ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS PHD PROGRAM - Gran Sasso ...
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ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS PHD PROGRAM Courses Organization and Contents Academic Year 2019-2020 Lectures at GSSI will start the first week of November and end within May, with breaks in December/January (2 weeks) , February (3 weeks) and April (1 week). We widely defined three main research areas at GSSI: - Low Energy Astroparticle Physics (AP-LE): Rare events searches, underground and neutrino physics - High Energy Astroparticle Physics (AP-HE): High Energy Cosmic Rays, Gamma and Neutrino Astronomy - Gravitation and Cosmology (AP-GC): Gravitation, General Relativity, Gravitational waves, Cosmology For each of the three main areas we offer two “pillar” courses covering theoretical and experimental aspects respectively. Every single pillar course lasts 30 hours (i.e. 24 time slots, 75’ each). Students are required to attend all 6 pillar courses (from November to February) and pass exams for at least 4 out of 6. After the February break, for each area (i.e. LE, HE, GC) we offer 8 “short” courses (10 hours, 8 time slots) covering specific aspects in field. Students are required to attend at least 5 short courses and pass exams (preparation and discussion of a 20’ talk) for at least 3 of them. Admission to the second year depends on the above requirements and on the evaluation of the student activity report (including information concerning courses attendances, exams, participation to schools/workshops/conferences, etc. ) GSSI Gran Sasso Science Institute Viale Francesco Crispi, 7 - 67100 L'Aquila, Italia - www.gssi.it Tel. +39 0862 4280262 email: info@gssi.it C.F. 01984560662
ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS PHD PROGRAM Contents of the Pillar Courses (a.y. 2019-2020) SLOTS- NAME COURSE TITLE HOURS F. VISSANI AP-LE-TH LOW ENERGY ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS – THEORY 24-30 (GSSI AND INFN) LOW ENERGY ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS – EXPERIMENTS F. FERRONI AP-LE-EXP1 12-15 (DOUBLE BETA DECAY EXPERIMENTS) (GSSI AND INFN) LOW ENERGY ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS – EXPERIMENTS C. GALBIATI AP-LE-EXP2 12-15 (DARK MATTER SEARCHES) (GSSI - INFN, PRINCETON) P. BLASI AP-HE-TH HIGH ENERGY ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS – THEORY 24-30 (GSSI AND INFN) HIGH ENERGY ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS – I. DE MITRI AP-HE-EXP 24-30 EXPERIMENTS (GSSI AND INFN) GRAVITATION AND COSMOLOGY – THEORY -1 S. CAPOZZIELLO AP-GC-TH1 12-15 (GRAVITATION) (UNIV. NAPOLI AND INFN) GRAVITATION AND COSMOLOGY – THEORY -2 S. MATARRESE AP-GC-TH2 12-15 (COSMOLOGY) (UNIV. PADOVA AND INFN) GRAVITATION AND COSMOLOGY – EXPERIMENTS – 1 J. HARMS AP-GC-EXP1 12-15 (GW DETECTION) (GSSI AND INFN) GRAVITATION AND COSMOLOGY – EXPERIMENTS – 2 M. BRANCHESI AP-GC-EXP2 12-15 (GW ASTROPHYSICS) (GSSI AND INFN) GSSI Gran Sasso Science Institute Viale Francesco Crispi, 7 - 67100 L'Aquila, Italia - www.gssi.it Tel. +39 0862 4280262 email: info@gssi.it C.F. 01984560662
LOW ENERGY ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS 1 LE-TH F. VISSANI Introduction to neutrinos and particle physics. Wave equations. Helicity and chirality. Interaction hamiltonians from QED, to Fermi, to weak interactions. Decays and cross sections. Introduction to the formalism of quantum field theory. Standard model. Extensions of the standard model. Major sources of neutrinos: big-bang, Sun, Earth, reactors, supernovae, accelerators, atmosphere, high energy neutrinos. Neutrino masses, theory and principles of the experiments. Neutrino oscillations. Neutrinoless double beta decay. Statistics for rare processes. 2 LE-EXP1 F. FERRONI Neutrinoless Double Beta decay. What is it ? Why should be studied ? How difficult it is ? Experimental history. Today’s status. Perspectives. LE-EXP2 C. GALBIATI General framework of dark matter and the experimental programs for its discovery. HIGH ENERGY ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS 3 HE-TH P. BLASI The basic aspects of cosmic ray physics and astrophysics will be discussed in detail. The propagation of charged particles in turbulent magnetic fields will be derived from first principles, and diffusion will arise as a natural implication. The transport (advection-diffusion) equation will be derived and used to describe cosmic ray propagation in the Galaxy and particle acceleration at shock waves. Special emphasis will be given to the interaction between cosmic rays and the environment in which they move, a phenomenon that is at the basis of all modern theories of particle acceleration as well as transport. 4 HE-EXP I. DE MITRI In the first part several basic arguments are reviewed. Relativistic kinematics. Interaction of radiation with matter. Basics of particle detectors. Particle identification systems, magnetic spectrometry, electromagnetic and hadronic calorimetry. Then lectures focus on experimental techniques used in a variety of high energy astroparticle physics experiments, mainly devoted to the study of high energy cosmic radiation (gamma and neutrinos, electrons, positrons and antimatter, protons and nuclei) using balloon and space born detectors, ground based extensive air shower arrays and telescopes, underground/ice/water detectors, space based EAS observatories. GSSI Gran Sasso Science Institute Viale Francesco Crispi, 7 - 67100 L'Aquila, Italia - www.gssi.it Tel. +39 0862 4280262 email: info@gssi.it C.F. 01984560662
GRAVITATION AD COSMOLOGY 5 GC-TH1 S. CAPOZZIELLO Gravity and Acceleration. The Equivalence Principle. Geometry and Gravity. Physics and Gravity. The Geodesic Equations. Connections and Metric. Geodesic Motion. Weak Gravitational Fields. Physical meaning of the Metric. The Riemann Tensor. The parallel transport along a closed curve. The Bianchi identities. The commutation of covariant derivatives. The Ricci tensor. The Einstein Field Equations. The Stress-Energy Tensor. Experimental Tests of General Relativity. The Theory of Gravitational Waves. The astrophysical and cosmological sources. The Gravitational waves detection. Gravitational Astronomy. Further theories. Further modes. GWs as test bed for gravitational theories. GC-TH2 S. MATARRESE The Universe on large scales: cosmological principle and Robertson- Walker metric. Redshift and distances in cosmology, Hubble law. The main components of the Universe: baryons, dark matter, dark energy, neutrinos and radiation. Friedmann equations from Einstein Equations. Main solutions. The Universe thermal history; inflation, decoupling primordial nucleosynthesis, hydrogen recombination, equality of matter and radiation and matter and dark energy, ... Dark matter abundances (hot and cold relics). Cosmological perturbations and large scale structures: formation, evolution and statistical description. 6 GC-EXP1 J. HARMS Gravitational-wave detection has recently reached its breakthrough with the first observations of coalescing pairs of black holes and neutron stars. Essential for this success was the development of long-baseline, high-power laser interferometry. In this course, the students will learn the working principles of these instruments, and understand their limitations. The lecture will cover current detectors and a short review of proposed future ground-based and space-borne instruments. GC-EXP2 M. BRANCHESI Gravitational-wave sources and astrophysical implications of the first gravitational-wave observations. Overview of the observational results and modeling of the physics governing the multi-messenger emission from the coalescence of binary of compact objects, black-holes and neutron stars, core-collapse of massive stars, and their connection with gamma ray bursts and kilonovae. Perspectives of the transient gravitational-wave astrophysics with present and future observatories. GSSI Gran Sasso Science Institute Viale Francesco Crispi, 7 - 67100 L'Aquila, Italia - www.gssi.it Tel. +39 0862 4280262 email: info@gssi.it C.F. 01984560662
ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS PHD PROGRAM Contents of the Short Courses The Short course program will start on March and end within May. Each course will last eight 75’ time slots, i.e. 10 hours in total. As per GSSI rules, each student must attend at least 5 short courses and pass an exam (20’ talk and corresponding discussion) for at least 3 of them. GSSI Gran Sasso Science Institute Viale Francesco Crispi, 7 - 67100 L'Aquila, Italia - www.gssi.it Tel. +39 0862 4280262 email: info@gssi.it C.F. 01984560662
Low Energy Astroparticle Physics: LE LE-1: Low radioactive background techniques for rare event searches Ezio Previtali (INFN Milano Bicocca) A detailed description of various screening methods and approaches will be presented and some results on specific measurements will be discussed in detail. LE-2: Dark Matter Candidates Piero Ullio (SISSA – Trieste) General classification of particle DM candidates. Elements of thermal description of the early Universe. Boltzmann equation description of chemical and kinetic freeze-out; hot and cold thermal relics. The Higgs portal for a scalar singlet as an example of WIMP DM candidate; its direct and indirect detection. Freeze-in mechanism for non-thermal DM candidates. Dark matter as a condensate: the axion. LE-3: Dark Matter searches Elisabetta Baracchini (GSSI and INFN) Introduction to direct dark matter search strategies and their challenges. Experimental techniques for detecting signatures of WIMP-like DM interactions and background rejection. Pros and cons of the various experimental approaches and discussion on more sensitive experiments in the field. LE-4: Nuclear Astrophysics Laura Marcucci (Università di Pisa and INFN) Theoretical review of nuclear reactions, models and decays. Nuclear physics in astrophysical environments: - Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) - Stellar nucleosynthesis processes: pp-chain and CN-NO bicycle LE-5: Radiation Measurements Mathias Laubenstein, Matthias Junker (INFN LNGS) Radioactivity. Detection of radioactivity. Measurement of radioactivity. Low Background and Ultra Low Background techniques. This is a laboratory course with some activity at LNGS external labs. LE-6: Monte Carlo techniques Luciano Pandola (INFN LNS) Sampling of random variables, numerical integration, error estimation in Monte Carlo calculations, particle tracking in homogeneous media, condensed, detailed and mixed Monte Carlo simulations, biasing techniques. Blackboard lectures will be complemented by a few practical exercises. LE-7: Neutrino oscillation experiments Natalia Di Marco (GSSI and INFN) Review of neutrino oscillation experiments with both natural and artificial sources. LE-8: Cryogenics sensors and related electronics Andrei Puiu (GSSI and INFN), Marcello Messina (INFN LNGS) Low temperature calorimeters and readout techniques. Detection of scintillation light in liquid Ar / Xe TPC with standard or silicon based photomultipliers and related electronics. GSSI Gran Sasso Science Institute Viale Francesco Crispi, 7 - 67100 L'Aquila, Italia - www.gssi.it Tel. +39 0862 4280262 email: info@gssi.it C.F. 01984560662
High Energy Astroparticle Physics: HE HE-1: Non thermal processes Roberto Aloisio (GSSI and INFN) Basic processes of non-thermal emission in high energy astrophysics and astroparticle physics. Synchrotron emission, inverse Compton scattering, hadronic processes. Proton-proton interaction and interactions with astrophysical photons backgrounds. Impact on observations and theoretical models. HE-2: Data analysis techniques in HE Astroparticle Physics Sergio Petrera (GSSI and INFN) Review of the main techniques for Extensive Air Shower reconstruction. The following example will be discussed in detail: Inference of UHECR source scenarios from energy spectrum and composition data. HE-3: Tracking and calorimetric systems in space-based experiments Giovanni Ambrosi (INFN Perugia), Oscar Adriani (Università di Firenze and INFN) Silicon based tracking system, calorimetric detectors, and their applications to existing and future missions devoted to direct cosmic ray measurements. Use of SiPMs as light sensor in space-based detectors. HE-4: Very High Energy Gamma Ray Astronomy (VHE-GRA) Felix Aharonian (Dublin School of Cosmic Physics and GSSI) Objectives and the Status of the Field. Phenomenology of VHE GRA in the context of multi-wavelength and multi-messenger approach for the study of the non thermal Universe. GRA and Origin of Galactic Cosmic Rays. GRA and Origin of Extragalactic Cosmic Rays. Cosmology with VHE gamma-rays. HE-5: Front-end and readout electronic systems for High Energy Astroparticle Physics Valter Bonvicini (INFN Trieste) Introduction to front-end electronics and pulse processing. Basic noise concepts. Processing the signal from a radiation detector. Identification of noise sources. General consideration about signal shaping. Preamplifiers and Amplifiers. Radiation hardness. Specific examples on space-based detectors. HE-6: High Energy Neutrino Astronomy Paolo Lipari (INFN Roma) State and perspectives of High Energy Neutrino Astronomy, and the relations with the study of the other cosmic messengers (in particular Cosmic Rays and Gamma Rays). The flux of atmospheric neutrinos (generated by cosmic rays in the Earth's atmosphere) will be also discussed. HE-7: UHECR theory Venyamin S. Berezinsky (GSSI and INFN) Theoretical overview of acceleration and propagation processes of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays. HE-8: Astrophysical Hydrodynamics Carmelo Evoli (GSSI and INFN) Basic assumptions of fluid dynamics. Jets in astrophysics. Outflows and accretion. Introduction to turbulence. Kolmogorov theory. Non linear maps. GSSI Gran Sasso Science Institute Viale Francesco Crispi, 7 - 67100 L'Aquila, Italia - www.gssi.it Tel. +39 0862 4280262 email: info@gssi.it C.F. 01984560662
Gravitation and Cosmology: GC GC-1: Next generation GW observatories Jan Harms (GSSI and INFN), William J. Weber (University of Trento and INFN) Review of science cases and experimental approaches for next generation (space and ground based) GW detectors GC-2: Astrophysical transients Gor Oganesyan (GSSI and INFN) Modelling of electromagnetic counterpart of gravitational wave sources focusing on the emission mechanisms of gamma-ray bursts and kilonovae. The course will give an overview of the physics governing their multi-wavlength emission in light of the most recent and updated observations. GC-3: Nucleosynthesis Sergio Cristallo, INAF Teramo Introduction to main nuclear burnings in quiescent hydrostatic phases and basics of stellar evolution. Production of heavy elements via neutron capture processes. Description of available experimental facilities. GC-4: Physics of Compact Stars Massimo Mannarelli, INFN LNGS Basic tools of general relativity, weak interactions and strong interactions for studying compact stars. The course will focus in nature of Neutron Stars, and more exotic compact stellar objects as Strange Stars and Pion Stars. GC-5: Low energy gamma and neutrinos from GW events Giulia Pagliaroli (GSSI and INFN) Modeling and observations of low energy neutrino emission and GWs emission from core-collapse Supernovae, and high energy neutrino production in Gamma Ray Burst. The course will include an overview of the combined search strategy and data analysis with GWs, gamma-rays and neutrinos. GC-6: Advanced Virgo and GW data analysis Viviana Fafone (Università di Roma “Tor Vergata” and INFN) – Marco Drago (GSSI and INFN) Overview of the scientific case and of detector design for Advanced Virgo. Introduction on the general techniques for GW data analysis: practical examples on the real data around the detected GW events. GC-7: Observational Cosmology Paolo de Bernardis (Università di Roma “La Sapienza” and INFN), Andrea Cimatti (Università di Bologna) Phenomenology and observation of Cosmic Microwave Background (first half) and Dark Energy (second half) CMB detection techniques and observational results. Overview of the other main cosmological probes: Type I supernovae, weak gravitational lensing, galaxy clustering, abundance of galaxy clusters, stellar ages. The tension among different Hubble constant measurements. GC- 8: Compact object formation and evolution Michela Mapelli (INAF Padova) State-of-the-art knowledge about astrophysical black holes and neutron stars. The importance of massive star evolution and of the main supernova mechanisms (core collapse, electron capture, pair instability and pulsational pair instability) to shape the mass spectrum of compact objects. Formation of binary compact objects, isolated and the dynamical formation channel across cosmic time. Hands-on part: students will run some simple population-synthesis simulations and will analyze the statistics of simulated binary compact objects. GSSI Gran Sasso Science Institute Viale Francesco Crispi, 7 - 67100 L'Aquila, Italia - www.gssi.it Tel. +39 0862 4280262 email: info@gssi.it C.F. 01984560662
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