Towards a Climate Resilient Somerset - Somerset's Climate Emergency Strategy
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Towards a Climate Resilient Somerset Somerset’s Climate Emergency Strategy
Foreword
Climate Change, and its impacts on identify the things we must do now to respond We have some significant challenges ahead,
the world we live in, is one of the most to the declared Climate Emergency and the but with these challenges come some real and
significant issues facing us all today. further mitigating and adaptive actions we exciting opportunities which we must seize
The human effects on Global Warming need to plan for in the medium and longer for the people and businesses of Somerset.
are well publicised and pressure is term. However, this is only the beginning of By tackling the climate crisis and by focusing
mounting for Governments to act. our journey. We won’t have got everything on clean growth and a ‘green economy’ we
right at the outset and we won’t be able to do can create a cleaner, healthier environment
As the County Council Member and 4 District everything at once. There are some difficult that both accelerates the transition to Net
Council Members with Cabinet responsibilities decisions for us all to make, some complex Zero whilst making Somerset’s communities Cllr. Tom Ronan Cllr. Janet Keen Cllr. Clare Paul Cllr. Peter Pilkington Cllr. Sarah Dyke
for Climate Change, it gives us great pleasure issues and challenges to overcome, not least resilient for future generations. Mendip District Sedgemoor Somerset County Somerset West & South Somerset
to introduce our response to this call for how this is funded, and we need to prioritise Council District Council Council Taunton Council District Council
action - “Towards a Climate Resilient our activities to ensure we make progress We have a beautiful County - an outstanding
Somerset”- the Climate Emergency Strategy against our Goals as quickly as is possible. environment with an abundance of natural
for Somerset.During 2019, Somerset County resources at our disposal to help us plan for “I don’t think as a human race
Council and the 4 District Councils each The Strategy therefore seeks to identify the and mitigate against Climate Change. We that we can be so stupid that
declared or recognised a Climate Emergency outcomes we all want to achieve and the need to work with and support our most we can’t face an existential
and agreed to work together with partners to steps each organisation, individual community vulnerable communities as they will be threat together and find a
produce a Climate Emergency Strategy for the and household needs to commit to, to work impacted the most. A low carbon future will common humanity and
whole County of Somerset. The ambition was towards Somerset being carbon neutral by be hugely positive for Somerset providing
solidarity to respond to it.
to produce a Strategy to lead this work for the 2030 and help build our resilience against the a more equitable society who experience
whole County, not just to guide the actions impacts of Climate Change both now and in better health and wellbeing, a thriving ‘green’
Because we do have the
and investment decisions of each of the Local the future. Being climate smart with decisions economy and with nature restored. capacity and the means to do
Authorities in Somerset. we take now and into the future will help it - if we have the political will.”
ensure that the right actions are taken at the Join us in making this happen.
Tackling the impacts of Climate Change is right time for the best value. Mary Robinson,
not something the Local Authorities can do Former President of Ireland,
alone. It requires the commitment of every The Strategy has been developed in October 2019
organisation, business, community and citizen consultation with a range of partners, climate
of Somerset and requires, in some cases, action experts and local interest groups and
fundamental societal change around the way through engaging with, and listening to, the
we live our lives and the choices we make. feedback from our communities, both adults
Our Goals are ambitious. We have begun to and young people.
TOWARDS A CLIMATE RESILIENCE SOMERSET
Executive Summary
Climate Change, and its impacts on the world The focus of the Strategy The Built Environment - where and how What is Climate Change? So why do we need to act? Challenges to achieving our Goals
we live in, is one of the most significant The 5 Local Authorities agreed to work we live and work, the types of homes we
The scientific evidence is clear. Concentrations Urgent action is needed now. If we do not act The Local Authorities understand that
issues facing us all today. The human effects together to develop a shared Climate live in, our commercial and industrial
of harmful greenhouse gases (mainly carbon decisively, the impacts of Climate Change the Goals set are ambitious and will be
on Global Warming are well publicised and Emergency Strategy for Somerset built around buildings and what we want for buildings
dioxide CO2, methane CH4, nitrous oxide N2O, across Somerset will be considerable. Our challenging to deliver. The 5 Local Authorities
pressure is mounting for Governments to act. these 3 Goals: in the future
ozone O3, chlorofluorocarbons and water coastal communities and the Somerset will lead the way by cutting emissions from
In response to the overwhelming evidence, GOAL 1 Our local economy - specifically our vapour) in our atmosphere are increasing Levels are at high risk from coastal flooding their own operations and through building
and growing concern from local communities To decarbonise Local Authorities, the Business, Industry and Supply Chains rapidly - carbon dioxide levels are now 40% as sea level rises. Sedgemoor is named resilience into service delivery. We will lobby
and residents for urgent, decisive action, wider public sector estates and reduce higher than in pre-industrial times and greater the 3rd most vulnerable area in the UK in a the UK Government for policy changes
each of the 5 Somerset Councils has passed our carbon footprint Our Natural Environment - how we can than any time in the past 800,000 years. recent Government report. Significant sea and further funding, and work with other
resolutions declaring or recognising a Climate protect it and utilise it to reduce the Human activities, such as burning fossil level rise and extreme weather events will organisations across Somerset to drive
Emergency. Each declaration aspires to: GOAL 2 harmful impacts of Climate Change fuels for power generation and heating, are result in flooding, damage to properties, the change. We know that the reach, funding and
A Carbon Neutral Somerset by 2030 To work towards making Somerset contributing significantly to Climate Change, destruction of transport infrastructure and resources of Local Authorities are limited.
l
Our Farming & Food - what, where and
Building our resilience for, or adapting to, a Carbon Neutral County by 2030 releasing millions of tonnes of additional interruption to power and communications
l how we produce our food and crops, vital
the impacts of a changing climate greenhouse gases into our atmosphere, networks. Heatwaves and droughts bring If we are to reach our Goals, we will need
to the rural economy of Somerset
causing average global temperatures to rise at water shortages and will reduce our water support and ‘buy in’ to our vision from
This Strategy - ‘Towards a Climate Resilient GOAL 3 an alarming rate. quality, posing significant human health risks every organisation, business and resident
Our Water resources - how they are
Somerset’ - is Somerset’s response to the To have a Somerset which is prepared managed to minimise the impacts of to the vulnerable, impacting on agricultural of Somerset. The decisions we each take,
Climate Emergency declarations. Led by for, and resilient to, the impacts of flooding and drought on our residents, Somerset’s emissions productivity, causing damage to soils, and the everyday choices we make, will
Somerset’s 5 Local Authorities, with support Climate Change buildings and landscapes reducing biodiversity and habitat, with the loss ultimately have the biggest impact. To deliver
and guidance from a range of organisations Although UK carbon emissions have been
of many native species. It is well understood fundamental and lasting changes, we must
and individuals with sector expertise, the The management of our Waste & Resources reducing since 1990 levels, they are not
Work began to understand where Somerset’s that the economic and health benefits of encourage, empower and enable our residents
Strategy serves as: - how we handle and treat our waste reducing quickly enough. The latest carbon
carbon emissions are generated, identifying 9 acting on Climate Change outweighs the to take personal decisions that reduce their
emissions data estimates indicate in
sectors which have a major impact upon our costs, especially with a future of clean own carbon footprints and help us meet our
1 An evidence base, setting out how our How we Communicate and Engage - with 2018, a total of 3,269 ktCO2 (kilotonnes of
ambition to become a carbon neutral County growth, high quality employment in the ‘green’ goals.
climate is changing and the challenges Somerset’s citizens to enable us all to make carbon dioxide) were emitted in Somerset
by 2030. These 9 sectors are: economy, low carbon transport and better
and opportunities we face life choices which reduce our impact on from industrial, agricultural, domestic and
health and wellbeing. Covid 19, clean growth and ’green’ recovery
The Energy we use, the emissions the environment locally, nationally & globally transport-related sources, with the largest
2 A policy document, outlining our goals
produced from its use and the types of amount of carbon emitted by the transport Whilst this Strategy was being written, the
and ambitions for tackling Climate
energy we will look to harness in future Specialists led work on each of the 9 sectors, sector (46%), followed by industrial processes Covid-19 pandemic changed our lives, causing
Change here in Somerset, and
analysing and prioritising current and future (25.3%), the domestic sector (24%) and devastating effects on human health and the
A high level action plan, setting out the Our Transport networks - when and issues, considering local and UK Government agriculture and land use (4.7%). economy. Due to the extensive lockdowns
3
critical actions needed to deliver our goals, where we travel, and the means we policy implications, and identifying a series of and reduction in economic activity, there was
enabling us all to adapt and thrive in the choose to make these journeys actions needed to minimise emissions and
future. build resilience within each area of work.
Contents
a significant, albeit temporary, fall in global Sector summaries and outcomes Communication and engagement SECTION TITLE PAGE NO.
greenhouse gas emissions. But this effect is 01 Introduction: ‘Towards a Climate Resilient Somerset’ 1
A summary of findings from each of the 9 An essential element to support the aims
only temporary. Carbon emissions must be
sectors is presented in Chapter 7, setting out of this Strategy will be a comprehensive 1.1 About this Strategy 1
cut consistently, year after year, to halt global
the main outcomes needed to tackle Climate communications and engagement plan to aid 1.2 Why has this Strategy been developed? 1
warming.
Change and meet our Goals along with the the discussion about the Climate Emergency
1.3 Scope and guiding principles 3
main opportunities and challenges each and encourage our residents, communities
As we recover from the pandemic, and
sector faces. A detailed report for each sector and businesses to support the Strategy and 1.4 Prioritisation 3
face a new ‘normal’, we must seize the
is available in the Appendices. take affirmative action to tackle Climate 02 Focusing the Strategy: Our approach 4
opportunity to make the Covid-19 recovery
Change.
a defining moment in tackling the climate 2.1 Climate Emergency Framework 4
Action Plan, monitoring and review
crisis, strengthening our resilience to Climate
Summary 2.2 Climate Emergency Strategy 4
Change impacts, whilst driving new economic From the 63 outcomes identified, a series
activity. A ‘green’ recovery shifting away of actions have been developed into a high- 2.3 The 9 key thematic sectors 5
We urgently need to take action to tackle
from polluting, carbon based, fossil fuels can level Action Plan. The Plan outlines what the Climate Emergency. This Strategy is the 2.4 Climate Emergency Action Plan 6
create a cleaner, healthier environment whilst actions are needed, who will deliver them, beginning of our journey. We all face difficult 03 So What is Climate Change? 7
investments in low-carbon, climate-resilient how much it will cost where that is known, decisions and have many challenges to
industries can create jobs and stimulate and what funding is available, or required. The 3.1 How fast are temperatures rising? 7
overcome, but by working together we can
economic recovery. In Somerset, Hinkley Point Actions will be dynamic and flexible in nature, make significant progress to deliver our Goals 3.2 Emissions by sector 8
C and the Gravity Campus in Sedgemoor are continuously adapting to the most up-to-date for a brighter future. 3.2.1 Global emissions 9
UK-wide leading examples of how clean, low evidence, methodologies, funding sources,
carbon growth can and will create high value emerging innovation and ideas. The Action 3.2.2 UK emissions 10
jobs, benefit the local supply chain and help Plan will be reviewed regularly and reported 3.2.3 Somerset emissions 11
deliver a ‘Net Zero’ future. on. 3.3 Emissions from what is consumed within Somerset 15
3.4 Why is it impor tant to act? 16
3.4.1 The global response 16
3.4.2 The UK response 16
3.5 What are the impacts of Climate Change? 17
3.5.1 Global impacts 17
3.5.2 Summary of expected local impacts of Climate Change 19
3.6 The co-benefits of acting on Climate Change 21
SECTION TITLE PAGE NO. SECTION TITLE PAGE NO.
7.7 Water Sector Summary 65
04 Our Goals 23
7.8 Waste and Resources Sector Summary 68
4.1 Goal 1: To decarbonise the Local Authority and public sector estates 23
and reduce our carbon footprint 7.9 Communications Sector Summary 75
4.2 Goal 2: To work towards making Somerset carbon neutral by 2030 23 08 Turning Strategy into Delivery 81
4.3 Goal 3: Have a Somerset which is prepared for, and resilient to, 23 8.1 Climate Emergency Action Plan 81
the impacts of Climate Change 8.2 Work with communities 82
05 Challenges to achieving these Goals 26 8.3 Lobbying of the UK Government and ‘big asks’ 82
5.1 The Local Authorities’ role 26 09 Measurement, Monitoring and Review 91
5.2 Transpor t 26 9.1 Prioritisation of actions 83
5.3 Low carbon energy 27 9.2 Somerset CAN Measurement Tool review 83
5.4 Funding 27 9.3 Marginal Abatement Cost Curve (MACC) analyses 84
5.5 Skills, knowledge and innovation 27 9.4 Monitoring and review 85
9.5 Communications and engagement plan 86
5.6 Everybody must play their part 28
10 Summary 87
06 Covid-19 and the opportunities from a ‘green recovery’ 29
11 Glossary of terms: an explanation of the terms used in this document 88
6.1 Build Back Better 30
12 Climate Emergency Strategy acknowledgements 92
6.2 Risks to Net Zero and Build Back Better 30
13 Appendices 95
07 Thematic Sector Summaries and Strategy Outcomes 32
14 References 96
7.1 Energy Sector Summary 33
7.2 Transport Sector Summary 42
7.3 Built Environment Sector Summary 47
7.4 Business, Industry and Supply Chains Sector Summary 51
7.5 Natural Environment Sector Summary 56
7.6 Farming and Food Sector Summary 61
1
The Strategy addresses
SECTION 1.1 About this Strategy 1.2 Why has this Strategy been developed?
This Strategy ‘Towards a Climate Resilient Human activities have already contributed to a To achieve these aims, the 5 Somerset Local The Definition of Carbon Neutrality
Somerset’ is our collective response to the 1°C rise in global average temperature above pre- Authorities agreed to work together to develop
Climate Emergency being declared all around industrial levels which has had a significant impact and deliver a Climate Emergency Strategy for The Councils have agreed upon the following definition of carbon neutrality:
the world. It sets out the evidence of how our on the human and natural world. The science on Somerset. ‘Carbon neutrality (having a Net Zero carbon footprint) refers to achieving Net
climate is changing, the impacts it will have at a the Climate Emergency is clear, we need urgent Zero carbon emissions by minimising CO2 emissions and by balancing the
global, national and local level and outlines the action now to reduce our global carbon emissions Building Climate Resilience remaining amount of carbon released with an equivalent amount sequestered
many challenges we face, and the measures and to keep any global temperature rise below 1.5°C to or offset’
opportunities we must take here in the County prevent disastrous consequences.
of Somerset to enable us all to adapt and thrive Climate Mitigation
in the future. In response to the overwhelming evidence and
growing concern from local communities and These are the actions we can take to minimise or cease harmful emissions
The Strategy residents for urgent, decisive action, each of the caused by human behaviour which damage our environment
5 Somerset Councils (Mendip District Council,
Introduction: outlines 3 ambitious Goals which set Sedgemoor District Council, Somerset County Climate Adaptation
out “what we want to achieve?” Council, Somerset West and Taunton District
‘Towards a Climate Council and South Somerset District Council) This is adapting how and where we live to the actual or expected impacts of
Resilient Somerset’ details outcomes and objectives
needed to meet these Goals
passed resolutions which declared or recognised
a Climate Emergency (see Appendix 1).
Climate Change and extreme weather events
“how will Somerset be different as
a result of our collective actions?” Carbon Sequestration & Storage
Each declaration, although slightly different,
aspired to work towards: This is how we can utilise technology and our natural resources to help
explains what actions to take to achieve l A Carbon Neutral Somerset by 2030 capture atmospheric carbon dioxide or other forms of carbon and store them
these outcomes “what we need to do?” long-term to either mitigate or defer global warming
l Building our resilience for, or adapting to, Source: https://www.calgary.ca
the impacts of a changing climate
identifies organisations and individuals to
lead these actions “who will do what?” Carbon Offsetting
provides indicative timescales for these This is buying carbon credits equivalent to the amount of carbon you emit
actions need to be delivered ‘’by when?’’ to ensure your overall impact on the environment is ‘Net Zero’. This can be
helpful in tackling emissions which are difficult to prevent or expensive to cut.
However, buying carbon credits is controversial as it utilises economic power
(money) to buy a way out of having to act on reducing your emissions and
avoiding taking direct responsibility for your actions.
TOWARDS A CLIMATE RESILIENCE SOMERSET PAGE 1 PAGE 2
2
1.3 Scope and guiding principles 1.4 Prioritisation
SECTION 2.1 Climate Emergency Framework
This ambitious County-wide Strategy, although The Strategy demonstrates Somerset’s In developing this Strategy, each course of action The Somerset Councils’ Climate Emergency The first step on the road to carbon neutrality
led by Somerset’s 5 Local Authorities, requires the commitment to the UK Government’s 2050 target has been reviewed to reduce any risk that it might Declarations set out shared ambitions to deliver: was to engage the people, communities and
commitment from every organisation, business, of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to ‘Net create unintended consequences, that’s to say, by l A Carbon Neutral Somerset by 2030 businesses of Somerset in a discussion about
community and resident of Somerset if we are to Zero’ and supports the UK’s 2015 Paris Agreement fixing one problem, we don’t unintentionally cause l Building our resilience for, or adapting to,
Climate Change.
achieve our goal of becoming a climate neutral pledge to keep global temperatures below 2°C a problem elsewhere. the impacts of a changing climate’
county by 2030 and building our resilience to the by 2050. A high-level Climate Emergency Framework
impacts of Climate Change over the forthcoming We are responding to a ‘Climate Emergency’ The 5 Councils agreed to work together to tackle document was produced, setting the context,
years for a better, brighter future. Following the publication of this Strategy, we will and know our residents and communities are the Climate Emergency and develop a shared identifying the sources of emissions and scoping
also take the opportunity to develop numerous eager to see actions on the ground. We have Strategy for Somerset built around these 3 Goals. out the potential workstreams for action. This was
The Strategy follows the ‘One Planet Living “Big Asks” of Government and actively lobby for exercised caution in focusing on “Quick Wins” or released for a wide online public consultation in
Principles’1 which take a holistic approach to the necessary amendments to legislation and undertaking activities that could be seen as simply Spring 2020. The feedback from the consultation
GOAL 1
sustainability and focuses on how we all live for funding to enable Somerset to deliver on its “Greenwashing.” Instead, the outcomes and helped frame the Climate Emergency Strategy at a
our lives - going beyond cutting carbon and Climate Emergency Goals. actions are based on the best available knowledge, To decarbonise Local Authorities, the wider public local level and identified what residents see as the
conservation to enhancing wellbeing, building evidence of need, and impact they will have in Focusing the Strategy: sector estates and reduce our carbon footprint priorities for action for Councils, communities and
better communities and businesses, promoting cutting emissions and/or building resilience. individuals. A full report on the public consultation
sustainable consumption and production and the They will be prioritised to ensure any investment
Our approach is available in Appendix 3.
GOAL 2
need for socially sustainable procurement as well makes the biggest contribution to achieving the
as a move towards a circular economy. Goals of this Strategy. To work towards making Somerset a Carbon 2.2 Climate Emergency Strategy
Neutral County by 2030
The journey will undoubtedly require overcoming Following the consultation, work began shaping
a series of challenges that require legislative the Strategy based on the feedback received and
GOAL 3
changes at both national and local levels and clear analysis of the changes required for Somerset to
funding mechanisms to implement the extensive To have a Somerset which is prepared for, and become carbon neutral and increase our resilience
changes needed. Only through this shared resilient to, the impacts of Climate Change to the risks posed by Climate Change at a local level.
commitment and a sharp focus on the actions
needed to meet our Goals will we be able to deliver To utilise the expertise available within the County,
transformational, sustainable and long-lasting a wide range of partners with sector expertise
change to benefit our County. were invited to inform and lead several workstreams
within the Strategy along with input and review
from a range of key organisations with Climate
Change and sustainability sector intelligence.
To ensure the approach taken was on a sound
scientific basis, further guidance was also taken
from academics at Exeter University.
TOWARDS A CLIMATE RESILIENCE SOMERSET PAGE 3 PAGE 4
2.3 The 9 key thematic sectors 2.4 Climate Emergency Action Plan
The Strategy identifies 9 key sectors responsible The 9 sectors, or themes, identified within the The sector lead and relevant experts developed From the objectives and outcomes listed, a high- These plans compliment the Climate Emergency
for the majority of carbon emissions released Strategy are: each chapter by: level Action Plan has been created setting out a Action Plan, focusing on actions needed within
across Somerset, action on which will have a list of actions that are needed to start us on the each administrative area, detailing how and when
The Energy we use, the emissions produced l analysing the current and future issues faced journey to carbon neutrality. See Appendix 16 projects will be delivered and funded in response
major impact on our journey to carbon neutrality from its use and the types of energy we will by their specialist sector to area-specific issues. Again, these plans will
by 2030. look to harness in future l considering the national and local policy Some of these actions have been costed, key leads be dynamic and flexible in nature, continuously
The Strategy also outlines a wide range of Our Transportnetworks - when and where context affecting or impacting the sector identified and timescales for delivery set, whilst adapting to the most up-to-date evidence,
objectives and outcomes that each sector will we travel, and the means we choose to l researching and prioritising the key issues other actions require further work, more detailed methodologies, funding sources, emerging
need to deliver in order to cut emissions and make these journeys feasibility studies, wider consultation with the innovation and ideas. Links to each of the County
l developing a range of climate mitigation and
to adapt and build our County’s resilience to public and project funding identified. The Action and District environmental plans are shown in
adaptation responses
The Built Environment - where and how we Plan is a ‘live’ document which will be reviewed Appendix 4.
the adverse impacts of Climate Change in the where possible, identifying and evaluating
live and work, the types of homes we live in, l
and updated regularly to monitor progress, new
immediate, medium and longer term. the costs, benefits and timescales of the
our commercial and industrial buildings and technologies and innovations, national and local
what we want for buildings in the future actions needed to meet the Goals policy, legislation change, and funding streams as
The aim is for the Strategy to be ratified and l working together with other sector teams on they become available or cease.
formally adopted by all 5 of Somerset’s Local Our local economy - specifically our cross-cutting issues and avoiding any
Authorities by the end of 2020. It is hoped that Business, Industry and Supply Chains unintended secondary consequences from As this is a Somerset-wide Strategy, the range
other key organisations and communities across
Our Natural Environment - how we can protect the actions listed of actions listed will need collaboration from
Somerset will endorse and adopt the Strategy
and its recommendations and use it as a guide it and utilise it to reduce the harmful impacts businesses, communities and individuals from
of Climate Change By following this approach, the findings of each both within, and outside, the County.
or ‘route map’ to prioritise action, activities and
sector are based on the latest research, evidence
investment at community, organisational and Our Farming & Food - what, where and how and thinking from a wide range of individuals, In addition to the actions listed in the Action Plan,
individual level. we produce our food and crops, vital to the interest groups, specialists and organisations. the County Council, District Councils and other
rural economy of Somerset In addition, because there are potential health and partners will produce, or have already produced,
wellbeing implications from the impacts of Climate their own bespoke Environmental or Carbon
Our Water resources - how they are managed
Change within all sectors, public health experts Management plans to deliver significant cuts in
to minimise the impacts of flooding and
reviewed and contributed to each of the thematic emissions from their own estates and operations,
drought on our residents, buildings and
sections of the Strategy. A summary of the and to build resilience into future service delivery,
landscapes
findings from each Sector is provided in Section estates and assets.
The management of our Waste & Resources 7 of this Strategy. The full detailed report from
- how we handle and treat our waste each workstream is available in Appendices 6-14.
A complete table of all the outcomes derived
How we Communicate and Engage - with from all sectors is presented in Appendix 15.
Somerset’s citizens to enable us all to make
life choices which reduce our impact on the
environment locally, nationally and globally
TOWARDS A CLIMATE RESILIENCE SOMERSET PAGE 5 PAGE 6
3
8%
3% Other 30%
SECTION Climate Change refers to a large scale, long
3.1 How fast are temperatures rising?
Since the industrial revolution, the earth`s average
3.2 Emissions by sector
3.2.1 Global emissions
Waste
Electricity and
Heat Production
term shift in the earth`s weather patterns temperature has risen by 1°C, a very rapid change In 2017, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
and average temperatures which is driven by in terms of our global climate system. Also, the Change (IPCC) estimated that the total annual 5%
increased concentrations of greenhouse gases world is not warming evenly, so the temperature greenhouse gas emissions, including from
Buildings
in our atmosphere. The ‘greenhouse effect’ is increase is higher in some parts of the world. land-use change, reached a record high of 53.5
a naturally occurring process by which carbon The UK Met Office stated that as of 2018, the 20 (Gigatonne’s) GtCO2e. These emission estimates
dioxide, water vapour, methane, ozone and warmest years on record globally had occurred in can be broken down by the economic activities
nitrous oxide form a blanket around the earth the past 22 years3. This warming is shown on the that lead to their production as shown here.
in our upper atmosphere. This traps heat from graph below.
the sun, preventing it from radiating back out to Electricity and Heat Production (30%)
space, thereby regulating our climate. Since the Most of these anthropogenic emissions will The burning of coal, natural gas, and oil for
mid-1800’s Industrial Revolution, humans have, remain in the atmosphere for centuries and electricity and heat is the largest single source of
by using fossil fuels such as coal, gas and oil for continue to cause long term changes to our global greenhouse gas emissions.
So what is heat and power generation, released millions of
tonnes of additional greenhouse gases such as
climate system. Also, as the earth warms, the
speed at which further warming occurs increases Industry (18%) primarily from fossil fuels burned
Climate Change? carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide into and we become more at risk of reaching a ‘tipping on site at facilities for energy. This sector also
the atmosphere, enhancing the greenhouse effect point’ whereby large and abrupt changes occur, includes emissions from industrial processes
causing the temperature of the earth to rise. such as arctic permafrost thawing rapidly or the such as chemical, metallurgical and mineral
Carbon dioxide levels are now 40% higher than Greenland ice sheet melting away causing extreme processing and waste management activities.
pre-industrial times and greater than any time in and catastrophic events. (Note: Emissions from industrial electricity use are
the past 800,000 years. excluded and are instead covered in the Electricity 18%
and Heat Production sector).
Greenhouse gases are measured in carbon dioxide Transportation
equivalents (CO2e), this allows the various global Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use (18%)
warming potentials of each types of gas to be mostly from agriculture (cultivation of crops and
converted into a single, comparable measure. A livestock) and deforestation. This estimate does
tonne of CO2e equates to driving approximately not include the CO2 that ecosystems remove 18%
11,800 km or 7,300 miles in a small, economical from the atmosphere by sequestering carbon in
diesel car or the equivalent emissions generated biomass, dead organic matter and soils, which 18% Industry
by a single person travelling on a flight from offset approximately 20% of emissions from this
London to Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia2. sector. Agriculture, Forestry,
Source: hadcrut4, noaa, nasa and and Other Land Use
cowtan & way datasets IPCC 2018 Estimated Global Emissions by sector 2016
chapter 1 Framing & context Source: https://ourworldindata.org/emissions-by-sector
TOWARDS A CLIMATE RESILIENCE SOMERSET PAGE 7 PAGE 8
Transportation (18%) primarily from fossil fuels such as transport (28%) and the built environment 3.2.3 Somerset emissions
burned for road, rail, air and marine transportation. (15%) have made little progress since 1990.
Almost all (95%) of the world’s transportation
energy comes from petroleum-based fuels, largely Transport was the largest emitting sector of UK Energy supply delivered the largest reduction in
from petrol and diesel. greenhouse gas emissions in 2018 emissions from 2017 to 2018 EMISSIONS BY SECTOR FOR SOMERSET 2018 (KTCO2)
Buildings (5%) arising from onsite energy 2017-2018 1990-2018
% change % change
Somerset West Sedgemoor South Somerset Mendip Somerset Emissions
generation and burning fuels for heat in buildings & Taunton %
or cooking in homes. (Note: Emissions from Transport 1% 3%
electricity use in buildings are excluded and Industry & Commercial 158.8 196.2 263.2 206.2 824.4 25.2
are instead covered in the Electricity and Heat Energy supply 7% 62%
Production sector). Business 3% 31%
Agriculture 43.3 23.8 38.4 32.4 137.9 4.2
Waste (3%) emissions arising from treatment and Residential 4% 14% Housing 212.8 165.1 239.7 167.5 785.1 24.0
disposal of waste.
Agriculture 1% 16% Transport 408.9 450.9 386.3 259.5 1505.5 46.1
Other (8%) all emissions including those from Waste management 1% Land-use, Land-change -56.6 29.4 -9.5 52.5 15.8 0.5
69%
fugitive emissions from industrial processes and
those from the energy sector which are not directly Other 8%
& Forestry (LULUCF)
Other 2% 89%
associated with electricity or heat production,
such as fuel extraction, refining, processing and Other includes Public, Industrial Processes and the Land The energy supply sector has accounted for around half 767.1 865.4 918.1 718.1 3,268.7 100
transportation. Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sectors of the overall reduction in UK emissions since 1990, at
(note that LULUCF acts as a net sink of emissions). The which point it accounted for 35% of all emissions in the TOTAL
percentages may not sum to 100% due to rounding. UK. It was the largest emitting sector until its emissions
3.2.2 UK emissions
fell below transport in 2016.
In 2018, the UK greenhouse gas emissions Source: BEIS 2018 UK Greenhouse Gas Emission
published by the Department for Business, Energy Statistics
and Industrial Strategy (BEIS)4 were estimated
to be 451.5 million tonnes CO2e, a significant
reduction of around 43% since 1990. However,
most of this progress derives from decarbonising
electricity production, down 62% from 1990, as
coal power generation has been phased out and
replaced with less polluting energy generation Source: UK local authority & regional CO2 emissions
methods. Emission reductions in key sectors, national statistics 2005-2018
TOWARDS A CLIMATE RESILIENCE SOMERSET PAGE 9 PAGE 10The latest carbon emissions data estimates The largest amount of carbon emissions Transport sector 46% Reducing transport emissions in Somerset will be Domestic sector 24% Therefore, minimising and decarbonising energy
published by BEIS shows that in 2018, a total of generated by sector within Somerset were Transport emissions in Somerset have remained a considerable challenge, due to the rurality of the Emissions from the domestic sector accounted consumption in buildings will be crucial to meeting
3,269 (kilotons) of ktCO2 were emitted in Somerset produced by the transport sector (46%) with a stubbornly high, at 1,500 ktCO2, with little change County, which makes it difficult for public transport for 24% of the total emissions released in the carbon neutrality targets by 2030. Through
from industrial, agricultural, domestic and further 25% produced from industrial processes, in the volume of emissions since the mid 2000’s schemes to connect dispersed communities. The County in 2018. The graph below shows a slow planning, Local Authorities have the power to
transport related sources5. 24% from the domestic sector, 4% from despite improvements in modern vehicles geography of Somerset, and variation in access and steady reduction from all the administrative influence the location, type of development,
agriculture and 0.5% from LULUCF. becoming cleaner, less polluting and more to public transport, means it is unlikely there is a areas from around 1,300 ktCO2 in 2006 to 785 materials used, low carbon building design and
2018 Carbon Emissions (%) in Somerset efficient. single low carbon transport solution appropriate ktCO2 in 2018. The majority of these reductions renewable energy generation requirements for
by Sector (ktCO2) across all areas. were due to the decarbonisation of the energy new development.
Transport Sector Emissions in Somerset (ktCO2) sector, not significant improvements in energy
However, the Local Authorities are positively efficiency within properties across the County. However, most buildings that will be standing by
4% encouraging a modal shift away from journeys Progress has slowed in recent years as some of 2030 have already been built and influencing how
AGRICULTURE undertaken in cars to more active travel choices the easiest carbon reduction actions have been this existing housing stock can be improved or
or public transport with the aim to make walking, taken and supporting mechanisms to encourage retrofitted regarding energy efficiency measures
cycling and public transport (in that order and individuals to take action (Solar PV feed-in-tariff and cutting carbon emissions is far more
wherever possible), the most convenient modes and Green Deal) have either ceased or not been challenging and complex.
24% of travel. They will seek investment in developing, widely adopted.
25% DOMESTIC improving or upgrading appropriate existing New developments and existing buildings and
INDUSTRY transport links and networks to support this Domestic Sector Emissions in Somerset (ktCO2) infrastructure will also require considerable
approach. investment to adapt them and build resilience to
the projected impacts of Climate Change such as
increased flood risk and overheating and more
frequent extreme weather events.
0.5%
LAND USE,
LAND-CHANGE 46%
& FORESTRYY TRANSPORT
Source: UK local authority & regional CO2 emissions
national statistics 2005-2018
Source: UK local authority & regional CO2 emissions national statistics 2005-2018
TOWARDS A CLIMATE RESILIENCE SOMERSET PAGE 11 PAGE 12Industry and commercial 25% Industry & Commercial emissions Agriculture 4%
In 2018, emissions from the industry and by administrative area ktCO2 The total carbon emissions from the County’s The Climate Change narrative around farming and
commercial sector made up 25% of the annual agricultural sector have remained static over the food is one of “complexity” not only with regard
carbon emissions for the County at 824.4 ktCO2 158.8 past 12 years at around 138 ktCO2, which equates to agriculture’s role as an emitter and sequester
(excluding Agriculture). Since the mid 2000’s SOMERSET WEST to around 4% of the total carbon emissions for of carbon, but also around how the land is, and
the volume of emissions has declined by over & TAUNTON Somerset. It should be noted that methane from should be, managed plus the role farming plays
50% with steep falls from emissions from large agricultural practices is a much greater source regarding the delivery of wider social, health and
environmental benefits. As such it should be noted
industrial installations and commercial electricity. 2018 Total 196.2 of greenhouse gas emissions rather than carbon
emissions from the sector. This explains the that this is an emerging and dynamic policy area
Industry & Commercial Sector Emissions in Emissions SEDGEMOOR
disparity between agriculture accounting for and will need to be reviewed over time to reflect
Somerset (ktCO2) (ktCO2) 10% of the UK greenhouse gas emissions, which sector innovation, new evidence, science and best
(excluding includes methane (as shown in section 3.2.2) practice.
agriculture) 206.2 and only 4% of carbon emissions for Somerset
MENDIP which does not take methane emissions into It must also be noted that the agricultural sector
account. Agriculture and food production are will be significantly impacted by the effects of
crucial elements in the management of our local Climate Change. Rising temperatures, altered
263.2 environment and the economy of Somerset. They rainfall patterns and variations to atmospheric
SOUTH SOMERSET also have national significance in terms of the CO2 concentrations will impact operations and
quality of the landscapes and natural environment productivity, as well as pest prevalence and bring
and the contribution to UK food production. the potential for the introduction of new invasive
824.4 Agricultural Sector Emissions in Somerset (ktCO2)
species within the UK.
SOMERSET
Source: UK local authority & regional CO2 emissions Source: UK local authority & regional CO2 emissions
national statistics 2005-2018 national statistics 2005-2018
There is a relatively even spread of emissions Whilst the dataset is used to calculate emissions
from this sector across all 4 District Council Areas at an overall District level, it only includes
with Somerset West & Taunton District having emissions generated within the County and does
the lowest emissions at 159 ktCO2 and South not include emissions generated from supply
Somerset District the highest at 263 ktCO2. chains and distribution beyond the County’s
borders.
TOWARDS A CLIMATE RESILIENCE SOMERSET PAGE 13 PAGE 143.3 Emissions from what is consumed for the UK’s territorial emissions in 2017. This 3.4 Why is it important to act? In 2018, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate 3.4.2 The UK response
within Somerset gap between the UK’s consumption emissions Change’s (IPCC) published its detailed special
and territorial emissions reflects the difference Due to emissions released over the next few decades report8 on Global Warming of 1.5°C, outlining the The UK has been at the forefront of Climate
In addition to those emissions directly produced between the imported emissions to satisfy UK added to the emissions already within our atmosphere, significant impacts this level of warming will have Change legislation and established the UK Climate
in Somerset, to which the above statistics are consumption and the emissions embedded in global average temperature will rise by over 1.5°C on the world. It also identified substantial number Change Programme in 2000 to cut greenhouse
relevant, there are further indirect emissions. UK exports. and climate related risks to health, the environment of climate risks that would be avoided by keeping gas emission and deliver the emissions reductions
These arise from the manufacture or delivery of and economic prosperity will increase significantly. warming to below 1.5°C compared to a greater agreed in the Kyoto protocol.
products, goods and services that are purchased, The UK has a similar consumption footprint to increase.
used or consumed by the residents, businesses many European countries, with consumption 3.4.1 The global response Climate Change Act 2008
and communities of Somerset but made or footprint CO2e emissions per person greater than Climate extremes Temperature extremes are In 2008, the Climate Change Act9 was passed
created elsewhere. At a global scale, there have been several expected to increase by 2-3 times the increase in enshrining a legal duty to ensure that UK
France, but lower than Germany and significantly landmark commitments and legislation (See
lower than non-European developed countries global average temperature between 1.5°C and greenhouse gas emissions reduced by 80% by
It is important that we do not focus solely on appendix 5) to take action to cut greenhouse 2°C. Around 420 million fewer people would be 2050 and established the UK Committee on
such as the USA, Japan, Russia and Canada6. gas emissions including the:
reaching ‘Net Zero’ by regarding emissions exposed to extreme heatwaves if warming was Climate Change (CCC) to advise the Government.
produced at a local level only. Carbon emissions l establishment of the Intergovernmental Panel kept to 1.5°C rather than 2°C.
Calculating emissions produced by industries
will still be generated elsewhere to provide us on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988 to provide Climate Emergency 2019
and businesses is particularly difficult, primarily Ecosystems Risks of species extinction on land
with products and services further contributing to detailed scientific research and reporting on In 2019, following a review of the latest scientific
due to emissions from their supply chains. Not and in the ocean are lower at 1.5°C than 2°C.
future Climate Change. how and why our climate was changing and evidence, the CCC published its own report
all emissions have to be publicly disclosed by For example, the fraction of global land area that
what can be done to prevent the damaging ‘Net Zero’10 which supported the previous IPPC
businesses, so there is a lack of data available to would change ecosystem type due to Climate
However, measuring the volume of ‘consumption’ impacts findings. They advised the UK Government to
assess the emissions of individual organisations. Change factors at 2°C (13%) would be roughly
emissions is complex, with limited ‘experimental’ l 1992 United Nations Conference, or Rio Earth revise its long term 2050 carbon emissions
UK data on consumption emissions published by halved if warming was kept below 1.5°C (7%). target from an 80% cut, to a ‘Net-Zero’ target for
From the latest estimated data, 54% of the Summit, whereby member states were brought
the Department for Environment, Food and Rural UK’s consumption footprint emissions were together to cooperate on environmental issues greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.
Distribution of risks The increase in climate
Affairs (Defra) available annually. Consumption produced in the UK and are therefore counted in and agree the first Framework Convention risk between a 1.5°C and 2°C warming would Following the report, the UK Government revised
emissions statistics have higher uncertainty than the UK’s territorial account. An additional 10% on Climate Change to stabilise Greenhouse disproportionately impact the poorest. Poverty its carbon emissions target to Net Zero by 2050
the area-based emissions described above. This is are produced in EU countries, meaning around Gas concentrations in the atmosphere and disadvantage have already increased with and became the first national Government to
due to the large amount of national accounts and two-thirds of the UK’s consumption footprint l establishment of the annual United Nations recent warming and will increase for many declare a Climate Emergency in May 2019. Now
trade data required, in addition to Greenhouse Gas falls within countries that have legislated, or Conference of the Parties (COP) which has populations as average global temperatures over 270 Councils, as well as countless other
inventories, to map the global flows of goods and have currently proposed, an equally ambitious resulted in ground-breaking legislation increase from 1°C to 1.5°C and higher. private and public sector entities, educational
services which provide inputs for a final product long-term emission reductions target as the UK. including the 1997 Kyoto Protocol which set establishments and not for profit organisations
consumed in the UK. Emissions produced in China contribute 8% of the the first obligations for industrialised countries Irreversible changes Marine ice sheet instability have followed suit and declared or recognised a
UK’s consumption footprint. The large number of to cut carbon emissions and the 2015 Paris in Antarctica and/or irreversible loss of the Climate Emergency.
In 2017, the most recent year for which estimates regions that make a significant contribution to the Agreement whereby 195 countries agreed to Greenland ice sheet could possibly be triggered
are available, the UK’s consumption CO2e UK’s carbon footprint reflects the complexity of adopt legally binding carbon reduction targets by warming between 1.5°C and 2°C. Keeping
emissions footprint was estimated to be 772 current global supply chains7. to keep global warming below a 2°C average warming below this level reduces the risk of
MtCO2e. This is larger than the 505 MtCO2e temperature rise. triggering these large-scale irreversible shifts.
TOWARDS A CLIMATE RESILIENCE SOMERSET PAGE 15 PAGE 16The Environment Bill 2020 economy. Underpinning all of these aims and l Damage to marine ecosystems - Rising ocean This diagram illustrates some of the drivers
The UK Government has also looked to address ambitions is the need to align our public and temperatures, ocean acidification and ocean of Climate Change and the impacts they
several issues related to the natural environment private finance with the Paris Agreement and that anoxia (lack of oxygen) are damaging to marine could have on the climate system.
by introducing the Environment Bill. This through these campaigns, we can not only ‘do no life such as fish and coral reefs.
legislation will create legally binding environmental harm’, but also rebuild our economies better than
improvement targets, deliver biodiversity net ever before. l Ocean acidification - occurs when the ocean
gain on future developments and create a new
absorbs carbon dioxide and becomes more
independent Office for Environmental Protection. 3.5 What are the impacts of Climate Change? acidic, a damaging side effect from more
Its role will be to scrutinise environmental
3.5.1 Global impacts carbon in the atmosphere.
policy and law, investigate complaints and take
enforcement action against public authorities Some of the possible impacts of Climate Change
to uphold environmental standards. include: l Conflict and climate migrants - Climate
Change is a stress multiplier - it can take
l Rising sea levels - Rising temperatures cause existing problems, such as lack of food or
2021 UNFCCC Conference of the Parties
glaciers and ice sheets to melt, increasing shelter and make them worse. This can cause
(COP 26) and G7 Presidency
runoff resulting in global sea level rise. Seas people to compete or fight over scarce
In 2021, under the UK’s Presidency, the delayed
and oceans absorb 90% of the extra heat from resources (food, water, and shelter),
26th UNFCCC climate summit11 will be held
global warming: warmer water expands taking or to migrate.
in Glasgow. The UK Government will take this
up more space.
opportunity to demonstrate its leadership on
climate mitigation and adaptation by encouraging
an increase in global climate ambition. It will focus l Flooding of coastal regions - Coastal towns
the world on ‘green growth’ aiming not only to and cities are at greater risk from flooding as
meet our Climate Change targets set under the sea levels continue to rise.
Paris Agreement, but also demonstrating how to
deliver multiple benefits from developing clean l Extreme weather events – Climate changes
renewable energy and zero emissions transport causes extreme weather events to become
to boost economic growth, create jobs, whilst more intense and frequent, such as heatwaves, Drivers of climate change
improving public health through cleaner air. droughts and floods
It will also promote how, through protecting and
restoring nature, we can improve the resilience, Changes to the climate system
sustainability and economics of agriculture. l Food insecurity - High temperatures, extreme
By incorporating adaptation and resilience into weather events, flooding and droughts damage
soils and reduce biodiversity affecting crop Impacts
recovery plans, we can better prepare for an
uncertain future while supporting the global yields year on year.
Source: www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/climate-change/
what-is-climate-change
TOWARDS A CLIMATE RESILIENCE SOMERSET PAGE 17 PAGE 183.5.2 Summary of expected local impacts
of Climate Change UK Progress in preparing for Climate Change
Infrastructure Natural environment
More extreme weather with climate change will disrupt infrastructure services, The health of the natural environment
such as electricity, telecommunications, and transport needs to be improved so it can cope
with climate change
Targets to improve the
natural environment are
Storm Desmond in 2015 being missed and are
showed telephone and
TRANSPORT THE BUILT BUSINESS & THE NATURAL WATER HEALTH & broadband services are £15 million
Long-term declines in
key species continue
due to expire in 2020
ENVIRONMENT &
Infrastructure failures,
NETWORKS ENVIRONMENT INDUSTRY (FLOOD RISK WELLBEING
vulnerable to flooding allocated for
such as bridges, can natural flood
AGRICULTURE
have widespread
& DROUGHT) consequences
management
projects
Agricultural efficiency
has been increasing
Water and energy
Better co-ordination and data infrastructure is becoming
sharing between infrastructure more resilient
providers is needed
Disruption to transport Overheating risks Costs to reduce Risk to vulnerable Increase risk of coastal, Increase in heat-related
networks from extreme in housing, offices, emissions and adapt species and habitats pluvial and fluvial illness and death Flooding
weather events, (flood schools, hospitals and infrastructure flooding Climate change is set to increase 18,000 new homes due to be
built in the highest risk parts
and heat) impacting on social care settings to Climate Change Impacts on ‘eco- Risk to the elderly and the frequency and intensity of
of the floodplain per year
local economy, health & system services’ Increased flash flood very young with heart
flooding, with four million homes
in England already at risk Sewer networks lack Progress in preparing
wellbeing Damage to buildings Disruption to enjoyed by people risk from extreme and respiratory disease sufficient capacity for
heavier rainfall for climate change
and infrastructure from transport, energy weather events Key messages from the Adaptation
Flood risk to transport extreme weather events and communications Impacts of increased Disrupted access to
infrastructure
Sustainable drainage
Sub-Committee’s second report to
drought Further stress on services and facilities systems are not being
Need to retrofit Risks to supply chains already under pressure from extreme weather
widely used
Parliament on the UK Government’s
Heavy rain/high winds National Adaptation Programme
leading to more buildings to build both local, national Damage to natural water resources events Flood defence spending
has increased, with
accidents, treefalls, resilience and global habitats from water £2.5bn being invested
road closures and stress Increased competition Flooding impacts on 2015-2021
delays New design standards Increased prices for for water between health, wellbeing and
needed for drainage, raw materials, goods, Pests and disease risk agriculture, industry, livelihoods Overheating in the Coastal regions
Risk of slope/ insulation and building and other imported of invasive/non-native households and the built environment Green spaces and Climate change will increase
trees help to keep
embankment failures fabric etc Increased commodities species colonising needs of the natural Air quality impacts Heatwave temperatures
will become a normal
temperatures
tidal flooding and the rate of
coastal erosion. UK waters are 11,000 homes were
down
flood risk environment exacerbated summer by the 2040s becoming warmer and this will protected against coastal
Overheating/failure of affect fisheries erosion between 2010
Reduced comfort in Changes to growing and 2015
signalling & comms The resilience of UK
Increased water stress buildings impacting seasons Drought impacts on No building
ports to sea level
on productivity water quality and
rise is not known
Risk of rails buckling, standards in place
to avoid new homes
More action
needed to protect
cables sagging and Disruption to power Heat stress on supply overheating communities from
roads softening in heat and communication Changes to markets livestock Hospitals, care homes,
coastal change
There is evidence
networks and demand schools and prisons are 60% of coastal
habitats are in
that plankton is
Discomfort on public Damage to crops &
not being adapted for
warmer weather Area of urban greenspace is good condition
becoming less
abundant in warmer
transport
no longer falling
landscapes from UK waters
flooding
www.theccc.org.uk/publications Read our new report èProgress in preparing for climate change – 2017 Report to Parliament #UKClimateAction
TOWARDS A CLIMATE RESILIENCE SOMERSET PAGE 19 Source: www.theccc.org.uk/publications PAGE 20You can also read
