A.A.T. Limited, partner Sydney University Industrial Mustard Seed Research and Development ARC-L Project 776994 update
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A.A.T. Limited, partner Sydney
University Industrial Mustard
Seed Research and
Development ARC-L Project
776994 update
Why breed crops for biodiesel? environmental concerns about fossil fuels high longer-term cost of diesel fuel current dependence on foreign oil equivalent energy conversion to fossil based diesel currently most biodiesel is made from used cooking oil (a finite resource) biodiesel is cost effective if oil prices remain high other benefits are accruable across the farm enterprise sustainable if the value chain remains in regional communities
Mustards for biodiesel
Limited oil crop options in northwestern NSW (mustard, sunflower,
soybean)
Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) offers advantages over canola in:
- tolerance to drought
- disease resistance
- pod-shatter resistance
- crop risk management
Crown rot & nematodes in winter cereals can severely limit yield.
Brassicas have a biofumigation properties that reduce soil borne
diseases, increasing yeild when planted in rotation.
Meal produced post oil extraction is also valuable as an animal feed
Opportunities exist to extract glucosinolate present in the meal to
produce a natural insecticide
Wheat yield and crown rot incidence following
mustard and other crops (adapted from Kirkegaard et al, 2000)
Previous crop Yield t/ha Crown rot
incidence %
Mustard 5.85 41
Canola 5.59 44
Chickpea 5.43 62
Wheat 4.74 73
Barley 5.06 81
The mustard biodiesel value chain
Crop Mustard Mustard Crude Biodiesel
System seed meal mustard
oil
Rotation
benefits
Extracted
Extracted
components
components
Margins ± 10 cents/ltr
Overheads 10-15 cents/ltr
Meal Meal as Processing
Meal as
stockfeed
Mustard stockfeed incl. capital 10-15 cents/ltr
crop
Extracted
components Methanol 10 cents/ltr
Crude Mustard Crude 60-70 cents/litre
oil oil oil
$250-350/tonne $250-450/tonne $625-700/tonne B100 = $1 – 1.20 per litre
The biodiesel model
• The mustard breeding program located at the I A Watson
Grains Research Center at Narrabri is a research
cooperation between:
– The University of Sydney’s Plant Breeding Institute (PBI)
– Australian Agricultural Technologies Ltd. (AAT)
– The Australian Research Council (ARC)
• The aim is:
– To provide grain growers with biodiesel suitable cultivars that add
additional value to their crop rotation
– To advance production of oil, stockfeed and other by products
Mustard breeding
Germplasm obtained from:
- The Victorian Department of Primary Industries via Monsanto.
- Breeding programs in Pakistan at the University of Faisalabad
The first lines developed from outcrosses among the Victorian
based materials
The initial focus has been on improving grain yield based on earlier
modeling (RIRDC, 2007)
The breeding program was established in 2006 and new lines were
tested in regional multi-locational trials for the first time this year
Several candidate lines for release have been identified. Post-
harvest assessments are underway
Relationship between yield at Faisalabad in Pakistan and
Narrabri in northwestern NSW
1200
1100 y = 0.2234x + 445.7
R2 = 0.0358
Yield in Narrabri
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Yield in PakistanThe relationship between mean regional
yield and mean oil content
40
39
38
Oil content %
37
36
35
y =-2.6021x + 39.6
34
R2 =0.0321
33
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3
Yield t/ha
(Range)
Yield 0.5 – 2 t/ha
Oil content 29 – 40%Mean regional yield, oil content and litres of
oil/ha
Mean Yield Mean oil L/oil/ha
kg/ha content %
PBI0467 1172 36.3 426
PBI890 1146 35.2 403
PBI3421 1120 36.3 406
PBI3450 1049 36.9 389
PBI451 1084 39.2 425
Muscon 1000 36.3 363Heterosis for yield in some F1 combinations
(late sown trials)
F1 yield Low parent High parent Mid parent Mid parent High parent
kg/ha yield yield yield Heterosi Heterosis
kg/ha kg/ha kg/ha s% %
ZBJ-05019/ZBJ-
04005 912 577 808 692 132 113
PBI2341/ZBJ-04005 956 577 787 682 140 122
ZBJ-05011//PBI4532 980 668 915 791 124 107Double haploid progeny development
Double haploids of Australian/Pakistani
crosses have been made using microspore
culture.
- Flower buds containing mainly uninucleate
microspores are blended, filtered and
suspended in induction media
- The 21 – 30 day old microspore embryos
are germinated on solid medium. The
plantlets are then treated with colchicine to
promote chromosome doubling
- The first double haploid derivatives of
these materials will be in yield trials in
2010.Post harvest evaluation
The meal is collected and available for
Oil is extracted from the grain of the
additional studies
highest yielding lines and
- feeding trials converted to biodiesel
- glucosinolate extraction/assessment
- applications in the turf & horticultural
industriesBiodiesel conformance to Australian standards
Specification Hermola Muscon
Density 860 - 890 883 888
Flash point 120 min 174 184
Water & sedim 0.05 maxFatty acid profile
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester % by Gas Chromatography
Hemola Muscon
C18:0 1.39 2.5
C18:1, cis-9 (Oleic) 17.84 40.9
C18:1, trans-9 (Oleic) 0.24 0.93
C18:2, cis (Linoleic) 13.66 29.3
C18:3, cis (Linolenic) 8.97 15.24
C22:1 41.15 2.52Opportunities and commercialization The supply of feedstock for biodiesel production is currently the single greatest impediment to a successful biodiesel industry in Australia. Biodiesel largely made from used cooking oil is currently sold in blends There is no technical limitation to achieving 100% biodiesel Grain growers benefits of growing in rotation with existing cereal crops and crop risk management Crushing and related processing plants at key regional locations would boost the development The manufacture and marketing of mustard bi-products (meal and glucosinolate concentrate).
• The PBI as an example of biodiesel self-sufficiency • Mustard now part of the four year rotation
Conclusion In the short to medium term an annual crop such as Indian mustard is a suitable source of renewable oil for biodiesel production. New crop cultivars are readily adopted by growers and up-take across a region can be achieved quickly. In the longer term, tree crops (eg Pongamia) offer greater advantages as their on-going costs are likely to be significantly less than those of annual species. Nevertheless, trees represent a feedstock solution in an alternative farming system, mustards have a significant role as part of an overall approach.
Acknowledgments Research Grant Funding provided by Rural Industries Research & Development Corporation Australian Research Council Additional Project Information Provided by: Professor Richard Trethowan Tariq Chattha Graeme Rapp Matthew Turner
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