WASTE LOGISTICS Prof. Dr. Roland Pomberger - Workshop C-Planet 8.9.2020 Leoben - Zenodo
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WASTE LOGISTICS
Prof. Dr. Roland Pomberger
Workshop C-Planet
8.9.2020 Leoben
Fachbereich Umwelttechnik
Comparing logistics of
Mining waste and
municipial solid waste
Styrian Erzberg Austria
Iron ore Municipial Solid Waste
3,5 mio t/a 4,2 mio t/a
I am
living here + 8,5 mio t waste rock
12 mio t transport 4,2 mio t transport
Styrian Erzberg in Eisenerz, biggest mine in middle Europe
Iron ore since 1000 years 12 trucks App. 2000 trucks
1 000 000 t/ truck y 2 100 t/ truck y
Waste management is
not a problem of mass 4 mio m3 21 mio m3
it is a problem of volumes 1 source 4 000 000 sources
and ENTROPY
2 sinks Hundreds of sinks
2
Waste: Low price needs high volume
Turnover with 1 kg of product To get relevant turnover
Gold 33.000 €/kg We need large quantities
Mobile phone 4.000 €/kg
Consumer electronics 50 €/kg
Food 10 €/kg Large quantities means
- many people
Energy/fuel 1 €/kg - a lot of companies
Hazardous waste 1 €/kg - big industry
mixed waste (e.g. plastics) 0,1 €/kg
My plan for the next hour
1. Introduction to waste and logistics
2. Elements of waste collection
3. Basics of waste logistics
4. Waste flows
5. Collection and recycling schemes
6. Plastic waste collection
7. Innovative developments
8. Discussion
MONTANUNIVERSITÄT LEOBEN 4 LEHRSTUHL FÜR ABFALLVERWETUNGSTECHNIK UND ABFALLWIRTSCHAFT
1. Introduction to waste and logistics
What is waste ?
Tim Noble –
Sue Webster
“Shadow Big”
6
MONTANUNIVERSITÄT LEOBEN
Waste definition in EU and Austria
Entledigungsabsicht Öffentliches Interesse
(=Subjektiver Abfallbegriff) (= Objektiver Abfallbegriff)
Bewegliche Sachen deren Sammlung, Lagerung, One of the most
Bewegliche Sachen deren sich der Besitzer Beförderung und Behandlung als Abfall im
entledigen will oder entledigt hat öffentlichen Interesse erforderlich ist. complicated questions:
Öffentliches Interesse ist gegeben, wenn vom Material
Umweltgefahren ausgehen, die durch Einstufung und
Behandlung als Abfall minimiert werden können.
Abfall kann weiterhin ökonomischen Wert haben.
Keine Abfäll im Sinne des AWG sind Abwasser, gasförmige Is this material
Emissionen, landwirtschaftliche Reste (Mist, Jauche, Gülle),
Abfalleigenschaft ist klar erkennbar wenn Material
Berge, Kadaver und Schlachtabfälle, Sprengstoffabfälle,
Radioaktive Abfälle weil es eigene Gesetze dazu gibt. waste or product ?
zur Beseitigung oder Verwertung übergeben wird.
Abfall ist auch kontaminierter Boden.
Waste framework directive
“Waste” means any substance or object which the holder discards
or intends or is required to discard.
(c) Copyright R. Pomberger
MONTANUNIVERSITÄT LEOBEN
Waste is mixed material
Questions
How to influence quality?
How to define the material?
Problems of How to take a sample?
characterisation Challenges
Impurities How to analyse?
sampling How to predict volumes and quantities?
Quality assurance Changing quality
Wide range of quality How to define and verify contract qualities?
Quality control
(c) Copyright R. Pomberger 8
Which kind of waste ?
Separate collected waste
Mixed residual waste (MSW)
Industrial waste
Hazardous waste
Commercial waste
EWC Code ?
Who is owner of the waste ?
Volume, quality, impurities, fluctuations, Quality control, size, chemical and physical characteristics…
The 4 basic laws of waste management 1. Every product turns to waste – it is just a question of time 2. What can be in waste – will be in waste 3. Waste goes the way of the cheapest money – hopefully akording to the regulation 4. Waste market is made by the regulations
Technical standard and Costs are regulation driven
Environmental
benefit
or Development of technology
Technology level
Technically feasible but not economically
???
Regulation level
Binding recycling rate (CE package)
Landfill ban
Landfill regulation
Increased recycling
costs
Incineration or MBT before landfill
landfill State of the art
Waste dumpingWaste economics has some specialities There is not 1 waste market Some markets are regional – some are global Who is customer – who is client ? „Waste paradoxon“ Influence on the quality of waste is low No influence on waste volumes Business is regulation driven Biggest competitor is the administration – Private sector can do what they allow Usually raw material value can not finance the waste management system
Who is the customer? In most cases it is NOT the CITICEN Citicen uses the service, but customer is MUNICIPALITY Companies that treat waste „secondary waste streams“ = private or kommunal WASTE COMPANIES SME COMPANIES INDUSTRY WASTE SYSTEMS GOVERNMENT/ADMINISTRATION
Requirements for stable waste management
Waste management
System in balance
Waste
management
in balance
Treatment costs and economicsDefinition of waste logistics
“Waste logistics is
targeted planning and implementation of all physical and
information processes necessary for disposal.“
“Waste logistics
deals with the collection, transport, handling and storage
of waste”
Storage logistics
C P S R
Production logistics Supply logistics
Collection logistics
K…customer
P…production INPUT OUTPUT
S…storage
R…recycler or diposer
152. Elements of waste collection
Separate Collection
Separate collection
is basis for modern waste
management
EU requires separate collection
by regulation
Waste framework directive
Our children must learn separate collection
even in nursery and primary school obligates member states
Citizen is the first (sensor based) sorting maschine
17…everywhere ?
http://indiatoday.intoday.in
Waste collection
in an EU capital
20. Oktober 2015
http://www.informalwastesector.netSeparate Collection – something new ?
Etienne de Fodor
Budapest 1911
He describes separate collection,
multi bin system, sorting plants and
energetic utilisation of waste
19Lübeck 1928
History
MSW collection in Hamburg 1609
20 MSW collection in Berlin 1912Principle cases of waste collection
K
K
K
K K
K K
K
K
tour transfer
Ver-
K werter
K
K K
direct collection
Indirekt by subcontractorWaste collection system has 3 elements
TRUCK
CONTAINERFor every collection system
the right container
MGB 40 - 1100
Empty out system
Change system
Abrollcontainer
Absetzcontainer
Single use systemCollection trucks Variety of special vehicles
Basic collection systems (1) Collection without sstem Single use system
Basic collection systems (2) Empty out system Change system
Collection system by location (1)
Pick up system
Bring system
27Collection system by location (2)
VIDEO
Recycling yard
Hazardous waste from households
Voluminous waste (bulky waste)
Takeover under supervision
282 types of vehicles
Collection trucks
serve to collect waste directly from the waste producer
Transport of the waste over shorter distances to the transfer station or,
on a case-by-case basis, directly to the treatment / disposal facility
special loading devices to accommodate various collection container
systems
smaller capacity compared to transport vehicles
3 main elements: chassis - body - loading equipment
Long distance trucks
Transport of large amounts of waste over long distances
partially equipped with compression devices
do not have complex charging technology
Cost savings compared to transport with collection vehicles
29Collection trucks
Back loader
Side loader
Front loader
30Back loader with plate press
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UGYsEi4D5Dg
Pouring device
Plate press
Kompaktierung der Materialien (Papier,
Sperrmüll, Kunststoffe, etc.)
volume: 7-25 m³
payload: 3-13 t
31Rotary loader VIDEO Vehicle with a rotating drum cylindrical structure Drum rotates around its longitudinal axis Helical lightweight metal sheets on the inside of the drum Press screw Direction of compression and emptying volume: 8-22 m³ Pay load: 4-14 t 32
Side loader
Loading from side
1-person VIDEO
volume: 19-26 m³
Pay load: 11-14 t
Video
33Front loader
Frontlader-Schüttung
Front loading
1-person
Commercial waste
volume: 33-38 m³
Pay load: 9-12 t
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0LqNCFvFARQElectric waste collection trucks
https://www.geesinknorba.com/electric-driving/VIDEO Mexiko
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cbEKAwCoCKw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSiHjMU-MUo
36Walking-Floor truck Hook-lift truck 37
ACTS – Hook lift - Container-System
Nederlands company Translift
Consists of 3 elements
Train wagon for 3 containers
ACTS-container (adapted hook lift container)
Hook lift truck
38ACTS – Containerumschlag 39
3. of waste logistics
From waste collecting to industry
WASTE MANAGEMENT INDUSTRY
Collection Pre
Recycling
of waste Treatment
available volumes (secondary) raw material market
quality raw material price
impurities quality requirements
Potential of recyclablesWaste management – a complex system
Collection + Sorting and
treatment disposal products
transport pretreatment
Separate
Logistik is this area collected
recyclables
and every Mixed
municipial
solid waste
Separate
collected
Bio waste
Commercial
+ industrial
wasteValue chain of a waste company
Collection Pre Treatment Output Recovery
logistics and storage logistics disposalWho is responsible for the waste? (1)
Waste collector
producer trade consumer
(public, private)
responsibility
Municipality, company
Municipality
gets money from the citicen
by tax or fee
45Who is responsible for the waste? (2)
Waste collector
producer trade consumer
(public, private)
Responsibility of consumer
Example: return obligation
for refrigerators, WEEEs
46Who is responsible for the waste? (3)
Waste collector
producer trade consumer
(public, private)
Deposit system
Reusable refillable systemWho is responsible for the waste? (4)
Waste collector
producer trade consumer
(public, private)
Model of producer
responsibility Extended Producer
Responsibility EPR
is a European trend and pushed
by EU circular economy package
48Sammelsysteme der getrennten Sammlung
Better convinience brings more collected waste
Holsystem ab
Haushalt mit
(kg/cap * a)
Sacksammlung
Bequemlichkeit (Entfernung
[m] zum nächsten Sammelpunkt)
Collected waste[kg/EW*a]
[€/kg] Holsystem ab
Convienience
Haus mit
Sammebehältern
Kosten
Sammelmenge
Bringsystem mit
Costs
öffentlichen
Sammelbehältern
Altstoffsammel
zentrum (ASZ)
Provided collection volume
Sammelvolumen [l/EW*a]
Quelle: bearbeitet nach Scharff (2007)
(l/cap * a)
494. Waste flows
Market radius INPUT From collection to logistic center or pre treatment C&D waste 20 €/t 20 km Mixed waste (MSW) 100 €/t 70 km Hazardous waste 200 €/t 150 km OUTPUT from storage/logistic center to recycling/disdposal/treatment plant C&D waste 20 €/t 20 km Mixed waste (RDF) 100 €/t 200 km Hazardous waste 500 €/t 500 km
Modern European waste treatment system
MP = Mechanical-Physical
MB = Mechanical-Biological
SRF = Solid Recovered Fuel
WtE = Waste to Energy
WASTES
from Households
Combustion
INCINERATION (MSWI) Residues MP-TREATMENT
(Ashes, Slags) for RECOVERY
Residues
MBT
(Fe, NON-Fe)
SEPARATION Plant
SEPARATE COLLECTION
Metals
(MP/MB-Treatment)
Coarse, lightweight fraction Fine, heavyweight fraction
Secondary Raw
Bio-Waste
Materials
MP TREATMENT BIOLOGICAL
Treatment (MB)
stabilisation
Metals
Mechanical
Sorting direct biological Residues SRF-Recovery (Fe, NON-Fe) treatment
plant Recycling treatment plant
in industry
Co-INCINERATION
Recycling Product WtE-Plants Recycling
In industry (Compost, In industry
Biogas, Co-Incineration
Biodiesel)
Residues LANDFILLWhat we have to improve to reach the CE targets
MP = Mechanical-Physical
MB = Mechanical-Biological
SRF = Solid Recovered Fuel
WtE = Waste to Energy
WASTES
from Households
Mechanical Combustion
INCINERATION (MSWI) Residues MP-TREATMENT
pre- treatment for RECOVERY
(Ashes, Slags)
Residues
MBT
(Fe, NON-Fe)
SEPARATION Plant
SEPARATE COLLECTION
Metals
(MP/MB-Treatment)
Coarse, lightweight fraction Fine, heavyweight fraction
Secondary Raw
Bio-Waste
Materials
MP TREATMENT BIOLOGICAL
Treatment (MB)
stabilisation
Metals
Mechanical
Sorting direct biological Residues SRF-Recovery (Fe, NON-Fe) treatment
plant Recycling treatment plant
in industry
Co-INCINERATION
Recycling Product WtE-Plants Recycling
In industry (Compost, In industry
Biogas, Co-Incineration
+ Feedstock Biodiesel)
Recycling Residues LANDFILLWaste flows of (plastic containing)
mixed municipial waste streams in A
4,5 % to
plastic recycling
Mixed MSW +
light fraction
E
3 % metals to recyclingPolyolefin potential
429.000 t/a PO Recycling
87% thermisch verwertet
> 300.000 t/a PO potential !!
Ist-Stand der österreichischen Abfallwirtschaft – Sammlung, Sortierung und Verwertung der der relevanten
Abfallströme auf Stoffebene (Polyolefine) [in Tonnen/Jahr] im Jahr 2015
Quelle: Eigene DarstellungInternational waste flows
Incineration became a dynamic market 2016
2,8 Mio t/a
Waste flow to MSW
incineration to middle
and north Europe
Plastic/paper
waste to china
7 Mio t plastics Countries with
27 Mio t paper incineration capacities
D, A, NL, SWE
Countries without enough
incineration capacities
Daten: Remondis, Vivis, eigene Quellen GB, I, SIChina influences !
„National sword“ – China closes borders
Fig. 2 Sources of plastic waste imports into China in 2016 and cumulative plastic waste export
tonnage (in million MT) in 1988–2016.
Amy L. Brooks et al. Sci Adv 2018;4:eaat0131
Published by AAAS5. Collection and recycling schemes
Recycling schemes Based on regulation They guarantee the customer the fulfillment of the recycling quota Licence fee from customer Revenues from secondary raw material Data and information management Often no equipment/plants/trucks Work done by contractors
How does a recycling scheme work?
Public system Flow of material
Flow of money
Flow of information
producer trade consumer
Secondary recycler municipality
raw material
sorting collection
dismatling sorting
residues processing dismatling
Consumers/citicens are responsible and must give their waste to the municipality
They pay taxes or fees to the municipalityHow does a recycling scheme work?
Producer system Flow of material
Flow of money
Flow of information
producer trade consumer
Secondary Redistribution
raw materials
collection
residues sorting
Producer is responsible for return/utilisation/recycling/disposal of his
products.
He must fulfil the legal recycling rateHow does a recycling scheme work?
Poolsystem Flow of material
Flow of money
Flow of information
producer trade consumer
„System“
scheme
collection
sorting
dismatling
Secondary raw processing
residues
materials
Collection/recycling/disposal is made by the scheme
Producers duty is taken and fulfilled by the schemeCase study – Recycling scheme - ARA
ARA GESCHÄFTSMODELL: PACKAGING RECYCLING
ORGANISATION („PRO“) MIT NON-PROFIT-PRINZIP
Mehr als 15.000 Lizenzpartner Das ARA System organisiert als Städte, Gemeinden und Abfall-
übertragen ihre Pflicht zur Non-Profit-Unternehmen der Wirtschaft verbände und über 200 Entsorger
Rücknahme gebrauchter bundesweit die Sammlung und Verwertung von und Verwerter sind in Sammlung,
Verpackungen an die ARA AG Verpackungen aus Haushalten und Betrieben nach Sortierung, Verwertung und
den Zielvorgaben des Lebensministeriums Öffentlichkeitsarbeit tätig.
Papier *
Verpackungs- Kunststoff
Metall Kommunen
hersteller
Holz
Materialverbunde
ARA AG Textile Faserstoffe
Abfüller Keramik
Abpacker Packstoffe auf Entsorger
Importeure biologischer Basis
Glas *
Handel
AGR Verwerter
ARA Neu Altstoff Recycling Austria AG
AGR Austria Glasrecycling GmbH
* Systembetreiber gem. § 29 AWG für die genannten PackstoffeARA LIGHT FRACTION COLLECTING SYSTEM
Collection transport
collection Sorting recovery
infrastructure (optional)
Bereich der Mitbenutzung
Municipial collection
mit Sack oder Behälter
ab Liegenschaft
Modul 1 - Holsystem
Recycling
Collection on public places
Modul 1 - Bringsystem
Sorting plant
Collection from SME Private oder
ab Betrieb kommunal
Modul 2 collection partners
Gebietskörperschaften
Recycling center
Modul 5
Regional
WtE
Collecting center
Industry and commercial
collection
Modul 3
Commercial direct
Modul 7COLLECTION INFRASTRUCTURE
Behälter pro Erfassungs- Verwertungs-
Packstoff Sammelbehälter 2012
1.000 EW menge [t] menge 1) [t]
Papier, Karton, Pappe 1.161.900 138 332.700 332.700
Glas 79.800 9 219.000 212.600
Leichtverpackungen
247.300 53
Behältersammlung
219.000 180.000
An die Sacksammlung 7782)
1.476.400
angeschlossenen Haushalte (Sackrollen)
Metall 51.100 7 39.800 33.800
Holz -- -- 19.100 19.100
Summe (Behälter) 1.540.100 829.600 778.200
ARA 2013
1) Netto 2) 6 Säcke pro Rolle, ohne ZusatzverteilungHOW IS THE SCHEME FINANCED?
Separate calculation for every packaging material
Separate Calculation for municipial and commercial system
Revenues for secondary raw materials reduce tariffs
recovery Revenues from
secondary raw materials
sorting
Revenues from licencing
tariffs
Collection and transport (vor Ausgleich von
ungeplanten Über- oder
Unterdeckungen aus
Collection infrastrukture Vorperioden)
Overhead, communikation
costs financingVOLATILE SECONDARY RAW MATERIALS
It can cause financial
problems
25 % revenues from
secondary raw materials
Increase of licence tarif
Reserves of the scheme
wieder hohem
705. Plastic waste collection
ARA LIGHTFRACTION COLLECTION SYSTEM
Collection transport
collection Sorting recovery
infrastructure (optional)
Bereich der Mitbenutzung
Municipial collection
mit Sack oder Behälter
ab Liegenschaft
Modul 1 - Holsystem
Recycling
Collection on public places
Modul 1 - Bringsystem
Sorting plant
Collection from SME Private oder
ab Betrieb kommunal
Modul 2 collection partners
Gebietskörperschaften
Recycling center
Modul 5
Regional
WtE
Collecting center
Industry and commercial
collection
Modul 3
Commercial direct
Modul 7Waste flows of mixed municipial waste streams in A
4,5 % to
plastic recycling
Mixed MSW +
light fraction
E
3 % metals to recyclingErgebnisse
Ist-Stand der österreichischen Abfallwirtschaft – Sammlung, Sortierung und Verwertung der „Plastic Reborn“-
relevanten Abfallströme [in Tonnen/Jahr] im Jahr 2015
Quelle: Eigene Darstellung
DI Lukas Kranzinger 74Ergebnisse
Ist-Stand der österreichischen Abfallwirtschaft – Sammlung, Sortierung und Verwertung der „Plastic Reborn“-
relevanten Abfallströme [in Tonnen/Jahr] im Jahr 2015
Quelle: Eigene Darstellung
DI Lukas Kranzinger 75Ergebnisse
Ist-Stand der österreichischen Abfallwirtschaft – Sammlung, Sortierung und Verwertung der „Plastic Reborn“-
relevanten Abfallströme [in Tonnen/Jahr] im Jahr 2015
Quelle: Eigene Darstellung
DI Lukas Kranzinger 76Ergebnisse
Ist-Stand der österreichischen Abfallwirtschaft – Sammlung, Sortierung und Verwertung der „Plastic Reborn“-
relevanten Abfallströme [in Tonnen/Jahr] im Jahr 2015
Quelle: Eigene Darstellung
DI Lukas Kranzinger 77Ergebnisse
Ist-Stand der österreichischen Abfallwirtschaft – Sammlung, Sortierung und Verwertung der „Plastic Reborn“-
relevanten Abfallströme [in Tonnen/Jahr] im Jahr 2015
Quelle: Eigene Darstellung
DI Lukas Kranzinger 786. Innovative developments
Digitalization of
waste management
Inspired by Prof. Kerstin Kuchta, TU HamburgDIGITALIZATION means changing business
models by improving business processes based on the
use of information and communication technologies
Digitalisierung im Mittelstand, Deloitte, 2013DIGITALISIERUNG • Thinking from the end • All business is based on the customer, who is precisely “measured” and predicted in a self-learning manner
SMART COLLECTION TRUCKS
TELEMATICS SYSTEM
APPLICATIONS:
Security checklists
Vehicle operating data
Remote maintenance of the
vehicle
Route selection, guidance and
navigation
Communication driver / branch
Online order management
Event tagging
ON-BOARD UNITS WEIGHING SYSTEMS RFID IDENT SYSTEMS KAMERAINTEGRATIONDIGITAL TRUCK MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Entsorgungslogistik im ländlichen Raum - Anforderungen an die Fahrzeugtechnik & Trends I Dr. Johannes F. KirchhoffTOUR OPTIMIZATION USING SOFTWARE SUPPORT
before after
84EXAMPLE OF A TELEMATICS SYSTEM 85
SMART CONTAINER • Trend towards RFID as standard equipment on the container • Identification of the frequency of emptying, if necessary with weight • Level sensors with direct connection to the disposition software • Active container tracking modules for transparent tracking of container locations • Online condition monitoring of the containers in the field • Access control and usage status
DIGITALIZATION & NETWORKING
INTELLIGENT
SMART TRUCKS
CONTAINERS
• Know where to collect
Level indicator
– Level and position dependent
Message what's – self-learning route planning
inside – Traffic-related route planning
position • Preventive maintenance
Fully integrated, – The truck knows its problem
level-dependent • Electronic security fence
Tour planning around the truck
• AutonomousCOLLECTION OF RECYCLABLE MATERIALS BY
DELIVERY SERVICES AND PARCEL DELIVERERS
• In 2016, every household in Germany received an
average of 38 parcel deliveries home, a total of over
three billion per year
• Parcel shipments to private customers rose by 13
percent last year
• The parcels are to be brought from local
microdepots to the customers by bike courier /
delivery robot or picked up in parcel shops
• More often in residential areas as a waste
collection company
Quelle: dpdUBERISATION OF COMMERCIAL WASTE
Quelle: pink robin GmbHDigital platforms
Waste „AMAZON“ – new business models for wm
Technology level
B2C – several solutions
digital selling of
companies services to consumer
B2B – first movers
- digital platform for other waste and logistic
companies
- for standardised business (e.g. container service,
C&D waste)
Business model
- franchise system possible
- App for customers (construction companies and
service companies)
- Transaction feeCase study – platforms
WASTE SCAN
40 % of the MSW „grey bin“
are recyclables
30 – 50 kg /cap*a should be
in the separate collection
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cz5wOc2L40cCON- CLUSIONS
Waste collection is the basis for waste treatment Separate collection is the basis for recycling Convinience motivates the people – so make it simple More and better collection, more and better recycling and waste treatment brings more environmental benefit There are many new ideas and technical developments, like digitalization – But it costs more money Are we ready to spend more money on it ?
… at the end – one of the great
philosophers of waste management
He asked one of the fundamental questions …
WHY must
always I
bring out the
garbage ?
95“It always seems impossible
until it's done.”You can also read
