Charles A. Lindbergh and Franklin D. Roosevelt - Reflections of the American Identity

Charles A. Lindbergh and Franklin D. Roosevelt
            Reflections of the American Identity

                  Courtney Hershman
                HIS 4936: The Age of FDR
                     Wes. 6pm-10pm
                    Dr. J.M. Benowitz

Hershman 1
Courtney Hershman
HIS 4936: The Age of FDR
Wes. 6pm-10pm
Dr. J. M. Benowitz

       This essay presents historical information about two important American’s

(Franklin Roosevelt and Charles Lindbergh) and claims that their lives played a

prominent role in shaping the American identity particularly between 1927 and 1940.

The essay’s simple premise is that both men, and their spouses, reflected the vast

spectrum of political and cultural changes in America.

       Most of us believe that ones life resides at specific historical location within

the context of a larger historical narrative. One may believe they are carrying on

much like the people from the past, another might believe he or she is not, and

belongs to a unique place in history. The Roosevelt’s and Lindbergh’s believed that

they were living during a transformative period. Roosevelt’s 1933 inaugural address

reveled a change in American society when he said, “If I read the temper of the

people correctly, we now realize as we have never realized before our

interdependence on each other”. FDR’s remarkable words illustrated that during

this period the American people began to recognize that their individual actions

couldn’t be separated from the countries underlining stability.

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Anne Morrow Lindbergh agreed with Roosevelt, and wrote about America’s

transformation several years later in her 1955 book, Gift from the Sea. She wrote that

American life had transformed from “simplicity” to “multiplicity” because of “ever-

widening circles of contact and communication” (1).            Anne was extremely

intelligent, and knew that America’s transformation signified that the social and

cultural demands once aimed at the individual, and centered on ones family and

community, were changing to include national and international demands that

involved all citizens.

       The changes that Eleanor Roosevelt perceived were generally comparable to

those her husband, and Anne Morrow Lindbergh observed. All three of them felt

that American’s were becoming increasingly dependant on each other, and too

people from outside the country. However, she also thought that the hard fought

political concessions regarding the expansion of women’s rights, and improved

working conditions for low wageworkers, represented equally important changes.

Eleanor’s thoughts were extremely insightful, she seemed to have the unique ability

to grasp the most prominent differences between the period in which she grew up,

and the one that she was currently living in. In her 1937 autobiography she wrote

that the most extraordinary difference in the world around her, compared to the one

she was raised in, was its speeding up (2).

1. Anne Morrow Lindbergh, “Gift from the Sea”, (New York, NY: Vintage Books,
1955), 26
2. Eleanor Roosevelt, “This is My Story”, (New York, NY: Harper & Brothers
Publishers, 1937), 357-358.

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This was another remarkably accurate revelation, which is easily confirmed by the

great many of time saving machines, such as, the telephone, radio, automobile, and

airplane, which had become part of the average persons daily life, and societies

collective consciousness.

    Charles Lindbergh would certainly have agreed that the pace of the world was

increasing.   He enthusiastically welcomed the machines that were effectively

speeding up the human experience, and as a young man he road a motorcycle, and

was often seen carelessly racing around town. Lindbergh recognized the important

innovations in technology, and fully embraced a faster world, however, he failed to

recognize the important social changes that his wife, and the Roosevelt’s were

observing. He seemed unaware of the growing national and international collectivist

mentality. The main reason for his inability to grasp the magnitude of the social

changes going on in America (and throughout the world) can be attributed to his

introverted personality, and single-mindedness. According to Charles’s sister he was

“painfully shy” in his youth, and spent most of his time working on the family farm

(3). Charles was a loner who channeled his energy into his personal interest, which

effectively disconnected him from the surrounding world. Lindbergh’s behavior was

the result of the American ethos, which enculturated young men to be rugged

individualist who admired adventure, and self-reliance.

3. Scott Berg, “Lindbergh”, (New York, NY: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1998), 33.

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His failure to perceive the social transformations, however, can also be attributed to

his inadequately honed intellectual abilities. He was not a particularly bright student

while in school, and didn’t posses an interest in learning until he developed a passion

for aviation.

       Another reason why Charles Lindbergh did not recognize the cultural

changes before him was due to his attitude towards relationships between different

social classes. He was not born into a wealthy family, and his father often warned

against the so-called “favored class” (4). Lindbergh was raised to provide for himself

and his family, and was probably uncomfortable accepting unsolicited help from

others. He might have been skeptical of the motivations behind peoples growing

desire to connect with those outside of their own social classes, and local

community. The Lindbergh’s way of life was similar to that of the earliest European

families who came to the New World. Charles’s grandfather, August Lindberg, was

a farmer from Sweden who immigrated to Melrose, Minnesota in 1859 (5). Upon

his arrival he settled his family into a one-room sod hut, but as his family expanded

he built a more spacious log home. The family embraced their pioneer life. August

Lindbergh, however, was more than a simple farmer. He was also an opinionated

man who was drawn to politics, and served in his local government in Sweden. In

Melrose he also involved himself in the community.

4. Berg, 32.
5. Berg, 13.

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He often wrote letters to local newspapers, served as justice of the peace, and even

organized the local school district (6). August Lindbergh welcomed America’s

economic opportunities, and its tradition of individual political and religious

freedom, and tirelessly pursued a better life for his family.     In time, Charles

Lindbergh’s immigrant grandfather developed his home on the edge of the

Minnesota wilderness into the most impressive in the area.

       The Lindbergh’s family structure committed everyone to contributing to the

families base survival, everyone worked tirelessly to provide for their collective

needs, however, there was also a recognition of the growing importance of education

in terms of improving ones economic opportunities. The Lindbergh’s family history

presented a story of people who were actively pursuing a better economic situation

for themselves.   The Roosevelt’s, and Charles’s spouse’s family, the Morrow’s,

however, came from wealthy backgrounds, therefore, their lives were not consumed

by the pursuit of economic stability. Being a Roosevelt, or a Morrow, didn’t equate

to a life of chopping fire wood, mending fence’s, or tilling pastures; it meant

attending social gatherings, managing business interest, and maintaining family

alliances. The Roosevelt’s were among the wealthiest families in the United States,

and had large real-estate holdings throughout New York.           Franklin Delano

Roosevelt’s family had vast business interests connected to the nations Northeastern

urban industrial base, and was connected to the American Presidency.

6. Berg, 15.

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His family acquired wealth that originated as far back as 1726. Franklin’s great

grandfather, Isaac Roosevelt, was a founding member of the New York Chamber of

Commerce, and the president of the second bank chartered in America (7).

Roosevelt grew up sheltered and privileged, and seemed uniquely fitted to his role as

elite socialite, and developed into a pillar of New York society.

       Anne Morrow Lindbergh, like FDR, was also born into a privileged family.

Her father was a partner at the J.P. Morgan financial services company, and

eventually he became the United States ambassador to Mexico. Anne was afforded

access to cultural opportunities unavailable to families such as the Lindbergh’s, and

she made the most of her privileged position in life. She attended the best schools,

and performed extremely well academically. She especially excelled at writing, and

developed a deep affection for the classics. Through her studies, and the stories

passed on by her globetrotting father, Anne developed into an extremely well

adjusted, and worldly young women.

       Eleanor Roosevelt, like her husband, and Anne Morrow Lindbergh, was also

born into a privileged family. She attended good schools at home, and developed

international sensitivities while studying abroad.     Eleanor was a spirited young

woman who developed strong opinions regarding the state of affairs in America (and

around the world); however, Anne Morrow Lindbergh was reserved, and expressed

herself introspectively through her writing.

7. Cook, Wisen Blanche, “Eleanor Roosevelt”, (New York, NY: Penguin Group,
1992), 21.

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Despite their personality differences, however, both women embodied a certain

aspects of the 1920’s ‘new women’ mentality that was becoming prevalent

throughout Western culture.      In particular, Eleanor, was a among an obscure

segment of the female population that was becoming increasingly aware of women’s

new social status, and political relevance. As a result, she transformed into staunch

advocate and defender of women’s issues, and later was described as the feminist

movements spiritual leader.

       Since 1922, Eleanor Roosevelt, was extremely active with the League of

Women Voters, the Women’s Trade Union League, and was even appointed the

finance chairman of the Democratic State Committee. Eleanor learned about party

politics during this period, and participated when she could by driving people to the

polls on election day (8). Eleanor was a modern woman; complete with a jumbled

life that consisted of personal, professional, and family aspirations, which created

constant tension. In 1927, Eleanor opened the Todhunter School for Girls at 66 east

80th street in New York. The school attracted privileged young girls who were

preparing for college. Eleanor became a successful teacher at the school, and took

great pride in her career. A couple of years later, she told a reporter she planned to

continue teaching for as long as possible, however, shortly after telling another

reporter that teaching was “better than anything else I do”, she altered her teaching

schedule in order to support her husband’s political career (9).

8. Roosevelt, 344.
9. Cook, 399.

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Both women represented the remarkable social progress that many women had been

wistfully fantasizing about for several decades; however, the attitudes of these so-

called ‘progressive women’ were not foreign to their accomplished husbands.

       Strong and independent matriarchal type women raised both Charles

Lindbergh, and Franklin Roosevelt. In 1901, Lindbergh’s father married Evangeline

Lodge Land who was from Detroit, Michigan. Lindbergh built his beautiful young

wife a house on the edge of a cliff overlooking the Mississippi river, and the couple

settled into domestic life in Little Falls, Minnesota. Evangeline was born into a

privileged family.   Her father was a successful dentist with a busy practice in

downtown Detroit, which allowed him to extend a first rate education to his

daughter. Evangeline developed into an independent college educated women that

worked outside the home as a biology teacher. She rejected the ‘Victorian’ social

standards that informed the previous generation, and instead embraced new

standards that were represented by the passage of the 1920 Women Suffrage

Amendment; however, Evangeline’s sophisticated urban upbringing affected her

attitude towards Little Falls. The town was a modest rural farming community with

little urban development, and Evangeline had trouble finding things in common with

the residents.

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She believed in expanding women’s role in society when most women were

comfortable with their traditional roles. Years later many Little Falls residents

claimed that she was the inspiration for Carol Kennicott, in Sinclair Lewis’s novel

Main Street, which was based on the author’s hometown that was near Little Falls

(10).

        It is crystal clear that extremely capable and independent women were part of

both Roosevelt and Lindbergh’s upbringings, and marriages. And these women had

tremendous influence on both men as adults. Their lives, however, were equally

influenced by the cultural implications that are typically associated with their

prospective social classes. Lindbergh’s early life was informed by the views of rural

farmers, such as, his immigrant grandfather. Life on the farm was important to

Charles, and he welcomed the challenge to dedicate his life to its laborious routines.

Charles’s father believed that hard work was the most important activity in life

because it provided the “main wealth of the world” (11). Charles’s adoration for

farming lasted throughout his life, but times were changing.           America was

transforming from a traditional agriculturally based society into a modern industrial

society. Small town rural sensibilities were being replaced by sophisticated urban

attitudes. For centuries American prosperity was built on agriculture, but the nations

revered agricultural way of life was ending. Large corporations began replacing

small family operated farms.      Innovative technology increased production and

lowered cost, and machines began replacing human labor.

10. Berg, 9.
11. Berg, 32.

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These transformations coincided with an enormous increase in industrial factories, a

slowdown in European trade, and eroding soil conditions in many farming

communities around the country. Taken together these changes adversely affected

agricultural prices. As prices fell farmers traveled into the cities in search of financial

relief, but they often viewed the work as temporary. Countless farmers only planned

to work in the factory until they saved enough money to move back to the farm,

however, most realized that returning was hopeless.            The wheel of economic

prosperity was turning. The independent family farm could no longer provide a

stable economic base for individual farmers, or the national economy. The effects of

these economic changes were devastating for those with careers in agriculture.

America’s urban populations, however, were expanding to supply new urban sector

jobs. This slow shift from an agricultural society into an industrial society is partly

behind Charles Lindbergh’s eventual departure from rural to urban life. Charles was

aware that a career on the farm was hopeless, and instead focused his career

aspirations on engineering (12). Charles was intrigued with machinery since a young

boy, and left the farm to study at the University of Wisconsin in Madison. By 1920,

new tenants began working the farm, and Charles never lived there again (13).

12. Berg, 51.
13. Berg, 53.

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       The Jeffersonian version of the independent farmer was the vision that

Lindbergh believed defined the American identity, and his father was a local

politician who was backed by the various farmer labor movements, and rural

constituencies in Minnesota. The Lindbergh’s supported the workingman. FDR’s

social class background also informed his beliefs as an adult. He was esteemed

through his family’s elite status, and felt that his privileged position in society meant

that he needed to serve others. He believed in using government to increase the well

being of the greatest number of people, and thought hard on how to achieve this end.

His elevated status naturally compelled him to support powerful institutions over the

fragile individual whose life was constantly visited by economic uncertainty.

Roosevelt, therefore, didn’t seek to become someone who produced goods or

services in the private sector in order to improve the society, but instead sought to

work in government in order to strengthen the Public sectors ability to help society.

His belief was that government had a responsibility to push for social improvements.

He began his career by opening a corporate law practice upon completing the bar

exam, however, he quickly retreated into the government work, and in 1911, he was

elected to the State senate in New York. After his reelection in 1913, however, he

resigned, and was appointed Assistant Secretary of the United States Navy.

Roosevelt’s career choice was reminiscent of the decision his cousin Theodore made

during his ascendancy to the American Presidency. Franklin, however, was not

simply following in the tracks of his famous relative, because he also harbored a deep

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affection for the United States military, and since childhood had amassed an

enormous collection of Navy memorabilia.

       Roosevelt was a patriot who believed in America, and welcomed the

opportunity to serve as a civilian leader who was connected to the armed forces.

Charles Lindbergh also had a passion for the military, and joined ROTC while

attending the University of Wisconsin. As a member of the ROTC Lindbergh made

a name for himself on the shooting range, and the training taught him about the

importance of discipline. In 1921, he completed his ROTC training, but considered

dropping out of school. He was unhappy with the universities curriculum, and had

been performing poorly. By 1922, during his third semester, he left school. He

thought of settling back on the farm, but instead began contacting flying schools.

With college and the farm behind him the dream of working in the field of aviation

was all that Charles had left. For five hundred dollars he could attend the Ralph C.

Diggins School of Aeronautics in Chicago, which offered classes in airplane factory

work, and flight training (14). The school claimed that commercial aviation was

growing with tremendous speed, and advocated that prospective students enroll

quickly (15). However, Lindbergh waited, and eventually decided to enroll at the

Nebraska Aircraft Corporation, which offered training in all fields of aviation, and

provided job placement (16).

14. Berg, 59
15. Berg, 62.
16. Berg, 63.

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The school was everything Lindbergh expected, and more. Lindbergh spent nearly

all his time learning about aviation, and soon logged enough hours to fly solo, but

need more experience for a pilot job. In order to gain more experience he began

flying with Erold G. Bahl who was an airplane daredevil know as a barnstormer (17).

Barnstorming was a form of entertainment involving aerial stunts, and airplane rides

for money.      Lindbergh developed a knack for drawing people to barnstorming

events, and his success helped him eventually begin barnstorming himself.

Opportunities began to pour in.      He advertised himself as “Aerial Daredevil

Lindbergh”, and in 1923 he purchased his first airplane (18). During this period

Lindbergh joined the Air Service Advanced Flying School, and in 1925 he

graduated. He was then commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Air Service

Reserve Corps (19). Lindbergh had achieved his dream, and began a career in

aviation, and two years later he accomplished his landmark transcontinental flight

from New York to Paris.

       The ‘Roaring Twenties’ were coming to an end. The year was 1927, and

America’s beloved New York Yankees were busy celebrating their four game World

Series sweep over the Pittsburg Pirates. However, the Yankees victory was not the

only thing to marvel at because certain American’s had become objects of

wonderment themselves.

17. Berg, 51.
18. Berg, 63.
19. Berg, 65

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In fact, Charles Lindbergh had become a national phenomenon, and represented

America’s sense of adventure and individual achievement. His pioneering flight

made him a hero overnight. When he returned to Potomac Park there were two

hundred and fifty thousand cheering people to greet him (20).           Lindbergh’s

popularity was enormous, and after the flight he published a book that sold two

hundred thousand copies in the first month, and made him two hundred and fifty

thousand dollars (21). The flight elevated his status among men. The average citizen

could hardly constrain their admiration for him, and aviation industry leaders

scampered for his expertise. Commercial aviation was growing during this period,

and in 1928 the Foreign Air Mail Act was passed. Since 1925 Lindbergh had been

working in the airmail industry, and subsequently was hired as a consultant to

corporate airmail companies, such as, TWA and Pan-Am. The consulting jobs, and

book sales, made Charles a wealthy man, and in 1930, he purchased a new plane

from Lockheed Aircraft Company that he named “Sirius” (22). With his new plane

he then attempted to set the transcontinental speed record, and began touring Europe

with Anne. The Lindbergh’s toured potential airline routes from Finland, Russia,

Estonia, Norway, England, Ireland, Scotland, France, Holland, Switzerland, Spain,

and Portugal (23).

20. Berg, 141
21. Berg, 167.
22. Berg, 215
23. Berg, 144

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The previous year, Charles had surveyed potential passenger service routes in South

and Central America. The mission was to link routes from the United States to

Cuba, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, Venezuela, Colombia, Nicaragua, and Panama.

Anne was seven months pregnant when they began the transcontinental flights across

Europe, but Charles always encouraged her to participate in his activities, and she

even became an accomplished radio operator and navigator as a result of their time

together (24).

       Anne Morrow Lindbergh’s career was remarkable. In the 1950’s she became

a successful writer, but her early years are perhaps more interesting. In 1926, she

became the first women to receive a glider license, and in 1931, she earned her pilot’s

license. According to the Department of Commerce Anne was one of only one

hundred and thirty eight women in the entire country to receive a pilot’s license in

the early 1930’s (25). In 1934, she became a licensed radio operator, and was the

first woman to be awarded a gold medal from the Veteran Wireless Operators

Association (26). Anne’s accomplishments made her popular with the American

public, and women’s magazines presented her as a pioneer in aviation along with her

husband. In fact her accomplishments became so admired that the famous aviator

Amelia Earhart even published an article in Cosmo Magazine in 1930 entitled “Mrs.

Lindbergh” (27).

24. Berg, 74.
25. Winters, C Kathleen, “Anne Morrow Lindbergh: First Lady of the Air”.
(New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), 76.
26. Winters, 76.
27. Winters, 76.

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Anne, like Eleanor, represented Americas expanding cultural identity, and they both

were becoming increasingly recognizable as symbols of progress for women across

the country. These two women were remarkably accomplished, however, during

this period in American history men still had control of the opportunities that

enabled one to achieve the most notable accomplishments.

           After serving a term as the forty fourth-governor of New York, FDR

achieved what many would consider the single greatest accomplishment in American

society.    He was elected to the presidency of the United States.       FDR was a

masterful political operator, however, the country was in trouble when he took

office, and needed an innovative leader, not a savvy politician. Industrial production

levels were fifty percent lower than before 1929, and crop prices had dropped by sixty

percent. There were also massive bank failures, and high unemployment. Roosevelt

quickly set off to repair the country. He began by initiating a ‘New Deal’ program

called the National Recovery Administration (NRA). The NRA attempt to control

economic activity by setting price controls, and establishing minimum wage

restrictions (28). The establishment of the NRA clearly reflected his belief that

institutions were more affective in solving problems than individuals, however, the

courts declared the NRA to be unconstitutional, and it was shut down. It was

apparent that Roosevelt was concerned about the countries future; however,

Americans were not ready to accept the intervention he was purposing.

28. Robert Eden, “ The New Deal and its Legacy”, (Westport, Ct: Greenwood Press,
1989), 116.

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Many people felt the program allowed an unhealthy level of government intrusion

into the economy, and related it to the fascist government programs in Italy. Fair-

minded historians, however, can now recognize that Roosevelt was simply

experimenting with various political devises that were evolving throughout Europe,

and was not necessarily attempting to import fascism to America like some critics

claimed.

       Roosevelt’s first term as president was extremely challenging, but the job of

running America increased in difficulty in the preceding years. By 1939, America

was plagued with the question of whether or not to join the war that was raging in

Europe. Historically, America had trouble initiating force for rational restrictive

purposes, and many felt that military assertiveness was unbefitting to a liberal

democracy, and claimed that using force appeared totalitarian. Lindbergh may have

agreed with this type of thinking, however, he was not pacifist. His apprehension

was due to his belief that the America military was ill prepared to fight against Nazi

Germany. Numerous citizens also believed that the war was avoidable. Further

more, some felt very strongly that the war was the result of international bankers

interested in reestablishing stability in Western Europe in order to secure repayment

of wartime loans. Charles Lindbergh identified with these types of conclusions due

to his family background. Lindbergh was skeptical of bankers primarily because of

his father’s experiences. His father achieved a respectable level of success early in his

career, and was recognized as a prominent figure with in his community.

Hershman 18

Eventually, he was offered stock from the German-American National Bank for

including his name on their board of directors, but the experience left him suspicious

about banking practices (and bankers in general), and might have informed the

critical attitude that he passed on to his son.

       Publicly, Roosevelt didn’t support bankers either (privately is another story),

however, he did realized that America needed to support its allies in Europe. It is

fair to conclude that during this period Charles Lindbergh represented Americas

naive side, and that Franklin Roosevelt represented its pragmatic side. Lindbergh

seemed to be clinging to Americas traditional Washingtonian proclamation that

urged the country to avoided foreign entanglements, and failed to recognize the

magnitude of problems inflicting Europe, and their capacity to harm America. It’s

hard to believe that Lindbergh lacked the mindfulness required to clearly determine

the rising threat posed by Nazi Germany. He had travel the world, and therefore,

couldn’t have been placed among the naive groups of Americans that failed to

understand that other countries could have legitimate national aspirations more

important to them than peace with us.             The arguments behind Lindbergh’s

reluctance to advocate entrance into the war were becoming increasingly difficult for

him to prove, however, Roosevelt’s arguments for going to war appeared more clear

and recognizable each day, and closely matched the publics growing acceptance of

Americas role in preventing the destruction of Britain and France. Roosevelt was

beginning to persuade public opinion in favor of intervention, despite the fact that as

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head of the America First Committee Lindbergh was railing against the war effort in

highly publicized public addresses. The two men’s rhetoric began to heat up along

with the destructive events in Europe. Roosevelt began to openly attack Lindbergh

by calling him a “ Nazi”, and Lindbergh’s rhetoric seemed to justify the his charge.

William Shakespeare once said, “ mind your speech a little lest you should mar your

fortunes”. Lindbergh would have done well to heed his advice, however, he didn’t,

and ended up delivering a speech that mistakenly tied the causes of war to the Jews,

which to many Americans affectively labeled him as a racist Nazi sympathizer. It is

not possible to defend such disparaging remarks, however, one can reasonable

conclude that Lindbergh was not necessarily anti-Semitic, but rather a naive and

desperate man that was searching for any plausible excuse to prevent Americas

participation in what he considered a foreign war. He used numerous misguided

arguments based on distorted views that rested on his belief in the possibility of

ethnic superiority. These views were alarmingly similar to assertions that Hitler

made in regards to the German peoples biological superiority compared to other

ethnic groups. It is apparent that Lindbergh was frightened and confused during the

period leading up to the Second World War. His confusion, however, should not be

surprising, because he seemed to be clueless of the increasing connectedness between

the people of the world, even though he personally served as an imputes behind one

of the pioneering achievements that helped create a new and smaller world. In the

final analysis it is fair to determine that Charles Lindbergh represented a certain

naiveté in American society that was primarily distinguishable by its adherence

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to neutrality in regards to the affairs of other countries. The secondary attribute of

the American identity reflected through Lindbergh was the importance of human

capital in achieving national greatness, and both he and his wife were among the

most prominent examples in American history of this fact.

       The achievements and personal attributes of Franklin Delano Roosevelt also

helped shaped Americas national identity, however, in many ways they diverged

from those of Charles Lindbergh. Lindbergh was single-minded and naïve, and

Roosevelt was the consummate pragmatist who tirelessly contemplated the cause

and effect of his actions. Lindbergh could be described as a loner, and Roosevelt was

most happy while in the company of others. They both represented a certain degree

of individualism that is so pervasive in American culture, however, Roosevelt also

represented the importance of a democratic societies ability to worked together

collectively in regards to amicably settling its differences in order to move forward

with a productive consensus. Roosevelt had many other qualities one could identify

as culturally animated, however, the primary American trait that he embodied

leading up to the war was his profound irritation over the fact that another country

would provoke us enough to compel us into talking up arms. In conclusion,

regardless of their faults and difference of opinion both men represented America

during the time in which they lived.

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