The Final Conversion of Pope Francis - By Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Jennifer Scheper Hughes

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The Final Conversion of Pope Francis - By Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Jennifer Scheper Hughes
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                                                                        RELIGION

                                                                      The Final Conversion
                                                                      of Pope Francis
                                                                      By Nancy Scheper-Hughes and
                                                                      Jennifer Scheper Hughes

                                                                      O
                                                                               n March 12, 2013, Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio
                                                                               of Buenos Aires entered the Vatican papal conclave
                                                                               in Rome with a heavy heart. He had just resigned
                                                                      as Cardinal Archbishop of Buenos Aires and had already
                                                                      chosen a simple room in an Argentine retirement center
                                                                      for Catholic clerics when he was suddenly summoned to
                                                                      the Vatican following the shocking resignation of Pope
                                                                      Benedict XVI/Joseph Ratzinger. Instead, he would now be
                                                                      sequestered with 114 other cardinals until they reached a
                                                                      divinely inspired consensus about who would be the next
                                                                      spiritual and political leader of an estimated 1.2 billion
                                                                      Catholics, 40 percent of whom live in Latin America.
                                                                           Two days before the opening of the papal conclave,
                                                                      Cardinal Bergoglio took a solitary walk through Rome’s
                                                                      historic district dressed incognito in the black cassock of
                                                                      a simple village priest. On seeing an old friend, Father
                                                                      Thomas Rosica, Bergoglio grabbed his hand saying,
                                                                      “Please, pray for me.” When the acquaintance asked Jorge
                                                                      Mario if he was nervous, the future pope replied that,
                                                                      indeed, he was.
                                                                           Crisis in the Roman Catholic Church had led to the
                                                                      abdication of Pope Benedict/Ratzinger, a scholarly and
                                                                      fiercely conservative prelate who owned up to being a poor
                                                                      administrator. He and his close friend, Pope John Paul II/
                                                                      Karol Józef Wojtył, were Central Europeans who came of
                                                                      age during World War II and rose to preeminence in the
                                                                      church during the cold war. Both popes had participated in
                                                                      Vatican II, which was led by Pope John XXIII who sought
                                                                      to “open the window and let in fresh air” and to reposition
                                                                      the church in the modern world. However, the future
                                                                      popes, caught up in European cold war politics against the
                                                                      “evils” of a godless, Soviet Communism, became obsessed
                                                                      with the “errors” and “excesses” unleashed by Vatican II, in
                                                                      particular, the rise of Latin American liberation theology.
                                                                           Although liberation theology was never the dominant
                                                                      or hegemonic Catholic theology in Latin America, it was a
                                                                      strong and visible social movement that realigned clergy
                                                                      and nuns in support of the poor and those who spoke
      Pope Francis presides at a general audience.
      (Photo courtesy of the Catholic Church of England and Wales.)   on their behalf during civil wars in Central America and
                                                                                                                               >>

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The Final Conversion of Pope Francis - By Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Jennifer Scheper Hughes
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      theologian Marcella Althaus-Reid proposed an “indecent                  Not surprisingly, the papacies of John Paul II and
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      theology” that confronted the political trinity of Pope,            Benedict XVI fought tooth and nail against this Latin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Nation, and Catholic family that provided the ideology              American theological “heresy.” The two previous popes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      of right-wing military regimes in Latin America. She                saw the new Latin American radical theology as a threat
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      wrote: “The resurrection [of Christ] was not a theme                to Papal authority. They argued that liberation theology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      for our generation … Los desaparacidos [that included               was no theology at all, but a political project that focused
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      kidnapped women and their babies] was our theme.”                   on the “here and now,” rather than a spiritual project
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Ivone Gebara, a Brazilian nun and one of Latin                concerned with the soul and its afterlife. However
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      America’s leading theologians, wrote from the perspective           liberation theology’s greatest threat to papal authority
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      of ecofeminism and liberation theology. For nearly two              was its empowerment of women as theologians and at
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      decades, Gebara was a professor at ITER, the liberation             the grassroots level as community leaders, catechists, and
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      theology seminary in Recife. Gebara’s theology emerged              pastoral counselors and representatives of the new church.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      directly from her intimate work with poor women in the                  Working in tandem, Pope John Paul II and Cardinal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      slums and favelas of Recife in the late 1960s during the military   Ratzinger, later as Pope Benedict, actively dismantled
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      dictatorship years. In her first book, “Longing for Running         liberation theology. In 1984, just as the Brazilian military
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Water: Ecofeminism and Liberation,” Gebara articulates              dictatorship was ending, Cardinal Ratzinger issued his
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      what she called a theological anthropology embedded in              “Instruction on Certain Aspects of the ‘Theology of

                                                                                                                                           Photo by Lothar Wolleh/Wikimedia Commons.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      the struggles of everyday life. The garbage in the street, the      Liberation’,” which listed the many doctrinal errors and
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      non-existent or inadequate health care, and above all, the          excesses, including its dedication to building a church of
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      reproductive crises faced by poor women led Ivone Gebara            the poor.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      to argue for a “religious biodiversity” that was inclusive of           In 1985, the Vatican silenced Brazilian liberation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      women’s suffering and needs. She saw reproductive rights            theologian Leonardo Boff, and Dom Hélder Câmara was
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      for women as linked to environmental and economic                   forced into retirement, along with other radical bishops,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      sustainability and to the creation of a dignified human life.       and theological and political conservatives replaced them.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   >>
                                                                                        The Second Vatican Council (Vatican II) in 1962.                                                                                              Ivone Gebara in 2011.
      military dictatorships in South America in the 1970s and        a call to arms against oppressive dictators. This feet-
      1980s. At the 1968 Medellín Conference of Latin American        on-the ground, “barefoot” theology introduced new
      bishops, liberation theologians took their message further      exemplars in a generation of beloved “red bishops”: Dom
      into what this might mean in terms of everyday pastoral         Hélder Câmara in Recife; Samuel Ruiz in Chiapas; Sergio
      practice. The bishops pledged themselves to a new spiritual/    Méndez Arceo in Cuernavaca; and the martyr-bishop of
      social contract called a “preferential option for the poor,”    El Salvador, Óscar Romero.
      which required the Latin American Church to detach itself           Less recognized was the central role of Latin
      from its colonial moorings and its favoritism toward the        American women theologians, such as the Argentine
      power elites, the landowning and industrial classes. The        Marcella Althaus-Reid and the Brazilian eco-feminist
      practitioners of liberation theology called for the growth      Ivone Gebara, and women catechists, often illiterate,
      of “ecclesiastical base communities” in favelas, poor           almost invariably poor, who organized, led, and mostly
      barrios, and shantytowns where Catholic clergy and nuns         populated the ecclesiastical base communities. The
      working closely with lay people would read and discuss the      feminist theologians, while in sympathy with the
      scriptures as political as well as theological texts. Poverty   liberation theology of Leonardo and Clodovis Boff and
      and hunger were recast as “structural violence” and as          Gustavo Gutiérrez, identified a lacuna in the failure of the
      social sins to be challenged and expunged. Liberation           progressive theologians to recognize and acknowledge
                                                                                                                                                                                       Photo by Jorge A. Ramirez Portela/AP Images.
      theology reconciled Christianity and social Marxism at          the suffering of women that included those who were
      a time when right-wing dictators overthrew democratic           designated as “sinners” and “indecent” because they were
      socialist political leaders with the help of the CIA and the    single mothers, traditional midwives, or sex workers who
      U.S. Congress.                                                  had nowhere else to turn during times of extreme scarcity
          While in some circles, liberation theology was seen         and crisis. Many of these same women became prominent
      as a theoretical shift in the cultivation of a critical,        leaders in liberation base communities.
      sociological, spiritual imagination, in Nicaragua and               In response to the wars on “indecency” by the
      Guatemala during the 1980s liberation theology became           military juntas of the 1960s-1980s, Argentine liberation

       BERKELEY REVIEW OF LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       CENTER FOR LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES, UC BERKELEY
The Final Conversion of Pope Francis - By Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Jennifer Scheper Hughes
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      When in October 1989, Ratzinger closed ITER, Dom                   Dom Luciano Mendes de Almeida, judged the case                                                                    The Vatican put pressure on the Superior General                     personality that had contributed to his decision to
      Hélder’s liberation theology seminary, several hundred             against Gebara as a heretic was closed, citing her deep                                                       of the Jesuits in Rome to stop Argentine Jesuits from                    dismiss and “let go” of the two “disobedient” liberation
      seminarians, nuns, laypeople, and peasants traveled by             commitment to, and understanding of, the suffering                                                            following the path of the Jesuits in Central America,                    theology Jesuits, Father Franz (Francis) Jalics, his
      foot from the impoverished, drought-ridden interior of             and pain of poor women. However, the Vatican’s                                                                Brazil, Chile, and Peru in resisting military regimes.                   former theology teacher, and Orlando Yorio, who had
      Pernambuco to protest, and one of us [Jennifer] joined             Congregation of the Doctrine and Faith disagreed and                                                          Thus, the left-leaning head of the Jesuits was removed,                  refused to give up their ecclesiastical base community
      the demonstration. The powerful social movement that               began an investigation of Gebara’s theological writings,                                                      and Father Bergoglio took his place without the                          in a poor parish of Buenos Aires. Bergoglio’s decision
      was called liberation theology was eventually destroyed,           interviews, and teaching modules. On June 3, 1995,                                                            support of most of his religious order in Argentina.                     put the men in mortal danger. Once removed from
      as theologians were disciplined,                                                             Professor Gebara was instructed                                                     At that time in his life, Father Bergoglio was a pious                   the protection of the Society of Jesus, the Jesuits
      if not silenced, and young                                                                   to refrain from speaking,                                                           young priest of conservative political views. He was                     were kidnapped along with several other liberation
      clergy were encouraged to take                                                               teaching, and writing for a                                                         not a popular superior among the Jesuits, and he was                     catechists by the agents of Admiral Emilio Massera
      up a populist and artificial                                                                 period of two years, during                                                         eventually removed from office in 1979 and assigned                      and taken to the Escuela de Mecánica de la Armada
      charismatic Catholicism to                                                                   which time she was exiled                                                           to serve as Rector of the Colegio Máximo in Buenos                       (ESMA), where for six months they were tortured,
      contest the growth of Pente-                                                                 to France for theological re-                                                       Aires, where he taught theology. In 1986, he was sent                    interrogated, and rescued at the nick of time by Father
      costal churches in Latin                                                                     education. Today, Professor                                                         to Germany to finish a second doctoral thesis. On                        Bergoglio’s intersessions in person with both General
      America. One of the last straws                                                              Gebara is struggling with illness,                                                  his return to Argentina in June 1990, Bergoglio was                      Videla and Admiral Massera. Bergoglio walked out of
      was the attack on the feminist                                                               but she remains totally dedicated                                                   again exiled to the city of Córdoba, where he spent two                  the second meeting with Massera saying definitively
      theologians who had never                                                                    to her feminist theology.                                                           solitary years in the guesthouse at the Jesuit rectory.                  as he left, “I want them to appear.” Soon after, the two
      really been incorporated within                                                                                                                                                      This period of exile, we suggest, was the beginning                  Jesuits were removed from their cells and dropped by
      the male-dominated hierarchy                                                                 Enter Jorge Bergoglio:                                                              of the conversion of Pope Francis. During his period                     plane in a field on the outskirts of Buenos Aires, where
      of liberation theology. They                                                                 A Vatican in Shambles and a                                                         of enforced solitude, Father Bergoglio barely spoke                      they were found drugged, dazed, and in poor physical
      were marginalized even by                                                                    Catholic Church Divided                                                             to anyone. He was even cut off from the other Jesuits                    condition. The others who were kidnapped with them
      their male colleagues who, with                                                                 Cardinal Bergoglio approached                                                    with whom he was living. Bergoglio was coming to                         were dropped into the sea. This story has been told
      the exception of Dom Hélder,                                                                 the 2013 papal conclave with                                                        terms with his (self-defined) rigid, even authoritarian,                 many times.
      found them to be scandalous                                                                  anxiety. He had come close to                                                                                                                                                                      Continued on page 58 >>
                                                                                                                                                                                       A memorial to torture victims in front of Argentina’s Escuela de Mecánica de la Armada (ESMA).
      in addressing in public the                                                                  being chosen as pope in the 2005
      sexuality of women in the                                                                    papal conclave that elected Cardi-
                                                                                              Photo courtesy of Sergio Rubín and Francesca Ambrogetti.

      context of a kind of “green”                                                                 nal Joseph Ratzinger. Bergoglio
      feminist theology.                                                                           withdrew from the competition
          Professor Gebara achieved                                                                and threw his support to Ratzinger
      notoriety when the Vatican                                                                   when he learned that opponents in
      silenced her for two years in                                                                Argentina were undermining his
      1995. Her difficulties began                                                                 candidacy by circulating critical
      in 1993 with an interview she                                                                documents about his history as
      gave to the Brazilian news                                                                   Provincial Superior of the Jesuits,
      magazine, VEJA, in which she                                                                 during Argentina’s infamous
      said, rather off-handedly, that                                                              dirty war (1976-1983). Among the
      abortion was not necessarily a                            Jorge Bergoglio as a young priest. tens of thousands of victims were
      sin for poor women. Given the                                                                150 Catholic priests who refused
      extreme poverty of many women in Brazilian favelas, too            to bend, as well as hundreds of nuns, lay catechists, and
      many births would only result in more hardship for the             religious persons who embraced liberation theology.
      mothers and their other children. Moreover, Gebara said                 Bergolio’s complex political history began in 1973
      to the journalist, overpopulation puts increased stress            when, as a recently ordained Jesuit priest, he was appointed
      on natural resources, including decreased access to                Provincial Superior of the Argentine Jesuits at the absurdly
      potable water, one of the feminist theologian’s main               young age of 36. Jesuits are the muscular scholars of the
      concerns. For these reasons, Gebara called for greater             Roman Catholic Church. Ordination requires more than
                                                                                                                                                         Photo by David A. Wilbanks.

      tolerance for women’s reproductive rights and needs.               a decade of intellectual and spiritual training, often
      The article in its day went viral via television rather than       culminating in two doctorates, one in theology and one in
      the social media. Complaints were raised, and following            another chosen field. It was unheard of for a man so young
      many discussions throughout 1994, the President                    and inexperienced to be appointed Provincial-Superior of
      of Brazil’s Catholic Conference of Bishops of Brazil,              the Jesuits anywhere in the world.

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      The Final                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               selecting a pope from the South, Latin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              America, Africa, or Asia. However,

      Conversion of                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           the cardinal from Argentina did not
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              enter the conclave as one of the papal

      Pope Francis                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            finalists. But after just 24 hours of
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              deliberation the conclave had settled
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              on Bergoglio. When asked if he
      (continued from page 17)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              accepted the vote, Jorge Mario did
      Remember the Women:                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     not give the expected ritualized reply
      The First Conversion of                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 “Accepto.” Instead he said, “I am a
      Jorge Bergoglio                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         great sinner; trusting in the mercy and
          Less noted, however, is the failed                                                                                                                                                                                                                  patience of God in suffering, I accept.”
      response of the former Jesuit superior                                                                                                                                                                                                                       When he appeared on the
      on learning of the disappearances                                                                                                                                                                                                                       balcony of Saint Peter’s Basilica as the
      of three women. Two of them were                                                                                                                                                                                                                        new pope, the well-wishers gathered
      French nuns, originally catechists                                                                                                                                                                                                                      below in Saint Peter’s square were
      (catechism teachers) to the mentally                                                                                                                                                                                                                    confused. They did not recognize
      “deficient,” which included their                                                                                                                                                                                                                       him. But once they heard that the
      devoted care for Jorge Videla’s young                                                                                                                                                                                                                   new pope would be known as Pope
      son who had severe and irreversible                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Francis, they sent up cheers “Viva
      developmental problems. A third                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Francesco! Viva Francesco!”
      desaparecida was Father Bergoglio’s                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Like Wojtyła/John Paul II,
      former boss and mentor, Esther                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Bergoglio/Francis was a first: the
      Ballestrino de Careaga, a chemist in                                                                                                                                                                                                                    first Latin American pope, the first
      the factory where the future pope                                                                                                                                                                                                                       pope from the global South, the first
      worked as a student in 1953–1954,                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Jesuit pope, and the first pope to
      just before he decided to enter the                                                                                                                                                                                                                     name himself after Saint Francis, who
      priesthood. Over time, the spiritual                                                                                                                                                                                                                    was never a pope at all. Both of these
      formation of the nuns and Esther                                                                                                                                                                                                                        outsider popes were/are positioned to
                                                Photo by Mario Tama/Getty Images.

      Ballestrino de Careaga changed as it                                                                                                                                                                                                                    make decisive public roles in global
      was shaped by liberation theology.                                                                                                                                                                                                                      transitions. The Polish pope, John Paul
      They spoke of “an option for the                                                                                                                                                                                                                        II, gave his blessing to Solidarność,
      poor,” while criticizing General                                                                                                                                                                                                                        contributing to the end of the Soviet
      Videla’s option for “power, blood,                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Union. The Argentine pope played a
      and fire.” On December 13, 1977,                                                                                                                                                                                                                        key role in negotiating the dialogues
      Videla’s secretary general broke the                                          A building reflects Pope Francis celebrating mass on Copacabana Beach, Rio de Janeiro.                                                                                    between President Obama and Raúl
      news of their kidnapping a week                                               military. Bergoglio agreed to come to                 After his period of seclusion      tended to the needs of young clerics,   forgave each other, and co-celebrated    Castro that promises a long-overdue
      before all three were drugged and                                             the family’s home and to remove and              in Córdoba ended, Bergoglio was         and he became involved in social        the Mass. However, Pope Francis has      end to the U.S. cold war in Cuba
      thrown into the Atlantic Ocean. The                                           hide any books that might be seen as             given another chance and appointed      action on behalf of marginal people,    not yet made amends to the memory        and U.S. policies of meddling with
      bodies of two of the women washed                                             questionable or subversive. One of the           Auxiliary Archbishop of Buenos          including migrants, street children,    of the Argentine women who died for      perceived socialist agendas in other
      up on shore, to be buried in pauper                                           books Bergoglio took away with him               Aires in 1992. He emerged as a          and asylum seekers. He collaborated     their faith under his watch.             Latin American nations.
      graves. They were later exhumed                                               was “Das Kapital.” He warned Esther              strong and popular spiritual leader     in the founding of an NGO dedicated                                                   The Catholic world quickly
      and identified by members of the                                              to be prudent, to drive carefully,               and as an effective politician. He      to the rescue of displaced refugees     The First Latin American Pope            warmed up to Pope Francis who was
      Argentine forensic team.                                                      to wear dark sunglasses, and to be               moved quickly up the ladder from        and trafficked persons. In 2000,            By the time Bergoglio was            praised for his simplicity, humility,
          Several weeks before she and                                              as inconspicuous as possible. This               archbishop to cardinal in 1998. A new   Archbishop Bergoglio made the           summoned to Rome for the papal           and his common touch. The new
      her daughter were kidnapped,                                                  assistance proved to be not so helpful.          Bergoglio began to emerge during        most difficult voyage of his life,      conclave, the political climate          pope refused all the trappings of
      Esther Ballestrino contacted Father                                           Both the daughter and, later, her                this time, a more tolerant and humble   when he paid a visit to Father Jalics   had changed. The desire for a new        popery: the throne and the papal
      Bergoglio asking for help when she                                            mother were kidnapped. While her                 prelate, not without contradictions     in Germany. By all accounts, it was     dispensation, a petite reformation       palace, the lace and rose slippers.
      learned that her daughter, a university                                       daughter was released and survived,              but clearly on a different path. He     an emotional encounter. Both men        of the Roman Church and its Curia,       This pope brought well-worn black
      student, had been targeted by the                                             Esther was dropped into the ocean.               visited poor villas and barrios, he     wept, embraced and (presumably)         was on the agenda. There was talk of     shoes with him from Buenos Aires.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 continued on page 64 >>

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      The Final Conversion of Pope Francis                                                                                                                                      there are many versions of Catholicism, each with diverse
                                                                                                                                                                                histories and religious traditions. Catholics received the
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                serious dangers facing the modern church. In so doing,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Francis was at risk of repeating a dangerous error, the
                                                                                                                                                                                new pope differently in Brazil than in Argentina. Three         same unreasonable fears he once had of the teachings and
      (continued from page 59)
                                                                                                                                                                                and a half million Brazilians gathered on Copacabana            social and political engagements of liberation theology
      In Argentina, the archbishop liked to travel by bus and          “I don’t know what comes over me,” Pope Francis told                                                     Beach to watch Francis drive by in his Popemobile. The          priests, nuns, and theologians. Today, he still risks turning
      subway and to cook his own meals. In Rome, Pope Francis          Antonio Spadaro, the Jesuit editor-in-chief of La Civiltà                                                crowds were euphoric. The pope was seen as agradável,           works of mercy by nuns and laywomen of conscience — on
      refused to live in the Apostolic Palace, but instead moved       Cattolica, in August 2013. The pope had just returned from                                               personable, intimate, unpredictable, and most of all            behalf of raped and pregnant women, overwhelmed and
      into a one-room suite at the Casa Santa Marta, the five-         his first and wildly successful international trip to Brazil                                             animado, full of vitality. “Did you see how he responded        suffering mothers, and homeless children abandoned to
      story guesthouse that houses cardinals and other visitors        for World Youth Day. “I did not recognize myself when I                                                  to the crowds? How he accepted a gourd of chá mate              the streets and to early death — into theological errors
      in Vatican City. He usually takes his meals in the main          responded to the journalists asking me questions [about                                                  (yerba mate) and slurped it up?” The pope is a man in           and mortal sins. Without embracing a new covenant with
      dining room on the first floor, although he once surprised       gay clergy] on the flight from Rio de Janeiro.” He famously                                              love with life. Brazilians from the shantytowns thought         women as equal partners, Francis will be unable to respond
      Vatican workers by standing in line with a tray at the           told the press corps: “If someone is gay and he searches for                                             that they could teach the new pope about their social           adequately to his fellow Jesuit Jon Sobrino’s challenges
      Vatican cafeteria, where he sat down and joined five clerks      the Lord and has good will, who am I to judge?” He spoke                                                 needs and realities. He was seen as flexible and teachable.     to him: to fix the unbearable and untenable situation of
      from the Vatican pharmacy. He helped himself to a plate          in Italian, but he used the English word, “gay,” rather than                                             In Argentina, there were also ecstatic celebrations in the      women vis-à-vis the church; to recognize and value the
      with codfish, stewed tomatoes, fusilli, and well why not,        “homosexual.” Another papal first.                                                                       streets with cars honking their horns and people shouting       indigenous peoples of world; and to love Mother Earth.
      he said, “… but just a few French fries.” The pope of the             So, who is Francis? What can an Argentine pope do for                                               “un papa argentino!” Some of his former Jesuit colleagues            Thus far, Francis has not heard the sigh of the oppressed
      people enjoys good food. His tip was a blessing and a photo      Latin America and for the world?                                                                         refused to celebrate the new pope as one of their own, but      from women who are turned away from public clinics and
      taken with his delighted tablemates.                                                                                                                                      the initial standoff was fleeting.                              doctors throughout Latin America by the Roman Catholic
          His manner is informal, his language colloquial.             One Pope for Many Catholicisms                                                                                                                                           bans on contraception enshrined in the laws of most Latin
      The new pope soon became famous for his off-the-cuff                Despite the unifying symbol of the Vatican and its                                                    The Final Conversion of Pope Francis                            American countries. Some are the victims of domestic
      “zingers,” especially when in the air and between his travels.   pontiff, Latin American Catholics are an unruly lot, and                                                      As a political spiritual leader, Francis has negotiated    violence, others of police brutality against their adult sons;
                                                                          Pope Francis drinks mate offered by a pilgrim in St. Peter’s Square.                                  a détente between Cuba and the United States. He has            others are living on the edge of a reproductive cliff. We
                                                                                                                                                                                welcomed Jews, Muslims, Hindus, Marxists, and atheists          know them all too well in the favelas of Brazil and in the
                                                                                                                                                                                to the table in the task of peacemaking and world repair. He    mestizo villages of Mexico, and we know the consequences
                                                                                                                                                                                has begun to make peace with former theological enemies.        of coerced births in the headcounts of tiny graves with
                                                                                                                                                                                He initiated a rapprochement with 85-year-old Father            white wooden crosses and in the municipal ledger books
                                                                                                                                                                                Gustavo Gutiérrez of Lima, Peru, the father of liberation       that tally the deaths of mothers and infants.
                                                                                                                                                                                theology, and he lifted the ban on the beatification of Óscar        Pope Francis has said that the church needs to end
                                                                                                                                                                                Romero, the first step to sainthood, describing Romero          its obsessive preoccupation with sexuality, contraception,
                                                                                                                                                                                as “a man of God.” Just recently, he initiated the path to      and divorce, as these are negative and divisive issues,
                                                                                                                                                                                sainthood for the beloved Dom Hélder Câmara of Recife.          and better to put them aside. But in so doing, the pope is
                                                                                                                                                                                These acts augur well for the global Catholic community         ignoring the doctrinal millstone that is still tied around
                                                                                                                                                                                and for the family of man.                                      the necks of women and their doctors.
                                                                                                                                                                                     However, to date there is still a disturbing and                Lastly, in stigmatizing the writings of Latin American
                                                                                                                                                                                glaring absence at the center of his new papacy — the           feminist theologians, by referring to them as following
                                                                                                                                                                                family of women. While Pope Francis has reached out to          “radical feminist themes incompatible with the Catholic
                                                                                                                                                                                gay couples who love and support each other, and while          faith,” he is not only invalidating the work of serious
                                                                                                                                                                                he has invited divorced and even remarried Catholics            scholars, he presents them as dangerous thinkers.
                                                                                                                                                                                of both sexes to return to the church and to receive the             The new Prefect (under Pope Francis) of the
                                                                                                                                                                                sacraments, and while he has advocated for equal pay            Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith, Gerhard
                                                                                                                                                                                and called gender disparities in wages a scandal, he has        Müller, has declared that “the war between liberation
                                                                                                                                                                                not yet reached out to women and their reproductive             theology and Rome is over” and that liberation theology
                                                                                                                                                                                suffering and needs. To the contrary, he has stated             should be recognized as “among one of the most
                                                                                                                                                                                many times that he fears “population control” as an             important currents in 20 th-century Catholic theology.”
                                                                                                                                                                                underhanded attack on the poor. Nor has Pope Francis            It’s time that Pope Francis begins a much-needed
                                                                                                                                                 Photo from Associated Press.

                                                                                                                                                                                reached out to Catholic theologians who have grappled           rapprochement with feminist theologians who have
                                                                                                                                                                                with the multiple existential threats to the safety of all      been silenced and with Catholic women who have been
                                                                                                                                                                                women, poor or aff luent, illiterate or highly educated.        ordained as Episcopal and Anglican priests. There is
                                                                                                                                                                                     Pope Francis is at a critical juncture. Early in his       Professor Ivone Gebara, ill but feisty, demanding that
                                                                                                                                                                                papacy, Francis declared “radical feminism” as one of the       the Holy Father listen to women. In an interview on her
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           >>

       BERKELEY REVIEW OF LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES                                                                                                                                                                                                              CENTER FOR LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES, UC BERKELEY
The Final Conversion of Pope Francis - By Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Jennifer Scheper Hughes
66   The Final Conversion of Pope Francis                                                                                                                                                  Spring 2015   67

                                                   thoughts about Pope Francis and the              We      have    followed     Jorge
                                                   theology of women, posted (originally        Bergoglio/Pope Francis as he has
                                                   in Portuguese) on August 28, 2013, she       been remaking himself as a powerful
                                                   said: “I’d like to reinforce the idea that   and charismatic religious leader
                                                   we are the Church, too … The reality         who has one important challenge
                                                   of faith is inscribed in every person,       with respect to the public roles and
                                                   then it is sustained in the community        private needs of women worldwide.
                                                   of people of faith who are able to           There is a solution, one with a long
                                                   bring justice, mercy, compassion, and        and distinguished pedigree, the
                                                   mutual aid to the maintenance of life        ancient tradition of the intellectual,
                                                   for each other. … Seeking collective         theological and administrative
                                                   responsibility in great and small acts       companionship of women to church
                                                                                                leaders, beginning with the close
                                                   is the primary challenge for all of us.”
                                                                                                female friends and disciples of Jesus,
                                                        Can Pope Francis heal the
                                                                                                including the three Marys — Jesus’
                                                   irrational schism between feminist
                                                                                                mother, Mary the mother of James,
                                                   theologians and the Vatican? If so, it
                                                                                                and Mary Magdalene, the best
                                                   could lead to a long-overdue détente
                                                                                                friend of Jesus who was incorrectly
                                                   between the Roman Catholic Church
                                                                                                identified as a prostitute rather than
                                                   and its sister churches, Episcopal,          the generous and inf luential woman
                                                   Anglican and others, which share             of means that she was. Saint Francis
                                                   the same rituals and sacraments              of Assisi consulted throughout his
                                                   but allow women to share in the              public life with Clare, the founder of
                                                   priesthood and in the breaking of the        the Franciscan Order of Poor Clares.
                                                   bread, and allow married people to           Like his namesake, Pope Francis also
                                                   become priests.                              needs the wisdom of strong women
                                                                                                to help him navigate the other half
                                                   And The Women He Needs                       of the world, the still-invisible 50
                                                        In taking the name of Saint             percent, the part of the world that —
                                                   Francis, Jorge Mario might recall            despite his concern for the smallest
                                                   the close relationship between               and least of us and for the “wounds
                                                   Saint Francis and Saint Clare, who           on the bodies” of the trafficked
                                                   shared an intimate intellectual and          victims, especially women and
                                                   spiritual relationship in co-founding        children — still perplexes him and
                                                   the mendicant and the cloistered             without whom he cannot succeed
                                                   Franciscan orders. Francis’s strong,         in his invocation of the Catholic
                                                   equitable relationship with Clare            Church as a new social movement in
                                                   as his spiritual companheira was             Latin America and in the world.
                                                   necessary to the founding of                 Nancy Scheper-Hughes is Professor
                                                   Franciscan theology in praxis,               and Chair of Medical Anthropology at
                                                   a dynamic theology, rooted in                UC Berkeley.
                                                   voluntary poverty, that embraced
                                                                                                Jennifer Scheper Hughes is Associate
                                                   all creatures, humans and animals.
                                                                                                Professor of History at UC Riverside
                                                   Francis often referred to himself and
                                                                                                and co-chair of the Latina/o Critical
                                                   to his barefoot friars as “mothers”          and Comparative Studies Group of the
                                                   rather than as men. We would like            American Academy of Religion.
                                                   Pope Francis to follow the steps of his
                                                                                                Portions of this article are drawn from a piece
                                                   patron saint and to think of himself         which will appear in Global Latin America,
                                                   as “la mamma” as well as “il papa.”          Matthew Guttman and Jeffrey Lesser, eds.,
                                                                                                University of California Press (forthcoming).
                                                   St. Francis preaches to the birds,
                                                   Leicester Cathedral, England.                  St. Clare, St. Frideswide’s Church, Oxford.
                                                   (Photo by Father Lawrence Lew, O.P.)                        (Photo by Father Lawrence Lew, O.P.)

       BERKELEY REVIEW OF LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES                                                                                                      CENTER FOR LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES, UC BERKELEY
The Final Conversion of Pope Francis - By Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Jennifer Scheper Hughes The Final Conversion of Pope Francis - By Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Jennifer Scheper Hughes
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