CIRCULAR ECONOMY GLOBAL SECTOR BEST PRACTICES SERIES - BACKGROUND MATERIALS FOR CIRCULAR ECONOMY SECTORAL ROADMAPS
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CIRCULAR
ECONOMY
GLOBAL
SECTOR BEST
PRACTICES
SERIES
BACKGROUND MATERIALS FOR
CIRCULAR ECONOMY SECTORAL ROADMAPS
BIOECONOMY
JULY 2021
Bioeconomy: Part six of the Global Sector Best Practices Series | 1
About Smart Prosperity Institute
Smart Prosperity Institute is a national research network and policy think tank based at the University of
Ottawa. We deliver world-class research and work with public and private partners – all to advance practical
policies and market solutions for a stronger, cleaner economy.
institute.smartprosperity.ca
Contributors: Catherine Christofferson, Ghita Lkhoyaali, Natalie Sutt-Wiebe
Editors: Stephanie Cairns, Sonia Cyrus Patel
The authors would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for providing valuable feedback on
the report.
Any errors or omissions remain the sole responsibility of the authors.
ABOUT THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY
GLOBAL SECTOR BEST PRACTICES
This publication series aims to provide a starting point in the journey towards a circular
economy. These materials are intended to be used as a background resource and rich reference
source for future efforts to engage Canadian firms and innovators in this transition, and to build
sector-based roadmaps to a circular economy in Canada.
Twelve core strategies for rethinking resource consumption and optimizing the use of resources to
transition to a circular economy are detailed in the Introduction to the series. Real-world practices
supporting these strategies are being catalogued for seven sectors, each profiled in its own
document:
1. Minerals and Metals
2. Electronics
3. Agri-food
4. Construction
5. Plastics
6. Bioeconomy
7. Automotive
2 | Smart Prosperity InstituteCONTENTS
6.1 Introduction to Bioeconomy 2
6.2 Background 2
6.3 Overview of Circular Economy Practices in the Bioeconomy 3
Objectives, Strategies, and Practices 4
Specific Examples: Objective 1, Reduced Resource Consumption 6
Specific Examples: Objective 2, Intensified Product Use 8
Specific Examples: Objective 3, Extending Life of Products and Components 8
Specific Examples: Objective 4, Giving Resources New Life 9
6.4 Additional Resources 12
Selected Global Public Policies Supporting Bioeconomy Circularity 12
Selected Documents on Circular Economy and Bioeconomy 12
6.5 Conclusion to Bioeconomy 13
References 14
Bioeconomy: Part six of the Global Sector Best Practices Series | 1BIOECONOMY
6.1. Introduction to Bioeconomy 6.2. Background
The Circular Economy Global Sector Best Practices series aims to The bioeconomy encompasses all industries that deal with
provide a starting point, background resource, and rich reference biological materials at different stages of the value chain: for
source for future efforts to engage Canadian firms and innovators in example, agriculture, forestry, and fishing at the primary stage;
the journey towards a circular economy, and to build sector-based food processing, textile manufacturing, and biotechnology in
roadmaps to a circular economy in Canada. the processing stage; and retail and resource management in the
consumption stage. Together they generate around 17% of global
This report profiles the bioeconomy. It begins with an outline of GDP annually, a value of about C$16.7 trillion.1 The bioeconomy
the economic and environmental importance of the bioeconomy, produces food, materials, and energy using renewable biological
including data on economic potential of waste resources where resources – also called biomass. Sources of biomass typically
available. It then profiles identified circular practices, organized include crops, forests, fish, animals, micro-organisms,2 and
according to a common framework for circular economy industrial and municipal waste.3 The world currently harvests
approaches and strategies developed in 2018 by L’Institut around 13 billion tonnes of biomass for food, energy, and
EDDEC in collaboration with RECYC-QUÉBEC, and described materials every year.4 Around 82% of the biomass extracted
in the Introduction to this report series. The profile begins with a globally is used for food production, including for animal feed,
high-level summary of the circular practices found, followed by followed by bioenergy (11%) and materials (7%).5 Further, the
a snapshot of these practices in application, and then moves on volume of biomass flowing through the global economy is
to list applied, real world examples for each of these strategies expected to grow, in large part due to the expected rise of 55%
and practices. It concludes with a list of additional resources for in global food demand by 2050.6
researchers, practitioners, and policy-makers: selected global
public policies and an annotated bibliography of key reports
specific to the bioeconomy.
2 | Smart Prosperity InstituteThe bioeconomy plays an important role in the circular economy. The bioeconomy has the potential to deliver significant
Bio-based materials have the potential to replace fossil fuel-based environmental and economic benefits. According to a survey
products and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. For instance, by Statistics Canada, in 2015 the Canadian bioeconomy
bio-based plastics, which are forecasted to comprise 40% of the purchased C$2.3 billion worth of biomass inputs,
global plastics market by 2030,7 have the potential to be carbon- predominantly forestry and agricultural biomass.20 The same
negative.8 Some have even been shown to have a negative global year, bioproducts including biofuels, bioenergy, biochemicals,
warming potential of -2.2 kilogram CO2 equivalent per kilogram and biomaterials, accounted for an estimated C$4.3 billion
of bio-based polyethylene produced (compared to 1.8 kilogram worth of sales.21 Bioproduct co-products, like distillers’ dry
CO2e per kilogram of fossil-based polyethylene produced).9 grains, carbon dioxide, and glycerine, produced additional
The bioeconomy also finds value in what has traditionally been sales of C$441.5 million.22
considered biological waste. For example, recovering renewable
bio-gas from urban solid waste—a waste stream expected to Canada’s traditional bioeconomy, forestry and agriculture,
reach 2.2 billion tonnes per year globally by 202510—can offset have more than 900 processing companies, employ 2 million
operational costs, generate revenue, and decrease greenhouse people, and generate C$300 billion in sales per year.23 The
gas emissions.11 One study estimates that processing residual estimated 190 firms operating in the Canadian bioproducts
organic waste in Amsterdam has the potential to create over sector further employ over 5600 people.24
C$223 million in added value and reduce CO2e emissions by
600,000 tonnes per year.12
As the country with the most biomass per capita in the world,13
6.3. Overview of Circular Economy
Canada is well-positioned to take advantage of opportunities Practices in the Bioeconomy
created by the bioeconomy, across economic sectors. In 2015
forestry was the largest source of biomass in Canada, producing Bioeconomy companies have been investing in research
12.3 million metric tonnes of biomass, of which 8.5 million metric and implementation of various practices that can support a
tonnes came from processing residue from pulp-and-paper circular economy. Figure 6-1 summarizes the specific practices
mills.14 With 9% of global forests, Canada’s forestry bioeconomy employed in the bioeconomy, organized according to the four
has high-growth potential, in both urban and rural areas.15 The objectives for a circular economy and twelve core supporting
agricultural sector was the second largest source of biomass, strategies described in the Introduction to this publication
producing 8.8 million metric tonnes produced, primarily from series. Some of these practices are highlighted below. This is
grains and oilseeds.16 Recognizing this economic opportunity, followed by a listing of applied examples of these strategies
the Canadian federal government announced a C$22.1 million and practices, with hyperlinks to additional information.
joint-investment, in collaboration with industry, in bioproducts Canadian examples are denoted by a red superscript (CDN).
in the agricultural sector.17 Canada also represents 6.5% of
global bioenergy potential.18 Replacing just 5% of its gas supply
with renewable gases could reduce GHG emissions by 10-14
megatonnes per year.19
Figure 6-1. Circular economy objectives, strategies, and practices found in the bioeconomy
Objectives Strategies Practices
Bio-sourced plastics Bio-sourced
Ecodesign and material
Reduced products
resource
consumption
Process Closed-loop water Reduced supply
optimization consumption chain waste
Responsible
Responsible wood and
consumption and paper sourcing
procurement
Bioeconomy: Part six of the Global Sector Best Practices Series | 3Sharing None found
economy
Intensified
product use
Short-term None found
renting
Maintenance
None found
and repair
Donating and Re-appropriation of food by-
reselling products, surplus, and waste
Extending life
of products and
components
Refurbishing Wood-based furniture
refurbishment
Performance None found
economy
Industrial ecology Valorization of organic
Giving by-products and waste
resources
new life
Recycling and Paper recycling Wood recycling
composting
Energy Bioenergy
recovery production
Objectives, Strategies and Practices products like coffee pods, paint resins, and feed additive for
ruminants, as well as bio-based chemicals. Process optimization
In the bioeconomy, many circular practices focus on REDUCED approaches include developing techniques to improve
resource consumption. Ecodesign applications in the bioeconomy manufacturing processes of bio-based materials and products.
include bio-sourcing plastics and materials which substitute Under responsible consumption and procurement, wood
petroleum-based products with plant-derived materials. These often traceability programs ensure that timber is being used at the highest
perform better than the fossil fuel-based products they replace and environmental and social standard.
can be recycled or composted if appropriate sorting and processing
facilities are available. Bio-based products are also increasingly Due to the perishable nature of many of the products in the
being used in product packaging, thereby mitigating the use-cost bioeconomy, there are limited ways to OPTIMIZE resource use.
of single-use packaging. Other applications include bio-based This is, however, possible for a few products. Refurbishment
4 | Smart Prosperity Instituteis one strategy to extend the life of products and their
components. For example, Ikea’s takeback program allows Sustana Group: Integrating circular
customers to return used furniture, which it then refurbishes and
resells. principles in pulp and paper
manufacturing
Finally, there are a number of strategies that that can give new
life to resources in the bioeconomy. Industrial ecology for
instance has a diversity of applications, including the valorization Located in Wisconsin and Québec, the Sustana
of organic by-products and waste. Organizations like the French Group is a North American pulp and paper company
company Veolia collect biowaste from food and beverage manufacturing sustainable fibers as well as recycled
companies, which can then be transformed into renewable gas, paper. The group applies circular economy principles
organic fertilizer, or animal feed. Recycling and composting in the manufacturing processes through the following
represent another avenue to give resources new life, as with the processes: 29, 30
Sustana Group in the US, which collects 2.2 million pounds daily
• Responsible sourcing: In 1989, Sustana’s
of FSC Certified recycled fibre. There is also much being done in Breakey Fibers mill began recycling
the realm of energy recovery in the bioeconomy. Research is wastepaper and producing recycled pulp for
underway to better understand how plant-based sources, such as paper production. To this date, Sustana Group
grass clippings, can be used to supplement or supplant fossil fuel- focuses on using recycled paper as much as
based energy in uses such as an engine fuel source or fuel additive. possible in its operations, as well as using and
manufacturing post-consumer recycled fibers.
Sustana’s facilities process 2.2 million pounds
of wastepaper every day.
The Bazancourt-Pomacle Biorefinery
• Energy efficiency: The main energy source in
Sustana’s paper mill in Canada is biogas. It
Located a few kilometers outside of the city of Reims in is transported in a dedicated 8-mile pipeline
France, the Bazancourt-Pomacle biorefinery is a joint from a nearby landfill to fulfill 93% of the
venture between the two municipalities of Bazancourt and mill’s needs, reducing annual carbon dioxide
Pomace. The biorefinery is one of the largest in the world, emissions by 70,000 tons – equivalent to
employing 1,200 people directly in the Reims region, and 23,400 compact cars.
another 1,000 indirectly.
• Water conservation and wastewater treatment
The biorefinery creates environmentally-friendly economic technology: In the Fox River Fiber facility in
development from the agricultural resources of the territory. Wisconsin, cold water is diverted from pipes
Every year it transforms 4 million tonnes of biomass into near the end of the production line back to the
sugar, glucose, starch, food, pharmaceutical alcohol, and beginning of the process and to the plant’s
cold-water supply, reducing the use of both
cosmetic active ingredients, generating 800 million euros
water and gas.
of value. 25, 26, 27, 28
• Product innovation: The group conducts a
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to evaluate the
life cycle potential environmental impacts
LOOP: Creating new products from of EnviroLife™ food-grade fiber and Rolland
Enviro™ paper, from raw material extraction
food waste and processing to manufacturing, distribution,
and end-of-life. The LCA relates information
Loop is a food and beverage company founded on circular about the product’s contribution to climate
economy strategies. It aims to reduce food waste by change, its water consumption, and its
transforming rejected food into juice, alcoholic beverages, contribution to freshwater eutrophication.
and soaps. The company collects food sector materials that • By-products recycling: Sustana Group diverts
would otherwise be discarded, directly from food retailers process by-products from landfill. At Fox River
and wholesalers. To generate further value, the by-product Fiber, 77% of process by-products are used
pulp is then given to a start-up company that turns it into for animal bedding. And at Breakey Fibers,
high-fiber dog treats. 100% of process by-products are used for land
farming.
To date LOOP has rescued 5,388 tons of fruits and
vegetables, avoided 4,351 tons of GHG emissions and ●
saved 415,138,995 of water. 31
Bioeconomy: Part six of the Global Sector Best Practices Series | 5Specific Examples: Objective 1, Reduced • Corbion and Total41 42 partnered to produce Poly
Resource Consumption Lactic Acid (PLA) polymers, obtained through the
conversion of lactic acid into lactide monomers.
Biodegradable and industrially compostable,
PLA is currently used in a broad range of markets,
Ecodesign including food packaging, single-use tableware,
textiles, oil and gas, electronics, automotive, and
Bio-sourced plastics and material 3D printing.
• Sulpac43,44 produces a material made of wood
• BASF produces a certified compostable
32 33
and plant-based binders. Sulapac® material is
polymer, ecovio®, containing bio-based non-toxic, sustainably sourced, microplastic-free,
content, for use in a variety of applications from recyclable via industrial composting, and the wood
organic waste bags to agricultural films. BASF’s used is industry by-product. Sulapac® can be
ecoflex® polymer is biodegradable and certified used with existing plastic product manufacturing
compostable. machinery for applications such as cosmetics
packaging, personal care items, and clothing
• Avantium34 is commercializing plant-based hangers, as well as mass-producible straws.
polymers like PEF (polyethylene furanoate)
packaging that can replace PET, glass, or • Stora Enso45 promotes the use of wood as a
aluminum. The product is a 100% recyclable plastic renewable resource in construction. Wood is a
with better performance than petroleum-based strong, high-quality, and light-weight material. The
plastics. use of wood in construction achieves improved
thermal insulation and acoustic performance. Stora
• Mitsubishi Chemical35 36 produces BioPBS™ Enso produces massive wood products such as
plastic, derived from renewable resources cross-laminated timber (CLT), laminated veneer
like sugarcane, cassava, and corn. BioPBS™ lumber (LVL), and glulam.
can be composted in 30oC soil in open-air
landfills. Mitsubishi Chemical’s bio-based plastic • Swerea46 helps companies to develop
DURABIO™ is derived primarily from plant-based functional fibers made of materials other than
isosorbide. conventional thermoplastics. They work with
fibers derived from bio-based raw materials, such
• Bosk Bioproducts Inc37 CDN is developing the as cellulose and lignin from forestry products, in
REGEN™ resins, a bioplastic made from paper developing new types of fibers, both for technical
mill sludge and wood fiber residue, non-food applications and textiles.
carbon sources, and non-toxic ingredients. REGEN
is compostable and is compatible with plastic
manufacturers’ existing equipment. It is suitable Bio-sourced products
for multiple applications like injection molding,
thermoforming, 3D printing, or extrusion blow
molding.38 • Sustana Group47 developed EnviroLife™ a food
packaging product from 100% post-consumer
• Stora Enso39 developed DuraSense™, a wood-fiber recycled fiber. EnviroLife is FDA-compliant for
biocomposite offering the mouldability of plastics direct food contact under all conditions of use.
and the strength and sustainability of wood, and EnviroLife eliminates the need for coating with
an up to 80% reduced CO2 footprint. The material polyethylene films, waxes, or foils. The impact of
is suitable for a wide range of injection molded EnviroLife on climate change is 26% lower than the
products such as furniture, storage & logistics average virgin fiber.
items, packaging, consumer goods, industrial
components, automotive details, and food contact • Stora Enso48 offers PE Green barrier coating
plastics. DuraSense is used in the existing molds for food packaging to replace the traditional
with little or no change to production techniques. polyethylene and still provide humidity protection.
PE Green is made of renewable, and recyclable,
• Innventia40 is working on project LightFibre, a plant-based raw material. It performs the same way
carbon fiber based on raw materials harvested from as polyethylene and can be used in products such
the Swedish forests, as an alternative to the current as drinking cups and packages for frozen food, ice
carbon fiber that is primarily fossil-based and too cream, and yogurt.
expensive to be a viable alternative to steel.
6 | Smart Prosperity Institute• Stora Enso49 developed PureFiber based eco- • Terra Humana57 developed the 3R zero-emission
products that are plastic-free, made of renewable and high-temperature pyrolysis technology to
materials, recyclable, and biodegradable. recover Bio-Phosphate made from food-grade
PureFiber can be used for single-use food animal bones. Such Bio-Phosphate contains
packaging items such as plastic-free cups, bowls, around 30% of phosphorus pentoxide and
and coffee cup lids, as well as for non-food items works well as a controlled-release fertilizer.
to replace plastic consumables in agriculture, This technology also fills a need for large-scale
electronics, and cosmetics packaging.50 bio-fertilizer production in the EU and contributes
to securing demand for bio-based nutrients and
• Good Natured51 CDN manufactures renewably- their flow between European regions.
sourced, plant-based food packaging, bioplastic
roll stock sheets, and organizational products for • Corbion58 produces biochemicals derived
home and business following the ASTM D6400 from lactic acid for several applications such
composting standard that requires breakdown us: PURASOLV® that enhance solvency in
within 180 days in a commercial compost facility. agrochemical formulation; PURALACT® lactide
that boosts resin and coating performance in
• Green Circle Dine Ware Ltd52 CDN manufactures areas like hardness, adhesion and gloss; and
drinking straws for the restaurant industry PURASAL® S/HQ 60, a skin moisturizing agent,
made with Canadian pulp and paper, as well as as well as other applications in home care, pharma
biodegradable single-use dining ware. production, and animal health.
• GCUP — Technology Corp53CDN is developing a • Solvay59,60 developed AgRho® S-Boost, a root
completely plant-based and compostable single- booster based on a biodegradable formulation
use coffee pod from bioplastic and wood fiber. that ensures rapid growth and healthy plants,
and AgRho® N-Protect, eco-friendly nitrogen
• DSM54 developed Bovaer®, a feed additive for stabilizers that increase crop yield while reducing
cows and other ruminants such as sheep, goats, greenhouse gas emissions and improving water
and deer. A quarter teaspoon of Bovaer per cow quality.
per day suppresses the enzyme that triggers
methane production in a cow’s rumen and
consistently reduces enteric methane emission by The Ideal
approximately 30%.
• The development of more bio-based materials
• DSM55 produces Decovery® plant-based paint and products which can replace fossil-fuel
resin containing up to 50% bio-based content, counterparts wherever possible
mainly from agricultural material that doesn’t
interfere with the food chain, such us tree bark,
seeds and other organic materials. Decovery
has a carbon footprint up to one-third lower than
traditional solvent-borne paint resins. Process optimization
• West Fraser’s 56 CDN Hinton pulp mill operates
Canada’s first commercial-scale lignin recovery Closed-loop water consumption
plant, which produces 30 tonnes of lignin per
day. This biochemical can be used to displace
petrochemical equivalents with biomass-based • Sustana Group61 CDN diverts cold water from pipes
alternatives. As a natural, renewable green near the end of the production line of its Fox
alternative, it is a bio-based alterative for fossil River fiber plant (which prodocues a closed-loop
fuel-based chemicals that are used in adhesives, fiber) back to the beginning of the process and
resins, and composite materials. to the plant’s coldwater supply, saving water and
gas. Every drop of water at its de-inking facility is
recirculated 17 times, and more than 30 times at
its paper mill.
Bioeconomy: Part six of the Global Sector Best Practices Series | 7Reduced supply chain waste
Specific Examples: Objective 2, Intensified
Product Use
• Atelier Extramuros62 a social enterprise
specializing in upcycling in the furniture sector,
using reclaimed material from discarded
professional furniture. It customizes the furniture Sharing economy is not significantly
produced depending on the need and means of addressed
their clients, thereby avoiding unsold inventory
losses.
Short-term renting is not significantly
addressed
The Ideal
• Bioeconomy industries develop optimized
processes for production that minimize environ- Specific Examples: Objective 3, Extending
mental impacts like water consumption and waste Life of Products and Components
generation
Maintenance and repair is not signifi-
cantly addressed
Responsible consumption and Donating and reselling
procurement
Re-appropriation of food by-products,
Responsible wood and paper sourcing surplus, and waste
• DS Smith Packaging63 uses 100% recycled papers • Wilder Harrier 66 CDN is a start-up that uses the
and maintains 100% of sites holding a chain of residual pulp food produced by the beverage
custody certification. company LOOP for the manufacture of vegan dog
treats67.
• Resolute Forest Products64 CDN ensures 100%
of the timberlands managed by the company • Oreka Solutions68 CDN collects pre-consumer
and its fiber-tracking systems are third-party food waste and by-product streams from food
certified to at least one internationally recognized retailers and processors in the Wellington-
forest management standard: Sustainable Waterloo region, and feeds black soldier flies
Forestry Initiative® (SFI®) or Forest Stewardship with these nutrients. The larvae are converted
Council® (FSC®). These standards aim to protect into three products: a solid fertilizer for soil-based
biodiversity, water quality, wildlife habitat, species farming that enhances the soil’s microbiome; a
at risk, and forests with conservation value. liquid biofertilizer that can be used in aquaponic
growing solutions; and a feedstock for fish, pigs,
• Stora Enso’s65 wood supply chains are covered and chickens.
by wood traceability systems that are certified
according to PEFC™ or FSC® chain of custody • Rothsay69 CDN turns old cooking oil, grease
system or both. These ensure that the timber trap maintenance, and meat by-products from
comes from a forest managed to the highest restaurants, retailers, processing facilities, and
environmental and social standards. livestock raising into animal feed and biofuel.
• Loop70 is a Finnish restaurant that collects 600kg
The Ideal of surplus food each day from six suppliers and
supermarkets. It uses this collected food to create
• All feedstock used in the bioeconomy industry are high quality canteen food, gourmet meals, and
sourced responsibly artisanal ice cream. Any remaining edible food is
directed to charities or composted.
8 | Smart Prosperity Institute• Boomerang71 CDN is a Canadian company that Specific Examples: Objective 4, Giving
produces flour from spent grain. In addition
Resources New Life
to reducing food waste, this product reduces
the transportation, agricultural land, and water
required for flour production, thus reducing
Industrial ecology
carbon and water footprints.
Valorization of organic by-products
and waste
The Ideal
• Surplus edible food and agri-food by-products • Favini73 74 recovers bran residues from the milling
are recovered for human consumption of Barilla wheat, a by-product that no longer
• Food waste is reprocessed into new products, usable for human consumption. The company
such as food products and animal feed processes this along with cellulose to produce
CartaCrusca paper. Favini also produces Crush
paper, which includes by-products from citrus
fruits, grapes, cherries, lavender, corn, olives,
coffee, kiwis, hazelnuts, and almonds. This
lowers CO2 emissions by 20% compared to the
Refurbishing production of standard Favini paper at the same
plant75.
Wood-based furniture refurbishment • Sustana Group76 provides 77% of process
by-products of its Fox River Fiber plant for use
as animal bedding, and 100% of process by-
• IKEA72 offers to take back their furniture when it is products of its Breakey Fibers.
no longer wanted, refurbishes it, and sells it at a
reduced rate to new customers. Customers can
exchange their unwanted furniture for a voucher
to spend in store. The Ideal
• The identification and development of new ways
The Ideal for industries in the bioeconomy to repur-pose
each other’s waste
• Alll wood-based furniture is refurbished to extend
it’s lifespan
Recycling and composting
Performance economy is not
significantly addressed Paper recycling
• Sustana Group’s77 main source of raw material
is the “urban forest”—recycled fibers recovered
from FSC Certified suppliers. It processes 2.2
million pounds of wastepaper every day through
its Sustana Fiber facilities, and recycles enough
paper every year to save over 4 million trees and
save over 1 million cubic yards of landfill space.
• DS Smith Packaging78 achieves 97 per cent
recycled or chain of custody certified papers used
in their operations. They seek to manufacture
100% reusable or recyclable packaging by 2025.
Bioeconomy: Part six of the Global Sector Best Practices Series | 9Wood recycling • Cascades’83 CDN subsidiary Greenpac Mill, LLC
burns Cascade pulping residues from the Niagara
Falls and Greenpac containerboard plants to
• Valdelia79 is a French company which collects generate the steam used for drying products,
and recycles used furniture from the industrial, in partnership with Covanta84, a company
commercial and institutional sector. Financed specializing in waste-to-energy solutions located
by an eco-fee included in the sale price of all close to Cascades’ sites.
new professional furniture, Valdelia operates on
behalf of 1200 members including manufacturers, • Farmers in France and Québec 85 86 CDN installed
distributors, and importers of new professional anaerobic digesters on their farms for the
furniture. Furniture in good shape is donated valorization of the farm waste. The anaerobic
to social purpose non-profits, and the rest is digesters allow the farmers to produce energy
dismantled for material recycling or energy (i.e. biogas, electricity, heat) as well as fertilizer.
recovery. In France, the practice is subsidized by the
government, and makes it possible to increase the
farmers’ revenue and cut energy expenses (see
The Ideal also MAPAQ report87).
• Continued development of recyclable and • Research Institute of Sweden (RISE)88 has
compostable bio-based material developed methods and technical solutions
• Continued use of recycled paper and fibers for the manufacture of fuels from renewables.
One example is aviation fuel from lignin, a
waste product of chemical pulping and paper
manufacture.
• StoraEnso89 extracts the crude tall oil from
Energy recovery softwood, refining it into biofuels which can
replace fossil-based fuels and vegetable-based
Bioenergy production oils. It can also add value in products such as
detergents and soaps, adhesives, lubricants,
paints, and coatings.
• Cascades80 81 CDN generated 27% fewer emissions
at the Cascades Containerboard Packaging plant • DSM’s Bio-based Products & Services
in Cabano, in Québec, following the installation of business90 91 developed eBOOST™, a yeast that
residual bark-fuelled biomass steam boiler which improves ethanol yield by increasing the energy
allowed it to significantly decrease its heavy-fuel generated from corn. Compared with existing
oil consumption. yeast products, eBOOST increases ethanol yields
by up to 6% while reducing glycerol production
• West Fraser’s 82 CDN Slave Lake Pulp has built a by as much as 75%. For producers, this is a game-
unique energy plant that uses the mill’s effluent changer: a 5% average increase in output allows
(wastewater) to produce energy using biological a typical ethanol plant to produce three million
organisms. The installation relies on the collection additional gallons of ethanol a year from the same
of gases produced by the breakdown of organic volume of corn. This is the equivalent of opening
matter in the pulp mill’s effluent. Microorganisms seven new production plants.
digest waste products in the effluent and their
digestion generates methane-rich biogas. It is is • INEOS Biorefinery92 in the Indian River Bioenergy
expected to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by Center was designed to produce cellulosic
22,000 tonnes annually. ethanol and generate renewable electricity. The
Biorefinery converts biological matter, like wood
scraps and grass clippings, into transportation
fuels, heat, and power 93.
10 | Smart Prosperity Institute• Abengoa (Spain and Global) 94 creates facilities for
the energy recovery from all types of waste and The Ideal
biomass, producing renewable and sustainable
energy in the form of heat, cold, electricity, or fuel. • Continued increase in the production of
Technologies include bioethanol production from bioenergy that can replace fossil fuel-based
wheat and corn; electricity and steam generation energy sources
from bagasse straw; renewable fuels (biodiesel)
production from the transformation of vegetable
oils; electricity generation from cereal straw; and
electricity generation from poultry manure.
• Abengoa Bioenergy Biomass of Kansas95 is a
commercial-scale integrated biorefinery for
the production of ethanol from lignocellulosic
biomass with a capacity to produce approximately
25 million gallons of cellulosic ethanol per year.
It will reduce about 139,000t of carbon dioxide
emissions a year, equivalent to removing 35,000
cars from the road. The plant co-generates 21MW
of electricity for captive consumption, while the
excess power is supplied to the local community.
Lignin and animal feed are produced as by-
products.
• Project LIBERTY96 POET-DSM’s biorefinery in
Emmetsburg, Iowa, produces cellulosic ethanol
from corn stover. The facility uses a biological
process to convert post-harvest cobs, leaves,
husks, and upper stalks into a biofuel. It has the
capacity to produce up to 25 million gallons of
cellulosic ethanol annually. It is one of the first
generation of large-scale U.S. biorefineries to
produce biofuel from agricultural waste. It is a
joint venture of POET, a bio-ethanol producer,
and DSM, a global science-based company that is
active in health, nutrition and materials, as well as
driving environmental progress97.
• Biorefinery La Mède98 is a biorefinery operated
by the oil company Total designed to produce
biofuels from various types of oils. This includes
vegetable oils certified sustainable according to
E.U. criteria as well as used oils, residual oils and
animal fats. La Mède’s feedstock will be made up
of 60% to 70% crude vegetable oils (rapeseed,
sunflower, soybean, oil palm, corn, or new plants
such as carinata) and 30% to 40% treated waste
(animal fats, cooking oil, residues, etc.).
Bioeconomy: Part six of the Global Sector Best Practices Series | 11Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (2018). Renewable
6.4. Additional Resources Materials for a Low-Carbon and Circular Future.
Retrieved from https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.
The following are additional resources that researchers, org/assets/galleries/ce100/CE100-Renewables_
practitioners, and policymakers can draw on to further advance Co.Project_Report.pdf
awareness and understanding of opportunities for circularity for
Canada’s bioeconomy. A bioeconomy, based on renewable materials, has
the potential to drive innovation and create new
Selected Global Public Policies Supporting economic opportunities, but these benefits require
Bioeconomy Circularity an understanding of renewables’ role in the circular
economy. This paper establishes key concepts relating
• Europe’s new bioeconomy strategy: released by the EU to the bioeconomy and highlights opportunities and
in 2012, this strategy aims to “improve and scale up the challenges in the use of renewable materials.
sustainable use of renewable resources to address global
and local challenges such as climate change and sustainable
development”. The new strategy consists of establishing
“a €100 million Circular Bioeconomy Thematic Investment Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2017). Urban Biocycles.
Platform to bring bio-based innovations closer to the market” Retrieved from https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.
and “a pledge to build 300 new sustainable biorefineries org/publications/urban-biocyles
across Europe by 2030—it also complements an EU directive
to ensure that 20% of the EU’s total energy needs are met with This paper highlights the potential to apply circular
renewables by 2020”. 99,100 economy principles to capture value in the high levels
• Grenelle II Law: France requires all large producers of bio- of organic waste in urban environments. Through global
waste (in particular large retailers) to sort, collect, and recover bioeconomy statistics and international examples, the
their biowaste, as of January 2012. 101,102 paper demonstrates that urban organic waste, rather
• Quebec’s residual materials management policy: includes an than being a costly economic and environmental
Organic Materials Treatment Program for biomethane and problem, can be a source of revenue while helping to
composting (PTMOBC)103. It aims to reduce the amount of restore natural capital.
waste per capita and banning the landfilling of organic matter
starting in 2022.104
Understanding the bioeconomy in Canada
Selected Documents on Circular Economy
and Bioeconomy Bioindustrial Innovation Canada (BIC). (2017).
Innovation in Agriculture: Canadian Industrial
Understanding the role of the bioeconomy in the circular Bioproducts Industry Priorities & Recommendations.
economy Retrieved from https://www.bincanada.ca/single-
post/2018/02/14/Report-Innovation-in-Agriculture-
Carus, M. (2017). Bio-based economy and climate Canadian-Industrial-Bioproducts-Industry-Priorities-
change – Important links, pitfalls and opportunities. Recommendations
nova-Institut. Retrieved from http://bio-based.eu/
download/?did=83344&file=0 This report identifies six priority areas for industry,
academia, and policymakers to advance Canada’s
Written for the United Nations Food and Agriculture bioeconomy in the agricultural sector, recognizing
Organization (FAO), this report provides a helpful Canada’s potential to be an agricultural bioeconomy
overview of climate change implications for the leader. Recommending an action plan for each of the
bioeconomy, along the value chain. It identifies strategies priority areas, the report presents a framework for the
adopted to help the bioeconomy reach its potential for sector to create jobs, leverage innovation, reduce
reducing greenhouse gas emissions. greenhouse gas emissions, and create new market
opportunities.
12 | Smart Prosperity InstituteBioindustrial Innovation Canada (BIC). (2019). Canada’s
Bioeconomy Strategy: Leveraging our Strengths for
a Sustainable Future. Retrieved from https://www.
bincanada.ca/biodesign
Supported by cross-Canada consultations with
companies and industry associations, this strategy
highlights the need for a national bioeconomy strategy
and recommends actions based on bioeconomy priority
areas identified by the Advisory Council on Economic
Growth, the Economic Sector Strategy Tables, and
the Canadian Council of Forest Ministers. This strategy
was developed by Bioindustrial Innovation Canada,
BIOTECanada, the Forest Products Association of
Canada, and FPInnovations.
Natural Resources Canada. (2017). A Forest Bioeconomy
Framework for Canada. Canadian Council of Forest
Ministers. Retrieved from https://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/
publications?id=39162
This report presents a framework for a transition to a
low-carbon economy in the forest sector, envisioning
Canada as a forest bioeconomy world leader. Seeking
to increase the use of forest biomass throughout the
economy, the framework has four pillars, and examples
of policies for each, to increase community partnerships,
facilitating innovation, and generating and meeting
market demand.
Bioeconomy: Part six of the Global Sector Best Practices Series | 136.5. Conclusion to Bioeconomy This global scan of best circular economy practices in the bioeconomy reveals that selected firms and operations are already implementing a wide range of practices that support circular economy objectives and strategies, whether or not these practices are explicitly identified as circular. Bioeconomy practices that can contribute to the development of a circular economy include the creation of biofuels, bioenergy, and innovative bio-based products such as textiles, composites, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals. These offer substitutes for hydrocarbon-based products, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and creation of value from what is today considered waste. As the country with the most biomass per capita in the world, Canada is well-positioned to take advantage of opportunities created by the bioeconomy, making this one of Canada’s strongest opportunities for a circular economy. In cataloging these examples, our intent is to demonstrate real-world strategies and practices that offer a starting point in the journey towards a circular economy. This information is offered as a background resource and reference source for future efforts to engage Canadian firms and innovators in the journey towards a circular economy, and –ideally– to begin building a Canadian bioeconomy roadmap to a circular economy. 14 | Smart Prosperity Institute
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