Version November 2021 2021

version November 2021
Selection procedure Master Psychology University of Groningen 2021
The text below describes the current selection procedure, and focuses on students who apply
for enrolment in the Master in February 2022 or in September 2022. For later enrolments, we
cannot rule out that important changes will be implemented. Of course, such modifications will
then be announced a long time ahead. The current document not only describes the selection
procedure, it also gives example selection test questions in the appendix. But we start with the
step by step explanation of the selection procedure.

1. Register at Studielink.nl before the deadline
 (March 1 for start in September and October 1 for Start in February)
 At Studielink.nl, you register for the master track of your first choice. Please note that it
 does not suffice to register at Studielink. If you did your bachelor at a university in the
 Netherlands, you also have to fill out the registration form at the appropriate page of the
 Master Psychology programme itself. If you did your bachelor outside the Netherlands, you
 also have to apply via the OAS system, see
 https://www.rug.nl/gmw/psychology/education/master/aanmelding-en-toelating/student-
 ba-psy-notnluni .

2. Complete the appropriate application form before the deadline
 (March 1 for start in September and October 1 for Start in February)
 Students who did a bachelor in the Netherlands, should fill out the online registration form,
 available as of January 20 (for the September intake) and August 20 (for the February intake)
 at the Psychology website (see “Application”1); students who did a bachelor outside the
 Netherlands should fill out the forms in the OAS system. Note that on these forms you
 should specify the Master track of your first choice, and you can also specify a second
 choice2. You may have a chance to enter the track of your second choice if you are not
 placed in the track of your first choice.
 Also note that it is fine to apply before you have finished your bachelor, but you can
 ultimately only be admitted after you have finished your bachelor.

3. The admission board will assess whether you are (conditionally) admissible to the master
 track(s) of your choice
 It will be checked whether you satisfy all admission requirements, or whether you can
 satisfy all requirements before the chosen starting date. You can expect the decision within
 six or seven weeks after the application deadline.

1
 In case you lost track of the website, please open
https://www.rug.nl/gmw/psychology/education/master/aanmelding-en-toelating/.
2
 It is not allowed to choose as first and second choice, two tracks the names of which are literal translations of
each other, so combining CN and KN, or CP and KP, as first and second choice is not allowed.

4. For each track it will be determined whether there are more admissible students than
 places. If so, a selection procedure will be started, if not, all admissible students will be
 admitted.
 Each year it will be decided how many places are available per track. For February 2022 the
 maximum numbers of students that can enter the master are

 CP KP CN KN ACN EP ASP CFPV O THP TDC WOP
 0 16 8 12 6 5 7 0 5 5 8 12 February 2022

 For admission in the academic year 2022-2023, the maximum numbers of students that can
 enter the master are

 CP KP CN KN ACN EP ASP CFPV O THP TDC WOP
 22 38 14 24 22 10 24 30 19 20 27 40 September 2022
 0 16 8 14 6 0 3 0 5 4 6 12 February 2023

 CP Clinical Psychology
 KP Klinische psychologie
 CN Clinical Neuropsychology
 KN Klinische Neuropsychologie
 ACN Applied Cognitive Neuroscience
 EP Environmental Psychology
 ASP Applied Social Psychology
 CFPV Clinical Forensic Psychology & Victimology
 O Ontwikkelingspsychologie
 THP Theory and History of Psychology
 TDC Talent Development and Creativity
 WOP Work, Organizational and Personnel Psychology

 These maxima (together with those for September 2021) were based on the available
 supervision time per track and estimated available internships. It is very difficult for us to
 estimate how many students will participate in the selection procedure for each of the
 tracks, but it seems very likely that there will be fewer places than admissible students for
 almost all tracks. Especially in the clinical tracks (CP, KP, CN, KN and CFPV) there are probably
 far fewer places than allowable students. For THP and possibly also for ACN we expect that
 there will still be enough places.

5. Selection Test
 The selection test for the February 2022 enrolment will be administered online on
 November 20, 2021, and for the September 2022 enrolment on April 30, 2022. For all tracks
 for which selection is needed, students will be invited to participate in a selection test. This
 is only upon the condition that you specified your motivation for the track(s) of your choice

in the appropriate form and that the motivation is sufficiently serious3. The test is a general
 test on your knowledge of all topics that can be expected to be treated in general Bachelor
 of Psychology programs4. All questions will be in English. Example questions are available at
 the end of this document.
 Please note that the selection procedures for the enrolment in 2022-2023 may take a
 different approach. Of course, information on such changes will be given long before the
 selection procedure starts.

6. Placement procedure
 For each track, partly on the basis of the selection test results, a placement list will be made
 of all students who chose the track as their first choice, supplemented with those who chose
 the track as their second choice. Because of the reduced reliability of the online testing
 procedure employed, a High/Low categorization is used rather than a ranking based on the
 exact scores. Specifically, on the basis of their test performance, students will be categorized
 as scoring High or Low in such a way that a large majority of the students falls in category
 High. Next, for each track, the students in category High are ordered by means of a simple
 lottery and put on the placement list. Likewise the students in category Low are ordered on
 the basis of a lottery, and they are put on the placement list in that order, after the students
 in category High. This is first done for students having the track as first choice, and after that
 for those having the track as second choice (on the placement list below those having the
 track as first choice). In this way, students get a rank number on the placement list(s) for the
 track(s) of their choice. For each track, students with a rank number up to the maximal
 number of available places will be offered a place in the track; the others will be placed on
 the waiting list, in the order of their position on the placement list, and will sequentially be
 placed in the track as long as places are vacated.
 Once placed, students cannot switch to other tracks before the start of the program, unless
 a track still has capacity and no waiting list. During the master track switching to other tracks
 is not allowed.
 Students who have not been placed can try again in the next admission round. Please note
 that the results obtained in the current selection procedure, will no longer be valid in the
 next selection procedure, so the selection test then will have to be taken again.

3
 By this we mean that you actually describe why you wish to follow the chosen track(s). We make this request in
order to verify that the application is serious, and we think it is important to specify your motivation, because this
offers an additional occasion for reflection on your choice(s). Other than this, the contents of your motivation(s)
will not be taken into account in the selection process.
4
 There will be questions on the following domains: Biopsychology and psychophysiology, Cognitive Psychology,
Social Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Personality Psychology and Individual differences, Organisational or
Industrial Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Clinical Neuropsychology, History of Psychology and Theory of Science,
Test theory/Psychometrics and practice of testing and assessment, Psychological Research Methodology, and
Statistical Techniques.

Information on the online selection test of April 30, including example test items
On April 30, at 13.00 p.m., we will administer the online selection test to all applicants that have been
found admissible. As has been explained above, the selection test will consist of a general test on your
knowledge of all topics that can be expected to be treated in general Bachelor of Psychology programs.
All questions will be in English.

The selection test

The test will take 90 minutes and will consist of 60 questions, 5 questions on each of the twelve domains
Biopsychology and psychophysiology, Cognitive Psychology, Social Psychology, Developmental
Psychology, Personality Psychology and Individual differences, Organisational or Industrial Psychology,
Clinical Psychology, Clinical Neuropsychology, History of Psychology and Theory of Science, Test
theory/Psychometrics and practice of testing and assessment, Psychological Research Methodology, and
Statistical Techniques. The questions can be expected to be on Bachelor level, and will usually exceed the
introductory level, but are not supposed to be too advanced. Nevertheless, it is only to be expected that
an individual student will not be fully knowledgeable on all domains, but of course little or lack of
knowledge on some domains can be compensated by superior knowledge on different domains. So, you
should not be worried or frustrated if there will be questions on topics about which you have no
knowledge. By the way, it is allowed to consult books or the internet during the test, but do note that
the test is made such that there is little time for each question, so this may be a rather risky strategy.

Question format and answering strategy

All questions will be multiple choice questions with three answer alternatives. Please note that you
should always give an answer, even if it would just be based on guessing, and also, please note that, if
you don’t know which is the correct answer, but can distinguish the answers as to how suitable they
seem to you, then please choose what is in your opinion the most suitable or ‘best’ answer.

Preparation

It has often been asked how one can prepare for the test. Of course, it may help to refresh your
knowledge on various of the psychology domains, but we do not expect that you will revisit all material
covered in your Bachelors. The idea of using this test for selection is to assess your currently retained
knowledge of all these domains. A good preparation, however, should be to make sure that you don’t
have to worry about technical/operational issues, that your computer and internet are solid, and that
you know what kind of questions you will be asked. Please note that each individual student will get the
same questions in different random order and with answering options in different order as well. Also,
please note that it is not possible to go back to previous questions, so you should spread your time on
the 60 questions evenly. If you like, you can of course use a calculator for some questions.

We realize this test will be quite stressful, so a good preparation should help you not to panic when you
enter upon hard questions, and to solidly work on the exam in such a way that you can finish it within
the 90 minutes allotted to it. Below you find 48 example questions for the test.

Example questions for the general test

Domain: Test theory / Psychometrics and practice of testing and assessment
1. A psychologist administered a cognitive ability test to determine the cognitive abilities of a client
 called Mark. The test consists of 30 items and the scores are standardized so that M = 100 and SD =
 15. Mark’s resulting score was X = 85, with a 95% confidence interval of 71.8 – 98.2.
 Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in a narrower confidence interval around
 Mark’s test score?
 a. Administering a test with more heterogeneous item content.
 b. Administering a test that consists of more difficult items.
 c. Administering a test that consists of more items.

Domain: Test theory / Psychometrics and practice of testing and assessment
2. For most psychological tests, we expect variance in test scores when we administer them among a
 representative sample of the population. Why do we expect test scores to vary?
 a. Because we assume individual differences in most traits and skills we measure in psychological
 testing.
 b. Because most psychological tests do not provide perfectly reliable measurement of the traits and
 skills they are designed to measure.
 c. Because most psychological tests do not provide perfectly valid measurement of the traits and
 skills they are designed to measure.

Domain: Test theory / Psychometrics and practice of testing and assessment
3. A psychologist developed a test to measure advanced math abilities in school-aged children. The test
 consists of 80 multiple-choice items. She administered the test among a representative sample of 500
 children to investigate the quality of the test.
 The average item difficulty was ̅ = .25 and Cronbach’s alpha equalled α = .90.
 Which statement is correct?
 a. The test is easy and has high reliability.
 b. The test is difficult and has low reliability.
 c. The test is difficult and has high reliability.

Domain: Organisational or Industrial Psychology
4. If employees feel that bonuses and rewards are distributed in a transparent and consistent manner in
 their organization, then this is an instance of
 a. affective justice.
 b. interactional justice.
 c. procedural justice.

Domain: Organisational or Industrial Psychology
5. An organizational researcher assumes that team diversity leads to better team performance through
 enhanced task conflict, but only if the team members have positive relations with each other. In this
 research model,
 a. team relations are a mediator, and task conflict is a moderator.
 b. team relations and task conflict are both moderators.

c. team relations are a moderator, and task conflict is a mediator.

Domain: Organisational or Industrial Psychology
6. Sabine, a university professor, would never consider to leave her university. She feels that the
 university has continuously invested into her skills and well-being, and provided her with many
 opportunities to learn and develop. Therefore, it wouldn’t feel ‘right’ to leave. Which kind of
 commitment does Sabine show?
 a. Continuance organizational commitment.
 b. Normative organizational commitment.
 c. Affective organizational commitment.

Domain: Statistical Techniques
7. A study found that the correlation between age and Beck’s depression inventory was .03 for a sample
 of 1200 subjects with age ranging from 12 to 99 years. This means that
 a. the average degree of depressiveness is virtually the same for all age groups in the sample.
 b. this contradicts the hypothesis that the average degree of depressiveness is relatively high for
 people in the middle age group (45-55 years old) compared to the other age groups.
 c. prediction of the degree of depressiveness by means of linear regression on age accounts for less
 than 1% of the variance in this sample.

Domain: Statistical Techniques
8. Analysis of Covariance is a method for
 a. comparing group means while controlling for quantitative third variables.
 b. comparing the covariances of two variables with quantitative third variables.
 c. comparing the variances of two variables in relation to quantitative third variables.

Domain: Statistical Techniques
9. Suppose one has a random sample of intelligence scores from the Dutch population of psychology
 students. When one wishes to test whether the mean intelligence in this population is 100 or higher,
 and one knows that in this population the standard deviation is 15 and scores are distributed
 normally, what would be the most appropriate test procedure?
 a. An F-test.
 b. A T-test.
 c. A Z-test.

Domain: History of Psychology and Theory of Science
10.Which list of psychological schools reflects better the historical development Psychology underwent
 in the 20th century?
 a. Rationalism, empiricism and experimental psychology.
 b. Psychoanalysis, behaviorism and cognitive psychology.
 c. Gestalt, functionalism and phrenology.

Domain: History of Psychology and Theory of Science
11.What was Popper’s main disagreement with the logical positivists?
 a. He stated: Falsification, not verification, should be the method of science.

b. He introduced the concept of scientific paradigms, which went directly against the logical
 positivists method of deduction.
 c. He introduced the induction problem in theory of science.

Domain: History of Psychology and Theory of Science
12.What was Descartes’ view on the mind-body problem?
 a. Descartes believed the mind and body are separate entities or substances which can influence
 each other [in the pineal gland].
 b. Descartes adopted a monistic and materialist point of view, interpreting mental phenomena as
 emerging from the brain.
 c. Descartes was a radical dualist, he thought that body and mind are separated levels with no
 interaction at all between them.

Domain: Developmental Psychology
13.What is a typical task that scientists have used to uncover whether infants can perceive differences?
 a. Conservation task.
 b. (Cross-)Habituation task.
 c. Egocentrism task.

Domain: Developmental Psychology
14.What is the largest threat to the validity of developmental studies when a longitudinal design is
 adopted?
 a. Measurements are confounded with possible differences between generations.
 b. Measurements are confounded with possible historical events or societal trends that occur
 during the time that data was collected.
 c. Measurements are confounded with contextual influences on task-performance.

Domain: Developmental Psychology
15.What is a typical finding regarding the development of intelligence across the life-span?
 a. Crystalized intelligence tends to increase, while fluid intelligence tends to decrease from
 adolescence until old age.
 b. Crystalized intelligence tends to decrease, while fluid intelligence tends to increase from
 adolescence until old age.
 c. Crystalized intelligence and fluid intelligence tend to be stable from adolescence until old age.

Domain: Clinical Neuropsychology
16.Why is it often difficult to measure executive dysfunction?
 a. As executive dysfunction only recently became a topic of interest, no adequate test has been
 developed yet.
 b. Standardized neuropsychological tests often provide too much structure.
 c. Executive dysfunctioning is always related to basic perceptual disorders.

Domain: Clinical Neuropsychology
17.The amygdala plays an important role in
 a. the interpretation of relevant movement-related information.

b. integrating sensory and neurocognitive information.
 c. the automatic screening of information for social and affective relevance.

Domain: Clinical Neuropsychology
18.Which cognitive impairments are common in people suffering from chronic depression?
 a. Impairments in declarative memory.
 b. Language impairments.
 c. Impairments in spatial cognition.

Domain: Biopsychology and psychophysiology
19.Multiple Sclerosis is a ___ central nervous system disease that is hallmarked by demyelination of the
 myelin sheath, a layer that is important for ___ action potentials.
 a. progressive; propagating
 b. regressive; disrupting
 c. sudden onset; insulating

Domain: Biopsychology and psychophysiology
20.Compared to humans, animals that have a higher rods-to-cones ratio in their retinas are ___ than
 humans are.
 a. able to see more colors
 b. better able to detect other animals in the dark
 c. able to see finer details

Domain: Biopsychology and psychophysiology
21.Which of the following statements is false with regard to the workings of the blood-brain barrier?
 a. The blood-brain barrier does not function properly in people with Alzheimer’s disease.
 b. The blood-brain barrier makes it difficult to get medication for brain cancer into the brain.
 c. Psychoactive drugs require an energy consuming process of active transport to cross the blood-
 brain barrier.

Domain: Cognitive psychology
22.Jon’s girlfriend always wears a particular perfume. After a while, whenever Jon smells this perfume on
 the street, he experiences a positive feeling. The link between his positive feeling and the perfume is
 most likely the result of ___ ___.
 a. semantic memory.
 b. classical conditioning.
 c. affective conditioning.

Domain: Cognitive psychology
23.If a participant is asked to repeat a list of words that he or she has just heard, the words appearing
 later in the list are better recalled than the items in the middle of the list. The “classical explanation”
 of this so-called recency effect holds that it is driven by:
 a. long term memory.
 b. short term memory.
 c. echoic memory.

Domain: Cognitive psychology
24.While proofreading a text, one often misses misspellings in words that are:
 a. highly expected given the context.
 b. generally considered as being difficult to spell.
 c. generally considered as being easy to spell.

Domain: Psychological Research Methodology
25.What is the main aim of preregistration?
 a. To distinguish between prediction and postdiction.
 b. To allow for better discovery of scientific fraud.
 c. To discourage exploratory research.

Domain: Psychological Research Methodology
26.Which of the following three statements about confounds is true?
 a. Within-subject designs sometimes confound the independent variable with order of
 presentation.
 b. Confounds are usually only a worry in correlational designs.
 c. The primary consequence of the presence of confounds is reduced external validity.

Domain: Psychological Research Methodology
27.You are testing whether being a recent immigrant in a new country increases feelings of guilt after
 the consumption of a sweet snack. You test native Dutch participants and participants who recently
 moved to The Netherlands on their feelings of guilt after consuming a stroopwafel (a Dutch sweet
 treat) and find a significant difference between the two groups’ feelings of guilt. However, a colleague
 points out that Dutch participants are familiar with stroopwafels and immigrant participants are
 unlikely to be.
 a. This describes a violation of the ceteris paribus assumption.
 b. This describes the winner’s curse phenomenon.
 c. This describes the problem of a detached validation claim.

Domain: Social psychology
28.What type of social norms are distinguished in social psychology?
 a. Injunctive and descriptive social norms.
 b. Passive and active social norms.
 c. Introvert and extravert social norms.

Domain: Social psychology
29.What are heuristics?
 a. They are rules of thumb that in a lot of cases serve us well.
 b. They are retrospective processes that help us evaluate our past decisions.
 c. They are effortful mental processes aimed at assessing all possible costs and benefits of a
 situation.

Domain: Social psychology

30.Aarav has just watched a movie with a friend. Afterwards, he asks his friend what he thought about
 the movie. The friend answers that he's not quite sure because he liked the beginning and the acting,
 but not the end and the overall message. What is this an example of?
 a. Affective forecasting.
 b. Ambivalent attitudes.
 c. Cognitive dissonance.

Domain: Clinical Psychology
31.A primary assumption of the cognitive model developed by Aaron T. Beck is that…
 a. …distorted interpersonal relationships underlie problematic responses.
 b. …distorted and dysfunctional thinking are common to all psychological disorders.
 c. …problematic behavior is learned and can be unlearned.

Domain: Clinical Psychology
32.In the problem formulation of behavioral assessment in the context of psychotherapy, the primary
 emphasis is placed on…
 a. …the development of problems over time.
 b. …factors that currently maintain the problem.
 c. …identifying predisposing factors.

Domain: Clinical Psychology
33.Which of the following statements is true?
 The DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) _________________.
 a. classifies disorders on the basis of their underlying causes.
 b. emphasizes the dimensional nature of mental disorders.
 c. enables a common language among professionals working in the field of mental health.

Domain: Personality Psychology and Individual differences
34.Nowadays scientific evidence on personality differences is typically summarized in terms of
 a. 1 general adaptation factor.
 b. 5 broad trait domains.
 c. 16 personality types.

Domain: Personality Psychology and Individual differences
35.Which influences make two children in the same family as different from one another as are pairs of
 children selected randomly from the population?
 a. Non-shared environments.
 b. Shared genes.
 c. Shared environments.

Domain: Personality Psychology and Individual difference
36.Repetitive lies and deception of others for one’s own pleasure and benefit are characteristics of
 a. histrionic personality disorder.
 b. antisocial personality disorder.
 c. borderline personality disorder.

Domain: Organisational or Industrial Psychology

37. According to goal-setting theory, the types of work goals that people set for themselves determine
 people’s motivation and success in reaching these goals. According to the theory, the most
 motivating goals are
 a. self-set and broad.
 b. clear and easy to achieve.
 c. difficult and specific.

Domain: Personality Psychology and Individual differences
38. We can describe high extraversion best as
 a. sensitivity to needs
 b. unconventionality
 c. sociability
Domain: History of Psychology and Theory of Science
39. Which of the following descriptions would fit for a description of how cognitive psychologists view
 the workings of the human mind?
 a. The mind is a product of the brain processes. Cognitive psychology assumes that various
 brain areas have different functions and that these can be identified. Therefore they analyse
 the brain to see how information (neural activity) travels from area to area in order to
 produce the internal sensations we experience.
 b. There are energies within the human mind that determine the behaviour. Each stimulus
 triggers an emotional reaction that leads to repression or expression of certain intentions,
 motives and instinctive reactions. Cognitive psychology is mainly interested in identifying
 ways to help a person to deal with different situations by managing their own emotions.
 c. The mind works like a computer. There is external input in the environment – stimuli - which
 are processed by the senses and relayed to the brain which transforms the incoming
 information into what we experience as humans, which is the output. Cognitive psychology
 attempts to make models for the processes which are done by the mind/brain.

Domain: Biopsychology and psychophysiology
40. Artists often say that there are three primary colors: red, yellow, and blue. Yet light corresponds to
 electromagnetic radiation, and no particular frequency of electromagnetic radiation is more primary
 than another. Are artists wrong about this?
 a. Artists are wrong. There is no such thing as a primary color.
 b. Artists are neither right nor wrong. Any color can be created by mixing red, yellow, and blue
 light. However, the same is true for mixing red, green, and blue light, as well as for many
 other combinations of colors.
 c. Artists are correct. Red, yellow, and blue correspond to the peak sensitivities of the three
 types of cone photoreceptors.

Domain: Cognitive psychology
41. In a study by Kahneman and Tversky, subjects read the following description: “Steve is very shy and
 withdrawn, invariably helpful, but with little interest in people or in the world of reality. He is quiet
 and he has a need for order and structure and a passion for detail”. After reading this description,
 participants were asked whether Steve was more likely to be a teacher or a librarian. The majority of
 the subjects indicated they thought that Steve was more likely to be a librarian. This judgment can
 be explained in terms of:
 a. the availability heuristic
 b. the representativeness heuristic

c. the congruence heuristic

Domain: Clinical Neuropsychology
42. People with apraxia resulting from a stroke
 a. have difficulty carrying out voluntarily complex or target-oriented motor actions
 b. usually have a lesion in the premotor cortex
 c. often also have a hemiparesis

Domain: Social psychology
43. Social psychology
 Which of the following is cognitive dissonance?
 a. People tend to mimic others
 b. People feel the need to stick to their promises
 c. People feel uncomfortable when their attitudes and behaviors do not match

Domain: Clinical Psychology
44. According to cognitive models for panic disorder, _____________ play a role in the maintenance of
 panic disorder.
 a. catastrophic misinterpretations of bodily sensations
 b. global, internal, and stable attributions of causality
 c. beliefs about the lack of control over worrying

Domain: Developmental Psychology
45. During the Piagetian _____ stage of development, individuals lack the ability to use symbols.
 a. concrete operations
 b. preoperational
 c. sensorimotor

Domain: Test theory / Psychometrics and practice of testing and assessment
46. As part of an admission procedure for a very popular and selective Master’s program, applicants’
 conscientiousness is assessed. Applicants are asked to respond to statements like the ones below,
 and to pick the answer that best describes them.
 I am someone who… Strongly disagree Strongly agree
 Is a reliable worker □ □ □ □ □
 Makes plans and follows through with them □ □ □ □ □
 Tends to be lazy □ □ □ □ □

 What is a likely threat to the validity of the resulting test scores in this scenario?
 a. Socially desirable responding
 b. Careless responding
 c. Acquiescent responding (the tendency to respond with ‘agree’)

Domain: Psychological Research Methodology
47. In 2011, Daryl Bem published an article arguing that his participants were cognitively and
 emotionally affected by events that had yet to take place. What was the most important outcome of
 this publication?
 a. The article’s statistical and methodological flaws became emblematic of similar pervasive
 flaws in psychological science and contributed to the reform discussion.

b. Bem’s work made convincing arguments that, though it is impossible for people’s emotions
 to be influenced by future events, they can reason about them very effectively.
 c. It solidified our understanding that a person’s emotional state partly contributes to the
 likelihood that a future event will take place.

Domain: Statistical Techniques
48. Suppose a researcher reports that a two-sided significance test was done to compare the mean
 scores of two groups on variable X, and the result was not significant at alpha= .05. The means for
 the two groups are denoted as M1 and M2. Which of the following statements can then be true:
 a. The 90% confidence interval for M1-M2 runs from 0.33 to 0.80
 b. The 95% confidence interval for M1-M2 runs from 0.33 to 0.80
 c. The 97.5% confidence intervals for M1-M2 runs from 0.33 to 0.80

 37c, 38c, 39c, 40b, 41b, 42a, 43c, 44a, 45c, 46a, 47a, 48a
 25a, 26a, 27a, 28a, 29a, 30b, 31b, 32b, 33c, 34b, 35a, 36b,
 13b, 14b, 15a, 16b, 17c, 18a, 19a, 20b, 21c, 22b, 23b, 24a,
 1c, 2a, 3c, 4c, 5c, 6b, 7c, 8a, 9c, 10b, 11a, 12a,