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COMMUNIQUÉ
Canadian Society for the History and Philosophy of Science
Société Canadienne d’Historie et de Philosophie des Sciences
No 104 autumn/l’autome 2021
Environment
COMMUNIQUÉ
No 104 Autumn/l’automne 2021
EDITORIAL TEAM
EDITOR DANI INKPEN
EDITOR GHYSLAIN BOLDUC
Cover Image: Hudson River Plas cs 6,
courtesy of Max Liboiron
………………………………………. CSHPS OFFICERS & COMMITTEES
WWW.CSHPS.CA/WWW.SCHPS.CA
Editors’ Le ers…………………………………………………. 3 PRESIDENT ALAN RICHARDSON
President’s Message………………………………………… 5 PAST PRESIDENT ERNIE HAMM
CSHPS News…………………………………………………….. 6 FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT TARA ABRAHAM
SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT MARGA VICEDO
Career Corner………………………………………………….. 10
SECRETARY-TREASURER PAUL BARTHA
In Conversa on with Max
Liboiron…………………………………………………………… 12
Water Rights and Moral Limits to Water ADVISORY BOARD FRANÇOIS CLAVEAU
Markets…………………………………………………………… 17 VINCENT GUILLIN
(Ne pas) «engager un savoir» dans la Résistance
20
INGO BRIGANDT
écologiste: légi me?…………………………………………
The In uence of Contrarianism on Climate AGNES BOLINSKA
Science……………………………………………………………. 23
ERICH WEIDENHAMMER
.…
Hadden Prize essay summary…………………………… 26
Innova ve Research ………………………………………… 28 PROGRAM COMMITTEE TUDOR BAETU
JAMES ELWICK
Innova ve Pedagogy……………………………………….. 30
KARINA VOLD
New Book Releases…………………………………………. 34
Member Updates…………………………………………….. 38 NOMINATING COMMITTTEE VICTORIA LEE
ELISE BURTON
2021 AGM Minutes…………………………………………. 39
WEBSITE/LISTSERV MANAGER ALLAN OLLEY
SOCIAL MEDIA COORDINATOR FILIPPO SPOSINI
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Editor’s Letter
Environment Never Sleeps
Overshadowed by the ongoing pandemic, HPS scholars con nue to create important,
innova ve work rela ng to the environment, land, and nature; we aim to showcase
them.
Hello, readers! I am delighted to be co-editing for moral limitations to water markets in a world
Communiqué with Ghyslain Bolduc, my eagle-eyed of increasing water precarity. My co-editor
co-editor who has already caught many of my Ghyslain Bolduc uses the precedent of Bertrand
mistakes, and contributed his own stirring piece to Russell to take an unflinching look at what
this issue. scholars can and ought to be doing during this
time of unprecedented environmental abuse.
This issue on the environment has been a Ryan O’Loughlin examines the supposed “global
particular delight for me. Our call for contributions warming hiatus” through a multifaceted lens of
received a flood of submissions—proof that objectivity.
historians and philosophers of science remain
active in this area! Those who study science have Gillian Barker shares details about a new, mul -
long been at the fore of thinking about the ins tu onal Geofunc ons Project in our sec on on
environment because science and technology are Innova ve Research. And in Innova ve Pedagogy,
critical for what we do (or do not, as the case may Ellie Louson and Megan Halpern report on how
be) know about environments. Of course, this nature journaling has contributed to their students’
scholarship has evolved over time. The cover is learning and processing of life in a pandemic.
designed to elicit continuity and change. A
luminous sphere floating in a sea of blackness, it In addition to these feature pieces we have Career
harkens to the famous “Blue Marble” image taken Corner, a summary of the 2021 Hadden Prize-
from the Apollo 17 shuttle in 1972 (an icon of the winning essay, minutes from the 2021 AGM, and
then just budding environmental movement). The CHSPS News and Member Updates. This autumn
Earth’s deep blue seas and swirling clouds have issue of Communiqué is tardy, but we hope you
been replaced by a stew of organic and polymer will find it worth the wait.
flotsam and jetsam. It is a visual reminder that
“nature” is not just out there, but is inextricably
interwoven into the microstructures of life. The
image was taken by Dr. Max Liboiron, who is the
subject of this issue’s In Conversation. My
conversation with them illuminates provocative
new ways of thinking about environmental science
as if colonialism and Indigenous Land mattered. It
is a piece not to be missed!
Dr. Liboiron’s interview is accompanied by a rich Dani Inkpen, Editor
selection of essays. Tyler DesRoches makes a case dani.hallet@gmail.com
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Editor’s Letter
Au-delà du discours ?
Je voudrais d’abord saluer le superbe travail de ma écologique…], parce qu'en èrement lissés par leur
nouvelle coéditrice, Dani Inkpen. Par la rigueur et adéqua on avec le monde qui les honore et les
l’originalité de son travail, sa prédécesseure a e, parfois les sert, ils oublient ses violences et
Jaipreet Virdi avait établi un standard de haute ses incohérences qui ne les touchent pas (ou pas
qualité pour ce bulle n, et le dé était de trouver encore) dans leur chair, qui est très largement
quelqu’un qui puisse porter de telles chaussures et surprotégée”.
poursuivre la voie pavée. Avec ce numéro, force est
de constater que Dani a pris le relai avec brio! Peut-être faut-il alors renouveler, comme le
proposent Ellie Louson et Megan Halpern dans ce
J’ai d’abord envisagé commencer ce e le re en numéro, notre rela on avec les milieux naturels en
ressassant – à l’instar de nombreux journalistes, s‘y plongeant de manière incarnée. Car pour qu’un
conférenciers, militants et scien ques de tout discours parvienne à provoquer un changement
acabit – une série de faits les plus alarmants; sur radical, ne faut-il pas qu’il excite quelque chose
l’entreprise d’extermina on du vivant et «sa comme un amour pour ce qui est menacé et à
diversité» dans laquelle nous sommes froidement construire?
entraînés, sur le poten el basculement irréversible
du système clima que terrestre et les scénarios
épouvantables qu’il laisse entrevoir, sur les
centaines de millions de réfugiés clima ques que
nous aurons honteusement poussés à l’exil d’ici
deux à trois décennies avec son lot an cipé de
désespoirs, de violences et de crimes. Mais à force
d’être remâchés, ces faits deviennent plus lassants
qu’alarmants, à la manière du décompte quo dien
des cas COVID qui monopolise à nouveau les
manche es dans un air de déjà vu. C’est peut-être
pourquoi, comme le rapporte Gillian Barker dans ce
numéro, les messagers de funestes pronos cs
personni ent la nature et mul plient les analogies :
pour «réveiller», le discours doit marquer
l’imaginaire. Si l’on se e à ce commentaire
pénétrant d’Aurélien Barrau, astrophysicien et
militant écologiste notoire, c’est plutôt la chair qu’il
faudrait piquer pour que l’âme se redresse: "je crois
que ceux qui se pensent les plus sérieux ou les plus
ra onnels sont en réalité parfois ceux-là mêmes qui
ratent les évidences les plus vitales et les plus Ghyslain Bolduc, Editor
incontestables concernant [la catastrophe ghyslain.bolduc@umontreal.ca
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P
President's Message
P
President’s
President's Message
Message
Dear CSHPS Members: The planning for our conference as part of Congress
2022 moves ahead apace. Thanks to James Elwick
Welcome to the rst issue of Communiqué under for stepping in as Program Chair and to Ingo
the editorship of Dani Inkpen and Ghyslain Bolduc. Brigandt for doing another year as “local” organizer.
I am con dent that they will build on the great Ingo is now the local organizer for the en rety of
success the newsle er had under our editor the CSHPS mul verse. Behind the scenes nancial
emerita, Jai Virdi. Congratula ons to Dani and ma ers are guided by the steady hand of our
Ghyslain. Treasurer, Paul Bartha. I am par cularly excited
that Deborah Coen from Yale has accepted my
As you are aware, no doubt, Congress 2022 will be invita on to give the 2022 S llman Drake Lecture.
an all online a air. This was done less out of an
abundance of cau on, as I understand it, than out We are hoping to ramp up online ac vi es in the
of some complica ons involved in ins tu ng a coming months to supplement the conference,
more hybrid Congress experience to increase and especially given that social and mentoring events
diversify par cipa on. Congress 2023 has already will be limited again at our 2022 conference. Look
been announced as being at York. By then it will for ad hoc events being organized to bring groups
have been four years (including the en rety of my interested in similar topics or seeking mentoring of
Presidency!) since we have met in person. various kinds together.
Finally, we will be having an elec on cycle in the
spring that will include pu ng someone on the
path to the Presidency. We are very fortunate to
have Tara Abraham ascending to the Presidency
immediately a er our conference in 2022 and, as
everyone moves up and I move out, there will be
an opening for a new 2nd Vice President. There will
also be plenty of other o ces to ll. Please think
about pu ng your name forward. I hope also that
we will have some exci ng by-law changes to
propose at our annual mee ng in the coming year
also.
Take care, everyone. See you soon in cyberspace.
Alan Richardson, CSHPS President
alan.richardson@ubc.ca
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CSHPS News
Call for Papers: Seventh Annual Conference on the • The role of social science in post-colonial
History of Recent Social Science (HISRESS) h ps:// state-building governance
hisress.org • Social science adapta ons to the changing
17-18 June 2022 media landscape
Ins tute for the History and Philosophy of Science • The role and prominence of disciplinary
and Technology, University of Toronto memory in a compara ve context
• Engagements with ma ers of gender,
A er a two-year pandemic delay, this two-day sexuality, race, religion, na onality,
conference of the Society for the History of Recent disability and other markers of iden ty and
Social Science will bring together researchers di erence
working on the history of post-World War II social
science. It will provide a forum for the latest The two-day conference will be organized as a
research on the cross-disciplinary history of the series of one-hour, single-paper sessions a ended
post-war social sciences, including but not limited by all par cipants. Ample me will be set aside for
to anthropology, economics, psychology, poli cal intellectual exchange between presenters and
science, and sociology as well as related elds like a endees, as all par cipants are expected to read
area studies, communica on studies, history, pre-circulated papers in advance.
interna onal rela ons, law, and linguis cs. The
conference aims to build upon the recent Proposals should contain no more than 1000
emergence of work and conversa on on cross- words, indica ng the originality of the paper. The
disciplinary themes in the postwar history of the deadline for receipt of abstracts is February 4,
social sciences. 2022. Final no ca on will be given in early March
2022 a er proposals have been reviewed.
Submissions are welcome in such areas including, Completed papers will be expected by May 13,
but not restricted to: 2022.
• The interchange of social science concepts
and gures among the academy and wider Organizing commi ee: Jamie Cohen-Cole (George
intellectual and popular spheres Washington University), Philippe Fontaine
• Compara ve ins tu onal histories of (Universités à l’École normale supérieure Paris-
departments and programs Saclay), Je Pooley (Muhlenberg College), Mark
• Border disputes and boundary work Solovey (University of Toronto), and Marga Vicedo
between disciplines as well as academic (University of Toronto).
cultures
• Themes and concepts developed in the All proposals and requests for informa on should
history and sociology of natural and physical be sent to submissions@hisress.org.
science, reconceptualized for the social
science context Conferénce/Conference: Sustainability and the
• Professional and applied training programs Arts in a Technological Society: Revisi ng Jacques
and schools, and the quasi-disciplinary Ellul
elds (like business administra on) that
typically housed them 8-9 juillet 2022
Montréal
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Connu d’abord comme l’auteur de La Technique ou cultures—a sociological reality he calls ‘Technique’.
l’enjeu du siècle (1954), Jacques Ellul (1912-1994) a Witness to rapid technological intensi ca on in the
écrit plus de soixante livres et des centaines twen eth century and the atroci es of two world
d’ar cles, dont une ré exion approfondie sur les wars, Ellul o ers not so much solu ons as
arts, L’Empire du non-sens: L’Art et la société diagnoses of the accumula ng environmental,
technicienne (1980). À travers son œuvre, Ellul economic, and humanitarian disasters that have
défend une idée radicale de la liberté et une resulted from an exalta on of the values of
éthique de la non-puissance, ouvrant un espace Technique. This conference addresses the ques on
pour des projets révolu onnaires et un refus de of sustainability in rela on to ar s c prac ces and
l’ordre dominant. Pour Ellul, la plus grande menace industries, using Ellul’s cri ques as a star ng point.
à la liberté est l’exigence croissante d’e cacité, de See the conference website for full details: h ps://
produc vité, de ra onalisa on, de standardisa on ellul.org/montreal-conference-2022/
et d’automa on dans les cultures industrielles—
une réalité sociologique qu’il appelle la Technique. Job: Two Postdoc Posi ons (2-3 years, 1 FTE) in
Ayant été témoin de la rapide intensi ca on History of Philosophy of Science and/or Digital
technologique au ving ème siècle et des atrocités Humani es
de deux guerres mondiales, Ellul n’o re pas tant
des solu ons que des diagnos cs quand il traite des The Department of Philosophy at Tilburg University
catastrophes écologiques, économiques et seeks to appoint two postdoctoral researchers (2 or
humanitaires causées par l’exalta on des valeurs de 3 years, 0,8 - 1,0 FTE) in the NWO Vidi project
la Technique. Ce colloque soulève la ques on de “Exiled Empiricists: American Philosophy and the
l’environnement en lien avec les pra ques Great Intellectual Migra on.” Star ng date: August
ar s ques et les industries culturelles, en ayant or September 2022.
recours aux cri ques d’Ellul comme point de
départ. The postdocs’ primary responsibility will be to
Site web de la conference: h ps://ellul.org/ contribute to the research project (descrip on
montreal-conference-2022/ below) and to publish in peer-reviewed journals
and books. The researcher should also contribute
Sustainability and the Arts in a Technological to the project in other ways, such as by giving
Society: Revisi ng Jacques Ellul conference presenta ons, (co-)edi ng a special
issue, and (co-)organizing reading groups and
July 8-9, 2022 workshops. Furthermore, the researcher will be a
Montreal member of the Tilburg Center for Moral Philosophy,
Epistemology and Philosophy of Science (TiLPS) and
Best known as the author of The Technological contribute to its colloquia and seminars.
Society (1954, English trans. 1964), Jacques Ellul
(1912-94) wrote over sixty books and hundreds of AOS of Posi on 1: History of Philosophy of Science/
ar cles, among them a sustained re ec on on the History of Logic/Intellectual History
arts, The Empire of Non-Sense: Art in the A O S o f Po s i o n 2 : D i g i t a l H u m a n i e s /
Technological Society (1980, English trans. 2014). Scientometrics/Bibliometrics
Throughout his oeuvre, Ellul advances a radical
no on of freedom and an ethics of non-power, For inquiries about the posi ons and the project,
making space for revolu onary projects and a please contact the Principal Inves gator of the
refusal of the dominant order. For Ellul, the greatest project, SanderVerhaegh, at:
threat to freedom is the increasing demand for A.A.Verhaegh@ lburguniversity.edu.
e c i e n c y, p r o d u c v i t y, r a o n a l i z a o n ,
standardiza on, and automa on in industrialized
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Appel à contribu ons / Call for Abstracts: Congrès Job: Assistant Professor (Tenure Track),
annuel de la SCHPS / CSHPS Annual Conference Department of Social Study of Medicine, McGill
16-20 mai 2022/ 16-20 May 2022 The Department of Social Studies of Medicine is
Online seeking to hire at the rank of Assistant Professor
(tenure-track). We are looking for a historian
La Société canadienne d'histoire et de philosophie specializing in the history of medicine in any period
des sciences (SCHPS) endra son congrès annuel from classical an quity through the 18th century.
dans le cadre du Congrès des sciences humaines. Le The geographic focus of the candidate’s
congrès aura lieu le 16-20 mai 2022 dans un format specializa on is open. We welcome candidates
complètement virtuel (h p://www.yorku.ca/ whose work addresses cultural di erence and/or
c s h p s 1 / m e e n g _ f r. h t m l ; h p s : / / global perspec ves.
www.federa onhss.ca/fr/congres/congres-2022).
Candidates will be expected to teach courses within
Le comité de programme invite les historiens et the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences and
philosophes des sciences à soume re un résumé the Faculty of Arts, and to carry out a program of
pour une communica on individuelle ou une research. The successful candidate will have
proposi on de séance pour le congrès. Les poten al or proven ability to develop an
proposi ons de séances (typiquement pour 3 interna onally recognized research program in
communica ons) seront par culièrement ancient, medieval or early modern medicine, to
bienvenues. Les contribu ons qui ne sont pas liées obtain grants for their own research, and to
à ce thème seront également considérées. contribute to the building of successful research
projects and programs.
Date limite de soumission: 3 janvier 2022
The candidate is expected to be ac vely involved in
Les soumissions: h ps://easychair.org /my/ all aspects of McGill’s academic mission (research,
conference?conf=cshps2022# teaching, supervision of a diverse body of graduate
students and involvement in academic and
administra ve commi ees) and the mission of the
The Canadian Society for the History and Department of Social Studies of Medicine. McGill
Philosophy of Science (CSHPS) is holding its annual faculty members are expected to contribute to
conference as part of the Congress of the service ac vi es within their units, the University,
Humani es and Social Sciences, May 16-20, 2022. a n d t h e w i d e r s c h o l a r l y c o m m u n i t y. A
The format is completely virtual. (h p:// demonstrated commitment to equity, diversity, and
www.yorku.ca/cshps1/mee ng.html; h ps:// inclusion is also expected.
w w w. fe d e r a o n h s s . c a / e n / c o n g r e s s /
congress-2022). Applica on deadline: January 30, 2022
The Program Commi ee invites scholars working
Workday Link:
on the history and philosophy of science to submit
h ps://mcgill.wd3.myworkdayjobs.com/
abstracts for individual papers or proposals for
McGill_Careers/job/Peel-3647/Assistant-
sessions (typically 3 papers). Unrelated topics and
Professor--Tenure-Track---Department-of-Social-
themes are also welcome.
Studies-of-Medicine--Faculty-of-Medicine-and-
Health- Sciences--L001065-_JR0000020524
Deadline for proposals: January 3, 2022
Submissions: h ps://easychair.org/my/conference?
conf=cshps2022#
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Job: Bioethics Teaching Posi on, Michigan State
University
Teaching-focused faculty posi on in the Academic
Specialist Con nuing Appointment System
Bioethics specializa on (broadly de ned) in Lyman
Briggs College’s History, Philosophy, and Sociology
of Science group.
Review of applica ons begins January 10th, 2022
See the full job pos ng at:
h ps://careers.msu.edu/en-us/job/508998/
specialist-teachercon nuing.
Image: Jackie Hallet
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Career Corner
One of our dedicated readers asks “what should students know about applying/interviewing for
academic jobs?” This is a big topic, and I’m happy to revisit it again in the future, but for now let’s
narrow our focus to just interviewing and to ve ps.
1. Know Your Audience capture most of the ques ons you should expect.
Ideally this step should happen before you apply, but in They’ll cover both your past experiences and
the rare event that you catch lightning in a bo le and mo va ons as well as your future vision and ambi ons.
land an interview without rst researching the Good answers are always grounded in past experiences,
department, ins tu on, loca on, etc. then now is the even when you’re talking about future vision and
perfect opportunity. This is generally accomplished by ambi ons.
researching general and speci c ques ons to help you
customize the communica on strategies, styles, etc. 3. Prepare Your Ques ons
that you will use to deliver your message. Based on your research, you should have lots of
ques ons for them. This serves two purposes. First, it
What can you learn about the people you are going to buys you a minute to drink some water, eat some food,
be mee ng? Who is going to be on the hiring collect your thoughts, etc, while they answer. Second,
commi ee? Who else will you be mee ng with when social psychology research shows that ac vely listening
you are there? Why is there an opening (a new line, to someone else talk forms a more posi ve impression
mid-career replacement, re rement replacement)? of you in their mind than solely telling them about
What are the exis ng strengths and weaknesses of the yourself. While your host should have a plan in place for
department? What will you contribute? What gaps will their colleague who is apt to “ask” a longwinded
you ll? Where is this department situated (in both comment, you should de nitely have a repertoire of
geopoli cal and ideological senses) within the responses that convey you are listening, e.g., “That’s so
ins tu on and the eld? Does the ins tu on have a fascina ng. Thank you for sharing, and I’m looking
strategic research and/or teaching plan? Where does forward to having further opportuni es to explore
the department t in that ins tu onal plan and does it possible connec ons between that idea and my current
buy-in to the larger plan or maintain indi erence or and future research.” Be sure to take a moment to
hos lity to it? breathe while everyone is paying a en on to someone
in the room who isn’t you.
That’s certainly not an exhaus ve list of the ques ons
you could ask, but it gives you a sense of the range of 4. De ne Your Anxiety Coping Strategies
things you could pursue. One caveat: unlike almost Everyone gets nervous in interviews – including your
every other job search process, you generally can’t just interviewers. They, with a few excep ons who prove the
ask the hiring commi ee or search chair before your rule, want you to succeed. Deborah Powell (University
interview. This means you have to be crea ve – can your of Guelph) has inves gated interviewing and personnel
supervisor or mentor ask for you? Is there an alum from selec on, with an eye to prac cal applica on. She
your program who has been hired there and might be suggests two strategies for coping with interview
able to talk to you? Have you collaborated with anxiety.
someone in the department who isn’t on the search
commi ee? Do you know an alum from that program The rst is posi ve self-talk. This is the prac ce of
who might be willing to give you some insights? reminding yourself of di cult (and easy) problems
you’ve solved, how you solved them, and how you know
2. Prepare Your Answers you solved them. This strategy is e ec ve for two
If you’ve researched your audience, it becomes a reasons. First, the construc on of the story produces an
simpler task to prepare your presenta on(s) / job talk(s) ideal answer to an interview ques on. Second, the
as well as the ques ons you an cipate they will ask. The collec on of posi ve stories will remind you of the good
broad categories of research, teaching, and service things you’ve done, which is more e ec ve than
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tithinking about the mes you think you’ve failed
miserably.
The second is eld technique: visualizing the interview
from the perspec ve of the interviewer or a neutral
observer. It comes from sports psychology and it is
e ec ve in dealing with interview anxiety because it
helps you focus on the details they are hoping to elicit
with a speci c ques on and the bigger picture of what
they’re trying to accomplish. If you know your audience,
you can customize your message to meet them where
they are.
If you aren’t convinced that either of those will work, or
if you think you need more than two strategies, then
remind yourself of strategies that helped you with oral
or wri en exams or other stressful situa ons.
5. Interview Them
Remember that an interview goes both ways. While it
can be frustra ng if something doesn’t work out, it’s
okay if you just don’t feel right about a posi on. Maybe
they won’t have good spousal or family support, maybe
the loca on isn’t one you’ll be comfortable with, maybe
they are fully commi ed to the wonders of experien al
learning and you prefer a more Socra c or didac c
approach. It’s important to have a sense of your values
and priori es before you even start a job search, but
some mes our truest priori es only reveal themselves
in moments of extreme stress.
Jonathan Turner has a PhD in the history of science from
the University of Toronto. He works in university
administra on, is a project manager and co-founder of
the Graduate and Postdoctoral Development Network
and has a consul ng business.
He can be reached at bcw.director@gmail.com with
ques ons or ideas for future columns.
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h ps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Recycling_bo les.JPG
Anticolonial Pollution Science
In Conversa on with Max Liboiron
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ttDr. Max Liboiron (they/them) is an Associate Professor in Geography at Memorial University and the author
of Pollu on is Colonialism (Duke University Press, 2021), which brings Science and Technology Studies,
Indigenous studies, and discard studies together to develop a methodology for doing environmental science in
ways that do not assume colonial access to Indigenous Land. They are a founding leader of the
interdisciplinary eld of discard studies and director of the Civic Laboratory for Environmental Ac on
Research (CLEAR), a value-based lab which strives to foreground humility, equity, and good Land rela ons in
doing plas c pollu on research. Dr. Liboiron’s work has in uenced na onal policy on both plas cs and
Indigenous research, and they have created technologies and protocols for community peer reviewed science.
They spoke to Dani Inkpen on the phone in early November.
DKI: You just had a book published, Pollu on is had a Conserva ve government who had not done
Colonialism. The introduc on presents it as a a lot of environmental science. I realized cri que is
methodological text that models how to do a privilege, and that I was going to have to do the
an colonial pollu on science, par cularly in science. But because I was uent in feminist STS
Newfoundland and Labrador, from within a cri ques of science, I wanted to do science
dominant science framework and ins tu on di erently. Those two issues—why didn't plas cs
(Memorial University). Let!s start with some basics: change dominant ideas of pollu on? And how do I
What is an colonial science? What is dominant do science that is not within the dominant model of
science? And how is dominant environmental science? I came to realize that both were about
pollu on science colonial? power and the power they had in common was
colonialism. Which is to say, the dominance of
ML: I'll tell it as a story. In my PhD program, I Indigenous Land by non-Indigenous systems of
studied feminist Science and Technology Studies. I governance, epistemologies, and land rela ons,
was well-versed in various cri ques of dominant including using L/land1 as a sink for pollu on.
science in terms of patriarchy, nature-culture Modern regula ons and environmental science are
binaries, life-death binaries, male-female binaries, based on iden fying how much pollu on you can
extrac vism, knowledge imperialism--the whole put into L/land before harm occurs, instead of
spectrum of cri ques. I was cri quing what at the saying that such a rela onship is harm. These
me was brand-new plas c pollu on science and things were swimming in the milieu of my research
felt there was a Thomas Kuhnian moment: plas c life and I came to realize, rst of all, that I didn't
polluted in ways that went against the axioms of study plas cs, I studied colonialism. Secondly, I
became a methodologist dedicated to the how of
dominant theories of pollu on. It didn!t assimilate.
things. How do you maneuver in dominant science
When it did breakdown it was more, and
and s ll stay in good rela ons? How do you do
di erently, dangerous. The chemicals associated
science as a Western scien st while not replica ng
with plas cs cause the greatest harm at the lowest
some of its norms? What if you want to blow those
doses, which ies in the face of toxicology!s "danger out the water? If you blow them totally out of the
in the dose.” I was sure there was going to be a water, you are no longer a scien st. And I need to
paradigm shi . But it didn't shi . be a scien st. Walking that tension is the basis of
the book. Most of my theoriza on comes about
When I got my job here in Newfoundland and through chores. It doesn't start in the abstract and
Labrador, there was no science to cri que. We!d then get speci c. The theory of the book is
1 In
Dr. Liboiron’s work, L/land (capitalized and uncapitalized) refers to two ways of conceptualizing and experiencing place.
Capitalized, Land is a proper name that refers to the “unique en ty that is the combined living spirit of plants, animals, air, water,
humans, histories, and events recognized by many Indigenous communi es” (Pollu on is Colonialism, 6/7, fn.19). Uncapitalized,
land refers to the universal geographies of a colonial worldview. The combina on in L/land indicates that the rela ons to a place
may be Indigenous or colonial.
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tiaccomplished through bench labour. How do I obliga ons—things that round them out into Land.
trate like a feminist? What does that even mean? I There!s no way I could have an cipated or come to
read my Fox Keller but now what do I do? Those are know those Land rela ons without being a
the problems that the book comes out of. scien st.
DKI: Why plas cs? At one point you say that DKI: You write about what it means to be a scien st
plas cs are Land with a capital L. What does that and the obliga ons that come with opera ng
mean? within dominant science. You also write about
obliga ons to local communi es, to Indigenous
ML: I understand myself as an ac vist scholar, a people, to the sh that you're studying. What kind
scholar who is trying to move the world from an is of obliga ons do you have when you're wri ng
to an ought (using Annemarie Mol!s terms).2 As a about science as a science studies scholar?
PhD student I was studying moments in history
when environmental problems seemed completely ML: If you want to make headway in science,
insurmountable—and then they were surmounted. cri que may be necessary, but it's insu cient.
The primary study was 1880s waste in New York When I'm wri ng to and with scien sts, I start with
City, the lthiest city in the world. Within two years our common ground. When I came to
it had one of the most sophis cated universal Newfoundland and Labrador and there was no
sanita on systems in the world. How did that science to cri que and I realized how horrible that
happen? Then someone said, "are you studying was because science is s ll the dominant way in
which largescale ac on occurs for Land and
marine plas cs, then?” And I said, "no, because
Indigenous people. It's an incredible privilege to be
that's actually an impossible problem. They last in
able to cri que. Taking that privilege seriously, not
geological me and they!re dominated by the using it as a big s ck but as a way to nd common
petro-chemical industry. That's impossible.” And ground and wend our way through compromised
then I thought about it for a while, and turned my terrain together, is one of the obliga ons I have.
a en on to the impossible problem of plas c And I would like to see it taken up by more folks in
pollu on. The book!s answer is colonialism, which I philosophy, history, sociology, and anthropology of
didn't know at the me. By showing what makes it science.
an impossible problem you show what has to
change. DKI: The focus of the book is pollu on, but there is
another environmental "issue” that can be
Hanging out with plas cs as a scien st, I came to glimpsed here and there, and that's global
know plas cs in a myriad of di erent ways, not just warming. Global warming is another means by
as a scrounge or lth upon the planet but as a cool which certain futures are maintained while others
li le thing that gets around in di erent ways. Look, are foreclosed. How one might think about global
it!s over there! And look, it!s over here! And isn't it warming from an an colonial scien c orienta on?
neat when it does that? And look at how animals
deal with it this way. Learning that plas cs have ML: I would say that plas c isn't the focus of the
very old rela ves who came from the ground and book, it's the case study. So, the lessons and the
have been coerced through exctrac on and mobiliza ons through plas c can happened for
cracking towers into a certain set of rela ons they anything, whether it's co on or climate change or
were never designed for. Those are Land rela ons. rubber duckies. Climate change and plas cs have
There's not just width and depth and volume and the same feedstock and the same primary
weight, there's also spirit and rela ons and producers. The oil and gas extractors are iden cal
2 Annemarie Mol, The Body Mul ple: Ontology in Medical Prac ce (Durham: Duke Univ. Press, 2002).
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tiand poli cal lobbies have heavy overlap. The plas c how Kuhn talks about it but we can bring in how la
pollu on playbook is the same as the climate paperson talks about it in Third University)3 this
change playbook. means that incommensurability is not an
insurmountable problem in the Academy. You can
Folks will already be familiar with this if they're generate an colonial and decolonial ends out of a
involved in the climate change movement, but the colonial apparatus because mul ple worlds can be
reach for technological xes or accountability alibis si ng in the same space and genera ng di erent
that let L/land rela ons stay the same don't solve futures at the same me.
anything. L/land rela ons where you expect the
atmosphere to sort out as best it can are colonial There's another way that I talk about an "ethics of
land rela ons. incommensurability” using is Eve Tuck and Wayne
Yang!s phrase.4 It doesn!t simply mean, in a Kuhnian
The second chapter of the book looks at Western
sense, that people are on di erent paradigma c
scien sts and Western environmental movements
worlds, but that, say, Indigenous people and non-
for moments of non-colonial L/land rela ons in
Indigenous people don't share values or worlds and
how people deal with plas c. What surprised me
it's important not to con ate those two things in
when I was researching, is that scien sts more
the name of jus ce because they will tend to
o en and more robustly come up with an colonial
converge towards the dominant term, which is
L/land rela ons with plas cs compared to ac vists.
whiteness. It's also important not to falsely
I thought it would be the other way around.
dichotomized either because there is overlap. You
Environmental ac vism appeals to the "Commons” need to nd the overlap to stand together. Stand
and arguments for building renewable energy with.5 An ethics of incommensurability is about
hydroelectric dams are s ll colonial in that they keeping separate, yet not dichotomizing;
require Indigenous Land for non-Indigenous recognizing and honouring di erence, yet not
futures. The lessons in the book are there for con a ng. These are very special grey-area
climate change ac on and science. maneuverings, which is quite beyond Kuhn. He
doesn't talk about the scien sts who hang out for
DKI: Historians and philosophers of science are their en re careers in the middle of a paradigm
familiar with the term "incommensurability.” It's an shi , and that!s who I!m talking about. People who
important term for you as well. What does are uent in mul ple paradigms, and necessarily
incommensurability mean in the context of doing so.
an colonial science?
DKI: Many environmentalists understand
ML: Following Kuhn, if incommensurability doesn't themselves to be working towards futures that
just mean not sharing a metric or value, it also seek to return to some sort of prelapsarian state,
means not being on the same planet, then you be that in terms average global temperature rise or
might have two scien sts who aren't on the same a non-anthropocentric view. Not only is this not
planet but they could s ll be in the same lab. This possible, according to you and to others, but it's
happens for colonial and an colonial science. You also not desirable. Could you tell me why that is the
can have two scien sts, two groups, on totally case? What do you hope for the future?
di erent epistemological and ontological planets
and they can share a lab. If we extend this (this isn't ML: First, even though theories and discourses of
3 la paperson, A Third University is Possible (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2017).
4 Eve Tuck and K. Wayne Yang, “Decoloniza on is not a Metaphor” Decoloniza on: Indigeneity, Educa on & Society vol. 1, no. 1
(2012): 1-40.
5 Kim Tallbear, “Standing With and Speaking as Faith: A Feminist-Indigenous Approach to Inquiry,”Journal of Research Prac ce vol.
10, no.2 (2014), N17.
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tipurity might s ll dominate and circulate, your
average scien st is aware that those are not
materially feasible. In many cases purity discourses
are strategic for ac vism but I don't think you can
talk to any environmental scien st who thinks, "I
can locate the golden spike of where purity starts.”
It!s mostly rhetorical for the morality of ac vism.
Strategic essen alism, perhaps we could call it. And
it's a strategic essen alism that some mes we
want to support.
That being said, colonial land rela ons require the
nature-culture dichotomy is strong. Something I
think is ethically not OK: the erasure of Indigenous
people, for instance, or Indigenous knowledge for
looking a er Land, which is never in a pure state
because of that collabora on (e.g., burning
management).
Like a lot of other people in HPS and sociology and
anthropology of science, I'm interested in a
simultaneous mul verse of di erent approaches. A
diversity of approaches will always be be er than
arguing for a new dominant, universal approach as
the best. All approaches have to be placed-based.
And they have to be accountable to place, which
includes Indigenous people, necessarily; and the L/
land rela ons that those approaches entail.
Max Liboiron is an Associate Professor in
Geography and is formerly the Associate Vice-
President (Indigenous Research) at Memorial
University. They are Mé s/Michif (Woodman via
Red River) who grew up in Lac La Biche, Treaty 6
Territory.
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Water Rights and Moral Limits to
Water Markets
C. Tyler DesRoches
17Does the human right to water entail moral limits insists that water is not merely a resource, or even
to water markets? This question is striking, not a basic human need, but a human right. She
least because the most esteemed theorists in the concludes that water “must never be bought,
history of economic thought regularly invoked hoarded, traded, or sold as a commodity on the
water as the example of a good that has no open market.” She asserts that no water markets
economic value and, therefore, no market. In The should be permitted, let alone ones that are
Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith famously claimed restricted on moral grounds. From this limited
that “nothing is more useful than water: but it will purview, the choice is stark. Either water markets
purchase scarce anything; scarce anything can be are to be left unbridled, without any clearly
had in exchange for it.” defined moral limits, or the human right to water
entails that no water market should be
No contemporary economist would agree with sanctioned.
Smith’s claim. Today, water is becoming
increasingly scarce in a growing number of Strikingly, philosophers have had little to say
jurisdictions. To resolve this problem, many about the human right to water. Perhaps the most
countries, including Australia, Chile, Spain, and convincing philosophical conception of the human
the United States have turned toward establishing right to water is that of Harvard political
water markets – in one form or another. In philosopher, Mathias Risse.2 Risse follows John
Canada, water markets have been concentrated in Locke’s Two Treatises of Government, wherein
Alberta, where the provincial government Locke claimed that God gave the Earth in common
employs various kinds of market transactions to to mankind and that, originally, in the state of
allocate the right to use water. nature, each person had an equal claim to make
use of the Earth and its products. Locke then
Free-market economists emphasize the wide famously grapples with the topics of original
variety of benefits of water markets, including the acquisition and private property. How can one
efficient distribution of a scarce resource to those person come to own previously unowned objects
who value it the most. As the supply of water when such objects are entrusted to no one in
dwindles relative to its demand, standard particular but in common to all of mankind?
economic theory predicts that, other things being
equal, the price of water will rise. Far from being Locke’s answer to this question does not depend
unfavourable, this effect is expected to incentivize on the social utility of private property. Instead,
the owners of water, or those with the right to use since each person naturally has ownership over
it, to either conserve it or sell it to a buyer who their ability to labour, people can come to own
will. Given these advantages, it is unsurprising previously unowned objects by mixing their labour
that most economists do not explicitly recognize with them and improving these objects for the
any moral limits to buying and selling water, let benefit of life.
alone ones prompted by the human right to
water. Since everyone in the Lockean state of nature has
common ownership of the Earth, Locke must
Not everyone believes that water should be somehow ensure that such claims are not
c o m m o d i f i e d , h o w e v e r. T h e C a n a d i a n breached by individual appropriations of private
environmental thinker Maude Barlow, for one, property. To resolve this problem, he argues that
insists that water is not the kind of good that appropriations are sanctioned only insofar “there
should be distributed by the free market.1 Barlow is enough and as good left in common for others.”
1 Maude Barlow, Blue Gold: The Fight to Stop the Corporate The of the World’s Water (New York: The New Press, 2002); Barlow,
Blue Covenant: The Global Water Crisis and the Coming Ba le for the Right to Water (New York: The New Press, 2007).
2 Mathias Risse, “The Human Right to Water and Common Ownership of the Earth.” The Journal of Poli cal Philosophy 22 (2014):
178-203.
18
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ti“Nobody,” he maintains, “could think himself Does this conception of the human right to water
injured by the drinking of another man […] who entail specific moral limits to water markets? Of
had the whole river of the same water left him to course. If water markets prevent people from
quench his thirst: and the case of land and water, obtaining some minimal and proportional share of
where there is enough of both, is perfectly the water, by charging a prohibitively high price, for
same.” instance, then those markets put the human right
to water in jeopardy and should be blocked. This
It is primarily from these two passages that Robert conclusion is consistent with Barlow’s thesis that
Nozick attributes Locke’s theory, with a specific no water should be treated as a commodity.
proviso. Nozick explains that “a process normally However, it is also consistent with the claim that
giving rise to a permanent bequeathable property some water may be treated as a commodity.
right in a previously unowned thing will not do so
if the position of others no longer at liberty to use
the thing is thereby worsened.” This proviso
requires that all acquisitions must not worsen the The extended version of this essay is published as
situation of others and, therefore, it represents a a chapter in Canadian Environmental Philosophy
bona fide constraint on property rights. To (2019), edited by C.T. DesRoches, F. Jankunis and
determine if the proviso has been violated one B. Williston. The chapter is available online:
must show that others are below their baseline https://philpapers.org/archive/DESWRA-2.pdf).
case, or starting position, because of the
appropriation. Thus, the crucial question to ask is
whether the appropriation of an unowned object
has worsened the situation of others.
For Risse, as for Locke, it is in virtue of the fact
that humanity collectively owns the Earth, prior to
any individual appropriations, that everyone
possesses a set of natural rights to the Earth’s
resources: everyone is entitled to some minimal
and proportional share of the Earth’s resources.
This right to a proportional share of resources ipso
facto encompasses a positive right to water. How
could it exclude water? Nevertheless, it should be
clear that, on this account, people are not entitled
to collectively own all of the world’s water. As
Locke states above, there are some individual
appropriations of resources, including water, that
can be made without worsening the situation of
others and, therefore, should be permitted.
Clearly, this conception is inextricably tied to the
Lockean proviso. According to this conception,
then, people have a natural right to that minimal
quantity and quality of water required to make C. Tyler DesRoches is Associate Professor of
them at least as well-off as they would have been Sustainability and Human Well-Being and
in the Lockean state of nature, prior to any Associate Professor of Philosophy at Arizona State
original individual appropriations. University.
19(Ne pas) «engager un savoir» dans
la Résistance écologiste: légitime?
Ghyslain Bolduc
Bertrand Russell & his wife Edith
Russell lead an -nuclear march by
the Commi ee of 100 in London on
Sat 18 Feb 1961. Image: Tony
French
«Conformity means death. Only protest gives a gen ment et proprement»3 aux dirigeants nous
hope of life»,1 déclarait Bertrand Russell dans la mène gen ment et proprement à notre perte. À la
foulée de la crise des missiles de Cuba de 1962. Est- fois universitaire et militant, Russell prit quant à lui
il nécessaire de rappeler que ce e somma on à la part à des ac ons de désobéissance civile, audace
résistance contre l’autodestruc on du monde est qui lui coûta d’ailleurs l’incarcéra on. Devrait-il
d’autant plus vraie et per nente face à ce que apparaître comme un modèle de courage pour les
l’ONU quali e aujourd’hui de «menace existen elle chercheurs, incluant celles et ceux en histoire et
directe»?2 Nos espoirs èdes en une issue philosophie des sciences?
encourageante de la COP26 (cet énième sommet
de «la dernière chance») étant brisés, il est plus Si les climatologues ont depuis longtemps intégré
clair que jamais que «demander les choses dans leurs fonc ons o cielles le rôle d’alerter
1 Russellcité par Andrée Shepherd, Protest and Nuclear Weapons in Britain: La Campagne pour le désarmement nucléaire et les
intellectuels de la nouvelle gauche, Tours, Presses universitaires François-Rabelais, 1984.
2 h ps://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1312171/changements-climat-na ons-unies-ac on-onu-new-york
3 L’expression est de Jean-François Julliard, directeur de Greenpeace France.
h ps://reporterre.net/Le-mouvement-climat-cherche-un-second-sou e?
utm_source=newsle er&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nl_quo dienne& clid=IwAR0nlqzBGjy99etQiQHMUxDLzo_f7yjXW
MrQ2Hy-alS-J5iZzHc2AuQOBj4
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fb
tipubliquement des conséquences désastreuses des Et si, en réaction à une menace existentielle
activités anthropiques émettrices de GES, scientifiquement révélée, l’engagement n’était pas
plusieurs chercheurs, gagnés par le sentiment un obstacle, mais une condition à la crédibilité du
d’extrême urgence, ont déjà fait le saut dans la chercheur? Cela répondrait à l’exigence – à la fois
s p h è re m i l i ta nte . D eva nt l ’ i n a c t i o n d e s simple et rare – d’adéquation entre le discours et
gouvernements, près de 1000 scientifiques ont en l’action: comment peut-on marteler qu’il y a
2020 appelé les citoyens à la désobéissance urgence sans modifier nos propres
civile,4 alors que d’autres forment des militants comportements, conformes au business as usual
d’ONG ou rejoignent directement des groupes de la vie académique? Il serait d’ailleurs trop facile
comme Extinction Rebellion.5 Mais pour certains, de réserver ce type de considérations aux
le militantisme académique menace la neutralité climatologues et autres experts de la question
et la crédibilité scientifique. L’écologue Christian environnementale: étudiant la constitution
Lévêque dénonce ainsi la politisation de la science historique, logique, psychosociale et technique du
écologique menée par certains écologues eux- savoir scientifique, les historiens et philosophes
mêmes, qui en ferait un mouvement normatif, des sciences sont à même de justifier la
telle l’«écologie profonde» (deep ecology), fondé prétention épistémique des experts et d’en
sur des théories périmées.6 Le litige concerne au dégager les conditions et les limites. Nous avons
premier chef le principe de neutralité axiologique donc un savoir à engager dans cette lutte et
conçu par Max Weber. Or, cette exigence – qui surtout, des actions à entreprendre.
n’est pourtant pas rappelée lorsque les
scientifiques travaillent pour des intérêts Que faire alors?
corporatifs ou étatiques – vise d’abord à prévenir
Voici en conclusion deux fronts à mener:
l’instrumentalisation dogmatique de l’autorité
savante; elle ne saurait proscrire un «activisme Créer un rapport de force en renforçant la
intellectuel […] fondé sur la production de savoir mobilisation citoyenne et étudiante. Nous
qui suit des méthodes scientifiques rigoureuses».7 pouvons tisser des liens avec des groupes
Comme le précise Louis Pinto résumant Pierre militants, les appuyer et même nous joindre à
Bourdieu, «engager un savoir» est tout à fait eux.9 En guise de solidarité avec les générations
légitime lorsque ce savoir «ne s’acquiert que dans futures, nous nous devons d’appuyer les étudiants
le travail savant, soumis aux règles de la dans leur propre mobilisation et faciliter leurs
‘communauté savante’».8 Ce présumé devoir de actions militantes, dont la grève pour le climat.
neutralité ne servirait-il pas ainsi de refuge moral
en se substituant indûment au devoir de Réduire drastiquement les émissions de GES liées
résistance, alors que la passivité a déjà mené à à nos activités académiques et atteindre la
des extinctions massives et à des souffrances carboneutralité. En toute cohérence, il n’est pas
humaines intolérables? sérieux d’exhorter la population à rompre sa
dépendance aux énergies fossiles et transformer
ses modes de vie alors que, dans le cas de
4 h ps://www.lemonde.fr/idees/ar cle/2020/02/20/l-appel-de-1-000-scien ques-face-a-la-crise-ecologique-la-rebellion-est-
necessaire_6030145_3232.html
5 h ps://www.lemonde.fr/sciences/ar cle/2020/03/09/savants-ou-militants-le-dilemme-des-chercheurs-face-a-la-crise-
ecologique_6032394_1650684.html
6 C. Lévêque, L’écologie est-elle encore scien que?, Versailles, Édi ons Quae, 2013.
7 H. Etchanchu, «Face aux crises, l’avènement du chercheur-militant», h ps://theconversa on.com/face-aux-crises-lavenement-du-
chercheur-militant-127759
8 L. Pinto, «‘Neutralité axiologique’, science et engagement», Savoir/Agir, vol. 2, no 16, 2011, p. 109.
9 Au Québec, des collec fs comme La Planète s’invite au Parlement ont besoin de forces vives, dont des experts pour porter leurs
revendica ons et contribuer à l’élabora on de leurs forma ons. h ps://laplanetesinvite.org/
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