VANDERBILT SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING - Nashville, Tennessee | 2021-2022 - OPTIMIZING - Vanderbilt University
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INSIGHT l I N N O VAT I O N l I M PA C T ® VANDERBILT SCHOOL OF ENG INEERING Nashville , Te nne sse e | 2021-2022 OPTIMIZING ACHIEVING REFINING inland waterway Dual-band Algae metabolism freight capacity optical processing for biofuels
Numbers of note
16
#
first-year students
best undergraduate
47
are women
%
21
underrepresented
% engineering program
among private
research universities**
minority students
90
% of graduates
have job
offers before
graduation*
756 40
all-time high
graduate and
professional
student enrollment:
% women
among total
16% increase over undergraduate
2020-2021 enrollment
60 % of undergrads participate
in research projects
outside the classroom
16
engineering undergraduates
120 32 %
faculty
honors
from 36
societies institutes and
have interned or studied abroad centers
*U.S. citizen and permanent residents who sought employment (Class of 2021)
**US News and World Report, Sept. 2020
INSIGHT l I N N O VAT I O N l I M PA C T ®
EDITOR
Pamela Coyle
WRITERS
Pamela Coyle, Brenda
Ellis, Marissa Shapiro, and
Jenna Somers
6
DESIGN AND ILLUSTRATION
Mary Alice Bernal,
Finn Partners Southeast From the Dean
PHOTOGRAPHERS The transformational force of computer science cannot be underestimated.
Emily Mueting, Joe With CS becoming, in effect, a core competency, the School of Engineering
Howell, Anne Rayner, John
Russell, and Susan Urmy hired 10 new faculty members in the first year of a multi-year recruitment effort.
18
COVER
Mary Alice Bernal, Finn
Partners Southeast
Surgery and Engineering
Solutions is published
biannually by the The first graduates of an immersive
Vanderbilt University
clinical training program for engineering
School of Engineering
Office of Communications. PhD candidates are poised to influence
patient care, medical device development,
and engineering education.
For additional information
32
about Vanderbilt
University School of
Engineering, visit
engineering.vanderbilt.edu Risk, Reliability, and Resilience
A case study of how markets that receive at least
some petroleum by river barges fared during the
Colonial Pipeline shutdown shows the potential of
Vanderbilt University is committed
to principles of equal opportunity inland waterways to increase supply chain security.
and affirmative action. Vanderbilt®
and the Vanderbilt logos are
36
trademarks of The Vanderbilt
University. ©2021 Vanderbilt
University. All rights reserved.
Produced by Vanderbilt School of
Engineering and Corporate Design.
Vanderbilt Digital Strategies and Cyber-Physical Systems
Development provides online
support. Printed on paper with 10% Before urban commuters take
post-consumer recycled content
with ink made from renewable to the skies, a multi-institution
resources, as part of the university’s
commitment to environmental team with Vanderbilt engineers
stewardship and natural resource
protection. This publication is
and funded by NASA will
recyclable. Please recycle it. develop and test the foundations
of safety management for
commercial, self-piloted air taxis.
2 Undergraduate viewpoint 18 Surgery and Engineering
3 Graduate viewpoint 22 Big Data Science and Engineering
4 Commercial impact 24 Regenerative Medicine
6 From the Dean 26 Biomedical Imaging and Biophotonics
8 New faculty 29 Energy and Natural Resources
10 Notable 32 Risk, Reliability, and Resilience
12 Engineering neighborhoods explained 36 Cyber-Physical Systems
14 Rehabilitation Engineering 40 Administration and Departments
16 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 41 Research Groups
UNDERGRADUATE VIEWPOINT
Internship success fueled by coursework,
mentors, career development emphasis
By Hannah Farley, Computer Science, ‘23
This past summer, I had the opportunity to work as a on additional responsibilities and
Technical Program Manager Intern at SiriusXM and Pandora. contribute in ways with lasting and
meaningful impact.
I spent the beginning of my 10-week program learning about From a technical perspective, my
the agile software development process, stakeholders in the computer science classes focused
software development lifecycle, and using Jira, a project on coding primed me to learn a
new programming language swiftly
management software. and comfortably. My engineering
When I shifted into the TPM role I assumed full responsibility for a management courses, specifically
particular set of app features. As a TPM, I coordinated with engineering leads, Applied Behavioral Science, helped
software engineers, product managers, and UX designers to schedule meetings me expand soft skills necessary
and lead syncs. Additionally, I ran cross functional meetings, utilized the to succeed in an engineering
beta app to identify bugs and verify behavior, tracked project completion via management role.
Jira, presented to senior leadership, and participated in hallmarks of the agile My experience at Vanderbilt also
process, such as scrum, feature grooming, triage, and sprint planning. My has been marked by the support
responsibilities as a TPM also led me to learn a new programming language, I’ve received from people as well as
JQL (Jira Query Language.) organizations. As a Clark Scholar, I
Separately, I coordinated with another intern to develop a standard, entered Vanderbilt with an automatic
optimized system for tracking progress and presenting it to senior leadership. network of over 40 people who were
Our mentors and managers, who recognized us as fresh eyes, explained the invested in my success. In fact, before
2 issue, its downstream implications, what they had tried before, and what an my internship interview, a fellow
ideal solution would achieve. Through research, interviews, collaboration, Clark Scholar spent hours helping me
gap analysis, and trial and error we developed a solution that met the prepare and assuring me I would do
requirements. The following weeks were spent presenting our solution to great. Not only did I find mentorship
senior management and holding informational sessions to help existing teams from older Clark Scholars, I also found
implement it. a great mentor in our faculty adviser,
More than a few Vanderbilt who consistently provided valuable
experiences prepared me for feedback, advice, and guidance.
this internship. The most Still, I would have never even
notable is the overarching been at SiriusXM and Pandora if not
premise of my engineering for Vanderbilt’s emphasis on career
education: problem solving. development and internships. Soft
Vanderbilt School of skills and programming know-how are
Engineering’s emphasis on well and good, but they must be put to
the development of problem- use! Education is cumulative, and my
solving skills equipped me to time at Vanderbilt allowed me to seize
meet every challenge with this opportunity, learn a great deal
poise and enthusiasm. This from it, and excel in my position.
attitude allowed me to take
VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
GRADUATE STUDENT VIEWPOINT
Clinical observation
adds rigor, real-world
design constraints to
BME graduate studies
By Eric Tang, PhD candidate
Department of Biomedical Engineering
It was midsummer as I stood out on the docks,
dehydrated, covered in mosquito bites, but still motivated
to complete my project, which involved constructing a
raft to hold blue crabs while studying their development.
By the end of my time at a marine lab, I had a makeshift
raft built from spare plywood and inflatable tubes, though
half of my blue crabs had escaped. While some might see
Photo credit
this as a failure, I still view the process as a foundational
experience that foreshadowed the ups and downs of
doctoral research.
As I continued my undergraduate studies, my
interests shifted toward the medical aspects of my major,
biomedical engineering. I joined another lab and began My experiences in the clinic and operating room
work on a project to develop a handheld probe to image have helped me better understand the limitations of
circulating tumor cells in patients with melanoma. I current technology and the potential to improve patient
3
was introduced to the rigorous design constraints of care. Ophthalmic surgery, for instance, is conventionally
translational research, which made the project significantly performed under a 2D microscope. However, procedures
more challenging—but simultaneously more rewarding— such as epiretinal membrane peels involve the manipulation
than designing a raft for blue crabs. of fine ocular tissues that are only tens-to-hundreds of
In coming to the Vanderbilt School of Engineering for microns thick. My own research, which involves providing 3D
graduate studies, I wanted to continue translational work, visualization of these surgical maneuvers, can offer depth-
which led me to join the Diagnostic Imaging and Image- guided feedback for surgeons and potentially help verify
Guided Interventions Laboratory under Dr. Kenny Tao, completion of surgical goals.
assistant professor of biomedical engineering. My current More importantly, my observation has challenged my
project focuses on developing image-guidance tools to way of thinking about my own project. Engineering design
improve visualization of ophthalmic microsurgery in hopes itself has many technical challenges, and clinical translation
of improving surgical outcomes for patients who have lost and implementation of technology raises additional barriers,
vision though diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and including cost, ease-of-use, and integration into surgical
macular degeneration. Through a collaboration with the workflow. We also must be able to account for case
Vanderbilt Institute for Surgery and Engineering, I joined variability, changes in the surgical environment, and patient
the T32 training program, which bridges the gap between and disease differences. With the guidance of mentors in the
the engineering and clinical sides of translational research T32 training program, I have been able to think more broadly
with clinical observation. I shadowed Dr. Shriji Patel, an and critically about my project, and I intend to maintain a
ophthalmologist and retina specialist at VUMC, obtaining close collaboration with them to bring a fresh perspective as
first-hand experience of patient care. I continue my research.
NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE | VU.EDU/SOLUTIONS/
COMMERCIAL IMPACT
Widely used software tops 1,000 academic licenses
A software tool for metabolic INCA, or Isotopomer Network INCA, which was released in
analysis developed by a Vanderbilt Compartmental Analysis, enables 2014 as part of the Young Lab’s
chemical engineer has passed 1,000 researchers to model data from Metabolic Flux Analysis suite, auto-
total academic licenses and is the metabolic tracer studies and quan- mates flux analysis of isotope tracer
most licensed software on the uni- tify the flow of labeled atoms inside experiments, which has become an
versity’s online licensing and e-com- living cells. The information pro- essential component of metabolic
merce platform. vided by INCA can help to better engineering research. The most com-
Additionally, it was the third high- understand metabolic diseases and mon metabolic tracer is carbon-13.
est revenue generator on the platform, improve the productivity of cell- Researchers feed cells with a labeled
VU e-Innovations, for 2020. About 20 based bioprocesses. nutrient, and the carbon-13 can be
total commercial licenses have been “We developed it to serve our detected through mass spectronomy
sold since INCA was released. In 2020, own research needs,” said Jamey as it is metabolized.
a total of 125 licenses, the bulk of Young, professor of chemical and Young plans to release a major
them academic, were sold. biomolecular engineering. “We were software update later this year. INCA,
investigating the metabolism of which is MATLAB-based, is further
tumor cells, how they use nutrients distinguished as the first publicly
to grow and survive. We needed available software package that
Air quality startup
better software tools to make can analyze both steady-state and
advances to VentureWell sense of the data we were dynamic labeling experiments. The
An indoor air quality monitoring
collecting in the lab.” latter are especially relevant to photo-
startup founded by a PhD student in
synthetic organisms and cell cultures
computer science is the first Vanderbilt University
that metabolize the tracer very slowly.
team to be accepted into VentureWell, winning a
stage 2 grant.
Tim Darrah, who also is a NASA fellow, grew
Intelligent Systems through the Wond’ry, Vanderbilt’s
Innovation Center. The company is developing software
technology that uses internet-connected sensor devices and
Most Recent Fiscal Year
99
deep learning algorithms to monitor HVAC systems and identify
indoor air quality problems. U.S. patent
4 Through Wond’ry’s Post Launch program, Darrah connected applications
with experts in entrepreneurship who also helped his team filed
successfully compete in the NSF Innovation Corps program. He
49
said working with mentors and advisers at the Wond’ry gave him
and his co-founders a chance to think through the details and
nuances essential to a growing business.
Invention
Teddy Dinker, MBA ’20, serves as the company’s chief revenue disclosures
officer, and Kenneth Konam, an undergraduate student in chemical received
engineering, and Diego Manzanas-Lopez, an electrical engineering
139
PhD student, joined the team as well.
At Vanderbilt, Darrah’s research focus is in cyber-physical
systems and the development and application of algorithms U.S. patents
handling prognostics and health management and decision- issued
making for aerospace vehicles. He has worked on research
projects in these areas sponsored by the Office of Naval
93
Research, Department of Defense and NASA. Darrah is a
U.S. Army veteran and served in Afghanistan. License
VentureWell, formerly known as the National Collegiate agreements
Inventors and Innovators Alliance, funds and trains executed
faculty and student innovators to create successful,
socially beneficial businesses.
VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
120 5-year totals
500
U.S. patent
100
applications
filed
80
313
Invention
60 disclosures
received
40
20
139 U.S. patents
issued
93
License
0
agreements
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
executed
U.S. patent applications filed U.S. patents issued
Invention disclosures received License agreements executed
Vanderbilt climbs in NAI ranking
The National Academy of Inventors and the institutes and centers. The faculty working with CTTC
Intellectual Property Owners Association has ranked on commercializing their research spans the School
Vanderbilt University 35th among top 100 worldwide of Engineering, School of Nursing, College of Arts and
universities granted U.S. utility patents in 2020. Science, School of Medicine Basic Sciences, Peabody 5
This is up one spot from 2019. The list was compiled College of Education and Human Development, and
using data obtained from the U.S. Patent and Trademark School of Medicine Clinical Sciences.
Office during the 2020 calendar year. “Despite all the challenges of the pandemic, we had
It was a record-setting year for Vanderbilt a tremendous year in 2020 thanks to the innovative
faculty and the Center for Technology Transfer and thinking that is the hallmark of our Vanderbilt community
Commercialization. In FY20 alone, CTTC facilitated 1,057 and the dedication of the CTTC team,” said Vice Provost
material transfer agreements, 94 licensing transactions, for Research Padma Raghavan. “Our position on this list is
33 investor pitches and five startup opportunities; a reminder that the Vanderbilt research community has a
issued 76 U.S. patents and evaluated 168 invention key role in shaping our world for the better.”
disclosures across 63 distinct departments, divisions,
$7,429,010 Revenue generated from VUSE
technologies in five years
These figures were provided by Vanderbilt’s Center for Technology Transfer and Commercialization for the most recent
fiscal year (July 1, 2020 through June 30, 2021).
NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE | VU.EDU/SOLUTIONS/
Once a domain of room-sized mainframes
and esoteric databases, computer science
is everywhere and part of everything. Basic
understanding of it has become, in effect,
a 21st Century competency.
The World Wide Web launched as a public
domain less than 30 years ago. Your smart-
phone has more than 100,000 times the
processing power of the computer that helped
land U.S. astronauts on the moon. The global
digital payments industry is expected to top
$6.6 trillion this year. Computing technology
has exploded in terms of performance and
exceeded all imagination in creating value.
Moore’s Law predicts that processor
speed and overall processing performance
double every two years. Yes, it may be on
shaky ground, because in pushing the very
definitions of computation and processing,
artificial intelligence, quantum computing,
and nanobiology may prove Moore’s Law
irrelevant. The pace of growth with these
new technologies, at least in the short term,
will outstrip anything Intel cofounder
Gordon Moore envisioned.
6 21st Century
literacy
School positioned for new
interdisciplinary partnerships and
evolution of computing
by Philippe Fauchet
Bruce and Bridgitt Evans Dean of Engineering
VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
The School of Engineering is embracing this transfor- and photonics and optoelectronics. In fact, this work has
mation. In an ever-changing technological world, we been underway for years. With deep industry connec-
must adapt not only to stay relevant but also to lead in tions, the Institute for Space and Defense Electronics is
generating new kinds of knowledge with new kinds of the world’s largest and most recognized university-fac-
partnerships. Twenty years ago, our Electrical and ing radiation effects institute. Vanderbilt Institute of
Computer Engineering and Computer Science programs Nanoscale Science and Engineering, often in collabo-
were combined to focus on collaborations and strategic ration with Oak Ridge National Laboratory and other
growth. This past summer we “re-created” them as two institutions, is creating new materials and solutions to
separate departments that must be allowed to grow in their problems long considered unsolvable.
own ways and capitalize on new forms of collaboration. These disciplines are inherently interdisciplinary.
These partnerships will be with each other, with Consider a few examples from the pages of this issue
researchers throughout Vanderbilt, and with engineers of SOLUTIONS:
and scientists at other organizations. To this end, we n An AI platform that invigorates education with
embarked late last year on a massive, multi-year faculty narrative scenarios optimized for individual learners
recruitment push. Destination Vanderbilt: Computer as well as groups,
Science will add at least 20 new tenured and tenure-track n A breakthrough using light to transmit data at
positions in addition to existing hiring plans across all two separate infrared ranges—at the same time,
our engineering departments. These new CS hires are in in the same device,
four strategic areas:
n An algorithm that corrects for image distortions
n Autonomous and Intelligent Human-AI-Machine
in brain MRIs to give researchers a more accurate
Systems and Urban Environments;
picture of neurological pathways, and
n Cybersecurity and Resilience;
n A system using sensors, drones, point-of-collection
n Computing and AI for Health, Medicine, and diagnostics, and newly imagined data streams
Surgery; and to predict emergent biological threats such as
n Design of Next Generation Systems, Structures, West Nile virus.
Materials, and Manufacturing. Research supported by the Data Science Institute 7
In the first of three years, we hired 10 new CS profes- has a broad reach as well: deep learning methods for
sors with specialties ranging from quantum computing automating recognition of symbols on ancient pottery
to computer vision, cyber-physical systems, autonomous in Peru; natural language processing to render church
vehicles, machine learning, medical robotics, and game records of enslaved peoples written in Spanish and
theory. Additionally, we hired four faculty members in Portuguese; machine learning to establish indicators and
three other departments. You will meet all of them on potential interventions in so-called diseases of despair,
pages 8 and 9. which contribute to higher midlife mortality in the U.S.
The new CS and ECE departments will build on their These latest projects span education, medical imag-
areas of excellence as well as evolve with new core compe- ing, epidemiology, archaeology, history, and psychology
tencies. This arrangement also accommodates for forecasts and public health. Large efforts also are underway to
in enrollment growth and the ever-increasing interest in improve mobility, urban quality of life, and personal
computer science from non-engineering students. and public safety.
ECE will focus on four strategic areas based on its With our new faculty, computer science will be
faculty’s established national and international recogni- more accessible to a wider range of Vanderbilt students
tion: electronic devices, circuits, and computing hard- seeking education in data science, cybersecurity, sys-
ware; design and analysis of digital devices integrated tem architecture, and other computing-related areas
with physical systems; signal and image processing, required for career success and advancement in the
communications, computer vision, and control systems; world of today…and of tomorrow.
NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE | VU.EDU/SOLUTIONS/
Meet the new faculty
Ten CS faculty join school in first year of Destination Vanderbilt
Ten of the 14 new professors Vanderbilt University School of Engineering has hired
are computer science faculty members recruited during the first year of Destination
Vanderbilt: Computer Science.
Eight of the new faculty are in tenured or tenure-track positions. Two are
professors of the practice and will help balance the teaching load in a rapidly
growing department.
Destination CS is part of Destination Vanderbilt, a $100 million university
excellence initiative to recruit new faculty launched in December 2020. The multi-year
recruitment and hiring process in computer science will add at least 20 tenured and
tenure-track positions at the Assistant, Associate, and Full Professor levels.
The 10 new computer science faculty members are Jonathan Sprinkle, Yu Huang,
David Hyde, Forrest Laine, Kevin Leach, Meiyi Ma, Soheil Kolouri, Jie Ying Wu, Shervin
Hajiamini, and Peng “Dana” Zhang.
The other new faculty are Xiaoguang Dong in mechanical engineering; Andrea
Locke and Marc C. Moore in biomedical engineering; and Ahmad F. Taha in civil and
environmental engineering.
Jonathan Sprinkle, professor of computer science
n Autonomous vehicles, modeling, cyber-physical systems
n PhD in Electrical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2003
Prior to joining Vanderbilt, Sprinkle was the Litton Industries John M. Leonis Distinguished Associate
Professor with tenure and the Interim Director of the Transportation Research Institute at the
University of Arizona.
Ahmad Taha, associate professor of civil and environmental engineering
n Dynamic networks and cyber-physical systems
8 n PhD in Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, 2015
Prior to joining Vanderbilt, Taha was an assistant professor in electrical and computer engineering
at the University of Texas at San Antonio.
Xioguang Dong, assistant professor of mechanical engineering
n Miniature robotics, soft robots, biomedical devices, magnetic actuation
n PhD in Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 2019
Prior to joining Vanderbilt, Dong was a postdoctoral researcher at the Max Planck Institute
for Intelligent Systems.
Andrea Locke, assistant professor of biomedical engineering and assistant professor of chemistry
n Nano-biosensers, paper- and micro-fluid design, optical spectroscopy, analytical chemistry
n PhD in Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 2016
Locke has been a postdoctoral scholar at the Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center and starts her
new position in January 2022.
Yu Huang, assistant professor of computer science
n Software engineering and human factors
n PhD in Computer Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, 2021
Huang will join Vanderbilt in January 2022. Her research interests are primarily at the intersection of
software engineering and cognitive science.
VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERINGDavid Hyde, assistant professor of computer science
n Computational physics, graphics, machine learning
n PhD in Computer Science, Stanford University, 2019
Prior to joining Vanderbilt, Hyde was a postdoctoral scholar and an assistant adjunct professor
in the mathematics department at UCLA.
Soheil Kolouri, assistant professor of computer science
n Machine learning and computer vision
n PhD in Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 2015
Prior to joining Vanderbilt, Kolouri was a Principal Machine Learning Scientist at HRL Laboratories, LLC,
Malibu, California, focusing on aspects of deep learning.
Forrest Laine, assistant professor of computer science
n Computational game theory, numerical optimization, robust autonomy
n PhD in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, UC Berkeley, 2021
Laine’s primary interests are multi-agent interaction, multiple-object tracking, trajectory optimization, and
robust machine learning.
Kevin Leach, assistant professor of computer science
n Systems security and dependable autonomous systems
n PhD in Computer Science, University of Virginia, 2016
Leach will join Vanderbilt in January 2022. He is a Senior Research Fellow in Computer Science and
Engineering at the University of Michigan.
Meiyi Ma, assistant professor of computer science
n Machine learning, formal methods, cyber-physical systems
n PhD in Computer Science, University of Virginia, 2021
Ma has developed novel formal logic-based learning frameworks to verify and guide deep learning models,
as well as decision support systems for integrated IoT services in areas of smart cities and health care.
Jie Ying Wu, assistant professor of computer science
n Medical robotics and machine learning 9
n PhD in Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, 2021
Wu focuses on using machine learning techniques to transform surgical robots from a teleoperated
tool to an intelligent assistant. She will join Vanderbilt in January 2022.
Marc Moore, associate professor of the practice of biomedical engineering
n Regenerative medicine, biomaterials and biomedical design
n PhD in Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, 2013
Shervin Hajiamini, assistant professor of the practice of computer science
n Green engineering
n PhD in Computer Science, Washington State University, 2018
Dana Zhang, assistant professor of the practice of computer science
n Data Science and blockchains
n PhD in Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, 2018
NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE | VU.EDU/SOLUTIONS/NOTABLE
Mark Abkowitz, professor of civil Cynthia Paschal, senior associate and operation of ships and offshore
and environmental engineering and dean for undergraduate education structures. He is president and CEO
director of the Vanderbilt Center and associate professor of biomedical of ABS and a member of the School
for Environmental Management engineering and radiology and radio- of Engineering Board of Visitors.
Studies, was appointed chair of logical sciences, was named a fellow
the National Academy of Sciences of the American Institute for Medical Chuchuan Hong, Lauren Buck, and
committee on Extreme Weather and Biological Engineering. She also Riqiang Gao received the inaugu-
and Climate Change Adaptation. was appointed chair of the ABET ral C.F. Chen Best Paper Awards, in
Academic Advisory Committee. electrical engineering, computer
Bobby Bodenheimer was named science, and translational research,
Editor-in-Chief of Transactions on Craig Philip, research professor of respectively. The $5,000 awards rec-
Applied Perception. His term as editor civil and environmental engineering, ognize top journal articles for which
is Aug. 1, 2021, to July 31, 2024. was appointed to the Transportation a graduate student is first author. A
He is professor of computer Research Board Executive Commit- gift from May Juan Chen, BA ’68, and
science, electrical engineering, tee. He is director of the Vanderbilt Chun Fu “CF” Chen, PhD ’68, created
and computer engineering. Center for Transportation and the awards program.
Operational Resiliency.
Michael Goldfarb, H. Fort Flowers Mayna Nguyen, a biomedical
Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Marjan Rafat, assistant professor engineering graduate student, and
was elected as a fellow of the National of chemical and biomolecular engi- computer science graduate student
Academy of Inventors, the highest neering, received an award for young Preston Robinette received 2021
professional distinction accorded and innovative cancer researchers National Defense Science and
solely to academic inventors. from the Concern Foundation, a Engineering Graduate Fellowships.
cancer research nonprofit based in The DOD-funded fellowships
University Professor John C. Gore, Los Angeles, California. are supported by the Air Force
founding director of the Vanderbilt Research Laboratory.
Institute of Imaging Science, was Cynthia Reinhart-King, Cornelius
selected to give the Paul C. Lauterbur Vanderbilt Professor of Engineering Hoang-Dung Tran, PhD ’20,
Lecture at the 2021 annual meeting and professor of biomedical engi- received the 2021 IEEE
of the International Society for Mag- neering, is the new president-elect of Technical Committee on Cyber-
netic Resonance in Medicine. the Biomedical Engineering Society. Physical Systems Outstanding
10 She assumes the presidency in 2022. Dissertation Award.
Anita Mahadevan-Jansen, Orrin H.
Ingram Professor of Engineering and Ronald Schrimpf, Orrin H. Ingram New endowments will provide
professor of biomedical engineer- Professor of Engineering and Direc- additional support for rising faculty
ing, is president-elect of SPIE. She tor, Institute for Space and Defense talent. The faculty fellowships were
assumes the presidency in 2022. Electronics, received the 2021 IEEE created with gifts from Sally Baker
Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Merit Hopkins, BE ’78, and David L. Hop-
Lloyd W. Massengill, professor of Award. He is a professor of electrical kins, Caroline and Jack P. Williams
electrical and computer engineer- engineering. Jr., BE ’86, and Laura J. and William
ing, received the IEEE Nuclear and W. Hoy Jr., BA ’64. The university
Plasma Science Society Radiation Lori Troxel, professor of the practice matched the donations.
Effects Award at the 2021 Interna- of civil and environmental engineer-
tional Nuclear and Space Radiation ing, was one of two recipients nation- A Vanderbilt Computer Science
Effects Conference. wide of the 2021 American Society of team won an IBM-sponsored chal-
Civil Engineers’ Outstanding Faculty lenge at the 2020 Neural Information
Michael Miga, Harvie Branscomb Advisor Award. Processing Systems Conference. The
Professor and professor of biomedical team’s natural language process-
engineering, was named a fellow of Christopher J. Wiernicki, BE ’80, was ing model that took a description
SPIE for achievements in technol- elected to the U.S. National Academy in English and converted it to its
ogy-guided surgery and computa- of Engineering for innovative lead- corresponding Bash syntax, a Unix
tional modeling for therapeutic and ership in the design, engineering, command language, took top honors.
imaging applications.
VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERINGfrom the cover
Emily Mueting
At the top Two Vanderbilt biomedical engineers
to lead prestigious academic societies
11
Two outstanding scholars in the same Vanderbilt engineering further enhance the mentorship of our students and the
department have been elected presidents of distinguished ‘lead by example’ philosophy we embrace as a school.”
academic societies. Anita Mahadevan-Jansen is president Mahadevan-Jansen’s technical interests include biopho-
elect of SPIE, the international society for optics and photonics tonics, optical spectroscopy, and imaging for disease detec-
that serves 257,000 constituents from 173 countries. Cynthia tion, neurophotonics, cancer diagnosis, optical guidance of
Reinhart-King is president elect of the Biomedical Engineering surgery, and clinical translation of optical technologies.
Society, the professional home for biomedical engineering and “I am reassured by the support of the optics and
bioengineering that serves more than 5,000 members. photonics community and I am excited to serve the society,”
Mahadevan-Jansen is an acknowledged leader in said Mahadevan-Jansen, a SPIE Fellow.
biomedical photonics. She is the Orrin H. Ingram Professor Reinhart-King, a BMES fellow, is a cellular bioengineer
of Engineering, professor of biomedical engineering, and whose seminal work on extracellular matrices has con-
director of the Biophotonics Center at Vanderbilt. Reinhart-King tributed to a breakthrough in understanding tumor forma-
is a trailblazing cancer researcher and leader in bioengineer- tion. The citations of her cellular bioengineering research
ing. She is a Cornelius Vanderbilt Professor of Engineering, number in the thousands.
a professor of biomedical engineering, and director of the “I am drawn to building consensus, and I am not afraid to
department’s graduate studies. explore new ideas to arrive at a better outcome,” Reinhart-
“The appointments of Anita and Cynthia to lead eminent King said. “We also are in a terrific window of having robust
professional societies reflect the significant contributions membership, with many BMES members who are eager to get
they are making in their respective fields of engineering. To involved with the society’s activities, and a national lens on
have both as faculty in the same department is remarkable!” science and scientists.”
said Philippe M. Fauchet, Bruce and Bridgitt Evans Dean of Mahadevan-Jansen and Reinhart-King will serve as
Engineering. “Their vision, leadership, and experience certainly presidents-elect in 2021 and as the societies’ presidents in 2022.
will not only serve their colleagues around the world, but also
NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE | VU.EDU/SOLUTIONS/Engineering
Neighborhoods Rehabilitation
Engineering
develops mechanics
The Vanderbilt University School of Engineering and robotics to help
has nine core areas of impact in which faculty, restore lost physical
and cognitive
staff, students, and outside researchers provide functions.
insight, drive innovation, and create solutions. The
neighborhood concept aptly describes as well as page 14
defines our distinctive culture of collaboration.
Cyber-Physical
Neighborhoods celebrate and leverage our Systems
technology develops
commitment to transinstitutionality, collaboration, processes, protocols,
and cross-pollination both within and beyond networking, and technology
needed for the seamless
the traditional walls of departments, schools, and secure integration of
institutions, and disciplines. cyber (software) and physical
(hardware, networks, and
users) systems.
page 36
12
Regenerative
Medicine
involves understanding
behavior of unhealthy and
healthy cells at a molecular
level and development of
methods to disrupt disease
processes, as well as drug
delivery, drug efficacy, and
tissue engineering.
page 24
VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERINGRisk, Reliability and Resilience
advances risk quantification; improves
predictability; increases reliability of
systems, infrastructure and materials; and
Nanoscience and
creates technology and materials with
Nanotechnology
more resilience.
concerns the discovery and
application of how materials and
page 32 processes behave on the nanoscale
in diverse areas of engineering,
science and health care.
page 16
Energy and
Natural Resources
targets transformative
research to enable
sustainable resource and
energy conservation,
VANDERBILT production, and recovery.
SCHOOL OF page 29
ENGINEERING
Biomedical Imaging
and Biophotonics 13
uses physical phenomena
such as magnetic fields,
radiation, and light to aid
diagnoses and treatments
of disease and dysfunction.
page 26
Big Data Science Surgery and Engineering
concentrates on the collaborative
and Engineering
efforts of engineers and surgical
develops tools and processes
experts to create, develop, implement,
to harvest and leverage
and evaluate technology, methods,
knowledge from data sets
and tools that improve patient
too large and complex for
outcomes and experiences.
traditional software to handle
and often involves predictive
or user behavior analytics. page 18
page 22
NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE | VU.EDU/SOLUTIONS/REHABILITATION
ENGINEERING
Taking a load off
Army Futures Command backs
soft exoskeleton development
Ongoing academic-military-commercial collaboration wins first Pathfinder Project award
Soldiers often carry 100 or more To help improve the health of bers, industry collaborators, and
soldiers and the success of missions, soldiers of the 101st Airborne Division
pounds in water, food, batteries,
the Army has turned to a Vanderbilt at Fort Campbell. The concept,
gear and more. Those in logistics mechanical engineering professor known as the Soldier Assistive Bionic
and sustainment roles may also and colleagues who developed a soft Exosuit for Resupply, or SABER, will
bend and lift heavy objects exoskeleton, or exosuit, to reduce expand on more than two years of
back strain for warehouse workers. informal design sprints, interviews,
hundreds of times a day. Through the Army Research Labo- and field exercises between Zelik’s
The extra weight and repetitive ratory and the Civil-Military Inno- team and soldiers of the 101st to
lifting come at a cost, and back vation Institute, the Army Futures understand their needs and support
injuries are a big one. The U.S. Army Command has invested $1.2 million field artillery missions.
Public Health Center estimates in development of a soldier-inspired A big design challenge will be
an annual count of nearly 100,000 exosuit. It marks the agency’s first how to best integrate an exosuit with
back overuse injuries, conditions Pathfinder Project award. Army uniforms and gear. HeroWear,
that degrade the health, effective- Pathfinder will support the work the startup Zelik co-founded, now
ness, and readiness of soldiers. of Associate Professor of Mechanical mass manufactures the Apex
Engineering Karl Zelik, his lab mem- exosuit, which is in use in logistics,
14
Chad Ice / Vanderbilt University
A Pathfinder award from Army Futures Command will support a collaboration between Vanderbilt mechanical engineers, industry partners, and soldiers
of the 101st Airborne Division at Fort Campbell to develop an exosuit that will augment lifting capabilities and reduce back strain.
VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERINGagriculture, construction, and Pathfinder supports collaborations to research and development and
retail worksites around the world. between researchers and creative technology transition.”
In nearly all cases, however, these soldiers to rapidly innovate high-im- “We are building a new model 15
civilian workers wear only a shirt pact, research-based technologies for research and development that
and/or a t-shirt. with a path to commercialization is soldier-inspired, that connects
“Soldiers wear a lot of other gear, and prompt acquisition of products the researcher to the stakeholder
like protective body armor,” Zelik by the Army. in ways that heretofore have never
said. “One design challenge is how to The project is part of the Sol- been attempted and, most impor-
attach an exosuit without interfering dier-inspired Innovation Incubator tantly, in ways that quickly provide
with the other equipment?” in which Vanderbilt University and transformative research-based
Additionally, soldiers need speed Vanderbilt University Medical Center technological solutions that advance
and agility during a far wider range researchers in engineering, educa- national security interests and
of motions—running, crawling, tion, neuroscience, emergency med- improve soldiers’ lives,” said Adams,
jumping, rolling among them. “It icine, ophthalmology, management, who chairs the Department of Civil
takes exosuit design to another and other domains partner with and Environmental Engineering. V
level,” Zelik said. each other, as well as with soldiers
The SABER team’s ability to and private industry.
leverage lessons from prior Vander- Daniel F. Flowers Professor
bilt research and development and Doug Adams, who directs the
from HeroWear’s translation of the incubator, called the university’s Above: Warehouse employees test out the
exosuit technology to a commer- partnership with Army “a once-in- Apex exosuit. The exosuit, or flexible
exoskeleton, is also in use in the agricultural,
cially available product make it an a-generation opportunity to totally retail, logistics, and military sectors. Photo
ideal fit for the Pathfinder program. transform the Army’s approach courtesy of HeroWear
NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE | VU.EDU/SOLUTIONS/NANOSCIENCE AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Team achieves dual-band optical processing,
advancing silicon photonics
A team led by Vanderbilt engineers has achieved the and Near-IR Light within a Hybrid Hyperbolic-Material/
ability to transmit two different types of optical sig- Silicon Waveguide Heterostructure,” was published
nals across a single chip at the same time. online and in print in Advanced Materials.
The breakthrough heralds a potential dramatic Joshua Caldwell, associate professor of mechanical
increase in the volume of data a silicon chip can engineering, and Cornelius Vanderbilt Professor
transmit over any period of time. With this work, Sharon Weiss, professor of electrical engineering, led
16 the research team moved beyond theoretical models the team.
and demonstrated dual-band optical processing, a Two innovations—a novel approach and device
significant advance in silicon photonics. geometry—allowed disparate frequencies of light to
Using patterned silicon to transmit optical signals be guided within the same structure. Such frequency
uses less power without heating up or degrading multiplexing is not new but the ability to expand the
the signal. Silicon photonics uses light rather than bandwidth within the same available space is.
electrical signals to transmit data. The need for faster Leveraging the infrared
and expanded processing has all but outstripped the properties of hexagonal
limits of adding more wire to smaller and smaller boron nitride, researchers
chips, which requires more power, creates more heat, devised a hybrid, hyper-
and risks data integrity. bolic-silicon photonic
Still, doing more with the same chip has been waveguide platform.
challenging. Silicon waveguides provide the principle The structure was demon-
building block of on-chip photonics, confining light and strated to guide long,
routing it to functional optical components for signal mid-infrared wavelengths A novel approach and device
processing. Different forms of light need different within nanoscale thick- geometry allow the guiding of
disparate frequencies of light within
waveguides, but linear scaling to accommodate more ness slabs, with the the same structure, a significant
waveguides would quickly surpass the available space optical modes following advance in silicon photonics.
Illustration: Caldwell lab
of a silicon chip in the standard form factor. the path of the underlying
“It has been difficult to combine near-infrared and silicon waveguide.
mid-infrared transmission in the same device,” said Mid-IR is widely used in the chemical and
Mingze He, a Vanderbilt mechanical engineering PhD agricultural industries. Applications of near-IR include
student and first author of the paper. “Guided Mid-IR telecommunications and medical diagnostics.
VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERINGDeyu Li, Professor
of Mechanical
Engineering
First demonstration of a classic
paradox effect bodes well for
semiconductor development
Nearly 70 years ago, the unexpected According to the FPUT paradox,
result of a numerical simulation the thermal conductivity of one-
sparked a chaos theory revolution dimensional atomic chains would
in modern science and launched the keep increasing with the chain
study of nonlinear systems. length, which has been further
In 1953, Fermi, Pasta, Ulam, and demonstrated by numerous
Tsingou discovered an apparent theoretical studies. However, until
paradox when investigating now, no experimental data had
thermalization of mechanical been obtained to prove the concept.
vibration along a single atomic In fact, the divergent thermal
chain. Now, a research team led by conductivity of one-dimensional
Deyu Li, professor of mechanical atomic chains had been thought
engineering, and a former graduate to be limited to academic interest
student has produced the first because, in reality, achieving isolated law length dependence, consistent
experimental evidence of divergent single atomic chains of sufficient with numerous theoretical predic-
thermal conductivity of aligned length has been almost impossible. tions. The behavior violates the well-
atomic chains, a direct consequence In their paper, Yang, Li and known Fourier heat conduction law
of that legendary numerical co-workers discovered that when and serves as the first observation
modeling, which is known as the the size of a quasi-one-dimensional of superdiffusive transport of one-
FPUT paradox. NbSe3 nanowire hits 26 nanometers, dimensional phonons, which
The groundbreaking work has its thermal conductivity starts to are discrete units or quantums of
17
significant implications for the increase sharply as the wire diam- vibrational mechanical energy, in
development of more powerful eter further reduces. Such behavior one-dimensional van der Waals
electronics and other devices where is exactly opposite to the so-called crystal nanowires.
relentless pressure for higher classical size effect. They further “The results are what I have
performance comes with a relentless showed that the thermal conduc- dreamed to obtain since I worked
escalation in heat loads. It points tivity of diameter wires of less than on thermal transport through
to a new route of creating a type 10nm becomes divergent with the nanowires when I was a PhD student
of thermal superconductor with wire length following a 1/3 power over 20 years ago,” Li said.
thermal conductivity values higher
than that of any known materials.
Li and Lin Yang, PhD ’19, now
a postdoctoral research fellow at
the Lawrence Berkeley National The results are what I have dreamed
Laboratory, demonstrated
experimentally that the thermal to obtain since I worked on thermal
conductivity of a special kind of
ultra-thin nanowires becomes
transport through nanowires when I
divergent with the wire length. Their was a PhD student over 20 years ago.
work, “Observation of superdiffusive
phonon transport in aligned atomic
Deyu Li
Professor of Mechanical Engineering
chains,” was published in the journal
Nature Nanotechnology.
NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE | VU.EDU/SOLUTIONS/SURGERY AND
ENGINEERING
Vanderbilt University
Immersive clinical training elevates
engineering PhD programs
18 VISE alumni positioned to transform medical procedures
At the side of clinicians, Winona Richey gained big-pic- ability to identify important questions that, once solved,
ture knowledge of workflow, patient experience, and could create breakthroughs in clinical care.
existing technology in the operating room. The exposure
ignited ideas to improve tumor marking and surgery for IMMERSIVE CLINICAL CONTACT
breast cancer. In the first five-year grant cycle, improvements were
Carli DeJulius shadowed a rheumatologist and multi- assessed in the ability to ask important questions in sur-
ple orthopedic surgeons, observing six joint replacement gery and intervention, knowledge of surgical technologies,
surgeries and interacting with patients who have osteo- and understanding of procedural medicine. According to a
arthritis and other joint diseases. Her research focuses self-reported survey, trainees observed at least 15 proce-
on drug development for osteoarthritis. dures and had at least 48 hours of clinical contact.
She and Richey are biomedical engineering PhD Significantly, the trainees reported a perceived
students in an intensive training program supported by improvement of 34% in their ability to pose important
nearly $2 million from the National Institute of Biomedi- questions affecting human health.
cal Imaging and Bioengineering. The goal is to go beyond, “The engineering, surgery, and intervention ecosys-
far beyond, theory and spark ideas with the potential to tem we have built at Vanderbilt is something wholly
transform health care. unique and with no parallels,” said Michael Miga, Harvie
Preliminary reports from the first five-year grant Branscomb Professor and co-founder of the Vanderbilt
cycle suggest the program makes a difference—those Institute for Surgery and Engineering. “Many institutions
immersive levels of clinical contact significantly improved have engineers who collaborate with physicians. Vander-
trainees’ understanding of procedural medicine and their bilt is different. It’s much, much more.”
VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERINGAt left: Patrick Anderson, PhD ‘20,
right, discusses robot-assisted,
flexible endoscopic surgery with Technological advances to patient care
colleagues at the grand opening
of new VISE space in December 2018.
Anderson was in the first cohort
in the next century will be better than
of the immersive clinical training
program. any science fiction fantasy you find in
Below: Andria Remirez, left, and
Margaret Rox, right, work on a
your favorite books.
concentric tube robot designed to
perform endonasal surgery, using a
setup that demonstrates how orbital
tumors would be removed through
Michael Miga,
the nose. Rox is in the training Harvie Branscomb Professor and
program’s third cohort. Professor of Biomedical Engineering
Clinical immersion for traditional graduate engineer- REAL DOMAIN EXPERIENCES
ing education is not common, he said, but is essential to The training program, which VISE administers, is for
advance procedural medicine. PhD students in biomedical engineering, electrical engi-
“With such integration, the technological advances to neering, mechanical engineering, and computer science.
patient care in the next century will be better than any The NIBIB funded it with a grant of almost $1 million in
science fiction fantasy you find in your favorite books,” 2016 and renewed it in May 2021 for another five-year
said Miga, also professor of biomedical engineering. cycle (Grant NIH/NIBIB T32EB021937).
He and Robert F. Labadie, professor of otolaryngology, In the first of two core courses, trainees attend lec-
head, and neck surgery and a VISE affiliate, reported on tures by 10 or more physicians who present their pro-
the program in Biomedical Engineering Education, the official cedural specialties, interwoven with lectures on related
educational journal of the Biomedical Engineering Society. engineering principles. A second course provides clini-
cally mentored immersion experiences in the operating
Continued on next page
19
NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE | VU.EDU/SOLUTIONS/SURGERY AND
ENGINEERING
Continued from previous page
room or interventional suite, at clinical conferences,
and in patient rounds. A look at the first clinical
Included are sessions with surgeons and interven-
tionalists researching and treating conditions that
training program graduates
span procedural medicine: brain tumor surgery and Six engineering PhD recipients haven taken positions
neuromodulation implants to robotic surgeries in in startups, health care research, and medical device
the lung, prostate, and kidney, arterial and ablation development. More than a dozen other trainees in the
therapies in the liver, radio-oncological procedures VISE program will graduate in the next few years.
in breast and eye, and more.
The approach, Miga said, provides engineering Patrick Anderson
Mechanical engineering, PhD ‘20
PhD students with “real domain experiences.”
Lead mechanical engineer at EndoTheia,
“Too often, rather than beginning with observations
Inc., in Nashville, a startup focused on
of clinical barriers, trainees are either introduced to
flexible endoscopy
a research laboratory’s perspective or integrated into
a standardized design framework,” he said. “Without
these raw observational experiences, innovation may
become inhibited and, frankly, we might lose out on Shikha Chaganti
some really exciting engineering ideas.” Computer science, PhD ‘19
Richey, for instance, wondered about breast Siemens Healthineers, research and
cancer procedures after observing several of them. technology manager
“Almost all patients have biopsy clips implanted
near the tumor, but most have a separate localization
device implanted as well. Shouldn’t we be able
to leverage those biopsy clips for localization? If
Hernan Gonzalez
we could, that would eliminate a second, painful Biomedical engineering, PhD ‘21,
procedure,” she said. MD expected ‘22
“The opportunity to work closely with clinicians Medical Scientist Training Program, VUMC
throughout my training has provided me with invalu- Applying to neurosurgical residency
able knowledge in developing technology that will programs
easily integrate into the operating room.” V
20 Jon Heiselman
SPECIALIZED MASTER’S PROGRAM Biomedical engineering, PhD ‘20
ADVANCES CLINICAL TRANSLATION Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center,
postdoctoral research scholar
A new professional master’s degree program aims
to blast the bottleneck between breakthroughs
in biomedical science and clinical translation that
improves diagnosis and care.
Katie Ozgun
The Master of Engineering with a surgery, Biomedical engineering, PhD ‘21
engineering, and intervention focus is a 30-credit RIVANNA, ultrasound systems engineer.
RIVANNA is a privately held designer,
hour program that promotes extensive exposure
manufacturer, and distributor of medical
to clinical domains. Beginning with the fall 2021
technologies and services based in
semester, three tracks are available: Charlottesville, Virginia.
n Interventional imaging, therapeutics, and delivery,
n Modeling, simulation, image analysis, and data Megan Poorman
science, and Biomedical engineering, PhD ‘18
n Robotics and medical devices. Hyperfine, clinical scientist. Hyperfine
develops, manufactures, and
The degree is offered by the School of Engineering distributes point-of-care MRI systems.
in partnership with the Vanderbilt Institute for
Surgery and Engineering.
VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERINGLESS INVASIVE PROCEDURE TO REDUCE EPILEPSY SEIZURES
For individuals with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy, open brain surgery is the current standard of care
to reduce seizures, and four of every five patients remain seizure-free after the procedure.
But perceived risks of a craniotomy make many patients and referring physicians hesitant. More than
90 percent of U.S. patients who could benefit don’t pursue the option, which involves drilling through the skull
into the brain to destroy the small area in the hippocampus where the seizures originate.
A project to develop a less invasive procedure got a big boost this year with a $2 million National Institutes of 21
Health grant to further refine a needle-size robotic surgery system with real-time MRI guidance for drug resistant
temporal lobe epilepsy. The eventual goal is to provide a minimally invasive way to achieve the benefits of
surgery but use a steerable needle delivered through the patient’s cheek, with thermal therapy to the brain.
The grant is from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, one of about 20 specialized
institutes within NIH. The project’s research components include demonstrating that the system accurately targets
a defined amount of tissue, monitors the temperature, and treats the proper volume of tissue.
“This will pave the way for clinical translation of this technology in collaboration with industry partners,
bringing a potentially curative treatment for epilepsy to many more patients,” said Eric Barth, professor of
mechanical engineering.
The project builds upon earlier work in which the team validated the idea of helical ablation needles and safe
pneumatic robots and integrates those subsystems with MRI guidance. Seizures originate in the hippocampus,
which is located at the bottom of the brain, and the robotic system can direct a special needle through the cheek
and enter the brain much closer to the target area and avoid having to drill through the skull.
Barth and Robert Webster III, Richard A. Schroeder Professor of Mechanical Engineering, are the principal
investigators. The team also includes William Grissom, associate professor of biomedical engineering, Dario
Englot, VUMC assistant professor of neurological surgery and electrical engineering, and two former VUMC
neurosurgery faculty. Barth, Webster, Grissom, and Englot also are faculty affiliates with the Vanderbilt Institute
for Surgery and Engineering.
“Our goal is to develop a treatment approach that will prove effective at stopping seizures while minimizing
discomfort and recovery time,” Englot said.
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