Classroom physics - The Sun and Solar System - June 2021 | Issue 57 - IOP Spark
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Classroom June 2021 | Issue 57
physics
The magazine for IOP affiliated schools
The Sun and
Solar System
Credit: Shutterstock
Addressing student misconceptions
A solar scientist talks about her job
The toilet roll solar system
iop.org
Editorial Classroom physics | June 2021
Draw the Sun: this image is one of a
This issue selection from the Science Museum’s
collection. It was used as an example in a
News recent online workshop chaired by Imperial
College artist and physicist Geraldine Cox
3 Addressing misconceptions to encourage young people to make solar
in physics artwork greatexhibitionroadfestival.co.uk/
explore/families/draw-sun
4 Postcards from Space
Astronomical Diagram Transparent Solar
5 IOP book recommendation System, circa 1860
Feature Credit: Science Museum / Science & Society
Picture Library -- All rights reserved.
6 Up close and
personal with the Sun
7
Resources
A solar scientist
Bring some sunshine
8 Knowing and explaining
into the classroom
in the context of Earth As we approach the end of a second The Sun is central to our lives from the
and space disrupted academic year, we are very beginning, so it’s not surprising that
beginning to see rays of sunshine by the time they reach secondary school,
9 - 12 The Sun and emerging. Like you, we sincerely hope many students have confused ideas about
Solar System pull-out that this is the last time teachers will our star. Our new set of Earth and Space
have to end the school year with the misconceptions (page 3) will help you
13 Stories from physics pressure of assessing students who have untangle this thinking.
Digests been unable to sit public examinations.
We look at Sun observation from Earth (page
We have missed being able to meet you in 3) and from space via NASA’s Parker Probe
14 - 15 Physics Education person at our teacher workshops. We look (page 6). We also probe IOP member and
forward to being able to offer face-to-face renowned solar physicist Dr Helen Mason
help and support again very soon, getting (page 7) about her career and ask her advice
16 TalkPhysics & Physics World for any aspiring sun scientists. Our central
hands-on with practical kit together and
networking. But over this year we have also pull-out contains activities for the classroom,
17 Education in Chemistry learned new ways of working which enable including the classic toilet roll solar system
& CLEAPSS more teachers to join our events. In future, activity (page 11). For software to enable
our teacher CPD offering will be a blend of weatherproof astronomy (page 15) as well
Listings online sessions and videos with traditional as a clever way to explore the Sun with
live events held at local venues. Turn to the a tuning fork (page 14), visit our Physics
back page for more details of our teacher Education digest.
18 Opportunities
CPD offering.
19 Remote teaching and Wishing you a good end to the term and a
In anticipation of summer, we have relaxing summer break.
learning resources
chosen the Sun as part of the Earth in
20 Events listing Space topic as the focus for this edition Caroline Davis
of Classroom Physics. Classroom Physics editor
Editor With this issue... Follow the IOP
Caroline Davis Education Department on
caroline.davis@iop.org Stories from Physics: astronomy and space
Twitter @IOPTeaching
The seventh booklet in our series. For more
Physics pull-out see spark.iop.org/stories-physics
Taj Bhutta
taj.bhutta@iop.org Postcards from Space Read Classroom Physics
A free set of resources for teaching space. online and access previous
Photography See page 4 for more details editions at spark.iop.org/
Dan Josman classroom-physics.
2
Classroom physics | June 2021 News
Addressing misconceptions in physics IOPSpark misconceptions
What you’ll see:
• a summary of the misconception
and, where possible, a longer
description with information
pulled out from the literature
about ways the misconception
may appear in students
• where available, relevant
diagnostic resources from the IOP
and York University’s BEST (Best
Evidence Science Teaching) and
EPSE (Evidence based Practice in
Identifying, addressing and challenging 1979 in Cimer, 2007). Therefore, students Science Education) projects
misconceptions held by students are must become unsatisfied with their prior
essential to teaching physics well. theories and be open to viewing the world • IOPSpark teaching resources to
Former physics teacher Jessica Howell in a different, sometimes analogical way address the misconception
manages the IOPSpark Misconceptions (Nussbaum and Novick, 1982; Posner, Strike,
resources and explains how they can help Hewson, and Gertzog, 1982; Driver et al, • detailed references from each
in the classroom. 1996 in Cimer, 2007). study, distilled into a form with
suggestions and comments from
A central purpose of physics education is Today, a key part of teaching physics involves our review team.
to develop students’ understanding of the identifying, addressing and challenging
most fundamental explanations for how the misconceptions or incorrect theories that
universe behaves. Despite a teacher’s best students hold. To make this less time-
efforts to nurture this, students sometimes consuming in lesson preparation, the IOPSpark misconceptions
do not grasp certain ideas in physics. Practical Implications for Physics Education Topics covered:
Research (PIPER) team have been reviewing
Decades of research has delved into the literature and compiling a list of • Forces and Motion
students’ thinking around these ideas. common misconceptions complete with • Electricity and Magnetism
Notably, Rosalind Driver suggested that diagnostic questions and resources to • Energy and Thermal Physics
students form their understanding of the address the ideas. • Light, Sound and Waves
world through observations and experiences, • Earth and Space
making a model of misconceptions for their more... • Quantum and Nuclear Physics*
world that is based on common sense but • Properties of Matter*
is not always correct (Driver, R et al. 1994). spark.iop.org/misconceptions
(* the sections are due for completion by autumn 2021)
Furthermore, Schaefer stated that if the
ideas taught at school are not related to spark.iop.org/conducting-research-using-
students’ everyday lives, they may not grasp piper-resources
Share your students’ misconceptions
the concepts properly and instead just learn
isolated ‘packages’ of information (Schaefer,
Studies into students’ misconceptions
mainly took place between 1980 and
2010. While many of the findings are
still current, a changing environment
Earth and Space misconceptions and curriculum mean new ideas will
have developed that fit with students’
Examples from our newest collection: understanding of the world around
them today.
• Most pupils think it is cold in the winter
because the Sun is further away from the Earth We want to make sure all these ideas
are captured – and this is where you
• Some pupils think that all stars are the same size come in. Please submit the miscon-
ceptions that your students hold so
• Some younger pupils may hold the belief that we can add them to our bank on
the Sun travels around the Earth IOPSpark.
• Some pupils have ideas that the Sun gets bit.ly/IOPmisconceptions
covered and that is what causes night
3
News Classroom physics | June 2021
Postcards
from Space
Each IOP Affiliated School will have
received a set of 12 postcards with this
edition of Classroom Physics. They were
created by Miles Hudson, PGCE physics
tutor at Newcastle University.
Aimed at older primary and younger
secondary students, the PostcardsFromSpace
deliberately extend beyond the statements
of the National Curriculum to offer greater
depth and breadth. Each card links to
a web page which includes additional Written as postcards from a friend, junior
information, animations, videos and activities astronaut Tanno and his faithful dog Iguda,
to extend students’ learning. Developed the informal writing style makes them highly more...
during lockdown, Miles ensured equipment accessible and engaging.
requirements are minimal. postcardsfromspace.co.uk
Miles said, “The delivery of literacy in science
He suggests the cards could be particularly was a cornerstone of their development from Follow facebook.com/PostcardsFromSpace
useful for Science Clubs, delivering more the outset. There are facts and figures, but for a daily Space Fact of the Day
than a term’s worth of activities. The range the real world application of concepts comes
of space objects and activities is large, so through in the adventures that Tanno and
students could be set to work with different Iguda have on their travels. Learning the size
ones and cross compare, or the group could and surface temperature of Pluto is one thing,
all work from the same card and steadily but what would it actually be like to walk on
progress along the journey together. the frozen surface?”
Out-of-this-world research using neutrons
The Sun recently started a new solar 84% of the speed of light and fires them into
weather cycle, Solar Cycle 25. As it targets to produce beams of neutrons. These
enters the more active phase of its cycle neutrons are used in a variety of experiments
– expected between now and 2025 – solar from investigating superconductors to
activity is likely to increase, resulting studying samurai swords.
in a period of space weather that can
have major impacts on technology on ChipIR is a unique instrument at ISIS that
Earth and in space. Scientists at the mimics cosmic ray neutrons to test the
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) are effect of these high-energy particles on
investigating space weather and its effects electronic devices. ChipIR has been used more...
on electronics. to test electronics critical to systems in
aircraft, satellites, spacecraft, autonomous Find out more about this experiment and
Cosmic rays originate from both the Sun and vehicles and even the internet, revealing their explore Space Science Research at ISIS at
from beyond our solar system. As they collide vulnerabilities. bit.ly/ISIS-ScienceStories
with the Earth’s atmosphere, they produce
high-energy particles, including neutrons, Recently, ChipIR and its fast neutrons The Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL)
which can reach down to the ground. These were used in an unusual, out-of-this world is a national scientific research laboratory
cosmic ray neutrons can disrupt the normal experiment: investigating simulants of operated by the Science and Technology
operation of electronics and cause havoc in moon dust for use as radiation shielding for Facilities Council. RAL regularly hosts tours
devices and systems. future lunar habitats, crucial for establishing and workshops for teachers and school
manned bases on the Moon. students. Email visitRAL@stfc.ac.uk for
The ISIS Neutron and Muon Source at RAL more information.
has a synchrotron that accelerates protons to
4
Classroom physics | June 2021 News
IOP book recommendation
Stargazers: Copernicus, Galileo, the Telescope
and the Church by Allan Chapman
Reviewed by Mark Whalley, historical, cultural, technological, economic
IOP Education Manager and geographical contexts. In addition, there
have always been many more people involved
This is an excellent book for anyone in science than most books give credit for:
interested in the history of astronomy. Very from the manufacture of the paper on which
well written by one of the leading experts these giants wrote down their findings to the
in the field, you will definitely be pleased blowing of the glass from which they ground
you’ve read it! their lenses.
The Scientific Revolution is often presented This is not the case in Stargazers:
as starting with Copernicus and the Copernicus, Galileo, the Telescope and the
publication of De Revolutionibus in 1543. It Church, by the historian of science Allan
then proceeds through Kepler and Galileo Chapman. He rightly gives a great deal of
and arrives at Newton. These four figures are attention to the four central figures, but
understandably placed at the centre of the recognises and discusses the broader are all given their 15 minutes of fame, as well
birth of modern physics and astronomy, but a contexts of the time, a period of religious and as providing extra local richness to the book.
focus on these alone misses so many stories political upheaval across Europe. This book
and so much of the context. adds colour and texture to the familiar stories If you enjoy this book, I would also
and introduces us to the less well-known, recommend Allan Chapman’s follow-up on
Science does not exist in a vacuum. It is still but utterly fascinating, characters involved the history of astronomy from 1700-2000:
often portrayed in Western thought as being in astronomy in the period 1500-1700. For Comets, Cosmology and the Big Bang: From
pursued by lone geniuses dependent in no example, William Crabtree from Salford, Halley to Hubble: A history of astronomy
way on the world around them. This is simply Jeremiah Horrocks from Toxteth and William from Edmond Halley to Edwin Hubble.
a myth. Science exists and develops within Gascoigne, the inventor of the micrometer,
Careers videos:
physicists addressing global challenges
Matthew Watkins is an Engineering recorded panel discussions organised for about what our panellists did day to day -
Technician at Imperial College London. A schools by the IOP during National Careers their successes, their failures and their hopes
former apprentice, he helps researchers week in March 2021. They are part of our for the future. They also used the opportunity
with the design and manufacture of Limit Less campaign to support young people to ask the panellists for advice. How can
tailored parts for projects at the cutting- to change the world and fulfil their potential they get into coding? What are the good
edge of technology, ranging from prosthetic by doing physics. books and resources to read? And perhaps,
legs for ballet dancers to prototype ion most importantly, what to do in the case of a
thrusters for spacecraft. The recordings are great for use in the robotic uprising…?
classroom. They bring together relatable role
Raquel Velasco is the head of product for an models from across the UK and Ireland to more...
artificial intelligence start-up. She helps cities discuss the role of physicists in tacking
and councils improve the way they manage global issues in climate change, robotics Watch the three panel discussions at
the movement of people and traffic. In & artificial Intelligence (AI) and medicine. iop.org/careersweek
particular, she has been part of a team which One student commented: “I enjoyed hearing
developed an AI-based system to improve about some of the speakers’ personal
traffic lights. It is important to her that what experiences, it felt real and less like an advert
she does has a positive impact on both for the industry.”
individuals and society.
Watched live by almost 1,000 teachers and
These are just a couple of examples of the students, the recordings include questions
12 physicists who took part in a series of from students. They wanted to know more
5
Feature Classroom physics | June 2021
Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins APL/Steve Gribben
An illustration of the Parker Solar Probe approaching the Sun.
Up close and
personal with the Sun
During the launch of NASA’s Parker Solar around the spacecraft and tucks solar panels Data from these instruments are already
Probe in 2018, headlines would have had behind the shield when necessary, allowing helping scientists learn more about the
you believe that the spacecraft was on a the instruments to stay at a cool 26 °C. corona and high-energy solar particles. And
mission to touch the Sun. It will get close, it is hoped that by the mission’s conclusion
very close in astronomical terms, but no Why NASA wants to send a probe so close in 2025, before the spacecraft meets its fiery
probe could handle a temperature of to the Sun is simple: the Sun’s atmosphere, end in the heart of the Sun, the Parker Solar
5,500 °C and radiation spewing from the called the solar corona (the jagged ring you Probe will have finally exposed some of the
Sun’s fiery surface. can only see during a total eclipse) still holds Sun’s most elusive secrets.
many mysteries that can only be solved
Speeding ever faster and ever nearer to our close-up. Dr Benjamin Skuse
home star, with the assistance of seven Freelance science writer
gravity kicks from Venus, the Parker Solar For decades, scientists have been stumped
Probe’s 24 looping orbits over its seven-year as to why the corona is so hot. Why does
mission will end in a dramatic 700,000 km/h this thin atmosphere reach temperatures more...
flyby. It will be the first spacecraft to graze in excess of 1 million °C when the surface
the edge of the Sun’s atmosphere – just 6.9 is so much cooler? They also want to know For the latest updates, follow the Parker Solar
million km from the surface. how the Sun produces space weather closer Probe’s blog: nasa.gov/content/goddard/
to home. The Sun drives a stream of high- parker-solar-probe
This may still sound far away, but beats all energy particles, known as solar wind, in all
past efforts hands-down: the previous record directions across the Solar System. These A student activity to explore the Earth’s
of 43 million km was set by Helios 2 in 1976 particles jet past Earth at speeds up to magnetic field: spark.iop.org/earths-
(which the Parker Solar Probe smashed in 800 km per second, shaking Earth’s magnetic-field-activity
January this year when it swept past magnetic field and scrambling satellites.
13.5 million km from the Sun). Can we predict when the solar wind gets A Story from Physics about early quantitative
stormy so we can protect satellites? measurements of the Sun: spark.iop.org/
Even 6.9 million km away, the spacecraft measuring-sun
requires an 11 cm-thick carbon-composite To solve these mysteries, the small car-sized
shield to protect its instruments from spacecraft is packed with four instrument Early ideas about the solar system:
1,400 °C temperatures and deadly radiation. suites that study magnetic fields, plasma and spark.iop.org/early-ideas-about-solar-
Its computer system also circulates water energetic particles, and image the solar wind. system
6
Classroom physics | June 2021 Features
astrophysical objects. We also need to Colorado and the Center for Astrophysics,
Credit: Henry Kenyon
understand how it interacts with the Cambridge, Massachusetts. I have been
Earth’s environment. fortunate enough to experience three total
solar eclipses: Guadeloupe in 1998, the UK in
“I am involved in analysing space 1999 and in 2017 as NASA’s solar expert in
observations of the Sun, specialising in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
solar spectroscopy in UV and X-rays. I have
worked on many solar space projects, most “If your students are interested in a career in
recently on SoHO (Solar and Heliospheric solar physics, I would advise them to aim for
Observatory), SDO (Solar Dynamics a BSc in physics or mathematics and look
Observatory) and Hinode. We have created for options in space physics or astrophysics.
an atomic database called CHIANTI which During my physics degree, I did a dissertation
is used by everyone analysing solar spectra. on the solar wind during my physics degree
We are able to determine the temperature, and then a PhD at UCL on solar observations
density, elemental abundances and motion (eclipse observations), supervised by Prof
Dr Helen Mason OBE
of the solar plasma. We can then compare Mike Seaton, who was one of the world’s
A solar these to theoretical models.
“I work best with a team of people, with a
experts in atomic physics.
“For me, science is about asking questions,
scientist talks variety of skills. Solar space observations
require the skills of many different people.
sometimes leading on to other questions, and
space science really encourages this.”
about her job
I like to think of myself as one piece in a
jigsaw puzzle. On a daily basis, I help analyse more...
new observations, discuss scientific results
with my colleagues, do some calculations on Listen to Helen’s BBC Radio 4 In Our Time
Dr Helen Mason OBE is a solar physicist
a computer and write papers. It is very about the Solar Wind, just before the launch
and public engagement fellow at the
exciting when we get new results and a of Solar Orbiter: bbc.co.uk/programmes/
University of Cambridge
new understanding of a feature in the m000dg9n
“We live in an age which depends on solar atmosphere.
Watch Helen’s interview with the Royal
technology. The Sun interacts with the Earth
“I have worked with collaborators all over the Institution, A closer look at our Sun youtube.
causing ‘space weather’ which can damage
world, in particular the USA, Europe, Japan com/watch?v=eptVGN9XQ68
satellites, disrupt electricity transmission,
harm astronauts and be problematic in and India. I have spent quite a lot of time at
many ways (it is high on the UK’s National NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center where
SoHO and other spacecraft were operated. Helen received the Royal Astronomical
Risk Register). We need to understand our
I have also worked closely with colleagues Society’s Annie Maunder Medal for
Sun better if we are to understand other
at the High Altitude Observatory, Boulder, Outreach in 2018.
SunSpaceArt many other stars in the sky, how it was born
and will eventually die. We think about how
‘in person’. Then the project had to move
online with virtual workshops. This actually
links scientists
beautiful but fragile our Earth is, as seen enabled us to reach many more students and
from space and how we need to look after it. to involve more scientists, educators, artists,
We think about the possibility of life existing musicians, poets and even a dancer.
and artists elsewhere in the universe.”
more...
in schools She says that linking science and arts as
a cross-curriculum activity both develops
SunSpaceArt is funded by the Science and
Technology Facilities Council
creativity and reinforces the science learning.
Dr Helen Mason’s latest project,
She adds: “It builds confidence in students sunspaceart.org
SunSpaceArt, brings together a team of
when they present their work to the rest
scientists and artists to work with upper
of the class and sometimes to the whole
primary and lower secondary age students.
school. Teachers have found that students
The aim is to develop creativity and
with Special Educational Needs respond
encourage innovation.
particularly well, with longer than average
attention spans and interest.”
“Astronomy and space science simply grab
the imagination!” explains Helen. “Our
The SunSpaceArt website has activities
workshops explore what the Sun means to
including worksheets, blogs and videos.
us here on Earth, how it is just a star like
Until March 2020 activities were delivered
7
Resources Classroom physics | June 2021
Physics education research
In this column,
Knowing and
Credit: Grayjay at Shutterstock
James de Winter
(University of Uppsala and
University of Cambridge)
and Richard Brock
explaining in the
(King’s College London)
highlight accessible and usable
context of Earth
resources based on research into
physics education. and space
Get involved with physics education From 24 hours to 365 days and from
research discussions by joining MVEMJSUN* to OBAFGKM**, learning The quality of explanatory responses was
the Physics Education Research about the features of the universe may initially consistently low and the researchers
group on Talk Physics at not seem to hold the same conceptual implemented a teaching intervention to
talkphysics.org/groups/physics- challenges that, for example, Newton’s support students’ scientific argumentation
education-research-per Laws demand and can slip into with the following aspects:
or email research@teachphysics.co.uk. recall-only territory.
• Teachers emphasise the process of
However, supporting students to develop a science, rather than the presentation
meaningful understanding of the complex, of facts.
multi-bodied, three-dimensional motions
of astronomical objects beyond rote • Students are asked to build models
memorisation, presents many challenges. of the Earth and Sun’s motion with
Justification of ideas can be problematic – balls/nails/torches and then to
can you convincingly provide evidence, from justify observations.
your own experience, that the Earth does go
round the Sun? • Students are not given the answers but
are guided to develop explanations for
Steinberg, Cormier and Fernandez carried their observations.
out research to explore how American high
school students (14-16-year-olds) were able • Students are constantly asked to justify,
to justify their answers to the question: explain, reason and interpret.
Which of the following do you think best
approximates the relative motion of the Earth After the intervention, there was a significant
and the Sun? increase in the quality of students’ correct
scientific justification for their answers. In
A. The Sun goes around the Earth. addition, the students scored well on a task
B. The Earth goes around the Sun. asking them to explain a context not covered
C. Neither A nor B are correct. in the course (black holes).
D. I do not know.
As with all studies, caution is needed in
As best as you can, provide a proper and suggesting that this is the correct/best/only
complete scientific argument for your answer. way to teach. However, the paper contains
useful aspects including:
Most students selected the correct answer
(B=93%) and the researchers focused on • a rubric to assess the quality of
students’ ability to provide a ‘complete student explanations
scientific argument’. Responses were
assessed on a scale from: • suggesting a correct answer, by itself,
does not indicate full understanding
(1) Students use jargon, authority, circular and so teaching and assessment should
reasoning or irrelevant observations focus on students’ explanatory abilities
or experiments.
more... • a teaching approach to support
to: students’ explanations.
The paper, Probing student understanding
of scientific thinking in the context (5) Student cites observations or experiments
* Order of the planets from the Sun
** Classification of the stars by their spectra and temperature
of introductory astrophysics, is freely distinguishing between two models and
available at doi.org/10.1103/ supports choice with proper explanation
PhysRevSTPER.5.020104 relevant to their answer.
8
Classroom physics | June 2021 Resources
Pull out and keep!
The Sun and Solar System
This pull-out gives suggestions for ways
to explore the Sun and the Solar System
• Activity: Colour and temperature of stars for 11 - 14 year olds
• Demonstration: Stellar convection for 14 - 16 year olds
• Student worksheet: Toilet roll solar system
The Solar System
to scale
Space is very, very big and hard to imagine.
It is so big that an accurate picture of the
Solar System does not fit into a book and
pictures that we see of the Solar System
are usually wrong.
It can be tempting to teach this topic in a
way that is simple and descriptive, when in
fact the scales involved are conceptually
demanding. The fact that diagrams in books
and on posters are often poorly drawn
and not to scale can lead to persistent
misunderstandings about planetary sizes and
interplanetary distances.
Adapted from The size of space - a Best Evidence
Science Teaching Resource How big is the Earth compared to the Sun? A question from the BEST The size of space diagnostic resource
Creating a scale physical model is a fun and
memorable way to address this. For a model more...
made out of fruit that shows the relative size
Distance
Planet Fruit from Download the full BEST resource including
of the planets and their distances from the
sun / cm diagnostic questions at spark.iop.org/solar-
Sun, you’ll need an outdoor space at least
system-scale
11 m long, a 15 m long tape measure and
the fruit listed in the table below. Emphasise
Mercury Cherry 12
Watch our toilet roll solar system video at
that the scale for the size of the planets is not Venus Plum 22 iop.org/episode-11-toilet-roll-solar-
the same scale as that used for the distance
system
between them. Earth Plum 30
Build a fruit solar system at spark.iop.org/
As an alternative, the worksheet on page Larger building-model-solar-system-fruit
12 talks through building a model at home Mars 46
cherry
using a roll of toilet paper and a few sheets
of A4 paper.
Jupiter Watermelon 155
Also included in this pull-out is an activity
to help students better understand how the Saturn Coconut 285
colour of the Sun is linked to temperature and
a demonstration to show the role convection Uranus Apple 574
plays in its appearance.
Neptune Orange 900
9
Activity: Colour and temperature of stars (11-14)
In this activity, students use a variable resistor and an incandescent light bulb to illustrate how the colour of
a star is related to its temperature.
Teachers’ notes
A school hall or theatre can be a good place to demonstrate
this change in colour as lights are dimmed.
Students will have seen that when a lamp has a small current
passing through it, the light emitted is red or orange. However,
most will not have thought that this could be related to why
Equipment cooler stars are redder or why hotter stars are whiter.
Each group of students will need:
In this activity, the current through the lamp is increased by
• Power supply
reducing the resistance of the variable resistor. Increasing the
• Incandescent bulb (with rating matched to power supply
current increases the temperature of the bulb and this means
• Variable resistor
that as well as glowing more brightly, the bulb will change
• Connecting wires
its colour. Emphasise that there is a direct link between
temperature and the colour of light emitted.
Procedure
Ask students to: Discuss how our Sun’s surface temperature (5,500°C) means
that it glows white hot. Cooler stars glow red. Although not
1. Connect the power supply in series to the variable resistor.
possible to demonstrate with this experiment, you may also
2. Adjust the variable resistor so that voltage across the lamp want to discuss that stars hotter than our sun glow blue hot.
is low. The lamp should glow red.
3. Slide the variable resistance to increase the voltage across more...
the bulb. It should now glow with an orange colour. Watch the video at spark.iop.org/colour-and-temperature-
stars
4. Slide the resistor so that the voltage across the bulb is a
maximum. It should glow white.
Our violent and brilliant Sun
Solar physicist Lucie Green reveals her lifelong fascination
with our nearest star and explains how space telescopes allow
us to see it in greater detail than ever before. Explore how
solar missions reveal sunspots, solar flares and coronal mass
ejections, and what effect such violent phenomena can have
on our life on Earth.
Find this video and more to support teaching astronomy and
space at spark.iop.org/astronomy-and-
space-videos
Lucie Green explains that the Sun is the power source for the entire solar system in
her video Our violent and brilliant Sun
10Demonstration: Stellar convection (14 - 16)
In this demonstration, students see that if there is temperature difference between the bottom and top of a
coloured liquid, the top surface moves. You can use it to introduce solar convection.
Teachers’ notes
Students may talk about heat or energy rising. Emphasise
that neither energy nor heat are substances. Convection is
a mechanical process that it is best described in terms of
fluids at a higher temperature expanding and floating, and
then cooling and sinking. In this experiment it is driven by the
hotspots created by the coins at the bottom of the tray.
Equipment
You will need:
• Electrical hotplate
• Flat-bottomed aluminium food tray or pie tin
• 5 coins of the same denomination
• 50 ml liquid soap (eg moisturising face wash)
• A few drops of red food colouring
• 500 ml of water
• Torch (or other white light source)
Preparation & safety
The columns of rising and falling fluid are called convection
The liquid soap/shampoo will need to contain glycol stearate, cells. When we look down on the tray we see the top of the
glycol distearate or glycerol stearate in order to make cells: the liquid appears as it rises to the surface, moves
the convection cells visible. Moisturising products with a across the surface and then disappears at it sinks back below.
pearlescent appearance often contain one of these. Check The process is a repeating one so the water gets circulated
ingredients on the bottle. continuously as long as there is a temperature difference
between the bottom and top.
Be careful not to touch the hotplate when it is turned on.
The liquid temperature should not exceed 50°C Link the demonstration to stellar convection by providing an
(check with a thermometer). image of the Sun’s surface. The giant granules they can see are
the top of very large convection cells formed by plasma rising
Procedure upwards from the hot interior to the cooler surface.
Ask students to:
1. With the hotplate off, place the five coins in a cross
pattern on top of the plate.
2. Place the food tray on top of the coins.
3. Pour in cold water until the tray is half full.
4. Add 50 ml of liquid soap and a few drops of food
colouring; mix well using a finger.
5. Switch the hotplate on to a low setting. Leave for a
few minutes.
A close up of the Sun’s surface
6. Shine a torch at an angle onto the tray to make it easier
for the students to see the water rise and sink. more...
Watch the video and download the resources at spark.iop.org/
stellar-convection
11Toilet Roll Solar System
Number
of toilet
Planet Diameter Colour
Toilet Roll roll sheets
from Sun
Solar System Mercury 2 mm Brown 2
Venus 5 mm White 3 1/2
This activity takes the 4.5 billion kilometres from the Sun to Blue and
Earth 5 mm 5
Neptune and squishes them onto a single loo roll. On this green
scale most of the planets are too small to see – so you will Mars 3 mm Red 7 1/2
have to cheat and make them 100 times larger than they Brown
should be. Jupiter 62 mm stripes with 26
red spot
Brown with
Saturn 50 mm 47 1/2
How long this activity takes rings
Uranus 20 mm Light blue 95
Estimated time: 1 hour Neptune 20 mm Dark blue 149
2. Build your Solar System
What you’ll need
a) Start with the Sun and place the loo roll at the edge.
• A fresh roll of toilet paper with at least 150 sheets The start of the toilet paper is the start of space.
• Felt tip pens or colouring pencils
• Ruler b) Unroll the loo roll and stick down Mercury at the right
• 6 sheets of A4 paper distance from the Sun (two sheets).
• Scissors
• List of planet sizes and distances (below) c) Then do the same for all the other planets. Remember
to keep track of how far you’ve gone!
d) Roll up your Solar System and treasure it forever.
What to do
What next?
1. Make your Sun and planets
Remember that the Sun and planets are all 100 times
a) Make your oversized Sun by sticking together six A4 too big for the toilet paper. Why not make everything to
sheets of paper to make a 60 cm square. Then draw a the right scale by going for a 2 km walk or bike ride?
circle that’s 60 cm across and cut it out.
• Make an extra set of planets exactly the same
b) Make your planets using the cut-offs using the guide size as above
below. Colour in and label each planet.
• Start at your house or a local landmark
• Plan your route using the Solar System Model Map at
bit.ly/CPsolarmodel
more...
You can watch a video at iop.org/episode-11-toilet-roll-
solar-system
12Classroom physics | June 2021 Resources
Stories from physics
Hypatia’s astronomical The unresolved elliptical wager The Brunel sibling
achievements birthday alignment
On 24 January 1684, at an evening meeting
Hypatia of Alexandria made significant of the Royal Society, Christopher Wren, In 2020, the Guardian newspaper reported
contributions to philosophy, mathematics Robert Hooke and Edmond Halley discussed attempts to investigate the claim that the
and astronomy during the third to fourth Halley’s idea that the inverse square law engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel had
century of the common era. While her would explain Kepler’s third law of planetary aligned the two-mile-long Box railway tunnel
father’s research is now seen as of limited motion, namely that the square of a planet’s (located close to Corsham, Wiltshire) so
originality (he was also a mathematician), orbital period is proportional to the length of that the rising Sun would shine through it
Hypatia has had an enduring legacy. She the elliptical orbit’s longest diameter cubed. on his birthday. When the tunnel closed for
developed approaches to long division that Wren was intrigued by the idea and offered a engineering works in 2017, disappointed
were used to compute astronomical tables, prize that would delight any scholar – books observers noted that the alignment of the
in particular an approach to the calculation to the value of 40 shillings (equivalent to Sun’s rays with the tunnel on 9 April was
of the arc swept out by the Sun in a day. £1200 today). In a move that must have good, but imperfect. A retired physicist and
Hypatia taught students and gave public prompted scepticism from his colleagues, it engineer, Peter Maggs, has since explained
lectures on philosophy, becoming a popular is reported, ‘Mr Hook[e] than sd [sic] that he the misalignment by noting that Brunel’s
figure who commanded significant political had it, but that he would conceale [sic] it for sister, Emma Joan, was born on the 6 April
influence. On the death of Theophilus, the some time that others triing [sic] and failing, and has speculated that the tunnel is aligned
bishop of Alexandria, Hypatia took a stance might know how to value it, when he should for her birthday, not her brother’s.
against Theophilus’ nephew and successor, make it publicly’. The first deadline for the
Cyril. Cyril’s supporters spread false rumours bet, the end of March, passed without Hooke
that Hypatia was a practitioner of black or Halley claiming the prize. In August, Halley
travelled to Cambridge to discuss the issue more...
magic. The smear campaign enflamed a
mob of angry Alexandrians, who dragged with Newton. Echoing Hooke, Newton claimed spark.iop.org/stories-physics
Hypatia from her carriage and murdered her he had already completed the proof, but it
with roof tiles or oyster shells (translations had been lost. Newton, however, followed up These stories were collected by Richard
vary). Hypatia has been honoured with an on his claim, writing a nine-page manuscript Brock, lecturer at King’s College London and
asteroid and a lunar crater being named in (On the Motion of Bodies in Orbit or De Motu former physics teacher.
her memory. for short, in its Latin version) which he sent
to Halley in November. De Motu contains Follow him on Twitter @RBrockPhysics
derivations of Kepler’s Laws and would form
the basis of Newton’s Principia Mathematica.
Whether the 40 shillings worth of books were
awarded is not known.
13Digests Classroom physics | June 2021
Teaching waves: two distinct kinds of displacement
Physics Education is our
international online journal for Within the archives are a number of articles have transverse motion and oscillation of
everyone involved with the teaching from a physics educator by the name of John tension. Any account of stationary waves
Warren. These articles are always stimulating should take account of this.”
of physics in schools and colleges. and this short letter from 1980 on the
teaching of waves is no exception: Read the letter at bit.ly/PEDwaves80
Editor-in-chief Gary Williams
highlights his favourite papers on “A fundamental fact, which rarely receives
Credit: Alexander Gold at Shutterstock
the Sun and solar system from the sufficient emphasis, is that each kind of wave
involves two distinct types of disturbance
archive and the current volume of the medium. An electromagnetic wave
transmits equal amounts of energy through
Access over 50 years of articles at its electric and magnetic fields. A sound
iopscience.org/physed wave has oscillations of both pressure and
particle velocity. Surface waves in liquids
are combinations of horizontal and vertical
Affiliated schools have free access – movements, that is the waves are both
email affiliation@iop.org for a longitudinal and transverse. Vibrating strings In the ripple tank, which two disturbances
are happening?
reminder of your log in details.
What happens next?
On Facebook Learning about the
Credit: Physics Education
Sun with a tuning fork
Credit: David Featonby
Bringing together the topics of waves and
the Sun leads on to a 2015 paper entitled
Teaching about mechanical waves and sound
with a tuning fork and the Sun. This took data
from the SOHO satellite’s recordings of the
sound of the Sun and related this back to
If you compare the “outside” curve of one banana the teaching of sound. This is an interesting
with the inside curve of the other, which the set up hook for older students mixing the use of
invites you to do, then the answer is confusing.
technology to analyse the sounds in space
and astronomy with some basic wave ideas.
David Featonby’s series of short
What happens next? experiments The first four in-plane vibrational modes of a tuning fork
is now on Facebook. and the propagation of rays of sound in a cross-section
Read the paper at bit.ly/PEDtunesun of the solar interior.
Each experiment uses familiar
equipment and is stopped
at a critical stage to see if what we
think might happen really does.
David reveals what happens the
next day.
Teaching physics and the nature of science together
A paper quite different from everything of atoms to the nature of science can provide
Access over 200 experiments on mentioned so far is this one from Mick a structured topic much like the Children’s
Facebook by searching for What Nott from 1994. He looks at Brownian Learning in Science Project
Happens Next Experiments and motion and uses it as a vehicle to try and (stem.org.uk/elibrary/collection/3069)
requesting to join the group. get across some ideas concerning the did a few decades earlier. This not only helps
You can also freely access nature of science. Brownian motion is part students learn about the existence of atoms
experiments from the Physics of the evidence for the existence of atoms but also scaffolds one of the ways in which
Education archive at presented to students, often quite early on in science works.
iopscience.iop.org. their secondary schooling. Linking Brownian
motion and other evidence for the existence Read the paper at bit.ly/PEDbrown
14Classroom physics | June 2021 Digests
Build a radio Weatherproof astronomy
telescope Teaching the astronomy side of schemes of
work can be tricky because students are only
in school during the day and the more easily
past astronomical events and even take
measurements from them.
visible objects of astronomical interest need Using freeware planetarium software to
For something a little more hands-on,
a few hours more of the Earth rotating into its simulate the astronomical measurements
observations of the Sun are a way to do
own shadow to be seen. One weatherproof of ancient Greeks
astronomy during the day, unless it’s cloudy.
solution is to enjoy some of the planetarium
There is surely some value in students
and space simulation software available bit.ly/PEDgreeks
understanding the impact of weather on back
- Stellarium (stellarium.org) and Celestia
yard astronomy but when trying to teach a
(celestia.space) are first rate and are well A set of student activities for the
syllabus it’s just a hindrance.
deserving of further investigation. simulation of ancient and medieval
astronomical observations
A radio telescope can solve some of these
For ideas about what to do with it,
problems, not requiring the Sun to be
read Vassilios McInnes Spathopoulos’s bit.ly/PEDancient
visible to someone on the ground. In the
papers about making the software show
paper Space weather interference in Earth
communications and construction of a small-
scale radio telescope for Sun observation
in radio waves using Arduino the authors
describe how to build a radio telescope using
various readily available parts. It would be a
Bringing solar results presented in this paper A century of
light-bending measurements: bringing solar
stretch to describe this as an easy project,
but the parts are not that difficult to source
eclipses into the eclipses into the classroom and explore the
relevance of these astronomical observations
and I was surprised to find that I have many
of them already just because I’ve purchased
classroom to the world today.
them at electronic stores out of wanting bit.ly/PEDsolareclipses
to have a play, for example, with a Many students will enjoy linking astronomy
satellite finder. with the idea of expeditions: just as explorers
chart unknown lands, astronomers explore
Credit: Physics Education
bit.ly/PEDtelescope phenomena we have yet to understand.
I have vivid memories of travelling down
to Plymouth with a party of students and
other teachers to see the eclipse of 1999.
Credit: Physics Education
We didn’t see much of that eclipse but it
was a very memorable expedition as we
camped out the night before in a howling
gale. Students can research these historically
important expeditions online, but they can Nowadays, Einstein’s theory can be verified with high
also access the database of experimental accuracy using cheaper and smaller equipment.
Quick Links Clarifying misconceptions about
Ohm’s law and power dissipation
in grid electricity transmission
Measuring the speed of sound in air bit.ly/PEDclarifyohm
using a smartphone and a cardboard
tube bit.ly/PEDsmarttube A simulation object with LabVIEW:
simultimeter (simulated multimeter)
Bend it like dark matter! bit.ly/PEDlabview
bit.ly/PEDdarkmatter
Commercial virtual reality headsets for
The sound of music: determining developing augmented reality setups to
Young’s modulus using a guitar string track three-dimensional motion in real
bit.ly/PEDyoung time bit.ly/PEDheadsets
The home-made radio telescope
15Digests Classroom physics | June 2021
The Sun as a blackbody The colour of the Sun and other stars
Dave Cotton, editor of our online discussion I am currently exploring this idea of why A teacher who was not a physicist asked for
forum, chooses his favourite TalkPhysics the Sun’s photosphere is an example of a ideas for teaching blackbody radiation and
discussion threads on the Sun. blackbody and have a post on using the Sun this led to a long and fruitful discussion, with
as an example as a blackbody radiator to lots of suggestions for resources. It also gave
Log in or register to join the conversation at teach the concept both at GCSE and A level. me the opportunity to explain why there are
talkphysics.org Comments welcome! no green stars – something I have always
Credit: University of Chicago Photographic Archive apf6-00273
enjoyed doing!
bit.ly/TPblackbody
bit.ly/TPthesun
Sharing stories of women in physics
Earth in space from the Welsh
The IOP teacher CPD sessions resources are teachers’ conference
uploaded on TalkPhysics. A recent Sharing
Stories of Women in Physics event included The seasons, amongst other things, can be
the story of Margaret Burbidge and her role taught through a selection of simulations.
in discovering stella nucleosynthesis. You You can find suggestions for this – plus many
can also find a presentation on Margaret more great ideas for teaching this topic –
Huggins’s contributions to solar spectroscopy on the page following up the Brecon
and how to make a spectroscope to use with 2020 conference.
your students.
bit.ly/TPbrecon20
Margaret Huggins worked at the Tulse Hill Observatory
in London
bit.ly/TPsharing
Sunny superpower: solar cells Counting muons in schools
close in on 50% efficiency Andrew Ferguson is a device physicist. He
Stories from our magazine for the global Researchers are working to improve the used an IOP School Grant to work with pupils
physics community. Visit physicsworld.com efficiency of multi-layer solar cells. Richard to teach them about muons, design a muon
Stevenson explores whether their practical detector and install one in the school
benefits are more likely to be realised in
space than on Earth “Primary-school children, and the rest of
us too, are continuously being showered by
For solar cells, efficiency really matters. This unseen muons, a heavier relative of the more
crucial metric determines how much energy familiar electron. These muons are created
can be harvested from rooftops and solar when energetic cosmic rays, including protons
farms, with commercial solar panels made and alpha particles, hit our atmosphere and
of silicon typically achieving an efficiency of produce a shower of particles as they slow
20%. For satellites, the efficiency defines the down. Muons remain unnoticed unless you
size and weight of the solar panels needed have the right equipment to look for them.
to power the spacecraft, which directly I read about a US-based outreach project
affects manufacturing and launch costs. To called Cosmic Watch. Started by particle
make a really efficient device, it is tempting physicists, it allows members of the public to
to pick a material that absorbs all the Sun’s make muon detectors for less than $100 and
radiation. That might lead you to build a observe these tiny particles for themselves.
cell out of mercury telluride, which converts At the heart of the detector is a silicon
nearly all of the Sun’s incoming photons photomultiplier chip, which measures the few
into current-generating electrons. But there blue photons emitted by a plastic scintillator
Credit: Noctiluxx at iStock
is an enormous price to pay: each photon whenever a muon passes through.”
absorbed only produces a tiny amount
of energy, which means that the power Full article at bit.ly/PWmuon
generated by the device would be pitiful.
Full article at bit.ly/PWsunny
16Classroom physics | June 2021 Digests
The science of sunscreens Ingredients that are now banned include
organic molecules, such as oxybenzone
As summer approaches, link sunshine with and octinoxate, that absorb UV rays and
environmental concerns around sunscreens. convert them into a small amount of heat.
EIC is the Royal Society of Chemistry’s There are two types of ultraviolet (UV) rays Sunscreens sometimes use inorganic
magazine for teachers. Visit edu.rsc.org/eic which reach the Earth’s surface from the molecules, such as zinc oxide and titanium
Sun. Long wave UVA light penetrates our skin dioxide, which mostly block or reflect UV
causing wrinkles and sunspots. Short wave radiation. There are environmental concerns
Credit: MK Studio at Shutterstock
UVB light mostly attacks our outer layer of around their use too.
skin leading to sunburn and tanning. Both
cause skin cancer. So what is the alternative? One possibility
is using larger particles of zinc oxide and
Worldwide public health advice recommends titanium dioxide, another is natural organic
liberal use of a broad spectrum sunscreen, molecules, for example shinorine.
for protection from both UV types. For
decades, the reputation of sunscreens has Shinorine is used by some marine organisms
remained remarkably clean. However, the tide to shield themselves from solar damage and
of legislative opinion is turning. can be extracted from a type of red algae
harvested from the wild.
Every year thousands of tons of sunscreen
end up in our oceans. Research has more...
indicated that some of the chemicals these
products contain can be absorbed by corals, Read the full article by Nina Notman and
doing harm such as causing bleaching. download a worksheet on the chemical
Governments are starting to act, banning structures in sunscreen for age range 14–16
sunscreens containing certain chemicals. from rsc.li/3wEfLkJ
Practical work on the and a D-SLR camera. It is important to fit
an appropriate solar filter in the telescope’s
solar system aperture and, even after fitting, not to look
down the eyepiece at the Sun. Special
Students are intrinsically curious about adapters can connect a D-SLR camera to the
space, but it is an area of the curriculum eyepiece, so one can use the LCD screen on
CLEAPSS is an advisory service
which is often overlooked with respect to the camera to look at the Sun.
supporting science and technology
practical work. Teaching this area of physics
in schools. Its advice and guidance
is often left to models as the ability to do It is also possible to capture images of
is recognised by Ofsted and the HSE
practical work is somewhat limited. However planets: Jupiter, Saturn and Mars are all
for safe practice for practical work
observations are very much possible easily viewed with an entry-level telescope
in schools. Visit cleapss.org.uk
throughout the school year. and photos can be taken with some very
accessible equipment. With our budget
CLEAPSS has a guide on telescopes and telescope, we were able to make out
how they can be used to take pictures of the Jupiter’s moons and its giant red spot as
Sun, the Moon and planets. It discusses the well as Saturn’s rings. Mars’ polar ice cap is
difference between reflector and refractor also visible.
telescopes, the different mounts for your
telescope, the basics of astrophotography The Moon makes
Credit: CLEAPSS
and more. an easy target too.
Software can stitch
Credit: CLEAPSS
together photos giving
a nice composite
image such as this
one we took a few
years ago, shown to
the right.
It is immensely rewarding to take pictures more...
of objects in the solar system. This picture
shows the transit of Mercury back in 2016 Search science.cleapss.org.uk for GL187:
and we were very excited to capture this Viewing the Cosmos and PS017: Viewing
moment with a £150 telescope, a solar filter the Sun
17Opportunities Classroom physics | June 2021
Frozen Life - Young Weather Photographer winner 2020
Kolesnik Stephanie Sergeevna
Sustainability Physics
Weather Photographer of the Year
This website (due to launch on 15 June 2021) shows how important The Royal Meteorological Society’s annual competition is now open for
physics is to the careers that will make a difference to our zero-carbon entries, with a youth category for 13-17-year-olds and a new mobile phone
society of 2050. category. Whether you climb mountains, chase storms, scour coastlines or
sit in your back garden capturing the wonder of weather on your camera, the
There are seven general themes including: judges want to see your photos. Photography is also a great way to document
• Building design our changing climate and share your local story with the world.
• Future energy stores
• Renewables Entries are free and close on 29 June 2021. Visit photocrowd.com/wpoty
• Transport for our future
Each topic has interviews with people at the forefront of a low carbon future, Weather and Climate:
from university researchers to innovators in business and industry. There
are also videos for lesson starters or watching at home, plus interactive A Teachers’ Guide
questions for students.
Providing UK teachers with everything they need to
The site is pitched at GCSE-level, with sections of challenge for ambitious deliver relevant, engaging and thorough weather and
post-16 students. Focussing on north-west England, it provides opportunity climate lessons to 11–14+ year old students. This
for examples of Science Capital, but is suitable for students anywhere. new guide and its accompanying online, free teaching
resources can be found on the Royal Meteorological
wp.lancs.ac.uk/sustainability-physics/ Society’s education website MetLink.org
Join the launch at bit.ly/IOPsustain
PHYSICS
SUBJECT KNOWLEDGE ENHANCEMENT COURSE 2021
CHARTERHOUSE
Free residential* courses aimed at
Credit: fizkes at Shutterstock
boosting Physics subject knowledge
Week 1: Monday 5 July to Friday 9 July
Week 2: Monday 12 July to Friday 16 July
Experienced teachers deliver talks and supervised laboratory work covering the
basics of Key Stage 4 and 5
*A topic introduction and lesson will be running each morning on Zoom
for those unable to attend the residential in person, and pre-recorded
videos covering the practical work will be made available
Do you have a physics NQT
starting in school this September?
Encourage them to register for the IOP’s Early Career Professional Learning
(ECPL) programme. We’re offering support from friendly, experienced IOP
coaches during your NQT’s first two years of teaching: small-group mentoring
and professional development (physics pedagogy, subject knowledge and
practical work). Regionally based, so lots of opportunities to build local
networks with peers and established teachers.
No cost to your NQT or your school.
Future NQTs can find out more & register iop.org/ecpl or email ecpl@iop.org
for more details.
CHARTERHOUSE SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
For an application form to register for the residential or virtual course email:
science@charterhouse.org.uk
Closing date: Monday 7 June 2021
Registered Charity 312054
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