COVID-19 Tracker South Africa Adjusted Level 3 Lockdown - Week 1, 2021 Results (3 - 11 February 2021) - Ask Afrika
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COVID-19 Tracker A Gender Report on South Africa South Africa Adjusted Level 3 Lockdown Week 1, 2021 Results (3 – 11 February 2021) © Ask Afrika 2021 | 1
Independently The main aim of the research is to understand the conducted socio-economic impact that the Coronavirus, research and lockdown and gradual re-opening of the economy strong has on South Africans. methodological Research design Sampling rigour Quantitative research design n=13 398 interviews were conducted from 15 minute questionnaire the 1st of April to date. Administered in English The quota structure aligns with the proportions of the general population Independently conducted research Research methodology Computer Aided Telephonic Online Interviews (CATI) interviews n=337 n=8 416 n=4 645 Total interviews conducted to date: n = 13 398 Week 1, 2021 n=403 © Ask Afrika 2021 | 4
Respondent profile (Week 1, 2021)- 403 interviews Age group Age Gender Province Geotype 7% 16-18 years 5% 51% 49% 7% 19-24 years 37% 17% 6% Suburb/ Metro area 51% 25-34 years 33% 1% 5% 18% 35-49 years 32% Township/Informal settlement 39% 50-54 years 7% 6% 55 -64 years 5% 13% Small holding farm 10% 65 + 1% Working 56% Salary / wage 61% Black 67% Don’t work e.g. student, Social grant 14% housewife, or other 20% Unemployed White 17% Savings/investments 11% Not working 12% Coloured 9% No income 10% Self employed 12% Indian/ Asian 7% Other/ don’t know 4% Employment status Income sources Population group © Ask Afrika 2021 | 5
Key Insights - Women and Men have many similar perceptions of the lockdown and the management of the Covid19 pandemic. In many ways, women and youth (aged below 34 years) behave similarly in their emotional distress, concern about school closures and GBV. - Significant gender differences reside within - Adherence to sanitation behaviours- women are more compliant and more likely to continue with hand sanitation and wearing of masks. - Emotional distress- women report higher stress levels, whilst also showing quicker acceptance of the pandemic and finding a way of dealing with its fall-out. - Access to loans- women have less access and are more reliant on family and friends - Access to chronic medicine- women’s health is more affected by lack of access to fertility injections, condoms and child innoculations. - Concern about vaccines- women are more concerned and unsure, wether they would actually want the vaccine - All aspects of social dysfunction have increased more for women than men, including trust in the SAPS. - Women are more critical of government and less likely to vote. © Ask Afrika 2021 | 6
Distress and main concerns Emotional distress has improved, while hunger and financial concerns remain. ©Ask Afrika 2020 © Ask © ask Afrika afrika 2021 | 777 2020
Week 1, February 2021 Distress levels have declined and are now at the lowest level since Lockdown. This is driven by a reduction in emotional distress. Maximum Distress in October 2020 Overall Distress Index Total cases to date 60 792 1 633 31 (cumulative week 4-28, 2021 Week 1) 1 492 909 Total deaths to date 59 490 1 057 69 045 1 189 (Including food insecurity, financial wellness and emotional distress) * Index score calculated out of 100. 48 094 398 796 9 239 37 31 32 30 30 29 24 78 723 3 001 33 140 627 324 944 9 316 Level 5 Level 4 Level 3 Advanced Level 2 Level 1 Adjusted Level 3 level 3 193 357 11 130 Positive COVID-19 Cases 274 622 10 902 Deaths Minimum Distress Source for positive cases and recoveries: Sacoronavirus.co.za – 15 February ©Ask Afrika 2020 © ask afrika 2021 2020 88
Week 1, February 2021 The fear of contracting the virus has remained relatively stable since the end of 2020, despite the increase in cases. Citizens younger than 35 are most concerned with Covid and non-compliant behaviours. It is thus the youth, that should be enabled to be community change agents. 34% 30% 30% 31% 24% 28% 19% 21% 26% 21% 20% 19% 23% 18% 14% 18% 15% 17% 14% 15% 13% 17% 14% 14% 11% 12% 14% 13% 10% 11% 7% 7% 13% 6% 5% 6% 7% 5% 4% 5% 5% 3% Level 5 Level 4 Level 3 Level 3 advanced Level 2 Level 1 Adjusted level 3 Biggest concern: Economic recession Non-compliance with lockdown guidelines Food shortages Loss of income Unemployment Contracting COVID-19 Multiple mention Showing top 6 responses for the weeks| Open ended responses n=403 ©Ask Afrika 2020 © © ask ask afrika afrika 2021 2020 99
Week 1, February 2021 All emotional distress indicators are improving, with the exception of Irritability, which possibly relates to Lockdown Fatigue. Which one of the following words best describes your feelings during the national lockdown period? The Black population and those living in Townships/ Afraid informal settlements are significantly more likely to 25% report feeling afraid than the White population or 21% 23% those living in the metro or suburban areas. 19% Optimistic 22% Depressed 23% 22% 21% 11% 9% 16% 7% 7% 6% 25% 12% 11% 23% 7% 13% Managing24% 12% Discouraged 25% 24% 6% 5% 6% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 13% 17% Comfortable Irritable Level 5 Level 4 Level 3 Advanced Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 Adjusted Level 3 Single mention n=403 ©Ask Afrika 2020 © ask afrika 2021 2020 1010
Week 1, February 2021 Irritability seems to peak now, more so than depression. Socialising is identified as a popular way to mitigate negative emotions. Which of the following do you experience more frequently now, What typically makes you feel better when you experience any of than before the lockdown? those emotions? Feeling irritable 58% Socialising with family/friends 29% Feeling sad for no reason 54% Music 14% Feeling on edge 54% Prayer 11% Feeling anxious for no reason 53% Positive thoughts 11% Feeling depressed 52% Feeling hopeless Exercising 10% 50% >10% shown Multiple mention n=403 ©Ask Afrika 2020 © © ask ask afrika afrika 2021 2020 2021 1111
About half of citizens are suffering from one or more symptoms of depression- Week 1, February 2021 women are significantly more likely to admit to feeling this way. It remains an area of significant long-term impact to have a large part of citizens traumatized and disabled. Have you experienced any of the following in the last 14 days? Irritable 54% Anxiety and worry about numerous events 52% Difficulty sleeping 50% Fatigue or loss of energy 48% Worrying, and difficult to control it 48% Lack of pleasure in activities you previously enjoyed 47% Weight loss, gain or change in appetite 46% Having difficulty to concentrate or think 45% Feeling on edge 45% Feeling worthless 36% Depressed mood nearly each day 35% Thoughts of death, or suicide 22% Multiple mention n=403 ©Ask Afrika 2020 © ask afrika 2021 2020 1212
Week 1, February 2021 Food insecurity remains high. Men are most distressed about this, whilst women suffer emotionally. 68% 61% 57% 54% 52% 46% 44% 45% 42% 35% 33% 32% 32% 30% 28% 28% 25% 24% 23% 20% 20% We were concerned Adults in the household Adults in the household People in the household Adults in the household Children in the People in the household about the amount of reduced their portion reduced their meal lost weight because went to bed hungry household went to bed went an entire day food we had in our sizes due to a lack of frequencies due to a there was not enough because there was not hungry because there without food because household before we food and money to buy lack of food and money food enough money to buy was not enough money there was not enough got money to buy food food to buy food food to buy food money for food again Level 5 Level 4 Level 3 Advanced Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 Adjusted Level 3 Multiple mention n=403 ©Ask Afrika 2020 © © ask ask afrika afrika 2021 2020 1313
Week 1, February 2021 Financial behaviours show citizens running out of financial options- less are asking family, friends and employers for Level 5 Level 4 financial support. Level 3 14% Advanced Level 3 Level 2 13% 13% 14% Applied for a payment holiday Level 1 offered by credit providers L3+ L2 L1 22% Adjusted Level 3 19% took out a I contacted UIF for financial 19% 52% Borrowed money from family, assistance 19% 52% 49% friends or employer loan against 26% 24%23% 18% 42% 46% their salary/ 23% 18% 45% wage 23% 18% 44% 22% 45% 38% I don’t have any means of 32% 29% 40% 40% Made arrangements for later 41% 34% 32% 29%27% 17% 41%42%43% 31% financial assistance 19% payment 23% 21% 24% 23% 20% 19% 25% 20% 25% 51% 26% 20% 21% L3+ L2 L1 28% 28% 27% 51% 52% 22% 16% 18% 19% I cancelled non-essentials like car Borrowed money from a Sold a personal insurance 60% mashonisa 60% asset, such as 59% 60% L3+ L2 L1 jewelry or a car for financial relief I have started using my savings took out a small personal loan from an informal Multiple mention lender n=403 ©Ask Afrika 2020 © ask afrika 2021 2020 1414
Week 1, February 2021 The majority of respondents feel that they have a strong support structure in place, while over half identify their community as possessing a sense of ubuntu and citizen solidarity. Despite the crisis there is a sense Our community has a sense of I have a strong support structure of ubuntu in my community citizen solidarity 5% 18% 19% 8% 29% 33% 15% 26% 22% 61% 30% 34% Disagree (0-4) Neutral (5) Agree (6 - 8) Completely agree ( 9 - 10) The sense of Ubuntu is significantly more prevalent among Black respondents than White respondents. Single mention n=403 ©Ask Afrika 2020 ©©ask askafrika afrika2021 2020 1515
Week 1, February 2021 Men, especially black men are more likely to use community HCW’s as part of their support system. Black women use nurses as support, whilst the white population is less likely to do either. Lockdown rules preventing social contact remove the primary support system for communities. Who would you say form part of your support structure? Family 96% Friends 67% Colleagues 37% Church 34% Neighbours 31% Nurse at the clinic/ hospital 26% Community health workers 22% Multiple mention n=403 ©Ask Afrika 2020 © ask afrika 2021 2020 1818
For women more so than men- all symptoms of social dysfunction have Week 1, February 2021 increased in 2021. Police will not be trusted to assist victims- since they are feared by most. GBV and Suicide might be stigmatized issues to report on. 22% of citizens report thinking about death and suicide. When compared to 2020, would you say that the following have decreased, remained consistent or increased in your community in 2021? Remained Don’t Increased Decreased consistent know Depression 56% 19% 12% 13% Anxiety 54% 21% 12% 13% Irritation 46% 23% 13% 18% Substance abuse 41% 23% 18% 19% Gender based 40% 23% 15% 22% violence Fear of the police 31% 36% 19% 14% Single mention n=403 Suicide 28% 20% 18% 34% ©Ask Afrika 2020 © ask afrika 2021 2020 1919
Vaccines • Citizens are torn in their intention to be vaccinated. Willingness and yet concern about it are strong. • Males are less trusting of the vaccine safety, but more willing to vaccinate, whilst women and the younger population show greater concern over getting vaccinated. • Tax payers are willing to pay for their own vaccine and mostly for vaccines of gardeners and domestic servants. © Ask Afrika 2021 | 20
Week 1, February 2021 A higher proportion of females are unsure, whether they will get vaccinated. Women are significantly more aware of the vaccine schedules than men. The Black Significantly population are higher significantly more awareness concerned about levels Yes; 52% Yes; 53% among 35+ getting vaccinated than year old's the Indian and females population Yes; 86% 35+ years olds Significantly No; 19% are significantly more females less concerned than males are about getting No; 34% unsure about vaccinated whether they than those who will get Unsure; 28% are 34 years vaccinated and younger No; 9% Unsure; 13% Unsure; 5% Will you get vaccinated when the vaccine roll-out Are you concerned about getting vaccinated? Are you aware of the planned vaccine roll-out reaches you? schedule, in which healthcare workers will be prioritised, followed by essential workers, educators, the elderly and those with co-morbidities? Single mention n=403 © Ask Afrika 2021 | 21
Week 1, February 2021 Citizens are very divided on the safety of the vaccines- the stopping of the AstraZeneca vaccine significantly dented trust in vaccines as a whole. Men are far more distrustful than women. Distrust (0-4) Neutral (5) Trust (6-8) Completely trust (9-10) How much do you trust in the safety of the vaccine? 13% 14% 11% 47% 34% 30% 38% 18% 21% 24% 39% 32% 26% Male Female Single mention n=382 © Ask Afrika 2021 | 22
Week 1, February 2021 As to be expected, safety of the vaccine is top priority among citizens, followed by efficacy. Which of the following five aspects are the most important to you with regards to the vaccine? Safety of the vaccine is a greater concern among Coloured people than White people Safety of the vaccine 44% Efficacy of the vaccine 22% Thoroughness in developing the vaccine is a greater concern among White people than Thoroughness in developing 14% Black people the vaccine The speed of delivery to 11% South Africa Speed of delivery to South Africa is a greater The speed of the roll-out 9% concern among males than females Single mention n=403 © Ask Afrika 2021 | 23
Week 1, February 2021 Clear Gender differences in perceptions of vaccines There is a significantly higher sense of distrust among males than females. As expected, those who trust the safety of the vaccines are more willing to be vaccinated. ~Surprisingly, 20% of females who trust the safety of the vaccine are unsure of whether they will be vaccinated or not. ~The concern females have about getting vaccinated is significantly higher among those who do not trust the safety of the vaccine, while the same is not seen among males – where concern levels are reasonably consistent. Among those males who trust the safety of the vaccine – the speed of delivery to SA becomes more important, while for females who trust the safety of the vaccine – the efficacy becomes more important. Females: Males: How much do you trust in the safety of the vaccine? How much do you trust in the safety of the vaccine? Distrust (0-4) Neutral (5) Trust (6-10) Distrust (0-4) Neutral (5) Trust (6-10) 26% 24% 50% 39% 18% 43% • 60% say they will not get vaccinated • 3% say they will not get • 45% say they will not get • 2% say they will not get • 38% are unsure vaccinated vaccinated vaccinated • 20% are unsure • 38% are unsure • 7% are unsure • 72% say they are concerned about getting vaccinated • 42% say they are concerned • 60% say they are concerned • 54% say they are concerned about getting vaccinated about getting vaccinated about getting vaccinated • 58% safety of vaccine important • 8% efficacy of the vaccine is • 38% safety of vaccine important • 58% safety of vaccine important • 32% safety of vaccine important important • 25% efficacy of the vaccine is • 7% speed of delivery to SA • 23% speed of delivery to SA important important important Males (n=198) ; Females (n=205) © Ask Afrika 2021 | 24
Week 1, February 2021 Nearly three quarters of taxpayers surveyed do not want to pay more tax to fund the vaccines, while just under half of all respondents are willing to pay for the vaccines themselves. Of those who have a domestic worker or gardener – 70% would be willing to fund their vaccine. The Black Yes; 26% The White What price would you be willing to population are population are Yes; 48% pay for your own vaccine? significantly significantly more willing to more willing to Yes; 70% pay more tax pay for their Average Price: to fund own vaccines vaccines than than the Black R251 the White population population No; 74% Mode: No; 52% R100 n=193 No; 30% Are you willing to pay more tax to fund Are you willing to pay for your own Are you willing to pay for vaccines for vaccines vaccine your domestic worker or gardener, if the vaccine costs less than R200 Only showing those who pay tax Single mention Only showing those who have a domestic Single mention n=403 worker/ gardener (n=209) n=343 © Ask Afrika 2021 | 25
The Impact of Covid-19 As infection rates continue to increase, more than half of the people surveyed report to know someone who passed away due to Covid-19. ©Ask Afrika 2020 © Ask © ask Afrika afrika 2021 | 28 2020 2828
Week 1, February 2021 Women are more likely than men to be close to someone, who has been hospitalized for Covid19. Which of the following have you experienced in the last 2 months? Someone I know has contracted COVID-19 63% Someone I know has passed away due to COVID-19 52% Someone I know has passed away from unknown causes 26% I/ or someone close to me was hospitalised for Covid-19 22% Went into self-isolation at home 21% I have been in contact with someone who has tested positive 15% The Black population is significantly less likely than all I suspect that I contracted Covid-19, but did not test for Covid-19 11% other population groups to be or be close to someone who was hospitalized for Covid-19. I have tested positive for Covid-19 6% Multiple mention n=403 ©Ask Afrika 2020 © © ask ask afrika afrika 2021 2020 2929
Week 1, February 2021 Up to a third of respondents have not been able to access important chronic medicine. Considering the past month, were you unable to access any of the following? Vaccinations for my child or children other than the Covid-19 vaccine 34% 66% n=145 Condoms 34% 66% n=202 Other medicine for a specific condition that is not ongoing / or acute such as 34% 66% malaria or a seasonal flu n=154 Contraceptives such as the injection 29% 71% n=229 Medicine for an ongoing, chronic condition such as diabetes 25% 75% n=130 Critical chronic medicine like HIV antiretrovirals or TB medication 18% 82% n=169 Yes No Excluding those who did not try to access Single Mention ©Ask Afrika 2020 © © ask ask afrika afrika 2021 2020 3030
Preventative Measures Adherence to preventative measures of staying at home as much as possible, mask wearing, and hand washing is widely practiced – most noticeably among females. ©Ask Afrika 2020 © Ask © ask Afrika afrika 2021 | 31 2020 3131
Week 1, February 2021 National Sanitation Index has improved in the new year 89 83 82 79 79 Provinces ranked by those who struggle to adhere to sanitizing Level 3 Advanced Level 2 Level 1 Adjusted level (Self isolating, Wearing PPE in public, Sanitizing hands, and level 3 3 Washing hands more frequently) Western Cape Western Cape Maximum Northern Cape reports the sanitation highest behaviour Eastern Cape trouble with self-isolation, Limpopo Province placing it on top of the list KwaZulu-Natal of provinces National struggling to adhere to Gauteng protecting itself against North West spreading the virus. Mpumalanga Minimum Free State sanitation behaviour % Disagree (0 - 4) Above average struggling Below average struggling ©Ask Afrika 2020 © ask afrika 2021 2020 3232
Week 1, February 2021 Women are practicing more sanitation behaviours than men While 90% of respondents claimed to stay home as often as possible, over a third do not avoid large gatherings. Which preventative measures are you implementing that have become a daily habit? Stay at home as much as possible 90% Maintain social distancing 73% Those living in a Suburb/Metro area are Won't go to gatherings of more significantly more likely to maintain social than 50 people 64% distancing than those living in Township/Informal settlement or a Small holding farm. Isolated myself when I tested positive for Covid19 22% White respondents are more likely to report adhering to social distancing than Black respondents, while Females are less likely to go to large gatherings than Males. Multiple mention n=403 ©Ask Afrika 2020 © © ask ask afrika afrika 2021 2020 3333
Week 1, February 2021 Women are significantly more likely than men to wear a mask, when leaving home Which preventative measures are you implementing that have become a daily habit? I wear a mask I leave the home 92% I wash my mask frequently after use (if it’s a material mask) 67% I cover my mouth and nose with a mask when I have flu 54% I throw away disposable masks in the bin after use and don’t re-use 52% Multiple mention n=403 ©Ask Afrika 2020 © © ask ask afrika afrika 2021 2020 3434
Week 1, February 2021 Nearly half of citizens are inconsistently wearing their mask. Have any of the following aspects prevented you from wearing a mask? No Yes 21% 19% 30% 30% 27% 45% 43% 79% 81% 70% 70% 73% 55% 57% The mask leaving The summer heat The mask hurting The mask making The mask causing The mask The mask causing you feeling that you your ears you feel anxious or fog on your glasses diminishing your skin irritation or cannot breathe claustrophobic visual field outbreak Single Mention n=403 ©Ask Afrika 2020 © ask afrika 2021 2020 3535
Week 1, February 2021 Women are more likely to use alcohol-base sanitizer and wash their hands frequently. Which preventative measures are you implementing that have become a daily habit? I frequently wash my hands with soap for 20 seconds at least 79% I use an alcohol-based sanitizer on my hands when I do not have water 67% and soap Alcohol based sanitizer is more likely to be I use an alcohol-based sanitizer used among those aged 35 years+ ; females; frequently 63% White, Coloured and Indian respondents; those living in the suburbs/ metro areas. Multiple mention n=403 ©Ask Afrika 2020 © © ask ask afrika afrika 2021 2020 3636
Week 1, February 2021 Women are more likely than men to seek medical attention, when experiencing key symptoms. They are also more likely to take vitamins and minerals. Which preventative measures are you implementing that have become a daily habit? I will call a doctor when I experience shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, 85% cough or when I have a fever I cover my mouth with my elbow or tissue when coughing or sneezing 82% I avoid touching my eyes, nose and mouth 62% I avoid touching surfaces with my hands 57% Vitamins and minerals are most likely to be taken by Women; White and I take vitamins and minerals to boost my 51% Indian respondents; people living in immune system the suburbs/ metro areas. Multiple mention n=403 ©Ask Afrika 2020 © © ask ask afrika afrika 2021 2020 2021 3737
Covid-19 information/news Most respondents are confident that they are able to detect fake news, and will look for supporting information or verification of the information to confirm that it is not disinformation. ©Ask Afrika 2020 © Ask © ask Afrika afrika 2021 | 38 2020 3838
Week 1, February 2021 Digital news carriers are the primary sources of Covid Information, besides TV. Which media sources do you make use of for important Covid-19 news and information? 88% 83% 75% 74% 73% 63% TV news or current Online news Social media Online websites Radio news or current TV ads affairs affairs 61% 57% 51% 43% 40% 22% Word of mouth Radio ads Newspapers Billboards Pamphlets/leaflets Loud Hailer /flyers Multiple mention n=403 ©Ask Afrika 2020 © ask afrika 2021 2020 3939
Week 1, February 2021 Women are less likely than men to comment on information. They are equally like to share information with family and friends. When you read, hear or see new Covid-19 information, what do you usually do with that information? I share it with friends and family 59% Nothing 28% I like it on Facebook 24% I retweet the content 19% I comment on the content (emoji’s, captions, comments etc). 14% I subscribe to the content 14% Multiple mention n=403 ©Ask Afrika 2020 © ask afrika 2021 2020 4040
Week 1, February 2021 More than half of citizens have noticed disinformation- 67% will interrogate the information. 53% Recently heard, read or seen any Covid-19 information that they believe was disinformation Single mention n=403 What steps do you normally take to ensure that the information you consume is real, and not disinformation, or fake news? 67% 58% 24% 12% Look for more Verify the source of Speak to a close Nothing, I take no information on the the information relative, friend, steps same topic colleague, or neighbour Multiple mention Single mention n=403 n=403 ©Ask Afrika 2020 ©©ask askafrika afrika2021 2020 4141
Week 1, February 2021 11% of citizens knowingly share fake news. Only 17% of citizens don’t regard it as a personal responsibility not to spread fake news. What steps do you normally take to ensure that the information you consume is real, and not disinformation, or fake news? Fake news causes confusion about the facts of Covid-19 8% 10% 79% It is my responsibility to prevent the spread of fake 17% 14% 61% news 62% I am able to detect fake news 20% 28% 34% I shared news with others that may have been fake 79% 7% 8% I knowingly shared fake news with others 89% 3% 4% Single mention n=403 ©Ask Afrika 2020 ©©ask askafrika afrika2021 2020 4242
Migratory patterns over December/January Most people report to adhering to the preventative measures of the December/ January period. ©Ask Afrika 2020 © Ask © ask Afrika afrika 2021 | 43 2020 4343
Week 1, February 2021 Females are significantly more likely to always adhere to preventative measures than males. Would you say that you adhered to the Why did you not adhere to the preventative measures preventative measures all the time, most of the all of the time? time, some of the time, or none of the time? All the time 61% Most of the time 31% 33% 22% 19% 15% Some of the time 7% It was too hot to It was too I wanted to enjoy I did not have wear a mask crowded to myself access to masks adhere to the or sanitisers measures None of the time 1% Single mention Multiple mention n=403 n=156 ©Ask Afrika 2020 © © ask ask afrika afrika 2020 2021 4444
project Lead Andrea Rademeyer CEO & Founder, Ask Afrika Mobile: +27 82 564 5203 | Email: andrea.rademeyer@askafrika.co.za Impact-driven experience: • Ask Afrika is known for innovative methodologies and Decisioneering. Currently Andrea is serving on two Covid19 MAC technical committees led by Prof Mokgatle and Prof Mehtar. • The Ask Afrika Covid-19 Tracker is her passion and contribution to our country, during the Corona Trauma. • Andrea is registered with SAMRA, ESOMAR, PAMRO and as a research psychologist, with the Health Professions Council of South Africa. She successfully completed the YPO-WPO Presidents’ Program at Harvard Business School, Boston USA (2015, 2016,2017, 2018) and has delivered several International papers, complimented by leadership awards and accolades © Ask Afrika 2021 | 45
at your service “You know you are truly alive when you’re living among lions.” Mariette Croukamp Jean Moolman Jackie Kraft ― Isak Dinesen, Out of Africa. Industry Lead Industry Lead Brand, Design, Marketing mariette@askafrika.co.za jean@askafrika.co.za jackie@askafrika.co.za 137 Lakeview Office Park, Muckleneuk Street, Nieuw Muckleneuk, Pretoria 0181, South Africa Tel: +27 12 428 7400 • www.askafrika.co.za • connect@askafrika.co.za © Ask Afrika 2021 | 46
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