CONSERVING KOALA COUNTRY - EARTHWATCH 2014
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EARTHWATCH 2014 CONSERVING KOALA COUNTRY
DEAR EARTHWATCHER,
Welcome to our Earthwatch Expedition on Koalas in the Otways. We are looking forward to sharing our research and passion
for koalas and their habitats with you. Koalas face numerous and diverse threats across their range, which makes managing
the species a real challenge. In many areas, koala populations are declining but in the Otways, they are at high densities and
in some locations actually destroying their own habitat by overbrowsing their preferred trees. Ours is the first long-term
study of a high-density population and is providing insight into koala behaviour and ecology, and how the species responds to
environmental change. This information is critical for the development of conservation strategies for koalas and their habitats
across their range.
Research activities vary according to the trip. On some trips, you will assist in the capture and handling of koalas, or get to
know individual koalas personally as you radiotrack them each day. In other trips, you will help count koalas and assess tree
condition in sites that we have been monitoring since 2008. You may even be asked to help collect koala poo (for analysis of
diet), or collect seed for revegetation. Regardless of the research focus of a trip, you will have plenty of opportunities to
observe koalas and experience the beauty of the area. Make sure you bring your camera!
You will also experience the challenges of working in the Australian bush. This expedition has many good reasons behind its
rating of ‘strenuous’. Many of our sites require walking off trails and pushing through dense and prickly vegetation. In some
cases, the vegetation is so thick that the only way through is on your hands and knees. Add in some wet weather and leeches
and you’ll really have some stories to tell. At least the exercise usually means that you sleep well!
Thanks again for joining our expedition and helping us with this important research. We hope that your experience will be an
enjoyable and rewarding one.
Sincerely,
Desley Whisson
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EARTHWATCHINSTITUTE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
GENERAL INFORMATION............................... 2
THE RESEARCH............................................. 6
YOUR DESTINATION....................................... 8
DAILY LIFE IN THE FIELD.............................. 10
ACCOMMODATIONS AND FOOD...................... 12
TRAVEL TIPS................................................ 14
PROJECT CONDITIONS.................................. 16
SAFETY........................................................ 18
PROJECT STAFF...........................................20
RECOMMENDED READING............................ 21
PARTICIPANT RIGHTS
AND RESPONSIBILITIES ..............................22
COMMUNICATIONS........................................26
Images © Earthwatch; C. Nichols, Dr. Desley Whisson
Conserving Koala Country 2014 1
GENERAL INFORMATION
CONSERVING KOALA COUNTRY
EARTHWATCH SCIENTISTS: Dr. Desley Whisson (Deakin EXPEDITION DATES:
University), Dr. Alistair Melzer (Central Queensland University) Team 1: Feb. 5–14, 2014
RESEARCH SITE: Otway National Park, Victoria Team 2: Sept. 03–12, 2014
Team 3: Nov. 12–21, 2014
Complete travel information is not
available in this version of the briefing.
Please contact Earthwatch
with any questions.
2 Conserving Koala Country 2014
TRIP PLANNER
TO DO IMMEDIATELY 60 DAYS PRIOR TO EXPEDITION
q Make sure you understand and agree to Earthwatch qR
eview the packing list (pg. 4) to make sure you have all
policies and participant responsibilities (see pg. 24). the clothing, personal supplies, and equipment needed.
90 DAYS PRIOR TO EXPEDITION 30 DAYS PRIOR TO EXPEDITION
q Complete forms, login at earthwatch.org. qL
eave the Earthwatch 24-hour helpline number with
Below are the specific forms required for this expedition: a friend or relative (see page 28).
q Earthwatch Participation Form for Adults qL
eave copies of your passport, visa, and airline tickets
q Travel Form with a friend or relative.
q Pay any outstanding balance for your expedition. qC
onfirm your travel arrangements.
q Book travel arrangements (see the Travel Planning
section, pg. 14, for details).
q If you plan to purchase additional travel insurance,
note that some policies require purchase when your
expedition is booked (see the Insurance section,
pg. 20, for more information).
q If travelling internationally, make sure your passport
is current and obtain a visa for your destination country,
if necessary (see the Passports and Visas section,
pg. 17, for more details).
q Make sure you have all the necessary vaccinations for
your project site (see the Health Information section,
pg. 20).
q Bring your level of fitness up to the standards required
(see the Project Conditions section, pg. 18).
Read this expedition briefing thoroughly. It provides the most accurate information available at the time
of your Earthwatch scientist’s project planning, and will likely answer any questions you have about the
project. However, please also keep in mind that research requires improvisation, and you may need to be
flexible. Research plans evolve in response to new findings, as well as to unpredictable factors such as
weather, equipment failure, and travel challenges. To enjoy your expedition to the fullest, remember to
expect the unexpected, be tolerant of repetitive tasks, and try to find humour in difficult situations. If there
are any major changes in the research plan or field logistics, Earthwatch will make every effort to keep
you well informed before you go into the field.
Conserving Koala Country 2014 3
EXPEDITION PACKING CHECKLIST
REQUIRED ITEMS qH
iking or walking socks
qT
his expedition briefing qW
arm jumper or jacket as temperatures may drop
qP
hotocopies of your passport, flight itinerary and qH
at
credit cards in case the originals are lost or stolen; qW
aterproof coat
the copies should be packed separately from the
original documents FIELD SUPPLIES
qP
assport and/or visa (if necessary) qS
mall daypack
qC
ertification of vaccination (if necessary) qS
andwich/salad container
qD
ocumentation for travel by minors (if necessary) qW
ater bottle(s)
(see Volunteers Under 18 Years of Age, pg. 17)
qS
unscreen with SPF 30+
CLOTHING/FOOTWEAR FOR FIELDWORK
PERSONAL SUPPLIES
qC
omfortable hiking boots with sturdy ankle support
qP
ersonal medications (if you require prescription
qL
ightweight long-sleeved shirts (a must for medications, you must bring enough for the duration
safety reasons) of the team. The nearest pharmacy is a 40-minute
q Heavy-duty long trousers or gaiters to wear over drive away.)
lightweight long trousers (a must for safety reasons)
4 Conserving Koala Country 2014
RECOMMENDED ITEMS PERSONAL SUPPLIES
q Personal first-aid kit (e.g., anti-diarrhoea pills,
CLOTHING/FOOTWEAR FOR FIELDWORK antibiotics, antiseptic, itch-relief, pain reliever,
q Waterproof overpants bandages, blister covers, etc.)
q Gardening or leather gloves (for pushing through foliage) q Personal toiletries (soaps and shampoos are supplied
in the cabins. Please note these are only resort size and
CLOTHING/FOOTWEAR FOR LEISURE do not get replaced, so you may wish to still bring your
q Earthwatch T-shirt own supply.)
q One set of clothing to keep clean for end of expedition
BEDDING
q S andals for walking around holiday park
Note: Towels are supplied by the accommodations.
q Shorts
q Sleeping bag (September and November trips only).
q Pants and/or jeans Blankets and linen are provided, but if you tend to feel
q T-shirts cold, a sleeping bag for extra warmth is recommended
at these times of year.
q Jumpers
q Wool hat and scarf for evenings (especially for MISCELLANEOUS
September team.)
q Spending money
FIELD SUPPLIES q Camera, film/memory card(s), extra camera battery
(if you bring a digital camera, bring your interface cables
q Binoculars (koalas can be high in trees &
for downloading.)
we need you to be able to look for ear tags)
q Drybag or plastic sealable bags (good for protecting OPTIONAL ITEMS
equipment such as camera from dust, humidity, and
water) q Earplugs
q Hardware for sharing digital photographs
q Insect repellent
at the end of the expedition
q Flashlight or head torch
q Travel guidebook
q Sunglasses
q Books, games, journal, art supplies, etc.
for recreational time and travel
Note: Required and Optional Items lists are accurate to the
best of Earthwatch’s knowledge at the time of publication.
Conserving Koala Country 2014 5
THE RESEARCH
CONSERVING KOALA COUNTRY
An understanding of the response of koalas to environmental
change is critical for conservation of their populations and
habitats. In Victoria, in the Great Otway National Park and
surrounding private land (known as the Otways), koalas are
widespread and relatively abundant. The landscape comprises
a mosaic of different habitat types that vary in koala food
tree composition. Higher densities of koalas are observed in
woodlands dominated by preferred food trees and in some
instances, concentrated browsing by koalas is causing a
decline in tree condition and loss of preferred tree species.
Consequently, habitat change is occurring at a rapid rate,
providing a unique opportunity to gain an understanding of the
response of koalas to a declining food supply and habitat quality
and thus the potential impact of climate change on the species.
RESEARCH AIMS
THIS RESEARCH WILL:
• Contribute useful data to a longer-term consideration of
climate change and variability issues.
THE STORY
• Further our understanding of the ecology of koalas and
The koala (phascolarctos cinereus) is an iconic Australian
their resilience to environmental change through comparing
species that attracts considerable public attention. the ecology of this southern koala population with that of
The conservation status of the koala is uncertain. Across most koalas in Queensland. The project builds on an Earthwatch-
of its range it is considered vulnerable to extinction and in supported study of koalas on St. Bees Island, Queensland.
places localized extinctions have occurred. However, around • Contribute to the conservation of koalas and their habitat.
Cape Otway and in southern Australia generally the species • Transfer knowledge and ecological understanding to
is considered secure. the community through volunteer participation and
environmental education.
The species has suffered declines due primarily to habitat loss
and fragmentation, and hunting following European settlement • Make new knowledge available to the local, national, and
international community through lay and scientific peer
of Australia. More recently drought, heatwaves, fire, disease,
reviewed publications, seminars, and workshops.
dog attacks and road deaths have all contributed to regional
populations declines—especially in northern Australia. THE OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT ARE:
Climate change is likely to have significant adverse effects on • To assess koala population density, sex structure, and
koala populations. Mortality rates will potentially increase as a productivity for predominant forest types at a local scale
result of koalas’ low tolerance for prolonged hot weather and the in the Cape Otway study area, and temporal variation
potential for more extreme and frequent bushfires. Furthermore, associated with habitat change.
koala food resources may decline due to climate-induced • To describe the characteristics of habitats used by
changes in the composition and structure of eucalypt communities, koalas and their temporal variation due to climate effects
and the nutritional quality and moisture content of leaves. In and over-browsing.
areas of mainland Victoria and for some islands where koala • To determine tree selection and use by koalas in different
densities are locally high, increased browsing pressure on habitat types, home range, and movements of koalas in the
preferred trees is an additional factor threatening populations. landscape, and the energetic costs to koalas of different
resource availability.
• To determine other mammal species using koala habitat.
6 Conserving Koala Country 2014
HOW YOU WILL HELP Where required, staff will instruct you on koala capture and
You will provide vital support in labour-intensive tasks, including handling techniques prior to catching. You’ll assist in the
koala population monitoring, habitat surveys, radiotracking, catch (flagging the koala down the tree), and be given hands-
behavioural observations and camera surveys. Staff will train on training in restraining the koala for measurements and/
you on all research tasks before you do them, and will always be or device fitting. An experienced catcher and handler will
there to assist or answer queries. The description of research supervise closely. Staff will also train you in radiotracking and
tasks below outlines some of the specific training that will be use of a GPS, and once you’re competent, you’ll work in pairs
provided at the start of assignments. to locate koalas and record the required data.
POPULATION MONITORING: This study component aims WILDLIFE SURVEYS: The impacts of canopy defoliation and
to describe koala population density, sex structure, and tree species loss on other wildlife are not well understood. A
productivity for predominant forest types at a local scale in study by a Deakin University honours student suggests that
the Cape Otway study area, and temporal variation associated bird species composition and behaviours at individual trees
with habitat change. This information will be important in change with declining condition of tree canopies. Further study
understanding the results of more focussed studies on koala is needed to determine if changes are occurring at a larger
tree use, movements, and energetics. scale. This study will describe bird and mammal communities
in habitats that vary in tree species composition and condition.
You’ll help search for koalas, accompanying the researchers in
a systematic traverse of the study area, locating koalas by sight Surveys for other wildlife are generally only undertaken on one
and then recording their location and details including gender trip per year.
and the presence of young. Data will be recorded on datasheets You’ll be involved in all aspects of this study. You’ll assist in
provided. Staff will brief you on the importance of monitoring the deployment of cameras, downloading and viewing of images,
koala population and reasons behind the timing and methods, and spotlighting. Staff will show you how to use remote
and give training in basic bush-craft (especially safety and cameras so that you can deploy and check cameras without
navigation), working in teams, and field technical skills. direct supervision. You’ll also participate in bird surveys after
HABITAT SURVEYS: This study component aims to describe receiving training in bird species identification so that you can
the characteristics of habitats used by koalas and their undertake surveys with confidence. Sometimes you may provide
temporal variation. back up to the field officer rather than serving as the primary
data collector.
You will help measure trees (height, trunk circumference, canopy
size), and determine tree species density and composition.
Staff will train you in eucalypt identification, habitat assessment
techniques and the accurate collection and recording of data.
You will work under the direct supervision of the Earthwatch
scientist to ensure accuracy of the data collected and to bring
a new meaning to “tree hugging”.
KOALA BEHAVIOUR: The objective of this assignment is to
determine tree selection and use by koalas in different habitat
types, and the energetic costs to koalas of different resource
availability. This study will also provide information on home
range and movements.
Depending on the specific research aims, on some trips you
may be asked to assist with the capture and handling of koalas,
tracking of radio-collared koalas, or undertaking behavioural
observations. You may also be required to collect koala scat
for analysis of their diet.
Conserving Koala Country 2014 7
YOUR DESTINATION
ABOUT CAPE OTWAY
Cape Otway is situated at the southern tip of Victoria’s western The Great Ocean Walk stretches 90 kilometres (56 miles) from
coast, where the Southern Ocean meets Bass Strait. Much of the township of Apollo Bay to the Twelve Apostles, giant rock
the district around Cape Otway is included in the Great Otway formations scattered along the coastline of the Port Campbell
National Park, which features rainforest, waterfalls and streams, National Park. The Twelve Apostles were formed as winds and
heathland and woodlands, and a spectacular rugged coastline. waves from the southern ocean crashed against them and
gradually eroded the softer limestone, leaving open caves in
The diversity of habitats in the region supports a rich fauna.
the cliffs which then became arches and later collapsed. The
Koalas occur at high densities, particularly in their preferred
rock stacks (only eight now remain) are as high as 45 metres
manna gum habitats. Ring-tailed possums, swamp wallabies,
and isolated from the shore. Today many of them are havens for
and grey kangaroos are common, and tiger quoll and yellow-
sea bird nesting grounds. The Great Ocean Walk allows viewing
bellied gliders are present but rarely seen. Other species of
of the many magnificent stretches of beach and bays and can be
interest include the eastern pygmy possum, broad-toothed
accessed from numerous points to allow for short or long walks.
rat, and the echidna.
One of Cape Otway’s most popular attractions is the Cape
The area provides many opportunities for recreational activities:
Otway Lightstation, which is the longest-operating lightstation
camping, hiking, kayaking, and bird watching.
in Australia.
8 Conserving Koala Country 2014Location of Orpheus Island Conserving Koala Country 2014 9
DAILY LIFE IN THE FIELD
PLANS AND POLICIES
Topics that we will cover in informal discussions and Upon return to the cabins in the late afternoon, you’ll help
on-site briefings include: sort field equipment for the following days activities and assist
with data entry. After dinner is free time unless spotlighting
• Orientation and introduction to Earthwatch
activities or data entry are scheduled.
• O verview and objectives of the project
Midway through the expedition, we’ll have a recreation day.
• Introduction to Australian conservation issues and You may choose to stay at Bimbi Park, to partake in one of
wildlife management the many nature walks around Bimbi Park, to ride horses
(depending on how many are interested), or it may be possible
You need no specific skills, and all tasks will be explained
to arrange a trip to the Twelve Apostles. This is generally
fully by the Earthwatch scientist once the team arrives on site.
discussed in the first few days, and a group decision is made
However, a high level of fitness is required due to distances
on what activity everyone would like to do.
walked and nature of the vegetation and terrain.
A general day consists of an early breakfast and then packing DRIVING POLICY
lunch for a full day in the field. The team will complete various
Participants who have driven themselves to the project may
research tasks throughout the day. In general, expect to walk
not drive whilst on the project. This includes time that has been
several kilometres per day, carrying your own pack containing
designated as non-research time. Participants who ignore
personal items, water and food. Heavier equipment (e.g., climbing
this policy and do drive or ride in another participant’s vehicle
and catching kits) will only occasionally be carried into sites.
during the project will be doing so at their own risk and will
The work will be carried out in various conditions, ranging from
not be covered under the Earthwatch insurance policy for
undulating, flat forested or heath areas to sandy or thickly vegetated
the expedition.
(especially bracken) areas which can make walking difficult.
Cape Otway is a cool to cold and wet region. Consequently the
research team must collect data in most weather—wherever
it is safe to do so.
EARTHWATCH RECREATIONAL TIME POLICY
Project staff will generally accompany participants from the rendezvous to the end of the expedition. For recreational days,
when no research activities are scheduled, Earthwatch scientists will offer either a team activity or a range of recreational
activities that comply with Earthwatch standards. Participants may also remain at project accommodations. Those who pursue
other options must sign a release form.
If there is a period of time during a regular research day when no research activities are scheduled, adult participants may
leave the project site on their own; they will have to sign out first. Unless contacted for help, project staff will not search for
a participant unless he or she fails to appear the following morning or for the next scheduled research activity.
Earthwatch will assess the general risks of adult participants leaving the project site, but cannot guarantee participant safety
or an awareness of all issues. In some cases, due to local conditions, adult participants may have to stay at the project site
during recreational time, which will be clearly communicated on site.
10 Conserving Koala Country 2014ITINERARY AND DAILY SCHEDULE
Weather and research needs can lead to changes in
the daily schedule. We appreciate your cooperation
TYPICAL DAY IN THE FIELD
and understanding. Time of Day Activity
7:00 a.m. Breakfast and make lunch
DAY 1: Meet at rendezvous and drive to Bimbi Park
DAYS 2–5: Field Work 8:00 a.m. Morning research activity
12:00 p.m. Packed lunch in the field
DAY 6: Recreational Day
1:00 p.m. Afternoon research activity
DAYS 7–9: Field Work 5:30 p.m. Return to base camp, clean and organize gear,
data entry, recreational time
DAY 10:Pack up and clean cabins.
Leave Bimbi Park by 9:00 a.m. 7:00 p.m. Dinner
8:00 p.m. Scientist presentation, night research activity,
data entry, or free time
Conserving Koala Country 2014 11ACCOMMODATIONS AND FOOD
ABOUT YOUR HOME IN THE FIELD
You’ll stay at Bimbi Park, which is a holiday park at Cape Otway, It may be possible to accommodate couples together upon request
in proximity to the Great Ocean Road. The park is conveniently if enough notice is provided. Please note that this option is
located within the study area. It is sheltered among tall manna dependent on team numbers and availability of the accommodation
gum trees, far away from the wearing noise of towns and traffic, at the time of the team and cannot be guaranteed.
and offers great opportunities for spotting wildlife such as
Bedding and towels are provided, but during the September
koalas, possums, kangaroos, echidnas, approximately
trip, bringing your own sleeping bag is recommended if you
70 species of birds and many more.
feel the cold.
The Bimbi Park facilities include tourist information, shop
with basic groceries, coin operated laundry, pay phone, BATHROOMS
Internet access, and covered BBQ areas. Each deluxe cabin contains a bathroom with one toilet and
The Earthwatch teams are scheduled during off-peak times, shower, which will be shared by all participants. There is also
which should mean that the camp is quieter. However, there will a shower and toilet block close by which is open to all holiday
be other guests staying at the park that are not associated with park guests.
the Earthwatch project, and so the team will need to respect
other campers and keep noise to a minimum. ELECTRICITY
Cabins are supplied with 24-hour access to electricity. All
SLEEPING rooms are equipped with working power sockets. The kitchen is
Participants will be housed in deluxe cabins that sleep up to equipped with a refrigerator, a gas stove, and a sink connected
six people in three bedrooms. Each room will be twin share to running water. Most cabins are well insulated and double
and single sex. Cabins are self contained with a fully equipped glazed and therefore air conditioning is not necessary. There are
kitchen and modern bathroom. Pillows and bed linen will fans available during warm days and gas heaters for use during
be provided. cooler nights.
12 Conserving Koala Country 2014INTERNET AND COMMUNICATIONS Evening meals will be cooked by the team. A dinner roster will
be established on the first day, and then all team members must
Bimbi Park offers wireless Internet access for those who wish
participate in the preparation and cooking of meals according to
to bring laptops or smart phones.
the roster. Cabins have self equipped kitchens and dining areas
Mobile phone reception is poor within the park, but there is a that create to a fun, social atmosphere. Evening meals will be
public pay phone available. Mobile phone coverage is good hearty and comprise meats, vegetables, pastas, and desserts.
outside of the holiday park and at the research sites, depending
Tea and coffee will also be readily available at the
on which network you are connected with. Telstra Mobile tends
accommodation.
to have the best coverage in Australia. Teams of volunteers on
site will communicate via UHF radio. Below are examples of the foods you might expect in the field.
Variety depends on availability. This list provides a general idea
For further information on the Bimbi Park, see bimbipark.com.
of food types, but please be flexible.
au or visit them on Facebook at facebook.com/Bimbipark.
DISTANCE TO FIELD SITE BREAKFAST: Cereals, toast and spreads, fresh fruit, and yoghurt
The main field site is based at Bimbi Park and is a 15 minute
LUNCH: Sandwich meats, spreads and salads, cheese, fresh
walk from the accommodation. Heavy equipment can be driven
fruit, muesli bars
down to this site when needed. Other field sites vary in distance
from Bimbi Park, but are no further than a 25-minute drive. DINNER: Pasta, rice, meat, cooked vegetables, salads, sauces, etc.
SERVICES AND RESTAURANTS SNACKS: Crackers, fruits, sweet biscuits, muesli bars
IN WALKING DISTANCE
Bimbi Park is a 40-minute drive from the closest town of WATER: Fresh drinking water will always be available at the
Apollo Bay. There are no services available other than what accommodations. Water at Bimbi Park is untreated spring or
the park provides. rain water, and should be boiled before drinking. Some bottled
water will be provided.
FOOD
OTHER BEVERAGES: Coffee, tea, milk, fruit juices.
A menu will be planned and food purchased prior to each trip
(the nearest supermarket is approximately 40 minutes away). All team members are expected to help with house keeping.
The menu will take into account any special dietary needs of
team members and be relatively flexible to account for
Special Dietary Requirements
individual tastes and dislikes.
Please alert Earthwatch to any special dietary requirements
All team members will be responsible for making their own (e.g., vegetarian or vegan diets, diabetes, lactose intolerance,
continental breakfasts in the morning. nut or other serious food allergies) as soon as possible, and
Lunch will be had in the field, and participants and project staff note them in the space provided on your volunteer forms.
will be expected to make their own sandwiches in the morning Accommodating special diets is not guaranteed and can be very
before departing. Fruit and snack foods (e.g., muesli bars) will difficult due to availability of food, location of field sites, and
be available during the day. other local conditions.
Conserving Koala Country 2014 13TRAVEL TIPS
SUGGESTIONS FOR THE ROAD
LUGGAGE YOUR DESTINATION
If your luggage is delayed, please tell your airline to send it to: LANGUAGE: English
BIMBI PARK ELECTRICITY: 240 volts, 50 Hz, three-pronged plug with flat blades.
90 Manna Gum Drive, Cape Otway VIC 3233 For additional information, see kropla.com/electric2.htm.
+61 (0) 3 5237 9246
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS: Do not bring more luggage than
you can carry and handle on your own. If travelling by air and
checking your luggage, we advise you to pack an extra set of
field clothing and personal essentials in your carry-on bag in
case your luggage is lost or delayed. Many airlines have strict
baggage policies. Please check with your airline(s) on baggage
weight limits, liquid restrictions, fees for checked baggage, etc.
CHECKING LUGGAGE: Please note that if you will be taking an
international flight that has one or more connections within the
TIME ZONE: UTC/GMT +10 hours. For time worldwide with
country of your destination, you must collect any checked bags
GMT/UTC, see worldtimeserver.com.
at the airport where you first arrive in the destination country.
After proceeding through customs, you will have to recheck TELEPHONE DIALLING CODES: When calling Australia from
your luggage before flying on to your final destination. another country, dial the country’s international dialling code,
followed by 61 and the number. When calling within Australia,
MONEY MATTERS omit the 61. When calling another country from Australia dial
0011, followed by the other country’s country code and the
PERSONAL FUNDS: You may wish to bring some cash (AUD$) number. PLEASE NOTE: you should check with your mobile
to buy snacks and beverages before entering the park, or for phone provider to obtain any carrier-specific dialling codes you
purchase of small items at Bimbi Park. There will be a may need; many providers have dialling procedures that may
recreational day scheduled into the program, so you can enjoy differ in whole or in part from these directions. For additional
some of the scenic attractions the Great Ocean Road has to offer. information see kropla.com/dialcode.htm
If you wish to participate, please bring money for entrance fees
(approx. $15 to $20 per adult), and possibly souvenirs. Also, you
may want money if you wish to have more than a packed lunch
on this day. Pub or café lunches in Australia cost approximately
$20AUD per person. For those travelling from overseas,
airports and most major towns will offer banks and/or exchange
bureaus during business hours, as well as ATMs for cash
withdrawals (please check with your bank beforehand to see
if yours cards are compatible with Australian ATMs). In most
locations you can use EFTPOS or credit cards for large
purchases but smaller purchases are paid for with cash.
LOCAL CURRENCY: Australian Dollars. See xe.com/ucc
for currency information and exchange rates.
14 Conserving Koala Country 2014PASSPORTS AND VISAS
WILL YOU NEED A PASSPORT? WHERE TO GET A VISA: Depending on which visa you are
Yes. In most cases, your passport must be valid for a eligible for, you can apply for it online at immi.gov.au/ or
minimum of six months after the date of entry into the contact the nearest Australian embassy or consulate to
country you are visiting. find out how to apply. This process can take weeks or even
months. We strongly recommend using a visa agency,
WILL YOU NEED A VISA? which can expedite and simplify the process.
Citizens of every nation except for Australia and New
SUGGESTED AGENCIES
Zealand need to apply for a Visa to enter Australia. There
are 3 types of tourist visas available for various nations IN THE U.S.: Travisa; 212-613-2223; travisa.com
(ETA, EVisitor & Visitor subclass 600). You can complete IN EUROPE: CIBT, Inc. (U.K.) uk.cibt.com
a questionnaire directly on the Australian Immigration
website immi.gov.au/visawizard/ that will determine which IN AUSTRALIA: Ask your travel agency if it can send your
of these visas is right for you. Alternatively you can also visa application on your behalf.
check with your local travel agent or a visa agency to find COST OF A VISA: If you are a EU passport holder, your visa
out. Participants are advised to check visa regulations will generally be for free. Other visas can cost AU$20 or
well in advance of travelling. even AU$115 in some circumstances. A visa agency will
charge an additional fee.
INFORMATION FOR VOLUNTEERS
CONTACT INFORMATION: You may be required to list the
REQUIRING VISAS ONLY
following contact information on your visa application and
TYPE OF VISA TO GET: TOURIST immigration form:
The purpose of your visit is for vacation, holiday or travel. Cassandra Nichols
Immigration officials do not always understand the concept Earthwatch Australia
of a “working vacation” or “volunteering.” Words such 126 Bank Street
as “working,” “volunteering,” “research,” or “scientific South Melbourne
expedition” can raise questions concerning the country’s VIC 3205, Australia
foreign labour laws and about official scientific research EMAIL: cnichols@earthwatch.org.au
permits and credentials, etc., to which volunteers will PH.: +61 (0) 3 8102 1210
not be equipped to respond on their own. All required
research permits for the project are in place and have
been approved by the proper authorities.
Conserving Koala Country 2014 15PROJECT CONDITIONS
THE FIELD ENVIRONMENT
GENERAL CONDITIONS Field clothing should be able to withstand cold wet conditions
The information provided is as accurate as possible, but please and abrasion from coarse vegetation and branches.
keep in mind that once in the field conditions may change. Temperature at the research site during months of February,
Work will be carried out in various conditions from moderate September, and November should be mild with average day-
slopes, to undulating or flat country. Ground conditions are time maximum temperatures of around 16º to 22ºC (60.8ºF–
difficult, however. The ground vegetation is often composed 71.6ºF) and night-time temperatures dropping to minimums of
of thick fern or dense shrubs to head height or beyond. In approximately 10ºC (50ºF). There is a good chance of rainfall at
the moister forests fallen timber and wet gullies at further the site during spring (September). Average temperatures and
complexity as the team climbs over or works around fallen rainfall for the region are outlined in the table below.
logs or carefully negotiates the muddy banks of minor streams. Those who are unaccustomed to bush walking may find the first
Usually there are no paths to follow – although Desley or few days a bit tiring and should pace themselves accordingly.
Alistair may lead the team and open a path. Consequently Volunteers should prepare themselves by exercising prior to the
our work can be quite strenuous requiring patience, stamina, trip, with an emphasis on strengthening leg muscles and ankles
good balance and keen eyesight. This is true bush walking and improving their cardio-resipiratory fitness.
with moments of great beauty with grand tall forests, delicate
fern gullies and great mossy logs. Imagine the first European ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
explorers or the local indigenous people traversing these
All participants must be able, independently or with the
landscapes! So, although the team may only walk a few
assistance of a companion, to:
kilometres a day a lot of energy can be expended. However,
koalas do use these landscapes which form the majority of qF
ollow verbal and/or visual instructions.
koala habitat in the Otway region. So understanding koala qE
njoy being outdoors all day in all types of weather. Weather
utilisation of these plant communities is fundamental to in Cape Otway can be very unpredictable and change quickly.
determining how to manage for conservation of the species. Volunteers must be able to work in both rain and hot weather.
The Australian sun can be extremely harmful and volunteers
Prospective volunteers need to be prepared to follow the PI
must be prepared to take precautions against over exposure.
off the beaten track and explore the bush. They need to have
moderate levels of aerobic fitness, good balance, moderate qE
njoy being in the presence of wild animals and insects.
Volunteers will encounter numerous biting insects and
stamina with sound knees and ankles as well as being prepared
leeches, so anyone at risk of severe allergic reactions to
for the occasional trip and fall.
insect bites or who has phobias related to insects should
consider this carefully when deciding to join the project,
and plan to bring any necessary medication.
CONDITIONS
qW
ork outside for up to nine hours per day in various terrains:
undulating, flat forested or heath areas, sandy or thickly
Conditions are expected to vary within the limits below: vegetated, bracken areas and steep inclines which can make
Conditions walking difficult.
Feb. Sept. Nov.
during qL
ook up to search for animals in the trees while moving
Mean through the dense vegetation, steering clear of obstacles
66-73% 69-71 % 63-72%
Humidity: and sharp branches.
Temperature 14-22ºC 9-15 ºC 11-18 ºC qC
arry personal daily supplies such as lunch, water, and some
Range: (57.2-71.6ºF) (48.2-59ºF) (51.8-64.4ºF) small field equipment.
Mean 41mm 88 mm 63mm qB
e honest to themselves and other team members about
Rainfall: (1.6 in) (3.5 in) (2.5 in) their ability to work in certain terrain and their level of fatigue.
16 Conserving Koala Country 2014POTENTIAL HAZARDS
Hazard Type Associated Risks and Precautions
Transportation Vehicles will be driven on unsealed roads and on occasion will be taken off road in order to reach research
sites. All vehicles are equipped with airbags, seatbelts, fire extinguisher, spare tires, first-aid kit, mobile
phone, and UHF radios. Only experienced project staff will drive vehicles. Passengers must wear seatbelts
at all times whilst the vehicle is in motion. Night driving will be limited, and not on main highways. Off-road
driving will only be done by off-road-equipped vehicles. Participants are not allowed to drive (including their
own vehicles) whilst on an Earthwatch team.
Walking/Hiking/ The work will be carried out in various terrains, some of which can make walking difficult. Participants
Climbing should bring/wear appropriate footwear whilst doing field work. Sturdy boots and gaiters are recommended.
Participants will be instructed to be careful when walking through the bush & forest and to watch for low lying
vegetation, burrows, and woody debris. Be cautious walking up and down the stairs at the accommodations,
especially at night.
Terrain Participants may collide with low level branches whilst in the field, or branches may fall unexpectedly causing
head or eye injury. Watch out for low level branches and twigs, and do not walk through the bush with your
head down. If there are high wind conditions, field work in densely wooded areas will be reconsidered. You
must wear long pants and long-sleeved shirts when working in the field to protect from scratches and cuts.
Animals Venomous snakes, spiders, and scorpions are present at research sites. If a snake is encountered, move in
the opposite direction and do not try to kill or capture the snake. Only scientists who are fully qualified and
trained may handle poisonous animals. Sand flies, common bush ticks, stinging ants, mosquitoes, centipedes,
bees, and wasps are also present. Apply insect repellent as needed. Centipede bites can be quite painful and
should be treated with first aid. Wear long trousers and long-sleeved shirts when in the field, and wear sturdy,
closed-toe footwear; watch where you step; check your sleeping area before going to bed; and shake out
shoes and clothing before wearing.
During koala catches, safety equipment (hard hats, safety glasses) will be provided for those assisting. Koalas
are aggressive when captured and are capable of inflicting severe wounds. You must wear long-sleeved shirts
and pants while handling them.
Leeches may also be present in some areas but they can be easily removed, and most often prevented from
attaching if wearing gaiters and/or strong insect repellent.
Climate/Weather Temperatures should generally be mild, but long days in the sun can lead to dehydration and/or other illness.
Bring appropriate clothing, wear sunscreen and hats when working outdoors, and bring and drink plenty of
water. If you start to feel unwell, notify a project staff member immediately, rest in a shaded area, and drink
water.
If it rains for more than a day or temperatures are high, research may need to be ceased as weather
conditions will affect the safety of field work. Bring your their wet-weather gear into the field if rainy
conditions are predicted.
Plants Some plants found at research sites may cause allergic reactions or discomfort. Again, wear long trousers
and long-sleeved shirts when in the field. You will be warned on site about any irritating plants you may
encounter. Do not eat any plants, berries, or mushrooms and be careful of thorny or prickly vegetation.
Distance from The nearest hospital is 30 kilometres away from the project site, and it may take up to one hour to arrange
Medical Care transport and reach the hospital. If you have a chronic condition which could require immediate medical care
(e.g., heart conditions, kidney problems, severe asthma, etc.), or if you are pregnant, please discuss your
participation on this expedition with your physician.
Conserving Koala Country 2014 17SAFETY
HEALTH INFORMATION
ROUTINE IMMUNIZATIONS
All volunteers should make sure to have the following up-to-date
immunizations: DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus), polio, MMR
(measles, mumps, rubella) and varicella (if you have not already
had chicken pox). Please be sure your tetanus shot is current.
Medical decisions are the responsibility of each volunteer
and his or her doctor, and the following are recommendations
only. Earthwatch can only provide details regarding suggested
vaccinations, and we are not a medical organization.
Traveller’s diarrhoea affects many international travellers. You
can decrease your risk by practicing good hygiene and drinking
only bottled or filtered water when appropriate.
For more information, consult your physician, a local travel
health clinic, the U.S. Center for Disease Control (cdc.gov) and/
or the World Health Organization (who.int).
STAFF CERTIFIED IN SAFETY TRAINING
CPR: Dr. Desley Whisson, Dr. Alistair Melzer,
PROJECT VACCINATIONS Earthwatch staff member
REQUIRED: If travelling from countries or region where FIRST AID: Dr. Desley Whisson, Dr. Alistair Melzer,
yellow fever is endemic, you must have a certificate of Earthwatch staff member
vaccination.
NEAREST HOSPITAL AND CLINIC
NAME: Apollo Bay Hospital
ADDRESS: 75 McLachlan Street, Apollo Bay VIC 3233 Australia
TEL: + 61 (3) 5237 8500
Note: Any prescription medication brought into Australia
FAX: +61 (3) 5237 6172
needs to be accompanied with a letter from your doctor
for Customs Inspection purposes. For further information Travel time from project site: 30 kilometres; 40 minutes
the regulation of medications, please see:
tga.gov.au/consumers/travellers.htm#.UrixVqVUs8M. INSURANCE
Medical attention, of high quality, will be sought should Travel insurance is included in the contribution you pay to
any serious ailments occur. Earthwatch. The insurance covers your travel medical risks,
including medical expenses and emergency medical evacuation,
while you are traveling. It also provides trip cancellation insurance
EMERGENCIES IN THE FIELD and baggage and personal money insurance. This insurance
policy is secondary to your existing health insurance policy.
Medical facilities are available in Apollo Bay (30 kilometres
from the site), or for after-hour emergencies at the hospital Refer any queries regarding Earthwatch’s travel policy to our
in Colac (91 kilometres from the site). These towns will be insurance liaison at +1 (978) 450-1222 or insurance@earthwatch.org.
not routinely visited during the project. Volunteers should
If you booked through Earthwatch Australia, please contact them at
ensure that they carry sufficient quantities of any prescribed
+61 (0) 9016 7590 or earth@earthwatch.org.au for any queries.
medication, painkillers, etc. to last for the duration. A first-aid
kit will be available on site, and basic items may be available For more information, please see earthwatch.org/expeditions/
from the campground shop. travel-insurance.
18 Conserving Koala Country 2014EMERGENCY MEDICAL AND
EVACUATION ASSISTANCE EARTHWATCH’S 24-HOUR EMERGENCY
For emergency assistance in the field, please contact Earthwatch’s HOTLINE (OUTSIDE AUSTRALIA)
24-hour emergency hotline number highlighted in the box. If you
have booked through any Earthwatch office outside Australia, Call Earthwatch’s 24-hour on-call duty officer in the U.S.:
you may contact our provider, Healix International, in the event +1 (978) 461-0081
of a medical/evacuation emergency or for routine medical and
+1 (800) 776-0188 (toll-free for calls placed from within the US)
travel advice, such as advice on visas and vaccine requirements.
Volunteers booking through the Australia office, please contact
HEALIX INTERNATIONAL:
them at their hotline number for all emergencies.
+44 (20) 3667-8991 (collect calls/ reverse charges accepted)
US TOLL FREE: 1 (877) 759 3917
UK FREE PHONE: 0(800) 197 5180
EMAIL: earthwatch@healix.com
EARTHWATCH’S 24-HOUR EMERGENCY
HOTLINE (WITHIN AUSTRALIA):
+61 (0) 3-8508-5537
After business hours, leave a message with our live
answering service. State that you have an emergency
and give the name of your expedition, your name, the
location from which you are calling, and if possible, a
phone number where you can be reached. An Earthwatch
staff person will respond to your call within one hour.
Conserving Koala Country 2014 19PROJECT STAFF
YOUR RESOURCES IN THE FIELD
DR. DESLEY WHISSON, Lecturer in Wildlife and Conservation Biology, School of Life and Environmental
Sciences, Deakin University. Desley first began working with koalas in 2004 when she was a wildlife officer
with the South Australian government on Kangaroo Island, South Australia. She continued her research on
koalas (with the help of students) in 2007 when she joined Deakin University. In addition to koalas, Desley
is also fascinated by the alpine region and its wildlife and has a number of research projects underway in
Victoria’s high country. Desley is originally from Brisbane, Queensland but has spent much of her working
life overseas, conducting research on a diversity of wildlife species in Mexico and the U.S. She moved back
to Australia in 2004 to reconnect with her roots.
Desley will join Teams 1 and 3.
DR. ALISTAIR MELZER, Adjunct research Fellow at Central Queensland Universiy’s Koala Research Centre
of Central Queensland within the School of Medical and Applied Sciences in Rockhampton. Alistair has been
working with koalas since 1988 and is a terrestrial ecologist with interests in sustainable land management
and the conservation of Australia’s flora and fauna. His staff and students work on projects related to the
koala, bridled nail-tail wallaby, and the hairy-nosed wombat as well as habitat restoration and ecosystem
management programs. He lives in the bush east of Rockhampton in Central Queensland with his wife and
abundant wildlife (including possums, scrub turkeys, frogs and dingoes).
Alistair will join Team 2.
EARTHWATCH FIELD STAFF, An Earthwatch Australia team leader will be present on every team to assist with operational
management, to provide logistical support and oversee the safety of the project and its participants.
20 Conserving Koala Country 2014RECOMMENDED READING
YOUR RESOURCES AT HOME
SCIENTIFIC MEDIA
BOOK SOCIAL MEDIA
Martin, R., Handasyde, K. The Koala: Natural History, EARTHWATCH AUSTRALIA
Conservation and Management. Sydney, UNSW Press, 1999. Find Earthwatch on Facebook at facebook.com/
EarthwatchAustralia, follow us on Twitter at
ARTICLE @earthwatch_aus, and see videos of many Earthwatch
expeditions on YouTube at youtube.com/user/EarthWebBoy.
Melzer A., Carrick F., Menkhorst P., Lunney D. and St
If you’re on Twitter, use the hashtag “#ecopulse” when in
John B. Overview, critical assessment and conservation
the field with Earthwatch to help literally put your work on
implications of koala distribution and abundance.
the map of worldwide volunteering efforts.
Conservation Biology 14 (3) 619-628, 2000.
EARTHWATCH INTERNATIONAL
The National Koala Conservation Strategy 2009-
2014: environment.gov.au/resource/national-koala- Find Earthwatch on Facebook at facebook.com/
conservation-and-management-strategy-2009-2014first- Earthwatch, follow us on Twitter at @earthwatch_org,
implementation-report. and see videos of many Earthwatch expeditions on YouTube
at youtube.com/earthwatchinstitute. If you’re on Twitter,
use the hashtag “#globaltweet” when in the field with
WEBSITES Earthwatch to help literally put your work on the map
Desley has created a blog that discusses the achievements of worldwide volunteering efforts.
of each expedition, explains koala issues in Cape Otway,
and gives updates on each of the individual koalas: http://
otwaykoalas.blogspot.com.au/
BIMBI PARK: bimbipark.com.au
SKYBUS: skybus.com.au/
VICTORIA PUBLIC TRANSPORT: viclink.com.au/
Conserving Koala Country 2014 21PARTICIPANT RIGHTS
AND RESPONSIBILITIES
Conversely, an Earthwatch scientist may give written permission
to use data and images for academic or profitable activity. Please
be sure to ask what is acceptable to the Earthwatch scientist.
Fellows or scholarship recipients are sometimes required to
submit a written report reflecting what they have learned on
a project, sometimes as a step toward developing a curriculum.
Earthwatch scientists have the right but not the obligation to
review and edit materials involving information gathered on
one of their expeditions.
DISCRIMINATION
Earthwatch does not discriminate on the basis of race,
religion, ethnicity, national origin, gender, sexual orientation,
or any other reason prohibited by applicable law and respects
participants’ right to privacy. However, you must be aware that
local laws in countries in which Earthwatch operates may not
This document contains important information concerning be antidiscriminatory and that the possibility exists that local
Earthwatch Institute policies and participant rights and residents may not have an awareness of preferred practice
responsibilities for inclusion in an Earthwatch expedition. regarding discrimination.
Please read this document thoroughly and sign the Liability Discrimination on the basis of race, religion, ethnicity, national
Release section of your Earthwatch Participation Form to origin, gender, or sexual orientation will not be tolerated on
indicate that you understand and accept the risks inherent to Earthwatch teams. Disruptive behavior or verbal, physical,
your expedition and the policies, rights, and responsibilities or any other type of abuse or harassment will also not be
enumerated in this document. You will not be permitted to tolerated. Violation of Earthwatch’s nondiscrimination policy
participate in an expedition until Earthwatch has received is grounds for expulsion from the program without a refund.
the signed release form.
INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS Earthwatch scientists, their staff, their colleagues, and their
It is permissible to share photos, videos, and stories of your associates are prohibited from becoming romantically involved
expedition with family, friends, local media, and in a public with participants during the entire duration of the period that the
forum. Sharing your new perspectives and experiences is team is in the field. Romantic relationships that may otherwise
welcomed and encouraged. seem permissible may eventually create an unpleasant or
However, please recognize that all information, data, and images unproductive work environment and are therefore prohibited
shared or gathered in the course of your expedition’s field work for the duration of an Earthwatch project.
become the intellectual property of the Earthwatch scientist.
Co-opting or plagiarism of data, images, or information gathered SEXUAL HARASSMENT
during an expedition for use in a scientific thesis, master’s, or Please recognize that the relationship that exists between
PhD work, or for profit or for the academic or business use of a Earthwatch scientists and staff and participants is analogous
third party without the permission of the Earthwatch scientist is to the student-teacher relationship. Therefore, please be
strictly prohibited. Please be aware that data gathered during the aware of the following policies.
interviewing of local people become the intellectual property of Sexual harassment of participants by the Earthwatch scientist
the Earthwatch scientist. Earthwatch scientists have the right or Earthwatch staff is prohibited. Likewise, sexual harassment
to place additional restrictions on your ability to share data or of other participants, Earthwatch field staff, or local people
certain research-related images. by participants is also prohibited.
22 Conserving Koala Country 2014Any individual who feels subjected to sexual harassment or
has any knowledge of such behavior should report it at once to the
Earthwatch scientist, Field Team Leader, or other Earthwatch
staff member. The Earthwatch scientist or Field Team Leader
will notify Earthwatch when an accusation of sexual harassment
or abuse is made or when such conduct is witnessed.
All reports of sexual harassment will be handled with discretion
and will be promptly and thoroughly investigated. Any participant
who is found to have engaged in conduct constituting sexual
harassment will be removed from the expedition at his or her
own expense. If a minor is involved in allegations of sexual
harassment, his or her parents or guardians will be contacted.
DRUGS
Laws on drug use in most countries are severe and may impose
lengthy prison terms or the death penalty. The manufacture,
possession, use, purchase, or sale of illegal drugs or other
illegal substances while on an Earthwatch expedition is strictly
prohibited. Prescription drugs may only be purchased and used
by the individual indicated on the prescription in keeping with
their intended use guidelines.
Sexual harassment infringes on an individual’s right to an ALCOHOL
environment free from unsolicited and unwelcome sexual Local statutes, customs, practices, ordinances, and regulations
overtones of conduct either verbal or physical. Sexual with regard to the use, possession, sale, or purchase of alcohol
harassment does not mean occasional compliments of are applicable to all participants and project staff on Earthwatch
a socially acceptable nature. expeditions. Participants and project staff on Earthwatch
expeditions must comply with the law of the country in which a
Sexual harassment refers to conduct which is offensive,
project is located regarding the minimum age required to consume
which harms morale, or which interferes with the effectiveness
alcohol. In addition, restriction on the use, possession, sale, or
of Earthwatch expedition teams; such conduct is prohibited.
purchase of alcohol may be set by the Earthwatch scientist. Any
Lewd or vulgar remarks, suggestive comments, displaying
restrictions on the consumption of alcohol should be clearly
derogatory posters, cartoons, or drawings, pressure for dates
outlined by the project staff in the on-site briefing to participants
or sexual favors, and unacceptable physical contact or exposure
at the start of the project and in the expedition briefing.
are examples of what can constitute harassment. No one
should be touched in areas that would be covered by a bathing Consumption or possession of alcohol or smoking is not permitted
suit. It is important to realize that what may not be offensive on any Earthwatch Teen Team, regardless of local law.
to you may be offensive to participants, the local population, Excessive consumption of alcohol by staff or participants is
or Earthwatch field staff. not acceptable on any Earthwatch project. Intoxication can
jeopardize personal safety, in addition to the safety of the team.
It can also cause delay and hinder response in the event of
a crisis or emergency situation.
Conserving Koala Country 2014 23Earthwatch staff and the Earthwatch scientist have the discretion as our regular teams, but with more facilitation and support.
to remove individuals from the project who consume alcohol in a Exceptions for some projects may be made at the discretion
time and manner that endanger the safety and/or productivity of of Earthwatch and the Earthwatch scientist. Due to a more
the expedition. in-depth screening process for certain programs that select
candidates based on school year rather than age, there may be
MINORS 18-year-olds fielding on the same team as 15-, 16- and 17-year-
Earthwatch considers participants less than eighteen (18) years olds. Please be aware that some Earthwatch projects do not
of age to be minors. Minors are not permitted to participate allow participation by minors in any circumstance.
on any of Earthwatch’s standard teams unless accompanied
by a parent or legal guardian, in which case the minimum age PARTICIPANTS AND DRIVING
is fifteen (15). Guardians accompanying minors on standard Participants are not allowed to drive project vehicles (including
teams must be 21 years of age or over. Minors on standard motorcycles or all terrain vehicles) or aircraft during an
teams do not receive additional guidance or supervision from expedition. In select circumstances, participants may be able
Earthwatch beyond what is offered to the adult participants. to drive boats under the direct supervision by project staff.
The total number of minors on standard teams may be limited These circumstances are predetermined by project staff in
on a project by project basis; this will be noted in the expedition collaboration with Earthwatch. Participants must respect the
briefing. A maximum of two minors may accompany each parent restrictions for boat driving in place for each project.
or guardian on a standard or Family Team. Earthwatch has If a project environment is such that participants can drive
developed teams specifically for 15-, 16- and 17-year-olds their own vehicles to the rendezvous, those who have driven
(“Teen Teams”) as well as teams specifically for families (“Family themselves to the project may not drive their own vehicles to,
Teams”) with children as young as 10 years. These teams focus from, or for project activities, including the transport of project
on the same research activities and have the same expectations equipment after arriving at the site.
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