A RESEARCH OF AESTHETIC MOBILE LEARNING INTERFACES FOR PRIMARY EDUCATION - sersc
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International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 6s, (2020), pp. 823-833
A RESEARCH OF AESTHETIC MOBILE LEARNING INTERFACES FOR
PRIMARY EDUCATION
Nor Fatin Farzana Zainuddin, Zuriana Abu Bakar, Noor Maizura Mohamad Noor
Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu,
Terengganu, Malaysia.
Abstract
Aesthetics is an important element that able to influence people attraction. Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy
that are dealing with the nature of art, beauty, and taste. Aesthetics also assign as the study of sensory or
sensory-emotional values, sometimes called judgments of sentiment and taste. Meanwhile, aesthetics refers to how
attractive the mobile are to the user going through it. As a result, visual appearance is important in deciding the
aesthetic of mobile application interfaces. Hence, aims of this paper is to construct a model that can satisfy the
aesthetic need of the mobile learning interface by the literature review. This study focuses on the mobile learning
interfaces because the aesthetic of the interfaces could draw student’s attention to the content of the learning
modules and inspire students explore more on the learning materials. The objectives of this research are to design
mobile learning interfaces based on the aesthetic design principles selected, which are balance, simplicity,
equilibrium, unity and consistency, to develop a model for measuring aesthetic mobile learning interfaces by the
several key elements design. In order, to construct an aesthetic measuring model for mobile interfaces, this study
will employ the key element design. The expected findings of this research is the model of an aesthetic mobile
learning interface that could be use as the standard guidelines in mobile learning interface design.
Keywords: Aesthetics, Interface Design, Mobile Learning
I. INTRODUCTION
Although aesthetics is a word that is not so popular among public, but it is the important elements that able to
influence people’s attraction. The aesthetic in mobile interface design is extremely challenging. Due to the
importance of aesthetic in mobile interface design success, this research aims to study aesthetic area in mobile
learning. The fast technology growth of mobile learning interfaces design is a key factor driving researchers and
designers incorporated the technology into key element of design mobile interfaces. The mobile learning interfaces
for this study including main pages, learning pages and exercise pages that are designed according to the selected
elements and principles design. The design principles considered in the current study are balance, equilibrium,
symmetry, sequence, rhythm, order and complexity [1]. Thus, this paper will study aesthetics domain in designing
mobile applications for education sectors to determine which interfaces are more aesthetic for mobile learning. The
paper will discuss in the following sections. Section II will explain several of the key element of aesthetic mobile
interface learning design that will be used in this research, secondly Section III will discuss the review framework
of this paper. Afterwards, discusses of mobile interface learning design on the aesthetic in the context of education
will explain in Section IV. Finally, the conclusion of this paper is present in Section V.
II. RESEARCH BACKGROUND
In order to have better understanding on a study that discussed in this paper, an explanation of aesthetics, interface
design, and learning mobile are present as in the following subsections.
A. Aesthetics
Approaching the definition of the term aesthetics, this paper will use a definition, which is take as a point of
reference for many researchers. International Standard ISO 9241-11 has defined aesthetics as the Aesthetics, a
branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of beauty and taste, as well as the philosophy of art [2]. It examines
subjective and sensory-emotional values, or sometimes called judgments of sentiment and taste [2].The aesthetics
of the design must consider several key elements as follow [3]:
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Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC
International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 6s, (2020), pp. 823-833
i. Learnability : How easily first time user complete
basic task.
ii. Efficiency : How quickly user perform basic task
once they have learned the design.
iii.Satisfaction : How pleasant the experience of using
the design was.
iv. Ease of use : How relevant and attract the user to
used.
v. Simplicity : How to minimize redundancy of
searching.
vi. Readability : How easily user to read.
Due to increasing deployment of the mobile technologies, a number of researchers have focused on the aesthetics
challenges of mobile learning interfaces [3]. Which are focus on a number of aesthetic interfaces area that related
to the mobile learning such as mobile context, connectivity, small screen size, different display resolution, limited
processing capability and power and data entry methods for mobile users. All of this limitation will give impact on
the usability of mobile application thus will further be discuss in this paper.
B. Interface Design
Interaction design is relate with interface design as both are correlated together to ensure that there is interaction
between user and the interface and it is a part of system development process [4]. An important area for designing
interface of applications is the design for user to access the digital information. Besides that, it is important to
provide connection between the user and the application because application is in digital environment, this process
allows user to perform task and increase the involvement of users in the application. Besides that, interaction
design is one of the subject in Human Computer Interaction (HCI) because HCI studies the human interaction with
any product or technology [5]. Therefore, interaction design also a phase that use user’s experience in designing
the interface design of the product. Hence, it is a process where they need to define whether that product is easy to
learn or use and avoid ambiguous features. The design that involves in interaction design such as quality
experience, cognition, ergonomics, perception, and semantic need to integrate in design process. Some of the
operations that involves need usability testing to ensure that it can support user interaction [6][7][8]. Interaction
design is an important phase in the system development as it provides significant interaction between user and the
product based on user experience.
C. Mobile Learning (m-learning)
M-Learning systems and environments are design in taking into account a set of technological and pedagogical
aspects [9], and should be design considering HCI and usability concepts and methodologies. HCI offers a core of
concepts and methodologies that constitute a step ahead in the design of interactive systems [10]. M-Learning is
based on computers, devices and screens and is fundamentally interactive and, for this reason, User interface
design (UID) is a key element in the design of interactive m-learning systems that take into account user needs and
characteristics. Sub criteria becomes a key factor in the user’s ability to acquire knowledge in a satisfactory
manner. Thus, m-learning really need user interface design criteria and their sub criteria to design an interface.
III. REVIEW FRAMEWORK
This study focuses on topic regarding aesthetic area in mobile applications development specifically for primary
education. Therefore, the academic journals and papers in various databases such as Google Scholar, IEEE
Explorer had been referred for this research. The academic journals and papers used in this study are according to
the published paper within 2004 to 2017. Fig. 1 shows the review method that has been used in this paper:
Fig. 1. Research Review Framework
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Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC
International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 6s, (2020), pp. 823-833
IV. DOMAIN AESTHETICS DESIGN INTERFACE FOR MOBILE IN LEARNING
A. Education
The wide used of technology have cause higher education institution to incorporated technology in their learning
curricula. Most convenient tools adopted learning environment is mobile phone [11] because it brings out a new
way of learning in order to gain ideal learning advantages [12]. M-learning decorate more flexible environment for
computer-based assessment compare with traditional assessment that using paper and pencil. Due to the high
number of mobile applications and diversity of user, hence it is important to test the aesthetic of the applications.
This can ensure that the applications are able to boost learner’s learning outcomes when participates in learning
activities. Besides that, any application should have a good interaction design to support interaction between user
and the applications. Thus, aesthetic testing can ensure that the interaction design and interface design are well
perform in order to support the application. Based on Rabail Tahir and Fahim Arif, 2014 [13] studies, they found
out that the most important element in UID of m-learning is efficiency, navigation, engagement, readability and
cognitive load for limited split attention. M-learning must ensure that the interface designs are the causes for the
user attention engage in.
While NGO, D. C. L., & Byrne, J. G. (2001) [14] studies concerned in balance, simplicity, equilibrium, user
friendly and consistency. The features provided in the application must be consistent to avoid user from getting
confused and visibility of the features must be present clearly. According Thompson, Braddy, & Wuensch, (2008)
[15]stated that there are three aesthetic factor involves which is graphical design, navigation and organization. This
finding almost similar with [16] studies, as both points out flexibility and minimal action are important in
m-learning aesthetic testing. In m-learning UID, it is important to make sure that the user interface or content are
adaptable to the learner [17] studies on the aesthetic for E-Book and APP (mobile application) in learning
environment found that the most Graphical Design element that received the highest score is aesthetics followed by
intention of use, convenience, user satisfaction and task-technology fit. Similar studies also done by Jou, M.,
Tennyson, R. D., Wang, J., & Huang, S. Y. (2016). [18] on determining aesthetic of mobile E-Book application.
They had identified the main elements involves in determining the aesthetic of E-Book application and categorize
it into four principles which is visibility, ease, efficiency and enjoyment.
The categorization of the principle is made through heuristic evaluation of several author on interface principles
and applied into their research. They also found out that visibility principle is relate with user’s personal perception
while others principles is related to user’s previous experience. The interface attributes that provides important
impact to the user area of unit aesthetics, action and friendliness of the m-learning application. Table 1- 4 in section
V, shows the detail for each element including interface attributes.
Overall, in m-learning application, the main factor should be consider during aesthetic testing are flexibility,
consistency, aesthetics, visibility, affordance, minimal action, user friendly, intention of use, ease-of-use,
convenience, learnability, user satisfaction and task - technology fit. This can ensure user perceived aesthetic of the
applications and it purpose.
B. Design interface for mobile learning
This study applies seven design principles for designing mobile interface learning, which are balance, equilibrium,
simplicity, unity, density, proportion and economy study. Figure 2 until Figure 8 shows seven mobile interfaces for
each design principle applied in this study. The balance can be define as the distribution of the weight in a picture
[19]. It also achieve an equal weight of screen element, which are left, right, top and bottom. Equilibrium was
computed as the difference between center of mass of displayed elements and physical center of the screen [19].
Besides that, the equilibrium is stabilization or midway centre of element through centering the layout itself.
Others, simplicity is a singleness form and a combination of the elements. The simplicity in screen design is
achieved by optimizing the number of elements on a screen and minimizing the alignment points [20][21][22]. The
unity reacts coherence, a totality of elements that constitute visually one piece. With unity, the elements seem to
dovetail so completely that they are seen as one thing. Unity in screen design is achieved by using similar sizes and
leaving less space between elements of a screen than at the margins [23] the density is the extent to which the
screen is covered with objects. Density is achieved by restricting screen density levels to an optimal percentage
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Vol. 29, No. 6s, (2020), pp. 823-833
[19]. A measure of density, derived by Tullis, is the percentage of character positions on the entire frame
containing data.[22][24]. What constitutes beauty in one culture is not necessarily considered the same by another
culture, but some proportional shapes have passed the test of time and are found in abundance today. The economy
stands for careful and discreet use of display elements to get the message across in the simplest possible way. It is
achieved by using as few sizes as possible [24].
Fig. 2. shows the application of design principle balance by using four (4) boxes and text.
Fig. 2. Mobile Interface Design using Balance Design Principle
Fig. 3. shows the application of design principle equilibrium by balancing the left and right that center their layout
itself.
Fig. 3. Mobile Interface Design using Equilibrium Design Principle
Fig. 4. shows the application of design principle simplicity by applying minimum number of element in interfaces.
Fig. 4. Mobile Interface Design using Simplicity Design Principle
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International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 6s, (2020), pp. 823-833
Fig. 5. shows the application of design principle unity by displaying the element in one page.
Fig. 5. Mobile Interface Design using Unity Design Principle
Fig. 6. shows the application of design principle density by optimum the space of design.
Fig. 6. Mobile Interface Design using Density Design Principle
Fig. 7. shows the application of design principle proportion that relates to the difference scale of object.
Fig. 7. Mobile Interface Design using Proportion Design Principle
Fig. 8. shows the application of design principle economy study by displaying elements to get the message across
in the simplest possible way.
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International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 6s, (2020), pp. 823-833
Fig. 8. Mobile Interface Design using Economy Study Design Principle
V. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Based on the literature reviews, aesthetic area are shown in Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3. There are many area
emphasized by different authors, which is from design element and design principle. Even though the issues are
various, similar terms such as navigation, graphical design, simplicity, and organization that brings the same
meaning for design interface.
Table- I: Literature in the field of aesthetic judgement based on design elements/principles
Author(s)/Year Elements
Jiang, Wang, Measured five (5) design elements
Tan, Yu (2016) - unity, complexity, intensity,
novelty, interactivity
Lazard et al., Measured four (4) design
(2016) principles - simplicity, diversity,
colorfulness, craftsmanship
Reinecke et al., Measured two (2) design
(2013) principles - colorfulness and
visual complexity
Reinecke, Measured ten (10) design
Bernstein (2011) principles - information density,
navigation, accessibility of
functions, guidance, structure,
colorfulness, saturation,
image-to-text ratio, support,
help-text
Zain, Tey, Goh Measured six (6) design elements
(2008) drawn from Ngo et. al. (2000) -
balance, equilibrium, symmetry,
simplicity, sequence, rhythm,
order, complexity
Moustakis, Measured five (5) design
Litos, Daviligas, principles - content, navigation,
Tsironis (2004) design and structure, appearance
and multimedia, uniqueness
From Table 1, it can be seen that, the most aesthetic element for aesthetic design based on elements/principles are
complexity, simplicity and colorfulness.
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International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 6s, (2020), pp. 823-833
Table- 2: Literature review of element/principle based on mobile design interface
Author (s) / Element
Year
Maziar,Chui Yin UID principle
Wong (2012) 6 factors - consistency, flexibility,
learnability, minimal action,
minimal memory load, and user
guidance
Khan UID elements. Mobile design
Kalimullah* , guidelines, UU principles, mobile
Donthula health guidelines, inclusive design
Sushmitha guidelines1
(2017)
Rabail Tahir and UI Design criteria (User Interface)
Fahim Arif - Input, Cognitive Load,
(2014) Customization / Personalize,
Screen Design, Layout, Learning
potential, Feedback, User Control,
Navigation/Orientation,
Help/support, Error, Interactivity,
Time required, Engagement,
Readability.
Mi, Na Specifically, a set of preliminary
Cavuoto, Lora user requirements (59 items) was
A. extracted from existing standards,
Benson, guidelines, and user requirements
Kenneth regarding mobile handheld device
Smith-Jackson, accessibility. The initial set of 59
Tonya user requirements was
Nussbaum, re-organized into 44 statements in
Maury A. (2014) six general categories: mechanical
controls, display, speech and
general operation controls, audio
feedback controls, touch-operated
controls, and others.
Punchoojit UI design patterns
LHongwarittorr Customization/Personalize,
n N (2017) Screen Design, Layout, Learning
potential, Feedback, User Control,
Navigation/Orientation,
Help/support, Error, Interactivity,
Time required, Engagement,
Readability.
Table 2 shows that the most aesthetic review for mobile design interfaces based on UID are learnability, readability
and navigation.
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Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSCInternational Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 6s, (2020), pp. 823-833
Table- 3: Literature review based on website interface
Authors Yea Organizatio Content Navigatio Graphical Purpos Simplicit
r n Utility n Representation e y
Belanche, 2012 1 1 1 1 1
Casaló, &
Guinalíu
Lee & 2012 1 1
Kozar
Cyr, Head, 2010 1
& Larios
Djamasbi, 2010 1 1
Siegel, &
Tullis
Dastidar 2009 1 1 1 1
Thompson, 2008 1 1 1 1
Braddy, &
Wuensch
Tarafdar & 2008 1 1 1
Zhang
Braddy, 2008 1
Meade, &
Kroustalis
Djonov 2007 1 1 1
Maurer & 2007 1 1 1
Liu
Tan & Wei 2007 1 1 1 1 1
TOTAL 6 3 8 7 6 3
% 54.55 27.27 72.73 63.64 54.55 27.27
Ranking 3 4 1 2 3 4
From Table 3, the most aesthetic review for website design which are navigation, graphical representation, and
purpose. As a result, for overall literature review, the important of interface mobile design based on UI Design
Criteria are Navigation, Graphical Design, and Readability such as the
Table- 4: Main criteria and sub criteria on mobile interface
UI Design Sub criteria Guidelines
Criteria
Cognitive Content Use appropriate
Load /concept language
Use appropriate
content
Efficiency Aesthetic Simple, attractive
(Graphical Colors and organized
Design) Font design
style/Size Use bright colors for
Menu children
Buttons Use appropriate font
Icons style and size
Provide proper menu
for touch screen
Provide colorful and
animated buttons
Icons must be
relevant to
information they
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present
Learning Ease to learn Ease of learning
Potential Education Appropriate
value educational content
Suitability Suitability for all
users and learner
control.
Engagement Motivation Endeavor
to learn engagement
Provide interesting
rewards.
Readability Ease of readability
Provide appropriate
text size, spacing
etc.
Navigation/ Ease to Ease of orientation
Orientation navigate Ease of navigation
(Learnabilit Clear and consistent
y) navigation
Navigation Provide clear
keys navigation buttons.
Main menu/ Provide main menu
start screen for navigation
Clear main
menu/start page link
Hierarchal Hierarchal menu for
menus easy navigation
Scrolling Scrolling may be
difficult for children
Allow scroll and
view, when a lot of
information is
present.
V. CONCLUSION
This study aims to present an element or principle of aesthetic that are balance, simplicity, proportion, density,
equilibrium, unity, economy study and consistency of mobile application interfaces design, hence that other
researchers and practitioners can take into consideration in designing mobile interfaces application in education
sectors. On the other hand, this study will provided practitioners to determine which more aesthetic domain should
be take into account when they want to do a testing and measuring the aesthetic level for mobile applications.
Besides that, to attract student by mobile learning also popular nowadays. Mobile devices such as tablets are now
children's posh interactive toys and it is a favorable toy for the parents to acquire for their children Osman, Talib,
Sanusi, Tan, & Alwi, (2012) as propose by Alsubaie, M. Alaithan, M. Boubaid and N. Zaman (2018) in their paper
[25]. The design principle review by this paper can contribute to the game mobile learning interfaces.
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Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSCInternational Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 6s, (2020), pp. 823-833
VI. FUTURE WORK
For future work, aesthetic design are recommend to other researchers that can explore more about aesthetic issue in
others sectors. From there, aesthetic issues from different angle and perspective could be identified. Other than
that, based on this research other designer can implement the selected design principle for primary education
m-learning interfaces.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This paper is support by a grant from the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), and the Ministry of
Higher Education (MOHE) vot number 59542.
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