized the country’s Muslim mi- And Facebook’s ungoverned
just about every country. The service nority and helped precipitate a hor- platform has harmed society in
is being manipulated by evildoers rific outbreak of ethnic fighting. “At another disturbing and parallel way.
in many of the 133 languages in the height of the violence, a Facebook In country after country, dishonest,
which the service operates. In many post called for a pregnant mother to corrupt, and anti-democratic political
less-affluent countries a gigantic be killed—it was very explicit—‘cut parties and leaders have been coming
number have come onto the inter- open her womb and kill her unborn to the fore, with few scruples about
net for the first time only recently, children like dogs,’” says Hattotuwa. using any means to gain and retain
on mobile phones, and are naively “We complained, and Facebook got power. People like Recep Erdogan in
credulous when faced with digital back a couple of days later and said it Turkey, Rodrigo Duterte in the Phil-
fiction. Facebook’s future growth will was perfectly fine. That said to us that ippines, Viktor Orban in Hungary,
be greatest among the inexperienced not only was the company’s oversight and ultra-right or neo-fascist leaders
and previously disconnected. (See insufficient, but that its moderators in Poland, Slovenia, Austria, and
story on page 21.) were themselves racist.” elsewhere all are aggressive users of
Hattotuwa has been involved Only when Hattotuwa and other Facebook, both in the electoral fray
in both human rights and internet activists in Sri Lanka and other and once in office. Using both paid
issues ever since he set up the first countries wrote a series of open advertising and unceasing propagan-
Facebook page in South Asia devoted letters to Mark Zuckerberg in the da posts, such leaders and parties use
to media, in 2007. “But after the spring of 2018, at the time of the U.S. Facebook to advance their agenda,
civil war in Sri Lanka ended, around congressional hearings, did Facebook slander opponents, and typically seek
2012,” he says, “people began coming finally respond. “The company did to whip up a nationalist frenzy.
onto the platform and using it to pro- not want to look at what was happen- To the company’s credit, it does not
mote hate and harm. The company ing beyond user growth,” continues deny it has done a poor job prevent-
TECHONOMY _ 2018FA C E B O O K ’ S FA I L U R E 19
ing abuse. Facebook spokesperson But for all the progress, Facebook’s everything at Facebook to be on top
Frost spent over an hour on the phone excessive caution in admitting mis- of all the content issues and security
being confronted with many of these takes and taking aggressive remedies issues.” The reality is that given the
points. She did not argue. “I accept has become a problem in itself, which resourcefulness of miscreants, this
everything you’ve said. We can only undermines its credibility and raises will never be solved, which even he
move forward and move quickly,” she came close to admitting.
said. “There were gaps in our offering Abuse on Zuckerberg, as I know from numer-
that made it very difficult for people ous and extensive interviews with him
to understand our rules, for them to Facebook has since 2006, is meticulous and method-
report things, and for us to effectively
deal with the reports.”
created a ical, and not prone to looking back at
errors. Rather, he focuses on what’s
Facebook is now hiring more con-
tent reviewers, especially in countries
momentous next. The evidence suggests he is
putting this effort as a top priority. But
where oversight failures until now crisis in just to continue battling the problems with
have been grievous, like Sri Lanka and
Myanmar. It has embarked on new about every necessary urgency will be extreme-
ly expensive, and almost certainly
ways to promote digital literacy and
to educate users about the platform’s
country. continue to reduce company earnings.
Luckily for Facebook, advertisers still
policies. (Previously, it hadn’t even have no better medium to target their
had its community standards trans- serious questions about how fast messages at consumers. It will likely
lated into many languages until years problems can be resolved. In her Sep- remain extremely profitable for some
after use took off in those regions.) It tember testimony to the Senate Intel- time to come.
has committed to increasing the num- ligence Committee, Sandberg bragged The last 150 years of global prog-
ber of Sinhalese-language moderators about being able to combat fake news ress towards universal democracy
in Sri Lanka sevenfold, though Hatto- and hate speech in 50 languages. That may be imperiled. But it’s not only
tuwa complains the company will not sounds good, except that Facebook Facebook’s fault. And the company
give his group their number, location, users speak 133 languages. The com- can’t fix the problems alone. Karen
or even gender. In Sri Lanka, it tempo- pany’s own initial reports suggested Kornbluh served as U.S. ambassador
rarily put its “community standards” that only 10 million Americans had to the Organization for Economic Co-
at the top of every single user’s news seen fake Russian campaign ads and operation and Development (OECD)
feed, in three languages. In Myanmar disinformation about the presiden- under President Barack Obama and
it created a cartoon-style version of the tial election. It later upped the figure is now senior fellow for digital policy
standards for people with low literacy. to 126 million. In Sri Lanka, it only at the Council on Foreign Relations.
It’s taken similar measures in the responded to repeated complaints “The leaders of Facebook are being
Philippines. To the extent that these about its role in ethnic violence in ear- asked by the market to generate
help, it may deploy them in countries ly 2018 after the government actually growth and profits,” Kornbluh ex-
and languages around the world. turned off the service in the entire plains, “but so far there’s no clear
The company has made it easier to country. In Myanmar, it removed the ask from society or government to
report abuse and to get a response. In ruling general’s Facebook account do anything different. Their motto
Facebook Messenger in Myanmar, for for promoting ethnic hatred, but only of ‘move fast and break things’ made
example, the company made it possi- after the United Nations had issued a sense for an internet that was a tiny
ble for the first time to report abusive series of scathing reports and recom- piece of the economy and society. But
group messages directly inside the mended the general be prosecuted at when our whole lives moved online,
service. For political advertising, it the International Criminal Court. we needed to have a societal conversa-
has in several countries introduced And some of Zuckerberg’s own tion. And we didn’t have that. Shame
new transparency requirements claims have smacked of naivete, even on all of us. So the question, really,
that make clear who placed the ads. self-congratulation. He has enormous is what is society going to do?” Let’s
It has increased security for political confidence in the powers of artificial hope civil society, government, the
pages. And it has set up what it calls intelligence to help govern speech tech industry, and Facebook can all
a “war room,” so engineers and other and prevent abuse, and let’s hope he’s come together to find an answer.
employees at the company’s head- right. But in a July interview with
quarters in Menlo Park, California, Kara Swisher of Recode, he suggested DAVID KIRKPATRICK is
can monitor and protect electoral that by the end of 2019 the company Techonomy’s editor-in-chief, and author
campaigns around the world. will have been able to “fully retool of The Facebook Effect.
TECHONOMY _ 201820 FA C E B O O K ’ S FA I L U R E
One Human Rights Campaign’s
Social Media Struggles
by Kambiz Foroohar
RIGHTS ACTIVISTS AROUND THE WORLD Facebook, has become the biggest civil track down women and arrest them.
who use social media are frequently disobedience campaign in the Islamic (The identity of posters on the real
on the receiving end of propaganda Republic’s history. Within two weeks it page is carefully protected.) Facebook
campaigns, designed in most cases had 200,000 followers. A month later employees took action only when we
by repressive governments to spread it had attracted half a million, amid argued that copycat pages were violat-
misinformation, divert attention, and global media coverage. But nobody in- ing our copyright.
undermine support. I serve as a media side Facebook knew anything about it. Finally, following repeated requests,
advisor to one of the biggest such cam- Almost immediately, the Islamic Facebook awarded MSF its blue tick of
paigns in Iran, and our painful experi- Republic hit back. Within days of the authenticity, indicating the site had
ence illuminates the harsh challenges. campaign’s launch, a Facebook page been validated by the company. That
The Islamic Republic of Iran is one of affiliated with the government pub- took care of the copycats. And to deal
the most prolific promoters of shad- lished a post which said Masih Alinejad with the now-daily cyberattacks and
owy groups and an expert at creating had been raped in London after disrob- spam campaigns against the page,
fake sites. Some of these groups are ing in public. It was “fake news,” meant Facebook assigned a dedicated moder-
controlled by the country’s intelligence to shame Alinejad and warn other ator and contact person.
services and the Iranian Revolutionary women against joining her campaign. We also had to deal with several
Guards. But it was not easy to figure out how Facebook pages created with the ex-
My Stealthy Freedom (MSF), the to complain to Facebook about this press aim of identifying the protesting
group I advise, is an Iranian women’s violation of its rules. Eventually, we sent women, threatening them with arrest,
rights campaign against compulsory an email to Facebook support. Face- and worse. Some even encouraged
hijab laws. It is a thorn in the side of book dismissed the complaint, arguing acid attacks against them. Still, the
the Islamic Republic and has been that it was a freedom of speech issue. campaign continued to grow. Its real
the victim of sustained cyberattacks, Soon fake pages also emerged that strength was women inside Iran who
hoaxes, misinformation and abuse for pretended to be MSF. As the popularity were not scared of these tactics. Every
morning, an activist would search
Facebook for fake accounts, report
them, and ensure they were deleted.
But the Islamic Republic’s operatives
are a creative bunch. One new tactic
was to bombard a post with thou-
sands of spam comments from stolen
identities. It was bizarre reading the
same comment, often in Persian, over
and over from accounts in Colombia,
Argentina, China, and Singapore. It
took Facebook engineers months to
stop such attacks.
By mid-2016, MSF’s Instagram
account began to take off after both
Facebook and Twitter were blocked
inside Iran. Once again, Alinejad faced
Iranian women post pictures of of the MSF Facebook page grew, so did spam attacks and misinformation
themselves without headscarves on the number of copycat pages created campaigns from pages devoted to the
the My Stealthy Freedom facebook by supporters of the regime. Some fake rape story. Some of our Instagram
page. mixed in pornographic photographs; videos received as many 12 million views
others copied all the photos from the and more than 10,000 comments.
the past four years. authentic page in order to siphon off Monitoring all of them became difficult.
MSF was created in May 2014 by jour- members and induce people to upload Luckily Instagram, which is owned by
nalist and campaigner Masih Alinejad. photos to those pages instead. Facebook, also provided dedicated
Since the Iranian Revolution, the Islamic When we complained, Facebook engineers to respond to issues.
Republic’s compulsory hijab laws have again argued against deleting the Other social media sites have been
required women to always cover their copycat and fake accounts. We tried to less helpful. On Twitter, it is almost
hair. MSF calls on women to show their explain that the fake accounts posed a impossible to reach a real human to
opposition to those laws by sending or security risk to women who sent them resolve issues. And for the past few
posting photographs of themselves in their photographs, thinking it was the months, the campaign’s posts have
public without a headscarf. real page. The operators of those pag- often not been visible to supporters.
The campaign, which started on es—the government or its allies—could But the women of MSF will not be
TECHONOMY _ 2018FA C E B O O K ’ S FA I L U R E 21
deterred—and understand the power forced three Iranian ministers to issue an “#AyatollahYoutube” on Twitter.
of social media. Last April, four female apology. The video was reposted by multi- We contacted other activists and
university students celebrating their ple news organization around the world. #AyatollahYoutube became a
graduations were attacked by Iranian Soon, YouTube removed the video trending hashtag. Within hours,
morality police operatives. One of the and issued an email warning to Alinejad YouTube unblocked the video.
students filmed the attack on her mobile that she had violated the site’s rules.
phone and sent it to the campaign. After We desperately tried to reach out to the KAMBIZ FOROOHAR is a longtime
Alinejad posted it on YouTube, the video company, but it was impossible to reach journalist and a media adviser for the
received more than 5 million views. That a human. So, we created the hashtag My Stealthy Freedom campaign.
Five Ways for Facebook to Help its
Next Billion Users
By Bhaskar Chakravorti
AFTER A GREAT RISE, GRAVITY MAY other “light” features—Instant Articles, Lanka, Facebook was similarly slow to
have caught up with Facebook. Despite with 10 times faster loading times than remove content and ban users when its
sizzling growth and 2.5 billion users standard articles. Instagram Lite and platform was used to organize violence
across all its services, it has recently Messenger Lite are also designed for against Muslims.
had to grapple with concerns about places with weak data connections and Facebook-owned messaging app
misinformation, the safety of user data, low-bandwidth networks. WhatsApp has been the primary carrier
and scrutiny around its leadership. Despite these strategic moves, Face- of fake news and divisive rumors in
Embedded in its still stratospheric book has struggled with socio-cultural India. Recently, India has experienced a
valuation is the stock market’s expec- and political nuances in these coun- spate of lynchings instigated by rumors
tation for continued growth. But such tries. But despite some fumbles, Free spread over WhatsApp. For months,
growth isn’t coming from the U.S. and Basics has expanded into 63 countries Facebook did nothing other than make
Europe. At the Fletcher School at Tufts, and municipalities, covering more than small tweaks.
where I teach, we call that the “Digital 100 million new users. Facebook needs a proactive, con-
North.” The emerging Asian, African, The biggest contextual challenge text-aware strategy for tackling the
and Latin American markets, the “Dig- in the Digital South is that Facebook mushrooming fake news problem in the
ital South,” will instead be the source becomes a de facto carrier of rumors Digital South. Here are five suggestions:
of Facebook’s growth. Users here not and misinformation, which come at a
only spend more time on the mobile heavy human cost. Rumor campaigns 1. Own the reality of its own success:
internet, but an average user spends targeting the Rohingyas in Myanmar Facebook with its family of apps is
more time on social media than one in were spread on Facebook, spark- an opinion shaper and de facto news
the Digital North—almost 4 hours a day ing violence. (See story pg 16.) In Sri source—and increasingly so in the
in the Philippines, for example, versus Digital South. It has outlived its original
48 minutes in Japan. role as a “public square.” As an influ-
Of the top 10 countries with the ential media company, it must take
most Facebook users, eight are in the FACEBOOK’S FUTURE IS IN THE responsibility for the content it carries.
Digital South, accounting for 41 percent “DIGITAL SOUTH” It can combine both human and
of users worldwide. Facebook’s North artificial intelligence to sort through
American and European revenues in the content, classify, and filter it. It
the last quarter fell $75 million relative Daily active user growth in the should partner with grassroots orga-
to the same quarter in 2017, while past year nizations around the world dedicated
revenue from other markets rose $51 to local fact-checking. Examples from
Q2 2018 vs. Q2 2017
million. North America and Europe India alone include Altnews.in,
accounted for only 4 percent of daily SM Hoax Slayer, and Check4Spam.com,
active user growth over that period, each dedicated to de-bunking rumors
while Asia-Pacific and non-Western +21% and stopping misinformation. It is
markets accounted for 31 percent of currently labeling WhatsApp mes-
Rest of the World
daily active user growth. sages as “forwarded” or “suspicious”.
US & Canada
Asia-Pacific
Facebook’s Digital South strategy But it needs to go beyond such subtle
thus far has focused on access. To +10% markers. Eventually, Facebook must
Europe
close the connectivity gap, it launched develop transparent policy guidelines to
the Free Basics initiative aimed at label, de-prioritize, even block, different
developing world users. It extends free +3% categories of content.
internet access through a stripped- +1%
down mobile application, including a 2. Establish on-the-ground operations:
version of Facebook. Its Facebook Lite Source: Facebook via Statista Facebook had no formal offices in
product uses less data and pairs with Myanmar or Sri Lanka. CONTINUED PAGE 37
TECHONOMY _ 201822
CO OKIE
T H AT
ATHE
TE EARLY WEB ENGINEERS THOUGHT A
BROWSER “COOKIE” WOULD BE A SIMPLE AND
FRIENDLY WAY FOR SITES TO KNOW
YOU HAD RETURNED. THEY MISCALCULATED.
by Janet Guyon Illustration by
Giacomo BagnaraTOXIC CO OKIES 23
E
TECHONOMY _ 201824 TOXIC CO OKIES
BACK IN THE LATE 1990S, MANY OF wonders if he should have seen it all Montulli, who would later be granted
us felt a thrill when a website first coming. Lou Montulli was 23 years a patent for his idea. (His employer,
welcomed us back by name. Until old in 1994 and working on what Netscape, actually owned the patent
then, every time we went to a site we would later become the Netscape and never collected royalties.) “Prior
previously visited, we’d have to tell browser. He came up with what he to cookies, the web had no method
it all over again who we were and go thought was a pretty good idea. He of remembering a user at all, with
through the tedious task of logging had recently moved to Northern Cali- the exception of logging in again
in. Like a waiter who can’t recall fornia from the University of Kansas, directly.”
who ordered the omelet, the internet where he had created a pre-Netscape Montulli and the Netscape crew
back then had no memory of who did browser called Lynx while working considered a few other ways to give
what. Sites had no way to know you at the university’s computer center. websites memory, but all had signifi-
were a returning visitor, or even to As a founding engineer at Netscape, cantly more ability to track a user
record when you visited another one he was charged in the summer of across the entire World Wide Web,
of its many pages. 1994 with figuring out a way for which they wanted to avoid. “Cookies
Behind those first messages of websites to remember information were designed to prevent tracking,
“Welcome” was a tiny piece of invisi- about visitors who had previously because only the originating website
ble text, no more than a few hundred visited them. The main problem was can set and receive that cookie,” says
characters long. Your web browser how to create a shopping cart on the Montulli, who now runs JetInsight,
could see it, but you couldn’t. It web, a place where you could keep an aircraft software company.
was called a “cookie.” Its job was to adding stuff you wanted to buy after What none of the early browser
remember whether you had previ- choosing the first item. inventors foresaw, however, was the
ously visited so you wouldn’t have Montulli came up with the cookie. ability of other websites and services
to bother logging in all over again. It It was just a small piece of text to insert their own cookies into a
was initially designed to maintain downloaded to your browser when browser whenever someone visited
your privacy and your security; that you visited a particular website. Like a specific website or viewed specific
little bit of text wasn’t software code a ticket from a coat check, it would content. Partly that’s because the way
and it didn’t know your name or identify you when you returned. the web works now is very different.
what you did elsewhere on the web. It could recall what pages you had Webpages today are created not just
It just knew that the browser in your already seen or what products you’d by accessing a single server, but by
computer had once visited that par- already decided to buy. But the cookie drawing material from many differ-
ticular website, so it could be referred in effect introduced and enabled the ent servers to assemble what looks to
to if you returned. idea of recording “web sessions,” or the user like one page.
That humble computer cookie the period of time you spend on a Early on, the advertising commu-
has today morphed into something particular website. That concept has nity deduced that when a webpage
far more ubiquitous, capable, and now become essential to the way the loaded on a user’s computer, a
nefarious. It now sits at the center entire web works. separately operated server that put
of a multibillion-dollar digital ad “What we were trying to do was ads on that page could also insert a
industry that has blanketed the support a variety of applications, one cookie on the user’s browser. “It was
world. Massive worries have emerged of which was the shopping cart,” says natural to say, ‘Why don’t we make
around the world about what that the ad server use the cookie?’” says
means. Use of this tool is dominated Dave Morgan, a New York-based en-
by a few tech giants whose behavior
has become the cause of rising con-
The humble trepreneur who founded RealMedia,
one of the first companies to develop
cern over personal privacy, security, browser software that placed ads on websites.
and more.
The cookie is the enabler of a grand
cookie has If the ad server could identify a
specific user—or rather, that user’s
bargain we all make: free access to
the web in return for our eyeballs on
morphed into computer and browser software—us-
ing a cookie, it could personalize the
often highly targeted advertising. Yet something more ads. But the ad server also needed to
the data collection and analytics that
this once-modest tool now enables ubiquitous, know on which sites users saw its
ads. To do that, it exploited an exist-
could end up threatening the future
of democracy itself.
capable, and ing piece of code called the “referer
header” (the name had been mis-
The man who invented the cookie nefarious. spelled by early web coders), which
TECHONOMY _ 2018TOXIC CO OKIES 25
edented access to troves of data on
consumer behavior, as well as control
over a huge chunk of the web’s $200
billion in advertising inventory. As
one Federal Trade Commissioner
who objected to the merger put it at
the time, Google obtained “a massive
database of desires, needs, wants,
and likes that can be discovered,
subpoenaed, archived, tracked, and
exploited to all sorts of ends.”
Facebook similarly has gained
enormous power to monitor user
behavior. It has 2.25 billion users
around the globe who have
voluntarily given it in most cases
their names, locations, likes, dislikes,
job titles, photographs, ages, and
personal history, as well as insight into
their browsing history on Facebook.
But the social networking and
media colossus doesn’t just know
what you look at on Facebook. It can
could identify the site on which an ad for the development of advertising see what you do on as many as 11 mil-
had landed. specifically targeted at all of us, the lion other websites around the world.
The referer header sat in the unsuspecting web surfers. That’s because so many of them allow
browser, part of the network protocol Behind the systems that managed you to “login with Facebook” or carry
used by web browsers and servers to ad-based cookies were giant databases Facebook’s “Like” button. It contains
transfer information. Ad servers sent that also tracked websites and con- code, or a pixel, that, along with its
requests for referer headers when tent. Cookies correlated with technol- third-party cookie, can tell what you
they sent cookies, thus figuring out ogy that could tell what content users are looking at. “People don’t under-
on which originating site users saw saw, or which items they searched for, stand that because all these ‘Like’
specific ads. enabled the ad community to develop buttons are everywhere, they are
Pretty soon, the many servers that those ubiquitous ads that follow you being tracked when they are not on
delivered content to a webpage began around as you go from site to site. Facebook,” says Morgan.
to also load cookies to track users, When you visit The New York Times’ “Facebook is a machine like noth-
target ads and generally observe automotive section, for instance, you ing else ever created,” John Sculley,
behavior. The simplicity of the cookie might also be served ads for cars, or the former CEO of Apple, told CNBC
protocol “created the ability to create even be told that you are 23.5 miles in March 2018. “It is a beautiful
a lot of cookies,” says Morgan. Com- from the nearest dealer. If that ad is model for selling ads.” Its vast data
bined with other web technologies, served by an ad network, it can follow pool, however, has also made it, he
so-called “third party cookies” could you to the next site you visit. said, into a “computational propa-
track users even if they weren’t on By the millennium, one of the ganda” machine that allows others
the originating website. “Companies world’s first big adtech firms, Double- to “manipulate public opinion.”
figured out how to game the system,” Click, founded in 1996, was serving It is as if, during the pre-internet
is how Montulli puts it. up cookies that tracked visits to the era, the phone company used your
As ad networks grew and consol- millions of websites that used its calling patterns—where you placed
idated, they began buying, selling, technology to display ads. Google, calls, how long you talked, who you
and sharing information about the which already placed its own cookies chatted with, when you ordered new
users they had “cookied,” to use a on a user’s computer to track their goods—to sell ads to Russian bots
term that became widely used in searches, bought DoubleClick in that could also jump into your con-
the industry. That allowed them to 2007 for $3.1 billion, in a deal seen at versations. (Facebook didn’t respond
build detailed profiles of individual the time as a historic doubling down to questions about its cookie and
web users, which became invaluable on advertising. That gave it unprec- tracking abilities.)
TECHONOMY _ 2018You can also read
