COMPUTER SOCIETY OF ZIMBABWE SUMMER SCHOOL 2018: VIC FALLS - CSZ Summer School
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COMPUTER SOCIETY OF ZIMBABWE
SUMMER SCHOOL 2018: VIC FALLS
07-10 November 2018
“EVERYTHING ICT – THE DIGITAL AGE & CYBER SECURITY”
RUFARO E. MHANDU
SENIOR ASSOCIATE
CRIMINAL LAW & CYBERLAW SPECIALIST
MUVINGI AND MUGADZA LEGAL PRACTITIONERS
www.mmmlawfirm.co.zw
rmhandu@mmmlawfirm.co.zw
0717717567/ 0771417458
Worldwide, the ever-increasing surge of
technology has brought with it a myriad of
legal problems - D.P. van der Merwe at al,
Information and Communications Technology
Law, 2nd Edition, 2016, Lexis Nexis: South
Africa
An Analytical Approach To Cybersecurity And Cybercrime From A Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age In Zimbabwe • Statistics gathered by the Ministry of Information Communication Technology and Cybersecurity when they drafted the Zimbabwe National Policy on Information and Communication Technology shows that the number of ICT users is escalating as technology continues to evolve. • According to the Ministry, as at 31 December 2015, mobile users had risen to 95.4% and internet use had risen to 45%. From a cybersecurity perspective, the need for legislative intervention regulating internet activities is a matter of urgency. • The legal landscape itself has been evolving greatly with a surge of cybercrimes being reported to the police daily. A look at the nature of offences being reported is a cry in itself for legislative intervention. • The legislature needs to engage the computer science experts in order to craft technologically sound legislation and governance. The role to be played by the computer science community should not be undermined.
An Analytical Approach To Cybersecurity And Cybercrime From A Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age In Zimbabwe • This must occur as a team work. The legislative office of the Attorney General’s Office needs to engage the computer science experts. • The development of the Cybercrime and Cybersecurity Bill shows very little engagement between the stakeholders: litigants, computer science experts and the investigator. Without the experts’ input, the legislation cannot be amplified to the optimum. • Current legislation is inadequate towards governance of cyberspace activities. Proposed legislation needs serious revision. • Whilst imploring a legislative perspective to cybersecurity and cybercrime, it will be an injustice to our legal system if we overlook the importance of cyberforensics in this equation. • Again, the role of computer science experts cannot be overemphasized nor overlooked. In order to develop an effective procedural legislation to govern gathering of evidence using cyberforensics and cyber forensic related aspects, the Zimbabwe Republic Police burdened with the investigative mandate must continue to undergo rigorous cyberforensic training.
Report on the world’s legislative landscape in 2000 by McConnell International LLC:
Report on Africa’s legislative landscape by OAfrica on the 3rd of October 2012: Botswana: • Cybercrime and Computer Related Crimes Bill 2007 • Financial Intelligence 2008 • e-Legislation Committee formed in 2010 • Chapter 08:06 cybercrime and computer related crimes act Ghana: • Electronic Transaction Act (2008) • Criminal Code Act 29/60 Section 131 for Cybercrime Prosecution • MoC is drafting a national Cyber Security Strategy • e-Crime Project Kenya: • Kenya Information and Communication Act • Kenya Communications Regulations, 2001 (Broadcasting, 2009) • No national cyber security policy in place yet Morocco: • Morocco Numeric 2013 contains a variety of acts addressing information and cyber security Mozambique: • National Cybersecurity Management System is in the process of being implemented • Electronic Transactions Act
Report on Africa’s legislative landscape by OAfrica on the 3rd of October 2012: Namibia: • Computer Misuse and Cybercrime Act 2003 • Electronic Transactions and Communications Bill Nigeria: • Harmonized Cybersecurity Bill 2011 (ready for National Assembly) • Nigerian Cyber-Crime Working Group Initiative Sudan: • Cyber Crime Law of 2007 • Electronic transactions law (2007) • Informatics Crimes Law 2007 • CERT Sudan Tunisia: • National Plan and Strategy in IT (2003) • Law on protection of Privacy and Personal Information (2004) • Law on Electronic signature and e-commerce (2000) • Law Against Cyber-Crimes • Law related to IT Security (2004) Zimbabwe: • No law on cyber crime
Report on the world’s legislative landscape by David Banisar in January 2018:
LEGISLATION CONVENTION
•Legislation is the law or body of rules •A convention is an agreement in
that has been enacted by the legislature international law that is made between
or any governing body that has the countries to address particular legal
mandate to make the law in a country. issues of concern.
•Legislation also refers to a law that is yet •Member states agree to a convention by
to be enacted by the legislature or way of being signatories – signing the
governing body, known as a “bill”. convention, ratifying or acceding to the
convention (i.e. ratification or accession
of a convention).
•Legislation can be drafted in such a •The convention can set out how it is
manner so as to adopt principles deemed to come into force; subject to
contained in a convention. the provisions of various statutes of the
member states’ domestic laws.
•Member states can domesticate the
convention (done by legislation)
•Non-member states can adopt principles
contained in the convention during
legislative processes.An Analytical Approach To Cybersecurity And Cybercrime From A Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age In Zimbabwe World and Regional legislative perspective: • Budapest Convention – Convention on Cybercrime 2001 - Adopted at Budapest on the 23rd of November 2001 by the Council of Europe • Malabo Convention - African Union Convention on Cybersecurity and Personal Data 2012 - Adopted at the 23rd Ordinary Session of the Assembly held at Malabo in Equatorial Guinea on the 27th of June 2014
An Analytical Approach To Cybersecurity And Cybercrime From A Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age In Zimbabwe • BUDAPEST CONVENTION - Convention on cybercrime. - This convention can be acceded by any country. - This convention works as a guideline to countries in their law-making processes, regardless of them being member states or non-member states - An analysis of the laws in Zimbabwe, from the reading of the Cybersecurity and Cybercrime Bill, 2017; the legislature seemingly adopted the Budapest Convention.
An Analytical Approach To Cybersecurity And Cybercrime From A Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age In Zimbabwe BUDAPEST CONVENTION – PREAMBLE: • Convinced of the need to pursue, as a matter of priority, a common criminal policy aimed at the protection of society against cybercrime, inter alia, by adopting appropriate legislation and fostering international co-operation; • Conscious of the profound changes brought about by the digitalisation, convergence and continuing globalisation of computer networks; • Concerned by the risk that computer networks and electronic information may also be used for committing criminal offences and that evidence relating to such offences may be stored and transferred by these networks;
An Analytical Approach To Cybersecurity And Cybercrime From A Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age In Zimbabwe
An Analytical Approach To Cybersecurity And Cybercrime From
A Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age In Zimbabwe
Comparison between the provisions of the Budapest Convention and the Cybercrime and
Cybersecurity Bill, 2017 of Zimbabwe
Budapest convention Cybercrime and Cybersecurity Bill, 2017
Article Description Section Description
Art. 1 Definitions s3 Interpretation section
Art. 2 Illegal access s6; s8 Unlawful access; unlawful
acquisition of data.
Art. 3 Illegal interception s7 Unlawful interception of data.
Art. 4 Data interference s9 Unlawful interference with data
or data storage system
Art. 5 System interference s10; Unlawful interference with
s11 computer system; unlawful
disclosure of data codeAn Analytical Approach To Cybersecurity And Cybercrime From
A Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age In Zimbabwe
Comparison between the provisions of the Budapest Convention and the Cybercrime
and Cybersecurity Bill, 2017 of Zimbabwe
Budapest Convention Cybercrime and Cybersecurity Bill, 2017
Article Description Section Description
Art. 6 Misuse of devices s12 Unlawful use of data or
devices
Art. 7 Computer-related forgery s23 Cyber-forgery and
transmission thereof
Art. 8 Computer-related fraud s21; s24 Cyber-fraud; Computer-related
financial offences
Art. 9 Child pornography s30; s31 Child pornography; Exposing
children to pornography
Art. 10 IPR offences s25 Violation of intellectual PRs
Art. 12 Corporate liability s37 Obligations of service
providersAn Analytical Approach To Cybersecurity And Cybercrime From
A Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age In Zimbabwe
Comparison between the provisions of the Budapest Convention and the Cybercrime
and Cybersecurity Bill, 2017 of Zimbabwe
Budapest Convention Cybercrime and Cybersecurity Bill, 2017
Article Description Section Description
Art. 14 Scope and procedural s32 Application of procedural law
provisions
Art. 16 Expedited preservation s34 Expedited preservation
Art. 17 Expedited preservation & s35 Partial disclosure of traffic
partial disclosure of traffic data data
Art. 19 Search and seizure s33 Search and seizure
Art. 20 Real-time collection of traffic s36 Collection of traffic data
data
Art. 21 Interception of content data s35 Partial disclosure of data
Art. 22 Jurisdiction s38 JurisdictionAn Analytical Approach To Cybersecurity And Cybercrime From A Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age In Zimbabwe MALABO CONVENTION: • African Union Convention on Cybersecurity and Protection of Personal Data • Adopted , but not yet in effect because only 3 countries have ratified the Convention to date and 11 have signed it. • On the 17th of October 2018, the AU Commission, in particular Dr. Amani Abou-zeid reportedly urged the member states to ratify the Convention immediately. • This Convention needs 15 countries to ratify it in order to come into effect – article 36
MALABO CONVENTION: UPDATE ON MEMBER STATES
Countries Date signed Date ratified/ accession
1. Benin 28.01.15 -
2. Chad 14.06.15 -
3. Comoros 29.01.18 -
4. Congo 12.06.15 -
5. Ghana 04.07.15 -
6. Guinea-Bissou 31.01.15 -
7. Guinea - 31.07.18
8. Mozambique 29.06.18 -
9. Mauritania 26.02.15 -
10. Mauritius - 06.03.18
11. Senegal - 03.08.16
12. Sierra Leone 29.01.16 -
13. Zambia 29.01.16 -An Analytical Approach To Cybersecurity And Cybercrime From A Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age In Zimbabwe MALABO CONVENTION – PREAMBLE: • Guided by the Constitute Act of the African Union adopted in 2000. • The preamble of this Convention reflects that in its objectives and aims, it is intended that: - It establishes a legal framework for Cyber-security and Personal Data Protection which embodies the existing commitments of African Union Member States at sub-regional, regional and international levels to build the Information Society. - It reaffirms the commitment of member states to fundamental freedoms and human and peoples’ rights contained in the declarations, conventions and other instruments adopted within the framework of the African Union and the United Nations. - It establishes regulatory framework on cyber-security and personal data protection that takes into account the requirements of respects for the rights of citizens, guaranteed under the fundamental texts of domestic law and protected by international human rights Conventions and Treaties, particularly the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights.
An Analytical Approach To Cybersecurity And Cybercrime From A Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age In Zimbabwe MALABO CONVENTION – PREAMBLE: - It is also meant to regulate a particularly evolving technological domain, and also sets forth the security rules essential for establishing a credible digital space for electronic transactions, personal data protection and combating cybercrime. - That in terms of criminal procedural law, it defines the framework for the adaptation of the standard proceedings concerning information and telecommunication technologies and spells out the conditions for instituting proceedings specific to cybercrime. - It addresses the need for harmonized legislation in the area of cyber-security in member states of the African Union, and to establish in each State party a mechanism capable of combating violations of privacy that may be generated by personal data collection, processing, transmission, storage and use - It addresses the need for the protection under criminal law of the system values of the Information Society as a necessity prompted by security considerations; that is reflected primarily be the need for appropriate criminal legislation in the fight against cybercrime in general, and money laundering in particular;
An Analytical Approach To Cybersecurity And Cybercrime From A Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age In Zimbabwe SADC MODEL LAW: COMPUTER CRIME AND CYBERCRIME • This model is cited as an achievement of a regional activity carried out under the HIPSSA project (“Support to the Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Sahara Africa”) officially launched in Addis Ababa in December 2008 • Works as a template generated to guide states on the legal and regulatory framework to be adopted in creating ICT policies for their respective legal systems in addressing cybercrime. • A look at the incoming laws of Zimbabwe; particularly the Cybercrime and Cybersecurity Bill, 2017, the Data Protection Bill, 2013 and the Electronic Transactions and Electronic Commerce Bill, 2013; shows that the legislature adopted the outline set out in the SADC Model Law. • Initially sections 42, 43 and 44 of the Data Protection Act expressly showed that the legislature adopted the SADC Model Law, the influence was so apparent, but was later cancelled so as to accommodate international law.
An Analytical Approach To Cybersecurity And Cybercrime From
A Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age In Zimbabwe
Malabo
Convention
Budapest SADC
Convention Model Law
1. Cybercrime &
Cybersecurity Bill
2. Data Protection
Bill
3. Electronic
Transactions BillAn Analytical Approach To Cybersecurity And Cybercrime From
A Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age In Zimbabwe
LEGISLATION ON CYBERSECURITY AND CYBERCRIME IN ZIMBABWE
CURRENT LEGISLATION FUTURE LEGISLATION
1. Constitution of the Republic of 1. Cybercrime and Cybersecurity Bill,
Zimbabwe (Amendment NO. 20) 2013 2017
2. Access to Information and Protection 2. Data Protection Bill, 2013
of Privacy Act [Chapter 10:27]
3. Criminal Law (Codification and 3. Electronic Transactions and Electronic
Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] Commerce Bill, 2013
4. Interception of Communications Act
[Chapter 11:20]An Analytical Approach To Cybersecurity And Cybercrime From
A Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age In Zimbabwe
CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF ZIMBABWE, 2013
• Section 51 – right to human dignity – every person has inherent dignity in their private and
public life, and the right to have that dignity respected and protected.
• Section 52 – right to personal security – (a) every person has the right to bodily and
psychological integrity, which includes the right to freedom from all forms of violence from
public and private sources.
• Section 53 – freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
– no person may be subjected to physical or psychological torture or to cruel, inhuman or
degrading treatment or punishment.
• Section 57 – right to privacy – (d) every person has the right to privacy, which includes the
right not to have the privacy of their communications infringed.
• Section 61 – freedom of expression and freedom of the media – (5) excludes (a) incitement
to violence; (b) advocacy of hatred or hate speech; (c) malicious injury to a person’s reputation
or dignity; or (d) malicious or unwarranted breach of a person’s right to privacy.
• Section 62 – access to information – provides for right of access to any information held by
any person, held by the State or by any institution – correction thereof – including
enactment of legislation to give effect to this right within the confines of the Constitution’s
principles.An Analytical Approach To Cybersecurity And Cybercrime From A Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age In Zimbabwe Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act • Section 162 – Interpretation section • Section 163 – Unauthorized access to or use of computer or computer network • Section 164 – Deliberate introduction of computer virus into computer or computer network • Section 165 – Unauthorized manipulation of proposed computer programme • Section 166 – Aggravating circumstances (s163, s164, s165) • Section 167 – Unauthorized use of credit or debit cards • Section 168 – Unauthorized use of password or pin-number
An Analytical Approach To Cybersecurity And Cybercrime From A Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age In Zimbabwe Access of Information and Protection of Privacy Act • members of the public have a right of access to records and information held by public bodies; • public bodies are accountable – public has a right to request correction of misrepresented personal information; • Prevention of unauthorised collection, use or disclosure of personal information by public bodies; to protect personal privacy; • regulation of the mass media; • Establishment of a Media and Information Commission
An Analytical Approach To Cybersecurity And Cybercrime From A Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age In Zimbabwe INTERCEPTION OF COMMUNICATIONS ACT • To govern the lawful interception and monitoring of certain communications in the course of their transmission through a telecommunication, postal or any other related service or system in Zimbabwe; Enacted 3 August 2007 • Section 1 – short title of the Act • Section 2 – Interpretation section • Section 3 – Control interception – can intercept telecommunication if party to or have been given consent by a party to the communication; except for bona fide interception during the course of provision, installation, maintenance or repair of telecommunication • Section 4 – Establishment of monitoring centre • Section 5 – Authorised persons to apply for warrant of interception • Section 6 – issue of warrant
An analytical Approach To Cybersecurity and Cybercrime From a Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age in Zimbabwe INTERCEPTION OF COMMUNICATIONS ACT • Section 7 – Scope of warrant and renewal thereof • Section 8 – Evidence obtained by unlawful interception – inadmissible – criminal proceedings • Section 9 – Assistance by service providers • Section 10 – Duties of Service providers in relation to customer – must obtain personal information – basically – name, physical address, ID details • Section 11 – Notice of disclosure of protected information – by authorised person to key holder of protected information • Section 12 – Interception capability of telecommunication service – service provider must provide service that can be intercepted & store call- related information • Section 13 – Compensation payable to service provider or protected information key holder – must be by the State and according to reasonable tariffs prescribed by the Minister.
An analytical Approach To Cybersecurity and Cybercrime From a Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age in Zimbabwe Cybercrime and Cybersecurity Bill, 2017 • To provide for and to consolidate cyber-related offences with due regard to the Declaration of Rights under the Constitution and the public and national interest; • to establish a Cyber Security Centre and to provide for its functions; provide for investigation and collection of evidence of cyber-crime; • to provide for the admissibility of electronic evidence for such offences; to create a technology-driven business environment; • to encourage technological development and the lawful use of technology; • to amend section 162 and to repeal sections 163 to 166 of the Criminal Code (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23];
An analytical Approach To Cybersecurity and Cybercrime From a Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age in Zimbabwe Data Protection Bill, 2013 • An Act to govern the processing of personal information by private and public bodies, • to prevent unauthorised and arbitrary use, collection, processing, transmission and storage of data of identifiable persons, • to provide for the regulation of data protection, to establish a Data Protection Authority and • to provide for matters connected therewith or incidental to the foregoing.
DATA PROTECTION ACT
• Section 1 – Short title • Section 23 – Authority to
• Section 2 – Interpretation process
• Section 3 – Scope of application • Section 24 – Security
• Section 4 to 14 – Data Protection • Section 25 – Security breach
notification
Authority
• section 26 – Obligation of
• Section 15 to 20 – Quality of Data notification to the Authority
• Section 21 – disclosure when • Section 27 – Content
collecting data directly from data notification
subject • Section 28 – Authorization
• Section 22 – Disclosure when not • Section 29 – Openness of the
collecting data directly from data processing
subject • Section 30 – Accountability
• Section 31 – Right of AccessDATA PROTECTION ACT
• Section 32 – Right of • Section 36 – Decision
rectification, deletion and taken purely on the basis
temporary limitation of of automatic data
access processing
• Section 33 – Right of • Section 37 –
objection Representation of that
• Section 34 – Delays data subject – child
• Section 35 – Further • Section 38 –
Regulation Representation of data
physically, mentally or
legally incapacitated
subjectsAn analytical Approach To Cybersecurity and Cybercrime From a Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age in Zimbabwe ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS AND ELECTRONIC COMMERCE BILL, 2013 • to promote legal certainty and enforceability to electronic transactions and electronic commerce, • to grant legal recognition to electronic communications and writing, to provide for the legal effect of electronic signatures and secure electronic signatures, • to make provision for the admissibility and evidentiary weight of electronic evidence, • to provide for the time and place of the dispatch and receipt of electronic communications and electronic contract formation, transactions, • to protect consumers in the on-line environment and to prohibit certain electronic marketing practices, to provide for the limitation of liability of service providers,
An analytical Approach To Cybersecurity and Cybercrime From a Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age in Zimbabwe ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS AND ELECTRONIC COMMERCE BILL, 2013 • Section 4 – Legal recognition of electronic communications – data message – valid and enforceable • Section 5 – Recognition by parties of electronic communications – electronic communications – statement, declaration of will or any other action – valid and enforceable • Section 7 – Signature – electronic signature valid – if it complies with Regulation requirements • Section 8 – Creation and recognition of secure electronic signature • Section 11 – Formation and validity of contracts • Section 26 – Obligations of supplier – consumer protection – must provide business information – full business details, contact, address, email, description and price of product, terms of transaction, maintain record of transaction and give access thereto.
An analytical Approach To Cybersecurity and Cybercrime From a Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age in Zimbabwe Cyber-crime and the existing laws in Zimbabwe • EcoCash fraud – section 136 Codification • Ransomware; hacking – section 163 of the Codification • Malware – section 164 of the Codification • Card cloning – section 167 of the Codification • Identity theft – section 113, 136 • Revenge porn – section 61(5)(c) & (d); section 57(d) of the Constitution • Cyber-fraud – section 136 of the Codification • Cyber-bullying – criminal insult – section 95 of the Codification
An analytical Approach To Cybersecurity and Cybercrime From
a Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age in Zimbabwe
• WHY IS LEGISLATION IMPORTANT?
- To instil legislative governance of the
cyberspace activities;
- To establish a regulatory system that
promotes cybersecurity;
- To establish a legal framework aimed at
governance of the protection of personal
data;
- To establish a legal framework for the
criminalization of cybercrimes;
- To establish a regulatory legal framework
that makes provision for accountability of
service providers;
- To create a legal framework that
implements compliance of international
instruments that promote legislative
redress on cybersecurity, cybercrimes
and protection of personal data.FIVE LAWS OF CYBERSECURITY
by Nick Espinosa
1. If there is a
vulnerability, it will
be exploited.
2. Everything is
5. When in doubt,
vulnerable in some
see Law No. 1
way.
3. Humans trust 4. With innovation
even when they comes opportunity
shouldn’t. for exploitation.An analytical Approach To Cybersecurity and Cybercrime From a Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age in Zimbabwe CASE STUDIES: • Chigumba Tweet Case – State versus Night Tawona Shadaya – Section 95 – criminal insult • State versus Isaiah Marange – OK Zimbabwe Case – hacked into OK Zimbabwe’s Money Wave System and prejudiced the company of $70 000.00 • Martha O’donovan Case – Subverting a constitutional government – s22 of Code – offence committed on twitter • Fadzayi Mahere versus Petinah Gappah – Mahere sued Gappah for defamation of character over tweet for 1million • Liberty Life Assurance Case – Ransomware case – in South Africa – prominent customers’ personal data breach
An analytical Approach To Cybersecurity and Cybercrime From
a Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age in Zimbabwe
Chigumba Tweet Case: Magistrate Allows Suspect To Change Plea To Not Guilty
October 19, 2018
Harare Magistrate Rumbidzai Mugwagwa has ruled that Night Shadaya Tawona (25) from
Chitungwiza can change his plea to not guilty. Shadaya is facing charges of criminal insult after he
allegedly retweeted a tweet from a parody account pretending to be Zimbabwe Electoral
Commission (Zec) chairperson Priscilla Chigumba. The tweet in question said,
I can’t wait for the election fiasco to come to an end. I could do with a holiday and some good sex. My
body needs a break.
Tawona initially pleaded guilty to the charges and told the court that he was drunk when he
retweeted the offensive tweet. He apologised for the tweet and warned other people not to make
the same mistake on social media platforms. However, before magistrate Rumbidzai Mugwagwa
could sentence him, Tawona received legal representation from the Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human
Rights (ZLHR). His lawyer Noble Chinhanu told the court that Shadaya had pleaded guilty because
he had been pressured to do so and because he was not aware of the elements of the case. He
argued that Shadaya should not be charged with any crime as he had no intention to defame or
insult Chigumba since he believed that the account was hers. Chinhanu told the court,
My client genuinely believed that the account belonged to Chigumba at the time of retweeting and
therefore did not impair the reputation of the complainant. She did that herself.
The matter was postponed to November 5 for trial.
https://news.pindula.co.zw/2018/10/19/chigumba-tweet-case-magistrate-allows-retrial-after-shadaya-
changes-plea-to-not-guilty/An analytical Approach To Cybersecurity and Cybercrime From a Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age in Zimbabwe
An analytical Approach To Cybersecurity and Cybercrime From a Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age in Zimbabwe Challenges: • Current legislation is inadequate to address legal challenges that the judiciary system is currently burdened with; cybercrimes and computer-related issues – cyberforensics • Current legislation does not address cases being currently reported; E.g. identity theft, cyber-fraud • Stake holders in the justice delivery system are forced to improvise. • Inadequate training of stake holders in the justice delivery system to deal with cybercrimes, using the current legislation
An analytical Approach To Cybersecurity and Cybercrime From a Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age in Zimbabwe Recommendations: • Train stake holders on how to deal with cybercrimes, cyberforensics and cybersecurity issues using current legislation. • Consultative redress of legislation involving I.T. experts, litigants, investigators, and adjudicators. • Legislature needs to implement legislative redress. • Legislature needs to enact all the bills held by the Attorney General’s office.
An analytical Approach To Cybersecurity and Cybercrime From a Legislative Perspective In The New Digital Age in Zimbabwe
THANK YOU!!!!
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